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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Ra%C3%A7a+blanca" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Ra%C3%A7a+blanca" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Ra%C3%A7a+blanca" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Ra%C3%A7a+blanca" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-El_terme_raça_aplicada_als_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_terme_raça_aplicada_als_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>El terme raça aplicada als humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_terme_raça_aplicada_als_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raça_blanca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raça_blanca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Raça blanca</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Raça_blanca-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Raça blanca</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Raça_blanca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_raça_blanca_en_el_racisme_científic_dels_segles_XIX_i_XX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_raça_blanca_en_el_racisme_científic_dels_segles_XIX_i_XX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>La raça blanca en el racisme científic dels segles XIX i XX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_raça_blanca_en_el_racisme_científic_dels_segles_XIX_i_XX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pell_blanca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pell_blanca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pell blanca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pell_blanca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_raça_blanca_segons_els_Estats_Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_raça_blanca_segons_els_Estats_Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>La raça blanca segons els Estats Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_raça_blanca_segons_els_Estats_Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Raça blanca</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 61 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit_mense" title="Wit mense - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wit mense" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="عرق أبيض - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عرق أبيض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blancu_(persona)" title="Blancu (persona) - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Blancu (persona)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آغ اینسانلار - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغ اینسانلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balt%C4%97%CC%84j%C4%97" title="Baltė̄jė - Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Baltė̄jė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бели хора - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бели хора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83h-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng-n%C3%A8%CC%A4ng" title="Băh-cṳ̄ng-nè̤ng - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Băh-cṳ̄ng-nè̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ХӀукӀайн адамаш - txetxè" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀукӀайн адамаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katawhang_puti" title="Katawhang puti - cebuà" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Katawhang puti" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fe" title="Weiße - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weiße" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE" title="Λευκή φυλή - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λευκή φυλή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people" title="White people - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="White people" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankulo" title="Blankulo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blankulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco_(persona)" title="Blanco (persona) - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Blanco (persona)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuri_(arraza)" title="Zuri (arraza) - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuri (arraza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سفیدپوست - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سفیدپوست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkoiset_(ihmiset)" title="Valkoiset (ihmiset) - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valkoiset (ihmiset)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanc_(humain)" title="Blanc (humain) - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Blanc (humain)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoine_geala" title="Daoine geala - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daoine geala" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raza_branca" title="Raza branca - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Raza branca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-ng%C3%ACn" title="Pha̍k-ngìn - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pha̍k-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9F" title="האדם הלבן - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האדם הלבן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="श्वेत जन - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्वेत जन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AB%D5%A4_%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Եվրոպոիդ ռասա - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրոպոիդ ռասա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_kulit_putih" title="Orang kulit putih - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang kulit putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndi_ocha" title="Ndi ocha - igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ndi ocha" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanka_populo" title="Blanka populo - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Blanka