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ads.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mt-4 space-y-12 mobile:space-y-8 w-full"><div class="space-y-4"><div class="space-y-2"><h1 class="font-sans text-2xl" lang="en">Origin and history of <em> be- </em></h1><hr class="shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider" role="separator"/></div><div class="bg-white mobile:bg-transparent dark:bg-secondary dark:mobile:bg-transparent rounded-lg lg:shadow-sm pl-6 pr-6 pt-2 pb-6 mobile:p-0"><div class="space-y-2"><div class="space-y-2 pb-2"><section class="prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none"><div><h2 id="#etymonline_v_8193" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-4xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">be-</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif text-2xl mobile:text-xl"></span></h2></div><section class="-mt-4 -mb-2 lg:-mb-2"><p>word-forming element of verbs and nouns from verbs, with a wide range of meaning: "about, around; thoroughly, completely; to make, cause, seem; to provide with; at, on, to, for;" from Old English <i class="foreign notranslate">be-</i> "about, around, on all sides" (the unstressed form of <i class="foreign notranslate">bi</i> "by;" see <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of by " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/by">by</a> (prep.)). The form has remained <i class="foreign notranslate">by-</i> in stressed positions and in some more modern formations (<a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of bygones " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/bygones">bygones</a>, <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of bystander " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/bystander">bystander</a>); in <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of bylaw " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/bylaw">bylaw</a> it is a different word.</p> <p>The Old English prefix also was used to make transitive verbs and as a privative prefix (as in <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of behead " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/behead">behead</a>). The sense "on all sides, all about" naturally grew to include intensive uses (as in <i class="foreign notranslate">bespatter</i> "spatter about," therefore "spatter very much," <i class="foreign notranslate">besprinkle</i>, etc.). <i class="foreign notranslate">Be-</i> also can be causative, or have just about any sense required. The prefix was productive 16c.-17c. in forming useful words, many of which have not survived, such as <i class="foreign notranslate">bethwack</i> "to thrash soundly" (1550s) and <i class="foreign notranslate">betongue</i> "to assail in speech, to scold" (1630s).</p></section><div class="-mb-6 lg:-mb-8"></div></section></div></div></div></div><div><div class="space-y-4"><div class="space-y-1"><h2 class="font-sans text-xl" lang="en">Entries linking to <em> be- </em></h2><div class="mb-4"><hr class="shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider" role="separator"/></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-sm rounded-md shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of behead" class="w-full group" href="/word/behead"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_8256" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">behead</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif">(v.)</span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><section class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30"><p>"kill by decapitation," Middle English <i class="foreign notranslate">bihevden</i>, from Old English <i class="foreign notranslate">beheafdian</i>, from <i class="foreign notranslate">be-</i>, here with privative force, + <i class="foreign notranslate">heafod</i> "head" (from PIE root <a rel="nofollow" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of *kaput- " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/*kaput-">*kaput-</a> "head"). Compare German <i class="foreign notranslate">enthaupten</i>, Dutch <i class="foreign notranslate">onthoofden</i>. Related: <i class="foreign notranslate">Beheaded</i>; <i class="foreign notranslate">beheading</i>.</p></section></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-sm rounded-md shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of by" class="w-full group" href="/word/by"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_18164" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">by</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif">(prep., adv.)</span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><section class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30"><p>Old English <i class="foreign notranslate">be-</i> (unstressed) or <i class="foreign notranslate">bi</i> (stressed) "near, in, by, during, about," from Proto-Germanic <i class="foreign notranslate">*bi</i> "around, about," in compounds often merely intensive (source also of Old Saxon and Old Frisian <i class="foreign notranslate">bi</i> "by, near," Middle Dutch <i class="foreign notranslate">bie</i>, Dutch <i class="foreign notranslate">bij</i>, German <i class="foreign notranslate">bei</i> "by, at, near," Gothic <i class="foreign notranslate">bi</i> "about"), from PIE <i class="foreign notranslate">*bhi</i>, reduced form of root <a rel="nofollow" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of *ambhi- " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/*ambhi-">*ambhi-</a> "around."</p> <p>As an adverb by c. 1300, "near, close at hand."