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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evidence_of_predation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence_of_predation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Evidence of predation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence_of_predation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet_and_proposed_feeding_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_proposed_feeding_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Diet and proposed feeding methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_proposed_feeding_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_reconstructing_Helicoprion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_reconstructing_Helicoprion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Use in reconstructing <i>Helicoprion</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_reconstructing_Helicoprion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Ornithoprion</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscovian_(Carboniferous)" title="Moscovian (Carboniferous)">Moscovian</a>), <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">315.2–307 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:113.31692307692px; width:2.7753846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:113.31692307692px; width:2.7753846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:114.31692307692px; width:0.77538461538461px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornithoprion_skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ornithoprion_skeletal.png/220px-Ornithoprion_skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ornithoprion_skeletal.png/330px-Ornithoprion_skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ornithoprion_skeletal.png/440px-Ornithoprion_skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Skeletal reconstruction of <i>Ornithoprion</i>, with known material represented in white and implied/suggested material represented in gray </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ornithoprion" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subclass: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">Holocephali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Eugeneodontida" title="Eugeneodontida">Eugeneodontida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Caseodontidae" title="Caseodontidae">Caseodontidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Ornithoprion</i></a><br /><small>Zangerl, 1966</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><b>Ornithoprion hertwigi</b></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Zangerl, 1966</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Ornithoprion</b></i> is a genus of extinct <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">cartilaginous fish</a> in the family <a href="/wiki/Caseodontidae" title="Caseodontidae">Caseodontidae</a><i>.</i> The only species, <b>O<i>. hertwigi</i></b>, lived during the <a href="/wiki/Moscovian_(Carboniferous)" title="Moscovian (Carboniferous)">Moscovian</a> stage of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a>, between 315.2 to 307 million years ago, and is known from <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">black shale</a> deposits in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwestern">Midwestern</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The discovery and description of <i>Ornithoprion</i>, performed primarily via <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a>, helped clarify the skull anatomy of <a href="/wiki/Eugeneodontida" title="Eugeneodontida">eugeneodonts</a>; a group which includes <i>O. hertwigi</i> and which were previously known primarily from isolated teeth. The genus name, which is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> <i>órnith-</i> meaning 'bird' and <i>príōn</i> meaning 'saw', was inspired by the animal's vaguely bird-like skull and the saw-like appearance of the lower teeth. The species name honors <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hertwig" title="Oscar Hertwig">Oscar Hertwig</a>. </p><p><i>Ornithoprion</i> is unique among known eugeneodonts in possessing an extremely elongated structure connecting to the lower jaw, known as the mandibular <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostrum</a>, which was protected by a beak of fused bony scales and which the precise function of is not known. It inhabited shallow marine environments and coexisted with a variety of other cartilaginous fishes. The structure of <i>Ornithoprion's</i> teeth suggests that it was a <a href="/wiki/Durophagy" title="Durophagy">durophage</a> which hunted marine invertebrates, and bite marks and damage to its fossils indicate it was fed on by other carnivores. The total length is uncertain due to the rear portion of the body being missing in all known specimens, but the largest skulls are approximately 10 cm (3.9 in) in length. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_naming">Discovery and naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg/220px-Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg/330px-Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg/440px-Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Stratigraphy of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Basin" title="Illinois Basin">Illinois Basin</a>, where <i>O. hertwigi's</i> fossils have been found</figcaption></figure> <p>The genus and species were named and described in 1966, by geologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Zangerl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainer Zangerl (page does not exist)">Rainer Zangerl</a>, in a paper published by the <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">Field Museum of Natural History</a> (then the Chicago Museum of Natural History).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This description was based on material collected primarily from the Mecca Quarry of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, in rocks which are part of the <a href="/wiki/Carbondale_Group" title="Carbondale Group">Linton Formation</a>. A single specimen was also collected from the Logan Quarry in an exposure of the <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_Creek_Group" title="Raccoon Creek Group">Staunton Formation</a>, also in Indiana, and another from a coal mine near <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Illinois" title="Wilmington, Illinois">Wilmington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. All specimens are preserved in <a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">organic</a> black shales, with the Illinois specimen being described as <a href="/wiki/Pyritization" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyritization">pyritic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mecca and Logan Quarry material has been dated to the Moscovian or <a href="/wiki/Moscovian_(Carboniferous)" title="Moscovian (Carboniferous)">Desmoinesian</a> stage of the Pennsylvanian,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a> and which lasted from 315.2 to 307 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise age and locality of the Illinois specimen is unknown due to it being held in a <a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">private collection</a>. Nine specimens were initially described, with CNHM PF-2710 (now FMNH PF-2710) from the Mecca Quarry being designated as the <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple additional specimens have subsequently been assigned to <i>Ornithoprion,</i> including occurrences from the <a href="/wiki/Excello_Shale" title="Excello Shale">Excello Shale</a> of Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many other chondrichthyans from the Mecca and Logan quarries,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the studies of the holotype and <a href="/wiki/Paratype" title="Paratype">paratypes</a> of <i>Ornithoprion</i> were primarily performed by radiographic imaging.