populo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADtur_(kyn%C3%BE%C3%A1ttur)" title="Hvítur (kynþáttur) - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hvítur (kynþáttur)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="白人 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="白人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%9D%B8" title="백인 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albicolores" title="Albicolores - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Albicolores" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mund%C9%9B%CC%81l%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Mundɛ́lɛ́ - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mundɛ́lɛ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Putiah" title="Urang Putiah - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Putiah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0" title="လူဖြူ - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူဖြူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="اسپه‌شون - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسپه‌شون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witte_(Minschengrupp)" title="Witte (Minschengrupp) - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Witte (Minschengrupp)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanken" title="Blanken - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blanken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makgowa" title="Makgowa - sotho septentrional" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Makgowa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilag%C3%A1ana" title="Bilagáana - navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bilagáana" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_odmiana_cz%C5%82owieka" title="Biała odmiana człowieka - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biała odmiana człowieka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancos" title="Brancos - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brancos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADlene" title="Bílene - Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Bílene" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Белые люди - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белые люди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_fowk" title="White fowk - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="White fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelci" title="Bijelci - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bijelci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සුදු ජනතාව - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සුදු ජනතාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people" title="White people - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="White people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varungu" title="Varungu - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Varungu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadka_Cad" title="Dadka Cad - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dadka Cad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Бијелци - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бијелци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit_(hudf%C3%A4rg)" title="Vit (hudfärg) - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vit (hudfärg)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_taong_puti" title="Mga taong puti - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga taong puti" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyazlar" title="Beyazlar - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyazlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئاق تەنلىكلەر - uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاق تەنلىكلەر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Білі люди - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Білі люди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqlar" title="Oqlar - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_da_tr%E1%BA%AFng" title="Người da trắng - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người da trắng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouxhau" title="Bouxhau - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bouxhau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="白人 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-l%C3%A2ng" title="Pe̍h-lâng - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pe̍h-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="西洋人 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西洋人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q235155#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%A7a_blanca" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussi%C3%B3:Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina (encara no existeix) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%A7a_blanca"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%A7a_blanca"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Ra%C3%A7a_blanca" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Ra%C3%A7a_blanca" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&oldid=34233273" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&id=34233273&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRa%25C3%25A7a_blanca"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRa%25C3%25A7a_blanca"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ra%C3%A7a+blanca"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/White_people" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q235155" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Joasia_Pajkowska_male.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Joasia_Pajkowska_male.jpg/220px-Joasia_Pajkowska_male.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Joasia_Pajkowska_male.