</p> <p>OED (2nd ed. print) has 38 distinct definitions of it as a preposition. Originally an adverbial particle of place, which sense survives in place names (<i class="foreign notranslate">Whitby</i>, <i class="foreign notranslate">Grimsby</i>, etc., also compare <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of rudesby " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/rudesby">rudesby</a>). Elliptical use for "secondary course" was in Old English (opposed to <i class="foreign notranslate">main</i>, as in <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of byway " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/byway">byway</a>, also compare <i class="foreign notranslate">by-blow</i> "illegitimate child," 1590s, Middle English <i class="foreign notranslate">loteby</i> "a concubine," from obsolete <i class="foreign notranslate">lote</i> "to lurk, lie hidden"). This also is the sense of the second <i class="foreign notranslate">by</i> in the phrase <i class="foreign notranslate"><strong>by the by</strong></i> (1610s).</p> <p><i class="foreign notranslate"><strong>By the way</strong></i> literally means "along the way" (c. 1200), hence "in passing by," used figuratively to introduce a tangential observation ("incidentally") by 1540s. To swear <i class="foreign notranslate">by</i> something or someone is in Old English, perhaps originally "in the presence of." Phrase <i class="foreign notranslate"><strong>by and by</strong></i> (early 14c.) originally meant "one by one," with <i class="foreign notranslate">by</i> apparently denoting succession; modern sense of "before long" is from 1520s.</p> <p><i class="foreign notranslate"><strong>By and large</strong></i> "in all its length and breadth" (1660s) originally was nautical, "sailing to the wind and off it," hence "in one direction then another;" from nautical expression <i class="foreign notranslate">large wind</i>, one that crosses the ship's line in a favorable direction.</p></section></div></div></div><div class="mt-4"><ul class="list-none flex gap-2 flex-wrap"><li><a role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of bygones" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none 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and meaning of bedight" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-4 min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-secondary text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" href="/word/bedight">bedight</a></li><li><a role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of bedim" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] 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title="Origin and meaning of befall" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-4 min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-secondary text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" href="/word/befall">befall</a></li><li><a role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of befit" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent 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[&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-secondary text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" href="/word/befog">befog</a></li><li><a role="button" rel="nofollow" tabindex="0" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 border-medium min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-full [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none border-primary text-primary data-[hover=true]:!bg-primary data-[hover=true]:!text-primary-foreground text-sm sm:text-base md:text-lg font-sans bg-primary/10 dark:bg-primary/5 hover:text-white 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justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of bylaw" class="w-full group" href="/word/bylaw"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">bylaw</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="also by-law, late 13c., bilage "local ordinance," from Old Norse or Old Danish bi-lagu "town law," from byr "place where people dwell, town, village," from bua "to dwell" (from PIE root *bheue- "to be, exist, grow") + lagu "law" (see law). So, a local law pertaining to local resi" class="block" href="/word/bylaw"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of bylaw">also by-law, late 13c., bilage "local ordinance," from Old Norse or Old Danish bi-lagu "town law," from byr "place where people dwell, town, village," from bua "to dwell" (from PIE root *bheue- "to be, exist, grow") + lagu "law" (see law). So, a local law pertaining to local resi</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of become" class="w-full group" href="/word/become"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">become</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="Middle English bicomen, from Old English becuman "happen, come about, befall," also "meet with, fall in with; arrive, approach, enter," from Proto-Germanic *bikweman (source also of Dutch bekomen, Old High German biqueman "obtain," German bekommen, Gothic biquiman). A compound of" class="block" href="/word/become"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of become">Middle English bicomen, from Old English becuman "happen, come about, befall," also "meet with, fall in with; arrive, approach, enter," from Proto-Germanic *bikweman (source also of Dutch bekomen, Old High German biqueman "obtain," German bekommen, Gothic biquiman). A compound of</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of bedizen" class="w-full group" href="/word/bedizen"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">bedizen</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title=""deck, dress up" (especially