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specimens were not extracted from the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a>, but were instead <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopically</a> scanned via <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>, with the calcified elements of their skeletons appearing clearly against the shale. The captured images were subsequently printed and illustrated. The Staunton Formation specimen, FMNH PF-2656, was also cut into multiple cross-sections, with these being studied to reveal the internal anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Dermal_denticles" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal denticles">dermal denticles</a> and teeth. At the time of its discovery, <i>Ornithoprion</i> represented one of the best preserved eugeneodonts, and one of the few known from <a href="/wiki/Postcrania" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcrania">postcranial</a> fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genus name may be literally translated as 'bird saw',<sup id="cite_ref-:22_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and derives from the ancient Greek roots <i>órnith-</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ornitho-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ornitho-">ὄρνιθ-</a>) meaning 'bird' and <i>priōn</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prion" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:prion">πρίων</a>), meaning 'saw'.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suffix -<i>prion</i> is a common component in the names of eugeneodont fishes and is in reference to the saw-like form of their symphyseal (midline) tooth whorls,<sup id="cite_ref-:22_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70–93">: 70–93 </span></sup> while <i>ornithos</i> in this case refers to the animal's uniquely bird-like skull.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png/250px-Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png/375px-Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png/500px-Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Life restoration of <i>Ornithoprion hertwigi</i> depicted with five <a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slits</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fusiform" title="Fusiform">fusiform</a> body, and a lack of <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_fin" title="Pelvic fin">pelvic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anal_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal fins">anal fins</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>O. hertwigi</i> is known from multiple articulated but incomplete specimens, with none preserving skeletal material beyond the pectoral girdle. Most of these specimens are preserved in lateral view, and all, including the holotype, are heavily compressed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in other eugeneodonts,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the preserved portion of the skeleton was composed primarily of cartilage reinforced by mineralized prismatic tesserae;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hexagonal structures which strengthen the cartilage and are also present in the skeletons of modern <a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchs</a> (sharks and rays).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/Postcrania" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcrania">postcranial</a> anatomy is incompletely known, it was likely similar to other caseodontids such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fadenia" title="Fadenia">Fadenia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Romerodus" title="Romerodus">Romerodus</a></i>, with a streamlined body, a homocercal (<a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a>-shaped) <a href="/wiki/Caudal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fin">caudal fin</a>, and reduced or absent <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_fin" title="Pelvic fin">pelvic fins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence or absence of pelvic <a href="/wiki/Clasper" title="Clasper">claspers</a> in eugeneodonts is unknown, and it is debated if they possessed them in life.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 167–169">: 167–169 </span></sup> The dorsal and pectoral fins of <i>Ornithoprion</i> are also unknown, but there is no indication they possessed fin spines like those seen in many other Carboniferous chondrichthyans.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least five <a href="/wiki/Branchial_arch" title="Branchial arch">branchial arches</a> are present,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although as with other eugeneodonts it remains unclear if these supported individual gill slits or an <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">operculum</a> (plate-like cover).<sup id="cite_ref-:18_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143–144, 167">: 143–144, 167 </span></sup> The total body length is uncertain due to the incomplete nature of the fossils, although the largest skull measures approximately 10 cm (3.9 in).<sup id="cite_ref-:13_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American illustrator <a href="/wiki/Ray_Troll" title="Ray Troll">Ray Troll</a> has proposed a total length of 60 cm (2 ft), although his reconstruction gives the species an elongated, <a href="/wiki/Anguilliformity" title="Anguilliformity">eel-like</a> body,<sup id="cite_ref-:19_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is not phylogenetically supported.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup> An estimate as high as 90 cm (3 ft) has been suggested by author <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellis_(biologist)" title="Richard Ellis (biologist)">Richard Ellis</a>, based on an assumed skull length of 15 cm (6 in) which is larger than the largest described material.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornithoprion_skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ornithoprion_skull.png/220px-Ornithoprion_skull.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ornithoprion_skull.png/330px-Ornithoprion_skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ornithoprion_skull.png/440px-Ornithoprion_skull.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Restored skull of <i>Ornithoprion hertwigi</i> scaled to the largest figured specimen. Thin lines along the rostra represent rods of armor</figcaption></figure> <p>The most diagnostic trait of <i>Ornithoprion</i> is the exaggerated rostrum extending from the <a href="/wiki/Lower_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower jaw">lower jaw</a>, which is nearly the length of the rest of the skull. The rostrum, as well as a corresponding section of the skull, was armored and reinforced by rods of <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:13_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which appear to have been dermal structures formed separately from the underlying cartilage or tesserae.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mandibular rostrum is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Meckel%27s_cartilage" title="Meckel's cartilage">Meckel's cartilage</a> (lower jaw) by an unfused joint, with a single whorl of teeth positioned along the midline of the rostrum, near the point of contact with the lower jaw. Below the whorl, a <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> of cartilage protrudes from the bottom of the rostrum. The tip of the rostrum is extremely elongated, and according to Zangerl's description was likely to have been cylindrical in cross section and spear-like in life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that sensory structures were present within the rostrum.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Meckel's cartilage consists of a pair of thin, flattened cartilage plates which support the rostrum and which attach to the <a href="/wiki/Palatoquadrate" title="Palatoquadrate">palatoquadrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helicoprion_skull_diagram_(NP).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png/220px-Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png/330px-Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png/440px-Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Restored skull of the distantly related <i><a href="/wiki/Helicoprion" title="Helicoprion">Helicoprion davidsii</a></i>, displaying well-developed <a href="/wiki/Palatoquadrate" title="Palatoquadrate">palatoquadrates</a> and a lack of a mandibular rostrum</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">cranium</a> is long and pointed and possesses large eye sockets, a condition which vaguely resembles the skull of a bird and inspired the name of the genus. An indentation set far forward on the snout is reported by Zangerl to have likely held the nasal capsule,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the latter is unpreserved. The palatoquadrates, which typically form the upper jaw of living cartilaginous fish, are reduced and immobile, and articulate with the cranium in a greatly limited, <a href="/wiki/Jaw_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaw suspension">autodiastylic</a> (two jointed) manner.