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Persona de raça blanca</figcaption></figure> <p>Un individu de <b>raça blanca</b> és un <b>leucoderm</b> (del <a href="/wiki/Grec" title="Grec">grec</a>: <i>blanca</i> <i>pell</i>) o <b>caucasià</b> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicisme" title="Anglicisme">anglicisme</a> o <a href="/wiki/Americanisme" title="Americanisme">americanisme</a> <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%ADticament_correcte" class="mw-redirect" title="Políticament correcte">políticament correcte</a> referit a una regió del <a href="/wiki/Caucas" title="Caucas">Caucas</a>, d'ús corrent en l'<a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A8s_dels_Estats_Units" title="Anglès dels Estats Units">anglès dels Estats Units</a>) són termes no considerats científics per a referir-se a ésser humans caracteritzats principalment per tenir la pell d'un color pàl·lid, és un terme usat per a designar a persones la tonalitat de pell clara que sol ser associada a poblacions d'origen europeu. Encara que literalment implica qüestions externes com la pell clara, forma i color del cabell i els ulls, entre d'altres, "blanc" ha estat usat de diferents maneres en diferents períodes històrics i llocs. Com altres paraules comunes per a les ètnies humanes, la seva definició precisa pot ser confusa. </p><p>L'antropologia clàssica definia a una població com caucàsica si presentava certes característiques com variacions en la forma, la mida i el color dels ulls (blaus, verds, mels, i castanys) i en la coloració del pèl (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blondisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blondisme (encara no existeix)">blondisme</a> (rossisme), <a href="/wiki/Rutilisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutilisme">rutilisme</a> (pèl-roig) o diverses coloracions dins del marró, exceptuant cert grau de blondisme propi dels australoides). També els blancs compartirien altres característiques com més borrissol o pèl facial i corporal en relació a altres races. Per aquesta característica es va creure durant molt temps que el grup dels <a href="/wiki/Ainus" title="Ainus">ainus</a> tindrien ascendència caucasoide. </p><p>Avui en dia també es tenen en compte altres criteris genètics, però la definició és complexa, entre altres coses per la quantitat de poblacions que presenten mestissatges de les clàssicament considerades com a grups ètnics. En genètica humana, els haplogrups R i IJ són els haplogrups del cromosoma Y humà predominants i molt difosos en tota l'Euràsia occidental, des d'Europa fins a l'Índia. D'altra banda la genètica mitocondrial revela que els llinatges materns predominants a l'Euràsia occidental s'anomenen HV, JT i Uk. No obstant això, és a partir de la mateixa genètica des d'on s'assenyala que encara que les races existeixen, biogenèticament no hi ha un únic marcador que defineixi la racialitat, sinó diversos. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="El_terme_raça_aplicada_als_humans"><span id="El_terme_ra.C3.A7a_aplicada_als_humans"></span>El terme raça aplicada als humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: El terme raça aplicada als humans"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La paraula raça és d'origen àrab: <i>ras</i> que significa <a href="/wiki/Cap_(anatomia)" title="Cap (anatomia)">cap</a>. Cap al segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xv</span> va passar a l'<a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%A0" title="Italià">italià</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A8s" title="Francès">francès</a> i <a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A8s" title="Anglès">anglès</a>. </p><p>El terme <b><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%A7a_(classificaci%C3%B3_d%27%C3%A9ssers_humans)" title="Raça (classificació d'éssers humans)">raça</a></b> o <b>grup racial</b> es refereix a una categorització dels humans dintre d'una població o grup sociològic sobre la base de determinat conjunt de característiques que siguin <a href="/wiki/Her%C3%A8ncia" title="Herència">heredables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAPA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAPA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les característiques físiques vistes correntment com a indicatius de la raça són visuals com el color de la pell, la morfologia del crani, característiques facials (per exemple el gruix dels llavis) i la textura del cabell.<sup id="cite_ref-AAPA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAPA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Segons alguns investigadors el concepte <a href="/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Taxonomia">taxonòmic</a> de raça, encara que sigui vàlid per a altres <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cies" class="mw-redirect" title="Espècies">espècies</a>, no ho és per als humans.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molts científics esmenten que la definició tradicional de raça humana és imprecisa, arbitrària, té moltes excepcions, moltes gradacions i que el nombre de races delimitada varia d'acord amb la cultura que en fa la distinció.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raça_blanca"><span id="Ra.C3.A7a_blanca"></span>Raça blanca</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Raça blanca"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg/220px-4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg/330px-4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg/440px-4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Al·legories de quatre pobles d'Europa: eslaus, germànics, gals i llatins.</figcaption></figure> <p>La definició de raça blanca difereix segons els contexts geogràfics i històrics, i diverses construccions socials de la <i>blancor</i> tenen implicacions en termes d'identitat nacional, consanguinitat, polítiques públiques, religió, <a href="/wiki/Cens" title="Cens">cens de població</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segregaci%C3%B3_racial" title="Segregació racial">segregació racial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugen%C3%A8sia" title="Eugenèsia">eugenèsia</a> i quotes racials. </p><p>Als Estats Units una definició comuna de <i>persona de raça blanca</i> és aquella que té principalment o completament antecessors europeus. </p><p>La noció de raça blanca s'ha anat construint en contrast amb les races considerades no-blanques que s'origina ja en l'<a href="/wiki/Etnografia" title="Etnografia">etnografia</a> dels antics grecs i romans. </p><p>Els <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">sumeris</a> s'autoanomenaven "gent del cap negre".