with tawdry or vulgar finery), 1660s, from be- + dizen "to dress" (1610s), especially, from late 18c., "to dress finely, adorn," originally "to dress (a distaff) for spinning" (1520s), and evidently the verbal form of the first element in distaff. It" class="block" href="/word/bedizen"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of bedizen">"deck, dress up" (especially with tawdry or vulgar finery), 1660s, from be- + dizen "to dress" (1610s), especially, from late 18c., "to dress finely, adorn," originally "to dress (a distaff) for spinning" (1520s), and evidently the verbal form of the first element in distaff. It</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of valiant" class="w-full group" href="/word/valiant"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">valiant</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="danger," from Anglo-French vaylant, and Old French vaillant "stalwart, brave," present-participle adjective from valoir "be...worthy," originally "be strong," from Latin valere "be strong, be well, be worth, have power, be able, be in health," from...PIE root *wal- "to be strong."..." class="block" href="/word/valiant"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of valiant">danger," from Anglo-French vaylant, and Old French vaillant "stalwart, brave," present-participle adjective from valoir "be...worthy," originally "be strong," from Latin valere "be strong, be well, be worth, have power, be able, be in health," from...PIE root *wal- "to be strong."...</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of valiance" class="w-full group" href="/word/valiance"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">valiance</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="qualities; courage, valor" (12c.), from Old French valiant "stalwart, brave," present-participle adjective from valoir "be...worthy," originally "be strong," from Latin valere "be strong, be well, be worth, have power, be able, be in health" (from...PIE root *wal- "to be strong")...." class="block" href="/word/valiance"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of valiance">qualities; courage, valor" (12c.), from Old French valiant "stalwart, brave," present-participle adjective from valoir "be...worthy," originally "be strong," from Latin valere "be strong, be well, be worth, have power, be able, be in health" (from...PIE root *wal- "to be strong")....</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of are" class="w-full group" href="/word/are"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">are</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="probably a variant of PIE *es- "to be" (see am)....The only non-dialectal survival of be in this sense is the powers that be....But in southwest England, we be (in Devonshire us be) remains non-standard idiom as a contradictory positive ("You people..."Oh, yes we be!"), and we be has reappeared in African-American vernacular...." class="block" href="/word/are"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of are">probably a variant of PIE *es- "to be" (see am)....The only non-dialectal survival of be in this sense is the powers that be....But in southwest England, we be (in Devonshire us be) remains non-standard idiom as a contradictory positive ("You people..."Oh, yes we be!"), and we be has reappeared in African-American vernacular....</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of beware" class="w-full group" href="/word/beware"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">beware</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title=""be on one's guard," c. 1200, probably a contraction of be ware "be wary, be careful," from Middle English ware (adj.), from...Like be gone, now begone, be ware came to be written as one word, beware, and then was classed by some authors with the numerous...verbs in be-, and inflected accordingly; hence the erroneous forms bewares in Ben Jonson, and bewared in Dryden...." class="block" href="/word/beware"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of beware">"be on one's guard," c. 1200, probably a contraction of be ware "be wary, be careful," from Middle English ware (adj.), from...Like be gone, now begone, be ware came to be written as one word, beware, and then was classed by some authors with the numerous...verbs in be-, and inflected accordingly; hence the erroneous forms bewares in Ben Jonson, and bewared in Dryden....</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of dedication" class="w-full group" href="/word/dedication"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">dedication</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="late 14c., dedicacioun, "action of consecrating to a deity or sacred use," from Old French dedicacion "consecration of a church or chapel" (14c., Modern French dédication) and directly from Latin dedicationem, noun of action from dedicare "consecrate, proclaim, affirm, set apart," class="block" href="/word/dedication"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of dedication">late 14c., dedicacioun, "action of consecrating to a deity or sacred use," from Old French dedicacion "consecration of a church or chapel" (14c., Modern French dédication) and directly from Latin dedicationem, noun of action from dedicare "consecrate, proclaim, affirm, set apart,</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of ace" class="w-full group" href="/word/ace"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">ace</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="c. 1300, "one at dice," from Old French as "one at dice" (12c.), from Latin as "a unit, one, a whole, unity;" also the name of a small