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reduced state differs greatly from that of the eugeneodont <i><a href="/wiki/Helicoprion" title="Helicoprion">Helicoprion</a></i> in which the palatoquadrates are large and specialized,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and potentially from <i><a href="/wiki/Sarcoprion" title="Sarcoprion">Sarcoprion</a></i>, which may have had them fused to the cranium or lost entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palatoquadrate seen in <i>Ornithoprion</i> is most similar to that seen in other caseodonts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Caseodus" title="Caseodus">Caseodus</a></i>, which typically share its thin, band-like shape and limited cranial articulation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of what Zangerl speculated to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Hyoid_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoid arch">hyoid arch</a> are also present along the back of the skull.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teeth">Teeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Teeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lower teeth of <i>O. hertwigi</i> consist of both multiple large tooth crowns extending from a connected root, known as a tooth whorl,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tooth batteries (tightly-stacked rows of crushing teeth) down the length of the lower jaw. The crushing teeth are plate-like, flattened, rectangular, and possessed deep pits and grooves in their surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They formed a flattened "tooth pavement" in life; likely used for processing shelled prey and similar to that of many other Paleozoic chondrichthyans.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure of these pavement teeth was directly compared with those of <i><a href="/wiki/Erikodus" title="Erikodus">Erikodus</a>,</i> a related genus, in Zangerl's 1966 description<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower tooth whorl, a characteristic trait of the eugeneodonts, possessed up to seven broad, rounded, bulbous tooth crowns and was positioned along the midline of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tooth crowns on the lower whorl vary in size, with the smallest teeth being situated at the front of the whorl and the largest at the back.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that both another battery of pavement teeth and larger, pointed V-shaped teeth were attached directly to the underside of the cranium.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These V-shaped teeth are thought to have formed another symphyseal (midline) tooth whorl similar to that proposed in <i>Sarcoprion</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although their precise arrangement in life is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on <a href="/wiki/Thin_section" title="Thin section">thin sectioning</a>, the teeth of <i>Ornithoprion</i> were composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">trabecular dentin</a> (a spongy form of dentin present in <a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">holocephalan</a> fishes) with an outer coating of <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">orthodentin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no indication of <a href="/wiki/Enameloid" title="Enameloid">enameloid</a> (vitrodentin), but a small layer may have been present in life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postcranial_skeleton">Postcranial skeleton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postcranial skeleton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornithoprion_holotype.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ornithoprion_holotype.png/220px-Ornithoprion_holotype.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ornithoprion_holotype.png/330px-Ornithoprion_holotype.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ornithoprion_holotype.png/440px-Ornithoprion_holotype.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Illustrated diagram of the holotype, with damaged or poorly defined anatomy represented by dashed lines. Disarticulated teeth and <a href="/wiki/Dermal_denticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal denticle">denticles</a> have been omitted for anatomical clarity</figcaption></figure> <p>The known postcrania of <i>Ornithoprion</i> encompass the frontmost portion of the skeleton. The left and right <a href="/wiki/Scapulocoracoid" title="Scapulocoracoid">scapulocoradoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">pectoral girdle</a>) are not fused to each other, unlike living <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">chondrichthyans</a>, and had a forward-angled <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapular</a> portion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Either five or six pairs of <a href="/wiki/Ceratobranchial" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratobranchial">ceratobranchials</a> (gill arches) are present,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with what Zangerl tentatively identifies as <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternal cartilage</a> running beneath them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unpaired intercoracoidal cartilage has also been identified in living <a href="/wiki/Broadnose_sevengill_shark" title="Broadnose sevengill shark">broadnose sevengill sharks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the extinct <a href="/wiki/Iniopterygiformes" title="Iniopterygiformes">iniopterygians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chimaera" title="Chimaera">chimaeriform</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ischyodus" title="Ischyodus">Ischyodus</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-:16_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and potentially the closely related <i>Fadenia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The function of this structure in <i>Ornithoprion</i> is unknown, although it is likely <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> to similar, paired cartilage structures observed in other extinct chondrichthyans.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_centra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral centra">vertebral centra</a> of <i>Ornithoprion</i> are not preserved and were likely uncalcified, although a series of diamond-shaped cartilage structures are present along the expected path of the vertebral column. These cartilage structures may represent heavily modified <a href="/wiki/Neural_arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural arches">neural arches</a>, the anatomy of which is unique to <i>O. hertwigi</i>. These specialized neural arches may be an adaptation associated with the morphology or function of the animal's pointed skull and rostrum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dermal_denticles">Dermal denticles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dermal denticles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike living <a href="/wiki/Chimaera" title="Chimaera">chimaeras</a>, in which dermal denticles (also called placoid scales) are only present in isolated regions,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the known body of <i>Ornithoprion</i> was completely covered in tiny, rounded,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tooth-like denticles similar to those of sharks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These denticles possessed a <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(tooth)" title="Pulp (tooth)">pulp cavity</a>, were predominantly made up of orthodentin, and grew from a flattened base, much like those of modern cartilaginous fish. However, the bases of the denticles may have been composed of <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> rather than a form of <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many denticles form fused, compound structures. These compound denticles, termed "polydontode scales", share a single base with multiple crowns and pulp cavities emerging from it, and in <i>O. hertwigi</i> may consist of more than seven crowns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar polydontode scales are known to occur in the related <i>Sarcoprion</i> and potentially <i>Helicoprion,</i><sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it has not been noted that these contain bone. If Zangerl's interpretation of the dermal structures of <i>O. hertwigi</i> is correct, it would represent a rare example of bone among extinct <a href="/wiki/Euchondrocephali" class="mw-redirect" title="Euchondrocephali">euchondrocephalans</a>, which otherwise have denticles and armor composed of dentin.