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xenofont" title="Xenofont">Xenofont</a> descriu els etíops com <i>negres</i> però en canvi als perses els considera blancs en contrast amb la pell bronzejada dels grecs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Her%C3%B2dot" title="Heròdot">Heròdot</a> igualment fa servir <i>Melanchroes</i> "pells fosca" per als egipcis, i <i>Aithiopsi</i> "cares de carbó" pels etíops. Als <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escita (encara no existeix)">escites</a> Heròdot els descriu com d'ulls blaus i cabell roig.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Segons <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Dee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Dee (encara no existeix)">James Dee</a> els grecs antics no es veien a ells mateixos com de pell blanca i el concepte de pell blanca no existia en el món antic."<sup id="cite_ref-Dee_2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dee_2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El terme <i>raça blanca</i> es començà a generalitzar a partir de finals dle segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xvii</span> en el moment àlgid de l'<a href="/wiki/Esclavisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Esclavisme">esclavisme</a> dels africans negres. </p><p>El 1758, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lineu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lineu (encara no existeix)">Lineu</a> va proposar el que ell considerava que era una classificació natural de les espècies humanes distingint en l'espècie <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>: <i>Homo sapiens europaeus</i> i les subdivisions: blanca (grups europeus ètnics), roja (indígenes americans), groga (asiàtics) i negra (africans).<sup id="cite_ref-nature1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_raça_blanca_en_el_racisme_científic_dels_segles_XIX_i_XX"><span id="La_ra.C3.A7a_blanca_en_el_racisme_cient.C3.ADfic_dels_segles_XIX_i_XX"></span>La raça blanca en el racisme científic dels segles XIX i XX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: La raça blanca en el racisme científic dels segles XIX i XX"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Huxley_whites.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Huxley_whites.png/220px-Huxley_whites.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Huxley_whites.png/330px-Huxley_whites.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Huxley_whites.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Mapa de <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> sobre categories racials de <i>On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind</i> (<a href="/wiki/1870" title="1870">1870</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>De la meitat del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xix</span> fins a la meitat del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span> va ser habitual en l'antropologia classificar les poblacions humanes en una de les tres races (europea, mongoloide i negroide) o diverses subraces. </p><p>No hi va haver mai un consens entre els estudiosos en la delineació de la raça europea. Per exemple les poblacions blanques del nord d'Àfrica i Orient Pròxim eren excloses per antropòlegs com <a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Lothrop Stoddard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pell_blanca">Pell blanca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Pell blanca"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La raça blanca arquetípicament es descriu per la seva pell clara. Els científics descobriren que això és un tret originat per una mutació ocorreguda des de 20.000–50.000 anys enrere.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En l'estudi de Jablonski i Chaplin, <i>The evolution of human skin coloration</i>, els europeus tenen una pell més clara (mesurada com una mitjana mitjançant espectofotòmetre de A<sub>685</sub>) que cap altre grup mesurat. Els europeus del sud (concretament es va mesurar la pell dels espanyols) tenien en les parts del cos no exposades a la llum un índex de blancor similar a la dels altres europeus i en alguns casos encara més clara.<sup id="cite_ref-jablonski_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jablonski-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> dels individus anomenats de <i>raça blanca</i> no és realment d'aquest color. Les capes de la pell per sota de l'epidermis (de teixits de <a href="/wiki/Col%C2%B7lagen" title="Col·lagen">col·lagen</a> i adiposos]) són blanques en qualsevol raça.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els vasos sanguinis entrellaçats amb el teixit adipós produeixen el color pàl·lid rosat associat amb tenir la pell clara. En canvi en els individus de pell considerada negra els melanosomes fan més fosques les capes inferiors.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Segons l'antropòleg <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Luca_Cavalli-Sforza" title="Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza">Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza</a>, la pell clara probablement aparegué a l'Àfrica del Nord o a la vegada al nord i a l'est.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El 2006 un estudi evidencià que la pell clara observada en europeus i asiàtics de l'est sorgí de manera independent. I l'estudi va concloure que la pigmentació clara de la pell en els europeus és com a mínim parcialment deguda a una selecció direccional i/o sexual positiva.