Roman coin (originally a rectangular bronze plaque weighing one pound, it eventually was reduced by depreciation to half an ounce; in imperial ti" class="block" href="/word/ace"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of ace">c. 1300, "one at dice," from Old French as "one at dice" (12c.), from Latin as "a unit, one, a whole, unity;" also the name of a small Roman coin (originally a rectangular bronze plaque weighing one pound, it eventually was reduced by depreciation to half an ounce; in imperial ti</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of surrogate" class="w-full group" href="/word/surrogate"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">surrogate</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="early 15c., "a substitute, person appointed or deputed by authority to act for another," from Latin surrogatus, past participle of surrogare/subrogare "put in another's place, substitute." This is from an assimilated form of sub "in the place of, under" (see sub-) + rogare "to as" class="block" href="/word/surrogate"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of surrogate">early 15c., "a substitute, person appointed or deputed by authority to act for another," from Latin surrogatus, past participle of surrogare/subrogare "put in another's place, substitute." This is from an assimilated form of sub "in the place of, under" (see sub-) + rogare "to as</div></a></div></div></div><div><div class="w-full space-y-4 pb-4"><div class="space-y-1"><h2 class="font-sans text-xl" lang="en">Share <em>be-</em></h2><div class="mb-4"><hr class="shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider" role="separator"/></div></div><div class="flex gap-4 items-center"><button class="text-lg bg-secondary font-bold text-battleship-gray/80 px-4 py-2 rounded-full transition-colors hover:text-primary">‘cite’</button><button class="text-2xl bg-secondary text-battleship-gray/80 cursor-pointer hover:text-[#1877f2] p-2 rounded-full" rel="nofollow"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 320 512" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 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type="button">Harper, D. (n.d.). Etymology of be-. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved May 13, 2025, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/be-</button><button class="absolute bottom-2 right-2 px-2 py-1 rounded-full transition-colors duration-200 flex items-center gap-2 border text-battleship-gray hover:text-battleship-gray/70 dark:text-white/70 dark:hover:text-spanish-gray bg-spanish-gray dark:bg-secondary hover:bg-spanish-gray dark:hover:bg-slate-gray active:bg-battleship-gray dark:active:bg-slate-gray border-spanish-gray dark:border-slate-gray" title="Copy APA Style"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 448 512" class="w-4 h-4" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M320 448v40c0 13.255-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24V120c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h72v296c0 30.879 25.121 56 56 56h168zm0-344V0H152c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24v368c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h272c13.255 0 24-10.745 24-24V128H344c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm120.971-31.029L375.029 7.029A24 24 0 0 0 358.059 0H352v96h96v-6.059a24 24 0 0 0-7.029-16.97z"></path></svg><span class="text-sm font-medium font-sans">Copy</span></button></div></div><div class="mb-6 last:mb-0"><div class="font-medium mb-3 text-slate-gray dark:text-spanish-gray">Chicago Style:</div><div class="relative group" data-copy-hint="Copy Chicago Style"><button class="w-full min-h-[80px] p-3 border border-spanish-gray dark:border-white/70 rounded-md bg-white dark:bg-background/30 text-davis-gray dark:text-white/70 leading-relaxed overflow-auto text-left cursor-text" aria-label="select and copy Chicago Style" type="button">Harper Douglas, "Etymology of be-," Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed May 13, 2025, https://www.etymonline.com/word/be-.</button><button class="absolute bottom-2 right-2 px-2 py-1 rounded-full transition-colors duration-200 flex items-center gap-2 border text-battleship-gray hover:text-battleship-gray/70 dark:text-white/70 dark:hover:text-spanish-gray bg-spanish-gray dark:bg-secondary hover:bg-spanish-gray dark:hover:bg-slate-gray active:bg-battleship-gray dark:active:bg-slate-gray border-spanish-gray dark:border-slate-gray" title="Copy Chicago Style"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 448 512" class="w-4 h-4" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M320 448v40c0 13.255-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24V120c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h72v296c0 30.879 25.121 56 56 56h168zm0-344V0H152c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24v368c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h272c13.255 0 24-10.745 24-24V128H344c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm120.971-31.029L375.029 7.029A24 24 0 0 0 358.059 0H352v96h96v-6.059a24 24 0 0 0-7.029-16.97z"></path></svg><span class="text-sm font-medium font-sans">Copy</span></button></div></div><div class="mb-6 last:mb-0"><div class="font-medium mb-3 text-slate-gray dark:text-spanish-gray">MLA Style:</div><div class="relative group" data-copy-hint="Copy MLA Style"><button class="w-full min-h-[80px] p-3 border border-spanish-gray dark:border-white/70 rounded-md bg-white dark:bg-background/30 text-davis-gray dark:text-white/70 leading-relaxed overflow-auto text-left cursor-text" aria-label="select and copy MLA Style" type="button">Harper, Douglas. 