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extremely small denticles were also present in the mouth and throat, which were exclusively composed of orthodentin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his original 1966 description, Zangerl speculates that the reinforcing "beak" of bony rods present on the snout and rostrum were formed by the compounding of these polydontode scales. He likens this phenomenon to that proposed by Oscar Hertwig as an explanation for the <a href="/wiki/Ostracoderm" title="Ostracoderm">origin of vertebrate dermal armor</a>, and although Zangerl acknowledges that this adaptation <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">evolved independently</a> in <i>Ornithoprion</i>, he honors Hertwig in the name of the type species.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossil_Holocephali_(Cobelodus,_Heteropetalus,_Falcatus,_Harpagofututor,_and_Delphyodontos).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg/239px-Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg/359px-Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg/478px-Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>While today represented only by a single order (<a href="/wiki/Chimaeriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimaeriformes">Chimaeriformes</a>) the subclass Holocephali was far more diverse during the Paleozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pictured, from top to bottom: <i><a href="/wiki/Cobelodus" title="Cobelodus">Cobelodus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Heteropetalus" title="Heteropetalus">Heteropetalus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Falcatus" title="Falcatus">Falcatus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harpagofututor" title="Harpagofututor">Harpagofututor</a></i>, and a fetal <i><a href="/wiki/Delphyodontos" title="Delphyodontos">Delphyodontos</a></i> (not to scale)</figcaption></figure> <p>Though often referred to as sharks in both formal and informal texts, the eugeneodonts are likely only distant relatives of living sharks. In its initial description by Rainer Zangerl, <i>Ornithoprion</i> was placed as a member of <a href="/wiki/Edestidae" title="Edestidae">Edestidae</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bradyodonti" title="Bradyodonti">Bradyodonti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1971 edition of <i>Paleozoic Fishes,</i> researcher <a href="/w/index.php?title=R._S._Miles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. S. Miles (page does not exist)">R. S. Miles</a> considered the genus to be of uncertain position within Chondrichthyes, and tentatively placed it within Holocephali. He suggested that its similarities to edestids might be the result of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a> (independent evolution) due to differences in the anatomy of the gills, the tooth histology, and the palatoquadrates.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, Zangerl considered <i>O. hertwigi</i> as a member of Caseodontidae, as part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (biology)">superfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Caseodontoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Caseodontoidea">Caseodontoidea</a> and the newly established order Eugeneodontida, in light of the numerous new <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> and characteristics that had been observed since <i>Ornithoprion's</i> original description. In this publication, however, he considered the newly christened eugeneodonts to be members of the <a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchii</a> rather than the traditionally assumed Holocephali or Bradyodonti.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1990's edestid specialist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bendix-Almgreen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bendix-Almgreen (page does not exist)">Svend Erik Bendix-Almgreen</a>, in his personal communications with artist Ray Troll, expressed belief that the features used to unite the Eugeneodontida may be the result of convergent evolution and that the group as defined by Zangerl was likely <a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">polyphyletic</a> (not a natural group).<sup id="cite_ref-:18_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108–109">: 108–109 </span></sup> Bendix-Almgreen had expressed a similar attitude in earlier publications throughout the 1960's and 1970's, in these cases supported primarily by the apparent presence or absence of <a href="/wiki/Enameloid" title="Enameloid">enameloid</a> or vitrodentin between different edestid taxa,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or differences in the features of their skulls.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, while Zangerl's classification of eugeneodonts as elasmobranchs is no longer supported,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his erected suborders and families within the group remain in use.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eugeneodontida is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a> group on the <a href="/wiki/Stem_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem group">stem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Subclass_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subclass (biology)">subclass</a> Holocephali (sometimes defined as the more broadly-encompassing Euchondrocephali)<sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as part of the class Chondrichthyes,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the discrepancies in tooth histology previously used to argue against their close relation being explained by different members' variable rates of tooth replacement or wear.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only extant members of the Euchondrocephali are three families of chimaeras, all of which are highly specialized deep-water fish and are not closely comparable to eugeneodonts in anatomy or lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of living analogues, the higher level interrelationships between extinct members of the subclass remain enigmatic.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eugeneodontia has been suggested to be most closely related to (or potentially descended from) the <a href="/wiki/Orodontidae" title="Orodontidae">Orodontiformes</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>-Carboniferous euchondrocephs with similar dentition.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The skull and vertebral morphology of <i>Ornithoprion</i> is very different from that of other known eugeneodonts,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and key elements of the postcranial skeleton are missing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its classification within the Caseodontidae is based on the bulbous, rounded nature of its tooth crowns and reduction of its palatoquadrates, features which are also found in related genera such as <i>Caseodus.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is a <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> as illustrated by Zangerl (1981) based on morphological traits, which places <i>Ornithoprion</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> member of a clade also containing <i>Erikodus</i> and <i>Fadenia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Eugeneodontida" title="Eugeneodontida">Eugeneodontida</a> (=Eugeneodontiformes) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Caseodontoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Caseodontoidea">Caseodontoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Caseodontidae" title="Caseodontidae">Caseodontidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fadenia" title="Fadenia">Fadenia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Erikodus" title="Erikodus">Erikodus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Ornithoprion</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Caseodus" title="Caseodus">Caseodus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Romerodus" title="Romerodus">Romerodus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eugeneodontidae" title="Eugeneodontidae">Eugeneodontidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbodus" title="Bobbodus">Bobbodus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Eugeneodus" title="Eugeneodus">Eugeneodus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gilliodus" title="Gilliodus">Gilliodus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Edestoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Edestoidea">Edestoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Agassizodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Agassizodontidae">Agassizodontidae</a> (=Helicoprionidae) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campyloprion" title="Campyloprion">Campyloprion</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Parahelicoprion" title="Parahelicoprion">Parahelicoprion</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Helicoprion" title="Helicoprion">Helicoprion</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Agassizodus" title="Agassizodus">Agassizodus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Toxoprion" title="Toxoprion">Toxoprion</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcoprion" title="Sarcoprion">Sarcoprion</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Edestidae" title="Edestidae">Edestidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntomodus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntomodus (page does not exist)">Syntomodus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lestrodus" title="Lestrodus">Lestrodus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Edestus" title="Edestus">Edestus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Helicampodus" title="Helicampodus">Helicampodus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Parahelicampodus" title="Parahelicampodus">Parahelicampodus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoecology_and_paleobiology">Paleoecology and paleobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Paleoecology and paleobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_and_ecological_niche">Habitat and ecological niche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Habitat and ecological niche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg/220px-Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg/330px-Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg/440px-Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The holotype of <i><a href="/wiki/Orodus" title="Orodus">Orodus greggi</a>,</i> discovered at the Logan Quarry,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on display at the Field Museum of Natural History</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mecca, Logan, and Excello shales all represent marine depositional environments, and all preserve a diverse assemblage of species.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1963 publication, researchers Rainer Zangerl and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_S._Richardson_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene S. Richardson Jr. (page does not exist)">Eugene Richardson</a> proposed that the Mecca and Logan sites were extremely shallow habitats, likely less than a meter (3.3 ft) of water, with small, isolated deeper areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of peat and coal indicates that the deposits overlay drowned forests and are a recent transgression of a marine environment over a terrestrial one (known as a <a href="/wiki/Cyclothems" title="Cyclothems">cyclothem</a>). The rich, black, fissile shale which encases the fossils indicates massive amounts of decaying organic material such as algae were present, which led to <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> conditions and formed organic mud. Zangerl and Richardson also suggest that there is evidence of water levels lowering significantly during the dry season, often isolating fishes into small saltwater ponds or "fish traps" and creating ideal conditions for preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Logan and Mecca environment likely only existed for a brief period, with overlying invertebrate communities and limestone deposits indicating that deeper water eventually flooded the region and created a more stable habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of larger fish and cephalopods at the Logan Quarry site may suggest somewhat deeper waters.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some subsequent authors have suggested that these shales were in fact formed in deep-water environments with anoxic mud bottoms, similar to the conditions seen in many other fossiliferous midwestern shales,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other later authors have treated the conditions that formed the Mecca and Logan sites as distinct from those that formed deep-sea shales such as the <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Formation" title="Dennis Formation">Stark Shale</a> and continued to accept a shallow water environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edestus_recon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Edestus_recon.png/249px-Edestus_recon.png" decoding="async" width="249" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Edestus_recon.png/374px-Edestus_recon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Edestus_recon.png/498px-Edestus_recon.png 2x" data-file-width="3226" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>The larger, distantly-related <a href="/wiki/Edestoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Edestoidea">edestoid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Edestus" title="Edestus">Edestus</a></i> (pictured) cohabited with <i>Ornithoprion</i> and may have been among its predators<sup id="cite_ref-:25_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ornithoprion</i> fossils often contain a number of other remains in the same shale slabs, although in different bedding planes and not directly associated. These include isolated spines and denticles from <a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii">acanthodians</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Listracanthus" title="Listracanthus">Listracanthus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrodus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrodus (page does not exist)">Petrodus</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mecca fauna, which includes both the Mecca and Logan Quarry sites, also preserves an assemblage of <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodonts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:15_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Palaeonisciformes" title="Palaeonisciformes">palaeoniscoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthocone" title="Orthocone">orthocones</a>, and cartilaginous fishes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Orodus" title="Orodus">Orodus</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denaea (page does not exist)">Denaea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cobelodus" title="Cobelodus">Cobelodus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Symmorium" title="Symmorium">Symmorium</a></i>, and other holocephalans, including members of Iniopterygii.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Logan Quarry was inhabited by, in addition to many chondrichthyans, an unnamed <a href="/wiki/Chondrostei" title="Chondrostei">chondrost</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">actinopterygian</a> with a similarly elongated rostrum, which was entirely unrelated to <i>Ornithoprion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invertebrates such as brachiopods and <a href="/wiki/Ammonoidea" title="Ammonoidea">ammonoids</a> are known from the Excello Shale, as are a wide variety of cartilaginous fishes including <i>Listracanthus</i>, <i>Caseodus</i>, <i>Edestus</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Stethacanthus" title="Stethacanthus">Stethacanthus</a></i>, all of which were roughly contemporaneous with <i>Ornithoprion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evidence_of_predation">Evidence of predation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evidence of predation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous specimens of <i>O. hertwigi</i> show damage which Zangerl interprets as feeding traces left by predators or scavengers. Portions of the skeleton are often broken, maimed or missing, and it has been suggested that the unpreserved rear halves of the animals may have been severed by predation attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2019 publication, author Wayne Itano suggests that the bisected fish remains of the Mecca and Logan shales, such as the known fossils of <i>O. hertwigi</i>, may be the result of a novel feeding method displayed by the contemporaneous and much larger <i>Edestus</i>, which cut prey in half in a manner similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Sawfish" title="Sawfish">sawfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skulls of several <i>Ornithoprion</i> specimens also display crushed or missing chunks, which are proposed to have resulted from other fishes biting them and fracturing the cartilage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">Coprolites</a> and fossilized <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(digestion)" title="Bolus (digestion)">pellets</a> containing fish remains are often found in the same formations as <i>Ornithoprion</i> and were likely produced by larger predators.