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_raça_blanca_segons_els_Estats_Units"><span id="La_ra.C3.A7a_blanca_segons_els_Estats_Units"></span>La raça blanca segons els Estats Units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: La raça blanca segons els Estats Units"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Als censos oficials dels Estats Units s'inclouen les dades sobre la raça dels censats. La definició de <i>blanc</i> actualment al cens (any 2000) és: <i>persones que tenen orígens en qualsevol dels pobles originals d'Europa, el Pròxim Orient i el Nord de l'Àfrica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wpop_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wpop-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els límits culturals que separen els blancs americans d'altres grups racials o ètnics són discutits i han anat canviant. D'acord amb <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.utah.edu/profiles/default.asp?PersonID=91&name=Tehranian,John">John Tehranian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624193317/http://www.law.utah.edu/profiles/default.asp?PersonID=91&name=Tehranian,John">Arxivat</a> 2008-06-24 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., entre aquells que no han estat considerats blancs en algun moment a la història dels Estats Units hi ha: irlandesos, germànics, jueus, italians, espanyols, hispanoamericans, eslaus, i grecs.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hi ha estudis que mostren com els àrabs dels Estats Units no se senten ni es consideren ells mateixos com blancs malgrat que oficialment entrin dins d'aquesta categoria.<sup id="cite_ref-caliber_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caliber-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a>, en una famosa sentència el <a href="/wiki/Tribunal_Suprem_dels_Estats_Units" title="Tribunal Suprem dels Estats Units">Tribunal Suprem dels Estats Units</a> decidí contra el demandant Bhagat Singh Thind que la gent de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a> no era "free white men" (homes blancs lliures) que en aquell època era una condició per adquirir la ciutadania estatunidenca (malgrat ser el demandant de l'extrem nord de l'Índia i per tant de <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%A7a_%C3%A0ria" title="Raça ària">raça ària</a> o caucasiana).<sup id="cite_ref-Thind_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thind-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En aplicació d'aquesta sentència es va arribar a l'abús de retirar la ciutadania a un altre ciutadà estatunidenc que ja havia obtingut la ciutadania amb anterioritat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalisme_blanc" title="Nacionalisme blanc">Nacionalisme blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalisme_negre" title="Nacionalisme negre">Nacionalisme negre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%A7a_cauc%C3%A0sica" title="Raça caucàsica">Raça caucàsica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AAPA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AAPA_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AAPA_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginia.edu/woodson/courses/aas102%20(spring%2001)/articles/AAPA_race.pdf">AAPA Statement on Biological Aspects of Race</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812203437/http://www.virginia.edu/woodson/courses/aas102%20(spring%2001)/articles/AAPA_race.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2011-08-12 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. American Association of Physical Anthropologists "Les races pures en el sentit de poblacions genèticament homogènies, no existeixen actualment entre els humans, ni hi ha evidències de la seva existència en els temps passats."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bamshad, Michael and Steve E. Olson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/rhking/departments/science/bio/evol_pop_dyn/does_race_exist.pdf">"Does Race Exist?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614110106/http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/rhking/departments/science/bio/evol_pop_dyn/does_race_exist.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2007-06-14 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i>Scientific American Magazine</i> (10 November 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. O. Y. Keita, R. A. Kittles, C. D. M. Royal, G. E. Bonney, P. Furbert-Harris, G. M. Dunston & C. N. Rotimi, 2004 "Conceptualizing human variation" in <i>Nature Genetics</i> <b>36</b>, S17 - S20 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1455.html">Conceptualizing human variation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Per exemple aquest és el punt de vista oficial de l'American Anthropological Association a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm">their web page</a>: "L'evidència extreta de l'anàlisi genètica (<a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a>) indica que la majoria de la variació física queda dins dels anomenats grups racials o sigui que hi ha més variació dins dels grups racials que entre ells."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Hallo, W. Simpson 1971 The Ancient Near East</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.bg/books?id=LxxJXTviacgC&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=Xenophanes+thracians&source=bl&ots=Mc3881TmnV&sig=zuPzZk6AG_yq3dn9neyrKRq44Og&hl=bg&ei=mZzPSbS6ENaOsAaMnfi4CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result">Xenophanes of Colophon: Fragments, Xenophanes, J. H. Lesher, University of Toronto Press, 2001,</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0802085083" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0802085083">ISBN 0802085083</a>, p. 90.; <i>Agesilau</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heròdotus 4.108 trans. Rawlinson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dee_2004-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dee_2004_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James H. Dee, "Black Odysseus, White Caesar: When Did 'White People' Become 'White'?" <i>The Classical Journal</i>, Vol. 99, No. 2. (December 2003 – January 2004), pp. 162 <i>ff.