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109.7 162.7 26.7 63.1 40.2 130.2 40.2 199.3s-13.5 136.2-40.2 199.3C958 772.3 921 827 874 874c-47 47-101.8 83.9-162.7 109.7-63.1 26.8-130.2 40.3-199.3 40.3z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div class="w-full"><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none bg-secondary/20 shadow-none border border-secondary/30 rounded-md min-w-[300px] w-full" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large font-medium font-sans text-davis-gray items-start justify-start hyphens-auto" lang="en"><span>Dictionary entries near <em>be-</em></span></div><hr class="shrink-0 bg-divider border-none w-full h-divider" role="separator"/><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased"><ul class="list-none list-none grid grid-cols-1"><li><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of bazooms" class="w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/bazooms"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">bazooms</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of BBC" class="w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/BBC"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">BBC</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of BBQ" class="w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/BBQ"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">BBQ</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of BCE" class="w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/BCE"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">BCE</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of be" class="w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/be"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">be</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><span class="w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto opacity-50 cursor-not-allowed"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span>be-</span></span></span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of beach" class="w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/beach"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">beach</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of beach-comber" class="w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/beach-comber"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">beach-comber</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of beach-front" class="w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/beach-front"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">beach-front</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of beach-head" class="w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/beach-head"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">beach-head</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of beacon" class="w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/beacon"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">beacon</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sticky top-20 w-full"><div class="relative bg-secondary/50 w-fullrounded-md"><div class="border-b border-divider pl-4 py-2 border-white/80 dark:border-white/10 flex justify-between items-center"><span class="text-sm font-sans text-spanish-gray">Advertisement</span><button type="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close advertisement" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 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dates beside a word indicate the earliest year for which there is a surviving written record of that word (in English, unless otherwise indicated). This should be taken as approximate, especially before about 1700, since a word may have been used in conversation for hundreds of years before it turns up in a manuscript that has had the good fortune to survive the centuries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp\u003eThe basic sources of this work are Weekley's \"An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English,\" Klein's \"A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language,\" \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (second edition), \"Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology,\" Holthausen's \"Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Englischen Sprache,\" and Kipfer and Chapman's \"Dictionary of American Slang.\"A full list of print sources used in this compilation can be found \u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"/columns/post/sources\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp\u003eSince this dictionary went up, it has benefited from the suggestions of dozens of people I have never met, from around the world. 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Etymology Dictionary\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":\"https://www.etymonline.com/search?q={search_term_string}\u0026utm_campaign=sd\u0026utm_medium=serp\u0026utm_source=ds_search\",\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}]},{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"name\":\"Etymology and meaning of the prefix \\\"be-\\\" by etymonline\",\"url\":\"https://www.etymonline.com/word/be-\",\"description\":\"\\\"about, around; thoroughly, completely; to make, cause, seem; to provide with; at, on,… See origin and meaning of be-.