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diet_and_proposed_feeding_methods">Diet and proposed feeding methods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diet and proposed feeding methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg/220px-Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg/330px-Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg/440px-Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The skull of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> actinopterygian <i><a href="/wiki/Saurodon" title="Saurodon">Saurodon</a></i>, which Rainer Zangerl considers the closest morphological analogue for the rostrum of Ornithoprion<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Similar to many of its close relatives,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ornithoprion</i> is believed to have been a <a href="/wiki/Durophagy" title="Durophagy">durophage</a> that fed on <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> invertebrates. The rounded, bulbous crowns of the lower symphyseal whorl appear to be an adaptation for crushing,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the remains of <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopod</a> shells are known from the stomach of the related <i>Fadenia.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:21_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mandibular rostrum is believed to have been utilized in feeding, although the exact mechanism is unclear. Zangerl, in 1966, proposes that it was used to disturb or probe sediment while hunting for prey living on or within the seabed, and, potentially, flinging dislodged prey into the water column. He notes that this possible feeding mode is entirely speculative,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a later study agrees with the conclusion that the rostra of caseodonts could have been used to dislodge brachiopods.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anatomy of the rostrum is inconsistent with its use as a sensory structure due to the lack of grooves and pits to house <a href="/wiki/Electroreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreceptors">electroreceptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some features of the animal's skull, such as the armor and articulation of the upper and lower jaws, are suggested by Zangerl to be shock-absorbing adaptations, although he considers it unlikely that the rostrum was used as a weapon. The mandibular rostrum of <i>Ornithoprion</i> has been compared with those of the unrelated extinct bony fish <i><a href="/wiki/Saurodon" title="Saurodon">Saurodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Saurocephalus" title="Saurocephalus">Saurocephalus</a></i>, in which the function is also not confidently known.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_reconstructing_Helicoprion">Use in reconstructing <i>Helicoprion</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use in reconstructing Helicoprion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of its phylogenetic proximity, <i>Ornithoprion</i> has been used as a basis for restoring the anatomy and physiology of other eugeneodonts. Ray Troll, an <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaskan</a> illustrator, has cited the taxon as one of his references while reconstructing the potential close relative and more widely publicized genus <i>Helicoprion.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:18_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144, 151">: 144, 151 </span></sup> Both murals and a life-sized model of <i>Helicoprion davidsii,</i> designed by Troll and displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Idaho Museum of Natural History">Idaho Museum of Natural History</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> directly reference features of <i>O. hertwigi</i> such as gill anatomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 151">: 151 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus is also cited as one of the taxa which indicated the position of <i>Helicoprion's</i> whorl in the lower jaw prior to descriptions of its own fossils becoming available. Edestid researcher Bendix-Almgreen had, however, criticized the use of caseodonts as the basis for <i>Helicoprion</i> in Troll's art, as he believed they did not represent close phylogenetic or ecological analogues.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108, 109">: 108, 109 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alienacanthus" title="Alienacanthus">Alienacanthus</a>,</i> an unrelated <a href="/wiki/Arthrodira" title="Arthrodira">arthrodire</a> with a similarly elongated mandibular rostrum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_cartilaginous_fish_genera" title="List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera">List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=242507">"PBDB Taxon"</a>. <i>The Paleobiology Database</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Paleobiology+Database&rft.atitle=PBDB+Taxon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaleobiodb.org%2Fclassic%2FbasicTaxonInfo%3Ftaxon_no%3D242507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnithoprion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZangerl1966" class="citation journal cs1">Zangerl, Rainer (17 March 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25235#page/14/mode/1up">"A new shark of the family Edestidae, <i>Ornithoprion hertwigi</i>, from the Pennsylvanian Mecca and Logan quarry shales of Indiana"</a>. <i>Fieldiana Geology</i>. <b>16</b>. Chicago Field Museum of Natural History: 1–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.5302">10.5962/bhl.title.5302</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fieldiana+Geology&rft.atitle=A+new+shark+of+the+family+Edestidae%2C+Ornithoprion+hertwigi%2C+from+the+Pennsylvanian+Mecca+and+Logan+quarry+shales+of+Indiana&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=1-42&rft.date=1966-03-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.5302&rft.aulast=Zangerl&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F25235%23page%2F14%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnithoprion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carboniferous.stratigraphy.org/gps/end.asp?ID=11">"International Commission on Stratigraphy Subcommission on Carboniferous Stratigraphy"</a>. <i>carboniferous.stratigraphy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carboniferous.stratigraphy.org&rft.atitle=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy+Subcommission+on+Carboniferous+Stratigraphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarboniferous.stratigraphy.org%2Fgps%2Fend.asp%3FID%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnithoprion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/taxon-8494963.html">"Ornithoprion hertwigi"</a>. <i>Mindat.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mindat.org&rft.atitle=Ornithoprion+hertwigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Ftaxon-8494963.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnithoprion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunerField_Museum_of_Natural_History.1992" class="citation book cs1">Bruner, John Clay.; Field Museum of Natural History. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3361"><i>A catalogue of type specimens of fossil fishes in the Field Museum of Natural History / John Clay Bruner --</i></a>. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.3361">10.5962/bhl.title.3361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+catalogue+of+type+specimens+of+fossil+fishes+in+the+Field+Museum+of+Natural+History+%2F+John+Clay+Bruner+--.&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill.&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Field+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.3361&rft.aulast=Bruner&rft.aufirst=John+Clay.&rft.au=Field+Museum+of+Natural+History.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F3361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnithoprion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4825205">"Ornithoprion Zangerl, 1966"</a>. <i>www.gbif.