CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913572948f2c4c9b',cH: '5cybYjN.YH6vb7_zB2yZ1DKIlvMJmEtEtnJGnkv3lCU-1739791849-1.2.1.1-3EDmlfZT6jUFzHKfMTW.CL1xOYyG1CGaiLGl.v7.ciFJjTzzrR5y3HAGHUGQxD8X',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=design%20thinking&__cf_chl_tk=Y3aanjxbR_IgyOl3V7zpVajqMvaQCFOWsjm.L_jBIiY-1739791849-1.0.1.1-M1TpBgzBSku7cZuOE2jnANfkk0N2s_WMwgac6otpq04",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739791849',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=design%20thinking&__cf_chl_f_tk=Y3aanjxbR_IgyOl3V7zpVajqMvaQCFOWsjm.L_jBIiY-1739791849-1.0.1.1-M1TpBgzBSku7cZuOE2jnANfkk0N2s_WMwgac6otpq04",md: "oivEWn1SDmZlQal6dLEKpX1bQP0AtBlCCcNH_HufFPw-1739791849-1.2.1.1-fShbS0oSgQRbYsOytpaiizh.akZFWz269GL0bc9B14ZvLmGLB9MdKPpd7_.v8dqJHOsSACwDx_xQkV3wYTtxIijqp2.PBHO3SR.qL5.reZkqGYCWi3gkxGq0nOwl4Di4TeydYJXll8yR5DkFQBrxLGE6GbXkzXNdULqkCpdHdPgGeFHQLHheJuuIOmucwRlZbR7Ia72CVkMBSwCEDLQoRa4mD5kyBQyRlgkzWyM.CCicG8GVUXPrDmR_IN6qMzTOSTyu74bUiOLLipB5IXg2pUwsg1zgJnfi3Gxyw45OK2nCw8zjwq0hSOoaOUmPAcR7_BbdJcqwzBfluJox43_4UaV4eCkJwLKRQVvqjeHakIEmgRme4zaJw1UDODlFWEnrwxGtErte5tuYFzlQ96b7csn5aDkcOExP7EdI5UFpYwRBMiC0W.HGS5cfl13mPo6_8Ua6ReFurs6F9BkLu3QUTlRhpIvJmzNe6582XwaLlprYRAxT1gwDFzkrZYqqKSo5fydm_CT8qgascVydSuP5Tt9AJK1ZEdeA56NMGM.iSl4Vg444wDMDtC2RNg2Anx9cu41G9KFgZP4jo7gX.NHrDL_EMMKcrmOwUPCTo.hqwhVfRObHDHAi5zBHSW77RjH1NjMANeGL9veoHlZqhsdM768ZJiKFKUywUp.fX9dWfCbOob8AJu2olxIsSyhtvFu9WPxYgUgwmZx58BLh84ga880mJfj648iLO1izR.V4IKKxRDFWAJZi5vcRT5CcP7GAI8SxqiEC_UHFsDvNXYwMzpDRdzVl9CWuU3yTowO0JwmVOShV2xIm8n4w0zx.rSkHCuAi5sJ71ZyFY3IDUAmmDA_IqiJpXDp85gam6zGv0nHZ2S0AG1bjF4OzbepNu5Bna7ahcwBXKYxzyv.y.XxzZpiNKfIouq.I3IUWCYD4iHqIBOqt8z9FU2J0Ju.qKyXGGB4x1PTd5ZBqMeUw2JxZk9kp5lfLEHIC435e0mo6ZV6vEIf5mHX4FS5F7YEEBx9x8lUobQiEDdaNXKhnPpF4h5hApVdYKZ_nwlG0E6BuCpxzY7V_lKrWrqOI4rmPTdnu0ie4wBKv2G7tgicd.syKz_uHtkhhqGeD7wfDZyaMCuh1EZflCmzdydZxFv7NfQZ7TbJp9ThSlC.I_2_RiCj7PG4Rx9Dv4smkSiQ.qOHORuqZ7gJpj36ZdEyVfu20yOKQTEpvXO9it8Z76gSW5x0sWZnwKOr9tBOSRyKI6AfRarzKg6P1pEikOR4P0WH6o0kYlU5ts3KwdLiQ0mSczBLI30kLbpPfZVz2Ebqxm6zRo2cw_2gf8Sdx28RkBSFkcSuE5e28lbQ3n3l1yH9_H3A4EdS93Qj1dqjvykuUYdPMeGLoLtnpbHBev8IIvbKRUL4efcURAdyHCW.mwShtZ3eIeBWJF.kk1sed_fdrd21wtLjJNHkQZ7cW3c7ioJxhmuDzYG_HxypTbEHd_1EBM3dRKNd0UNJDzDORwsnXfSjMfCv1cAFfnehEStWRI6.9eHs.r153kXd74DbQyvUurSy1uLITuw6mlFqOGOkhnOEtQF8ZDr3WY.jx_rkbmUVHcpemKzCaG09l4HpwTewk6W0hi2AYh_kLgMEPEoSyii41YQkcm4zhR5e1RC24JOwhzHY2qsaNXrv1RP64pb.e15TFPZo08NrCWcIPrh5CM6e2WShp2NXbAT40LuUgTgplM8CQ09YtzBbxDTT8zR3zLpg2UzS8AndxI5DnHchDrrFRwjAMrzVY54oHQt1HKSsDpvS_mwfqA7Os6HOxH9QM4kiObQixdejiczCpG0eOqayBKMTniLroWajSrMGQh14fAnOzFviFhuqMoFbRVDubC0L4NK9uc_DjTv.f1prJrkDk3nR.a0GQ8e7DuAy_mfUGPNJ.fu4E20TtBArESHHt2yzj5Nm3ySerpWEbLrc22y.EYz8",mdrd: "NZGmNt8TKmwqw39_IIvq3gSzVi6liQYgpgcEegDEYvc-1739791849-1.2.1.1-lC6BDDyd4Db2qTcjsRzK8DI_PKSXUG24AXpkWr1Rk99cgTSBjzR1WKtFGVCTfdS0pIHF2iAhsx7U5Z_DQ8Ddfb3KwkGBhuk8V9rS18hEN9EHjJvpC.Lt9rwnfs0n3qMzTGlaDLmizY77hos.jGiAJn.0mbM0pCZKRP5XSG690ISchD1sYNFP3mVMphR_UxdJks4ObrDXPP44LeCgLg30eijzDBkiD1u6U75zhz15kcqFY2DD2nLiIn7JSQre03l_ONri7WGxreCOrIJhdIaW8UsZ_Ru7MYgZrpcHckymPh68WtCJKDiIBxcgLeg6kajVEEo5rJsuRuWKclyQRdYSSHMtbHMCVZ5vG86S6JiMNPMLEuIRJGy_.zsNwFiaQ5EhAeJsFa.Q9ypWnkmmeJwpT5hsiO5L7j3Tzdf_ZjVVl8bWnevuwvMFxg7EyDeU0NgP07wB10fnNlpoArHL8P7NIQuQpGAdVrQ5WdBkzHexLo2TfBkg3tg2uoV_3cLTONdo6MGUIDrSLqZPvKKxZrEQRLHKfHoOvahjAhQudNMyj4KjjbkpZgq3QArMcNabXYmm7BhTSLW8bgkoeXtgeReu070lf8on0ZUkP1lN0i_aqVH4VlemqqRQr2cKyFLbsayH7z2cRyyD1utUrc_z6v4_HxcE1lhWne8FdJbfJ4SUAJj9fRKREvSOkJs902kM70f763Fn5ncy54Qn8q58CdSgo.ZNNNLGtm8Bm1afC07sp3_7C8aTwEtKVECfngtRZFxxlIkydjUgau6Qzka7Hy.I2BgjuYawr.wrLh0xiXYv0D7NbZ9LHu6q_Z1uvhdp2v0v.xGeURd67.N2kF.2US.C6fdgXf_sL9mBMzmpW4gb0mlr_4r4Q3bg.hCKRoH_AaZhujeC8qpNe1ApJBVpbVUJ4dXwUGZ3BJI93AmmCYu3liohj_RsAPWV5mgT6CbfmZfEyeDEr1LNAj1.ubqrhoqEBhhFHXrRgFGgCQK.hufBx40tbaWx_KdoRwYc8OzcJiydm8KS9ifzOkikWIgTtqsgi_Anhvvri2FDEewI2AOyxv1m7HrrQAI8YELH8MAAQcFTWihSk2L18.wngZ0yynOwEFHX3sUZjNmbL6sxMxOU6HV.958IvRe4zH9_eh2tl1jHmEVq9gzvbLZcUH0vdBmgz8w_gSdhZF5EQEi4IqK0lPuDpxMivyHJtfQ_FtqbSEKZVHyGXajr53zNdP00rmGNagTAP9UC8UrR_wkZOT1QtDEBJ0ywmlnWaDIzOhgnqRe3jWUpgZC72RWthp68GUfW9_WcdYagZNn5QgEGToCU3KX17FPOG7QnbrzTfOifCIJrOHfudzxgvjMapFc9Hseuu1ObA.0olCqt5iuEjJqYBjh9vjcSLilGSfPLwMUb8cK.PpcN4_9sZgZfFgUohyy._c5E_b1DN2N..qCrMPl1f3oXrnQAr5Tags7S4TdfaI3I5FP8E.6iMZ3Zstm4UMPuuZ.qbwRr7..qOJRNPNi6jjBz_0DOch0efbNRjGEJRox1yPPt6qIc940d0Dqty83BznZoi03LjASyfi11Jm8cxTWeJT9So.o4.HBDwKR1N_SChcEMpuVd8q7XDUfNjnVoCsgQBesgHicFL1ktLnEUyfvNLfe6WqWCap0Etxq9Qqn0nT841khs16DYGyd2_hlm5upAOXxjueJvzoEuJtHrZhqCCdg2XjTkaNJrr.XDFEKGppXL8dVs6IAVffF3LtAdAoTzcduFQAtuPeG.AAT3L1samJO6dTsXzlpurGN8dOn5V4R5piCMJlfHhi4rAkYVRnOKDUte4PmWtailzaq0nwk5NppPf51k9Viwi_sSSPHIIDN0SELVA9JYOhdzWSvD3sFVb2AJuBWR4fSRa.TldJ0ZSVR28f9OwBFzC_F1hgOXF5ngm7Y.UfUf4lx_kBsHTChXh6C1uHxa7d2fmHkzV1GvH.2P1wdWcl3PjNMEcW4t"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913572948f2c4c9b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=design%20thinking&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Y3aanjxbR_IgyOl3V7zpVajqMvaQCFOWsjm.L_jBIiY-1739791849-1.0.1.1-M1TpBgzBSku7cZuOE2jnANfkk0N2s_WMwgac6otpq04" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>