\",\"isPartOf"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\":{\"@id\":\"https://www.etymonline.com#website\"}},{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":[\"DefinedTermSet\",\"Book\"],\"@id\":\"https://www.etymonline.com\",\"name\":\"Dictionary and etymology by etymonline\",\"description\":\"An online etymology dictionary providing the origin and history of English words\"},{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"@id\":\"https://www.etymonline.com/word/be-\",\"name\":\"be-\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":\"https://www.etymonline.com\"}]2d:T704,\u003cp\u003eword-forming element of verbs and nouns from verbs, with a wide range of meaning: \"about, around; thoroughly, completely; to make, cause, seem; to provide with; at, on, to, for;\" from Old English \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ebe-\u003c/span\u003e \"about, around, on all sides\" (the unstressed form of \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ebi\u003c/span\u003e \"by;\" see \u003ca href=\"/word/by\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of by \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003eby\u003c/a\u003e (prep.)). The form has remained \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eby-\u003c/span\u003e in stressed positions and in some more modern formations (\u003ca href=\"/word/bygones\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of bygones \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003ebygones\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/word/bystander\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of bystander \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003ebystander\u003c/a\u003e); in \u003ca href=\"/word/bylaw\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of bylaw \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003ebylaw\u003c/a\u003e it is a different word.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Old English prefix also was used to make transitive verbs and as a privative prefix (as in \u003ca href=\"/word/behead\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of behead \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003ebehead\u003c/a\u003e). The sense \"on all sides, all about\" naturally grew to include intensive uses (as in \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ebespatter\u003c/span\u003e \"spatter about,\" therefore \"spatter very much,\" \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ebesprinkle\u003c/span\u003e, etc.). \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eBe-\u003c/span\u003e also can be causative, or have just about any sense required. The prefix was productive 16c.-17c. in forming useful words, many"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1," of which have not survived, such as \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ebethwack\u003c/span\u003e \"to thrash soundly\" (1550s) and \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ebetongue\u003c/span\u003e \"to assail in speech, to scold\" (1630s).\u003c/p\u003e2f:Tb4e,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003eOld English \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ebe-\u003c/span\u003e (unstressed) or \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ebi\u003c/span\u003e (stressed) \"near, in, by, during, about,\" from Proto-Germanic \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e*bi\u003c/span\u003e \"around, about,\" in compounds often merely intensive (source also of Old Saxon and Old Frisian \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ebi\u003c/span\u003e \"by, near,\" Middle Dutch \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ebie\u003c/span\u003e, Dutch \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ebij\u003c/span\u003e, German \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ebei\u003c/span\u003e \"by, at, near,\" Gothic \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ebi\u003c/span\u003e \"about\"), from PIE \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e*bhi\u003c/span\u003e, reduced form of root \u003ca href=\"/word/*ambhi-\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of *ambhi- \"rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"crossreference\"\u003e*ambhi-\u003c/a\u003e \"around.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs an adverb by c. 1300, \"near, close at hand.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOED (2nd ed. print) has 38 distinct definitions of it as a preposition. Originally an adverbial particle of place, which sense survives in place names (\u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eWhitby\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eGrimsby\u003c/span\u003e, etc., also compare \u003ca href=\"/word/rudesby\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of rudesby \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003erudesby\u003c/a\u003e). Elliptical use for \"secondary course\" was in Old English (opposed to \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003emain\u003c/span\u003e, as in \u003ca href=\"/word/byway\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of byway \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003ebyway\u003c/a\u003e, also compare \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eby-blow\u003c/span\u003e \"illegitimate child,\" 1590s, Middle English \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eloteby\u003c/span\u003e \"a concubine,\" from obsolete \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003elote\u003c/span\u003e \"to lurk, lie hidden\"). This also is the sense of the second \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eby\u003c/span\u003e in the phrase \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eby the by\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (1610s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBy the way\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e literally means \"along the way\" (c. 1200), hence \"in passing by,\" used figuratively to introduce a tangential observation (\"incidentally\") by 1540s. To swear \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eby\u003c/span\u003e something or someone is in Old English, perhaps originally \"in the presence of.