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gbif.org&rft.atitle=Ornithoprion+Zangerl%2C+1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbif.org%2Fspecies%2F4825205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnithoprion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZangerl1981" class="citation book cs1">Zangerl, Rainer (1981). <i>Chondrichthyes 1: Paleozoic Elasmobranchii (Handbook of Paleoichthyology)</i>. Friedrich Pfell (published January 1, 1981). pp. 74–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3899370454" title="Special:BookSources/978-3899370454"><bdi>978-3899370454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chondrichthyes+1%3A+Paleozoic+Elasmobranchii+%28Handbook+of+Paleoichthyology%29&rft.pages=74-94&rft.pub=Friedrich+Pfell&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3899370454&rft.aulast=Zangerl&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnithoprion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinterHampeDuffin2010" class="citation book cs1">Ginter, Michał; Hampe, Oliver; Duffin, Christopher J. (2010). <i>Handbook of paleoichthyology: teeth</i>. München: F. Pfeil. pp. 117–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89937-116-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89937-116-1"><bdi>978-3-89937-116-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+paleoichthyology%3A+teeth&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=117-120&rft.pub=F.+Pfeil&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-89937-116-1&rft.aulast=Ginter&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft.au=Hampe%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Duffin%2C+Christopher+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnithoprion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZangerlRichardson1963" class="citation book cs1">Zangerl, Rainer; Richardson, Eugene S. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.7199"><i>The paleoecological history of two Pennsylvanian black shales</i></a>. Fieldiana. Vol. 4. Chicago: Chicago Natural History Museum. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.7199">10.5962/bhl.title.7199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+paleoecological+history+of+two+Pennsylvanian+black+shales&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Fieldiana&rft.pub=Chicago+Natural+History+Museum&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.7199&rft.aulast=Zangerl&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Eugene+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.7199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnithoprion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZangerl1995" class="citation journal cs1">Zangerl, Rainer (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022336000034922/type/journal_article">"The problem of vast numbers of cladodont shark denticles in the Pennsylvanian Excello Shale of Pike County, Indiana"</a>. <i>Journal of Paleontology</i>. <b>69</b> (3): 556–563. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JPal...69..556Z">1995JPal...69..556Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022336000034922">10.1017/S0022336000034922</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3360">0022-3360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Paleontology&rft.atitle=The+problem+of+vast+numbers+of+cladodont+shark+denticles+in+the+Pennsylvanian+Excello+Shale+of+Pike+County%2C+Indiana&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=556-563&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0022-3360&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022336000034922&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JPal...69..556Z&rft.aulast=Zangerl&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0022336000034922%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnithoprion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2003" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard (2003). <i>Aquagenesis: the origin and evolution of life in the sea</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=ornitho-+%7C+Etymology+of+suffix+ornitho-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fornitho-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnithoprion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/prion#etymonline_v_36511">"prion | Etymology of prion"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Pegasus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-343-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-343-8"><bdi>978-1-68177-343-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951925606">951925606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resurrecting+the+shark%3A+a+scientific+obsession+and+the+mavericks+who+solved+the+mystery+of+a+270-million-year-old+fossil&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Ebook&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F951925606&rft.isbn=978-1-68177-343-8&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F951925606%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnithoprion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapanilaPruittPradelWilga2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tapanila, Leif; Pruitt, Jesse; Pradel, Alan; Wilga, Cheryl D.; Ramsay, Jason B.; Schlader, Robert; Didier, Dominique A. 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25235#page/11/mode/1up">Original description published in Fieldiana Geology</a>, provided by the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Pikaia">Pikaia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Cephalochordate</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cathaymyrus" title="Cathaymyrus">Cathaymyrus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">Lancelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactores" title="Olfactores">Olfactores</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Haikouella" class="mw-redirect" title="Haikouella">Haikouella</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicate</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Myllokunmingiidae" title="Myllokunmingiidae">Myllokunmingiidae</a>? (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Haikouichthys" title="Haikouichthys">Haikouichthys</a></i>, <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Myllokunmingia" title="Myllokunmingia">Myllokunmingia</a></i>)</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongxiniscus" title="Zhongxiniscus">Zhongxiniscus</a></i>?</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Forerunner"><img alt="Forerunner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png/80px-Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png/120px-Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png/160px-Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="361" /></a></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cyclostome"><img alt="Cyclostome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg/80px-Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg/120px-Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg/160px-Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="429" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ConodontZICA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Conodont"><img alt="Conodont" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/80px-ConodontZICA.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/120px-ConodontZICA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/160px-ConodontZICA.png 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="229" /></a></span> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astraspis_desiderata.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pteraspidomorph"><img alt="Pteraspidomorph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/80px-Astraspis_desiderata.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/120px-Astraspis_desiderata.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/160px-Astraspis_desiderata.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coccosteus_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Placoderm"><img alt="Placoderm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coccosteus_reconstruction.png/80px-Coccosteus_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coccosteus_reconstruction.png/120px-Coccosteus_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coccosteus_reconstruction.png/160px-Coccosteus_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="955" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acanthodian"><img alt="Acanthodian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg/80px-Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg/120px-Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg/160px-Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="364" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartilaginous fish"><img alt="Cartilaginous fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png/80px-Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png/120px-Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png/160px-Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qingmenodus_(life_restoration).