</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nature1_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah A Tishkoff and Kenneth K Kidd (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1438.html">Implications of biography of human populations for 'race' and medicine</a> <i>Nature Genetics</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Huxley, T. H.</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/SM3/GeoDis.html">On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind</a>" (1870) <i>Journal of the Ethnological Society of London</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/15/AR2005121501728.html">Scientists Find A DNA Change That Accounts For White Skin</a>, The Washington Post, December 16, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jablonski-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jablonski_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">NG, Chaplin G. 2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/chem/faculty/leontis/chem447/PDF_files/Jablonski_skin_color_2000.pdf">The evolution of skin coloration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114203210/http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/chem/faculty/leontis/chem447/PDF_files/Jablonski_skin_color_2000.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2012-01-14 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/skin.htm#appearance">Introduction to Skin Histology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218132913/http://anthro.palomar.edu/adapt/adapt_4.htm">Skin Color Adaptation</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/adapt/adapt_4.htm">original</a> el 2012-12-18. [Consulta: 4 novembre 2009].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pg.com/science/skincare/Skin_tws_28.htm">Light and the 4 skin color components</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pg.com/science/skincare/Skin_tws_10.htm">The 3 skin layers: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, <i>Genes, Peoples and Languages</i> p75, Penguin, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0140296026" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0140296026">ISBN 0140296026</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-oxford1_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heather L. Norton, Rick A. Kittles, Esteban Parra, Paul McKeigue, Xianyun Mao, Keith Cheng, Victor A. Canfield, Daniel G. Bradley, Brian McEvoy and Mark D. Shriver (December 11, 2006) Genetic Evidence for the Convergent Evolution of Light Skin in Europeans and East Asians <b>Oxford Journals</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/msl203v1.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wpop-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wpop_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf">The White Population: 2000</a>, Census 2000 Brief C2KBR/01-4, U.S. Census Bureau, August 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Tehranian, "Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America," <i>The Yale Law Journal</i>, Vol. 109, No. 4. (Jan., 2000), pp. 825–827.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caliber-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-caliber_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110731204733/http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/sop.2004.47.4.371">Caliber - Sociological Perspectives - 47(4):371 - Abstract</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/sop.2004.47.4.371">original</a> el 2011-07-31. [Consulta: 4 novembre 2009].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thind-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Thind_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, Certificate From The Circuit Court Of Appeals For The Ninth Circuit., No. 202. Argued January 11, 12, 1923.—Decided February 19, 1923, United States Reports, v. 261, The Supreme Court, October Term, 1922, 204–215.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572479/costa_rica.html">http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572479/costa_rica.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529013932/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572479/costa_rica.html">Arxivat</a> 2008-05-29 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%A7a_blanca&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen, Theodore, <i>The Invention of the White Race</i>, 2 vols. (London: Verso, 1994)</li> <li>Bruce David Baum, <i>The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: a political history of racial identity</i>, NYU Press, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9780814798928" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9780814798928">ISBN 9780814798928</a>.</li> <li>Bonnett, Alastair <i>White Identities: Historical and International Perspectives</i> (Harlow, Pearson, 2000)</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11972991d">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4132037-2">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85146547">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01151409">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Txeca" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la República Txeca">NKC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119080&CON_LNG=ENG">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raça_blanca&oldid=34233273">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raça_blanca&oldid=34233273</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Demografia" title="Categoria:Demografia">Demografia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Racisme" title="Categoria:Racisme">Racisme</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categories ocultes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_la_plantilla_Webarchive_amb_enlla%C3%A7_wayback" title="Categoria:Articles amb la plantilla Webarchive amb enllaç wayback">Articles amb la plantilla Webarchive amb enllaç wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Control_d%27autoritats" title="Categoria:Control d'autoritats">Control d'autoritats</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 12 nov 2024 a les 19:59.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. 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