\" Phrase \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eby and by\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (early 14c.) originally meant \"one by one,\" with \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eby\u003c/span\u003e apparently denoting succession; modern sense of \"before long\" is from 1520s.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBy and large\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \"in all its length and breadth\" (1660s) originally was nautical, \"sailing to the wind and off it,\" hence \"in one direction then another;\" from nautical expression \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003elarge wind\u003c/span\u003e, one that crosses the ship's line in a favorable direction.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"8:[[\"$\",\"script\",null,{\"type\":\"application/ld+json\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"$2a\"}}],[\"$\",\"section\",null,{\"className\":\"flex flex-col lg:flex-row gap-12 justify-center\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"w-full lg:w-[728px] items-start\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-0\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L2b\",null,{\"slot\":\"pc_wd_top\",\"className\":\"h-[90px] w-[728px]\",\"isMobile\":false,\"wrapperConfigs\":{\"base\":{\"type\":\"main\",\"closeType\":\"none\",\"labelType\":\"none\"},\"lg\":{\"type\":\"normal\",\"closeType\":\"remove\",\"labelType\":\"none\"}}}]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-4 space-y-12 mobile:space-y-8 w-full\",\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-4\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-2\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h1\",null,{\"className\":\"font-sans text-2xl\",\"lang\":\"en\",\"children\":[\"Origin and history of \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"word0\",{\"children\":[\" \",\"be-\",\" \"]}]]}],[\"$\",\"hr\",null,{\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"className\":\"shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider\",\"role\":\"separator\",\"data-orientation\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"bg-white mobile:bg-transparent dark:bg-secondary dark:mobile:bg-transparent rounded-lg lg:shadow-sm pl-6 pr-6 pt-2 pb-6 mobile:p-0\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L2c\",null,{\"vocabularies\":[{\"doc_id\":\"800103a4d112ae28491b249670a071ec_ev\",\"domain_id\":8193,\"word\":\"be-\",\"toxicity\":2,\"type\":4,\"thumbnail\":false,\"property\":\"\",\"etymology\":\"$2d\",\"etymology_plain\":\"word-forming element of verbs and nouns from verbs, with a wide range of meaning: \\\"about, around; thoroughly, completely; to make, cause, seem; to provide with; at, on, to, for;\\\" from Old English be- \\\"about, around, on all sides\\\" (the unstressed form of bi \\\"by;\\\" see by (prep.)). The form has remained by- in stressed positions and in some more modern formations (bygones, bystander); in bylaw it is a different word. The Old English prefix also was used to make transitive verbs and as a privative prefix (as in behead). The sense \\\"on all sides, all about\\\" naturally grew to include intensive uses (as in bespatter \\\"spatter about,\\\" therefore \\\"spatter very much,\\\" besprinkle, etc.). Be- also can be causative, or have just about any sense required. The prefix was productive 16c.-17c. in forming useful words, many of which have not survived, such as bethwack \\\"to thrash soundly\\\" (1550s) and betongue \\\"to assail in speech, to scold\\\" (1630s).\",\"first_recorded\":\"\",\"content_length\":941,\"modify_time\":1744426883000}],\"showLabel\":false,\"isMobile\":false,\"insertAds\":true,\"showTranslate\":true}]}]]}],false,[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-4\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-1\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h2\",null,{\"className\":\"font-sans text-xl\",\"lang\":\"en\",\"children\":[\"Entries linking to \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"word0\",{\"children\":[\" \",\"be-\",\" \"]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mb-4\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"hr\",null,{\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"className\":\"shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider\",\"role\":\"separator\",\"data-orientation\":\"$undefined\"}]}]]}],[[\"$\",\"$1\",\"behead\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L2e\",null,{\"word\":{\"id\":\"etymonline_v_8256\",\"domain_id\":\"8256\",\"word\":\"behead\",\"canonical_word\":\"behead\",\"type\":0,\"property\":\"(v.)\",\"etymology\":\"\u003cp\u003e\\\"kill by decapitation,\\\" Middle English \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003ebihevden\u003c/span\u003e, from Old English \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003ebeheafdian\u003c/span\u003e, from \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003ebe-\u003c/span\u003e, here with privative force, + \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003eheafod\u003c/span\u003e \\\"head\\\" (from PIE root \u003ca href=\\\"/word/*kaput-\\\" title=\\\"Etymology, meaning and definition of *kaput- \\\"rel=\\\"nofollow\\\" class=\\\"crossreference\\\"\u003e*kaput-\u003c/a\u003e \\\"head\\\"). 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