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bony fish"><img alt="Bony fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Qingmenodus_%28life_restoration%29.png/80px-Qingmenodus_%28life_restoration%29.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Qingmenodus_%28life_restoration%29.png/120px-Qingmenodus_%28life_restoration%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Qingmenodus_%28life_restoration%29.png/160px-Qingmenodus_%28life_restoration%29.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="168" /></a></span></span> </p> <br /><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:80px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Jawless fish</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">Hagfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">Lamprey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Conodonts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Protoconodont" title="Protoconodont">Protoconodonta</a>?</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Paraconodontida" title="Paraconodontida">Paraconodontida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Conodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conodonta">Conodonta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ostracoderm" title="Ostracoderm">Ostracoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Pteraspidomorphi" title="Pteraspidomorphi">Pteraspidomorphi</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Thelodonti" title="Thelodonti">Thelodonti</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Anaspida" title="Anaspida">Anaspida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cephalaspidomorphi" title="Cephalaspidomorphi">Cephalaspidomorphi</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Galeaspida" title="Galeaspida">Galeaspida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pituriaspida" title="Pituriaspida">Pituriaspida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Osteostraci" title="Osteostraci">Osteostraci</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:80px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Jawed fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Placoderm" title="Placoderm">Placoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Antiarchi" title="Antiarchi">Antiarchi</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Arthrodira" title="Arthrodira">Arthrodira</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Brindabellaspida" class="mw-redirect" title="Brindabellaspida">Brindabellaspida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Petalichthyida" title="Petalichthyida">Petalichthyida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Phyllolepida" title="Phyllolepida">Phyllolepida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Ptyctodontida" title="Ptyctodontida">Ptyctodontida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Rhenanida" title="Rhenanida">Rhenanida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Acanthothoraci" title="Acanthothoraci">Acanthothoraci</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pseudopetalichthyida" title="Pseudopetalichthyida">Pseudopetalichthyida</a>?</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Stensioellida" class="mw-redirect" title="Stensioellida">Stensioellida</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii">Acanthodii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Acanthodiformes" title="Acanthodiformes">Acanthodiformes</a></li> <li>†"<a href="/wiki/Climatiiformes" title="Climatiiformes">Climatiiformes</a>"</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Diplacanthiformes" title="Diplacanthiformes">Diplacanthiformes</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Ischnacanthiformes" title="Ischnacanthiformes">Ischnacanthiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Cartilaginous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchii</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Ctenacanthiformes" title="Ctenacanthiformes">Ctenacanthiformes</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Hybodontiformes" title="Hybodontiformes">Hybodontiformes</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Phoebodontiformes" title="Phoebodontiformes">Phoebodontiformes</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Xenacanthida" title="Xenacanthida">Xenacanthida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">Holocephali</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Eugeneodontida" title="Eugeneodontida">Eugeneodontida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Iniopterygiformes" title="Iniopterygiformes">Iniopterygiformes</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Petalodontiformes" title="Petalodontiformes">Petalodontiformes</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Symmoriiformes" title="Symmoriiformes">Symmoriiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimaera" title="Chimaera">Chimaera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Bony</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Lobe-finned</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Onychodontiformes" title="Onychodontiformes">Onychodontiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">Coelacanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Rhipidistia</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Porolepiformes" title="Porolepiformes">Porolepiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">Lungfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Ray-finned</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"<a href="/wiki/Palaeonisciformes" title="Palaeonisciformes">Palaeonisciformes</a>"</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cladistia" title="Cladistia">Cladistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polypteriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypteriformes">Polypteriformes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrostei" title="Chondrostei">Chondrostei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acipenseriformes" title="Acipenseriformes">Acipenseriformes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopterygii" title="Neopterygii">Neopterygii</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Pycnodontiformes" title="Pycnodontiformes">Pycnodontiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halecomorphi" title="Halecomorphi">Halecomorphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginglymodi" title="Ginglymodi">Ginglymodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">Teleost</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:80px;text-align:center">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prehistoric_fish" title="Lists of prehistoric fish">Lists of prehistoric fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acanthodian_genera" title="List of acanthodian genera">spiny sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placoderm_genera" title="List of placoderm genera">placoderms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_cartilaginous_fish_genera" title="List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera">cartilaginous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_bony_fish_genera" title="List of prehistoric bony fish genera">bony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sarcopterygian_genera" title="List of sarcopterygian genera">lobe-finned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transitional_fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="List of transitional fossils">List of transitional fossils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:80px;text-align:center">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric life">Prehistoric life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional fossils">Transitional fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_paleontology" title="Vertebrate paleontology">Vertebrate paleontology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>† extinct</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ornithoprion</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21217611" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q21217611">Q21217611</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ornithoprion" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ornithoprion">Ornithoprion</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/42348609">42348609</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4825205">4825205</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1092360">1092360</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4140101">4140101</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=34461">34461</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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