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<li id="toc-Sassanid_Persians_in_Anbar_and_Jews_in_Nehardea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sassanid_Persians_in_Anbar_and_Jews_in_Nehardea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sassanid Persians in Anbar and Jews in Nehardea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sassanid_Persians_in_Anbar_and_Jews_in_Nehardea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pumbedita_Yeshiva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pumbedita_Yeshiva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Pumbedita Yeshiva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pumbedita_Yeshiva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_and_British_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_and_British_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ottoman and British rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_and_British_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ba'athist_rule_and_Saddam_Hussein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ba'athist_rule_and_Saddam_Hussein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ba'athist rule and Saddam Hussein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ba'athist_rule_and_Saddam_Hussein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gulf_War_(1990–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War_(1990–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Gulf War (1990–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War_(1990–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq_War_(2003–2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_War_(2003–2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Iraq War (2003–2011)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_War_(2003–2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_by_the_Islamic_State_(2014–2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_by_the_Islamic_State_(2014–2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Control by the Islamic State (2014–2016)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_by_the_Islamic_State_(2014–2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third_Battle_of_Fallujah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Battle_of_Fallujah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Third Battle of Fallujah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Battle_of_Fallujah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects_of_the_Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects_of_the_Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Health effects of the Iraq War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects_of_the_Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fallujah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="الفلوجة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفلوجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99lluc%C9%99" title="Fəllucə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fəllucə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87" title="فلوجه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فلوجه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Эль-Фалуджа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эль-Фалуджа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Фалуджа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фалуджа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falluja" title="Falluja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Falluja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fall%C5%ABjah" title="Al Fallūjah – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Al Fallūjah" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall%C3%BAd%C5%BEa" title="Fallúdža – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fallúdža" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fallujah" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fallujah" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falludscha" title="Falludscha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Falludscha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fall%C5%ABjah" title="Al-Fallūjah – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Al-Fallūjah" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B1" title="Φαλούτζα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαλούτζα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faluya" title="Faluya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Faluya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falu%C4%9Da" title="Faluĝa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Faluĝa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falluja" title="Falluja – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Falluja" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87" title="فلوجه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلوجه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falloujah" title="Falloujah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Falloujah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faluxa" title="Faluxa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Faluxa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%A3%A8%EC%9E%90" title="팔루자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔루자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fallujah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falluja" title="Falluja – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Falluja" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%94_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7)" title="פלוג'ה (עיראק) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלוג'ה (עיראק)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fallujah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90" title="ფალუჯა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფალუჯა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Эль-Фаллуджа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эль-Фаллуджа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falud%C5%BEa" title="Faludža – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Faludža" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall%C3%BAdzsa" title="Fallúdzsa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fallúdzsa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9C" title="ഫല്ലൂജ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫല്ലൂജ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87" title="الفلوجه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفلوجه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87" title="فلوجه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فلوجه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falluja" title="Falluja – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Falluja" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3" title="ファルージャ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファルージャ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fallujah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fallujah" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਲੂਜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਲੂਜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="فلوجا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فلوجا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fallud%C5%BCa" title="Al-Falludża – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al-Falludża" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faluja" title="Faluja – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Faluja" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fallujah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Эль-Фаллуджа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эль-Фаллуджа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fallujah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%95" title="فەلووجە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەلووجە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B0" title="Фалуџа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фалуџа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falud%C5%BEa" title="Faludža – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Faludža" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falluja" title="Falluja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Falluja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falluja" title="Falluja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Falluja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D2%97%D3%99" title="Фәллуҗә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фәллуҗә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felluce" title="Felluce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Felluce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Фаллуджа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фаллуджа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%81" title="فلوجہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلوجہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fallujah&params=33_21_N_43_47_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">43°47′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.350°N 43.783°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.350; 43.783</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Iraqi city. For the Iraqi district, see <a href="/wiki/Fallujah_District" title="Fallujah District">Fallujah District</a>. For the depopulated Palestinian village, see <a href="/wiki/Al-Faluja" title="Al-Faluja">Al-Faluja</a>. For the American tech-death band, see <a href="/wiki/Fallujah_(band)" title="Fallujah (band)">Fallujah (band)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Al Anbar, Iraq</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Fallujah</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٱلْفَلُّوجَة</span>‎</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iraq" title="List of largest cities of Iraq">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bridges on the Euphrates River in Fallujah"><img alt="Bridges on the Euphrates River in Fallujah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9.jpg/250px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9.jpg/375px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9.jpg/500px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="358" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Bridges on the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a> in Fallujah</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fallujah is located in Iraq"><img alt="Fallujah is located in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/250px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/375px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/500px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.735%;left:51.233%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fallujah"><img alt="Fallujah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Fallujah</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Iraq</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fallujah&params=33_21_13_N_43_46_46_E_region:IQ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°21′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">43°46′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.35361°N 43.77944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.35361; 43.77944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Al Anbar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Iraq" title="Districts of Iraq">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fallujah_District" title="Fallujah District">Fallujah District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Issa Saer al-Assawi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">141 ft (43 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2018)<sup id="cite_ref-“citypop”_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-“citypop”-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">250,884</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">31002</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fallujah</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْفَلُّوجَة</span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Fallūjah</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[el.fɐl.ˈluː.dʒɐ]</a></span>) is a city in <a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Al Anbar Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Situated on the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates River</a>, it is located roughly 69 kilometres (43 mi) to the west of the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. </p><p>In 1947, Fallujah was a small town with a relatively small population but had grown to a population of about 250,900 people by 2018. Within Iraq, it is known as the "<a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Iraq" title="List of mosques in Iraq">city of mosques</a>" due to the 200+ mosques that can be found throughout the city as well as in the surrounding villages. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">American-led invasion of Iraq</a>, which triggered the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, the city of Fallujah became a major centre of resistance during the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">Iraqi Interim Government</a> twice engaged in fierce urban combat with insurgents throughout the city; the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="First Battle of Fallujah">First Battle of Fallujah</a> failed to dislodge the insurgents, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Second Battle of Fallujah</a>, in which the American-led coalition successfully took control of the city. However, heavy fighting from these two battles left Fallujah severely damaged, though it remained <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupied by the coalition until 2011</a>. In January 2014, three years after the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">American withdrawal from Iraq</a>, Fallujah was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (IS)<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and suffered a major population loss. On 23 May 2016, the Iraqi government announced the beginning of a large-scale military offensive against the IS militants occupying the city, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Third Battle of Fallujah">Third Battle of Fallujah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-falluja-iraqi-forces_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-falluja-iraqi-forces-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 June 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a> stated that Fallujah had been fully liberated and was free from militant control.<sup id="cite_ref-liberated_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liberated-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The region has been inhabited for many millennia. There is evidence that the area surrounding Fallujah was inhabited in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> times. The current name of the city is thought to come from its <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> name, <b>Pallgutha</b>, which is derived from the word <i>division</i> or "canal regulator" since it was the location where the water of the Euphrates River divided into a canal. Classical authors cited the name as "Pallacottas". The name in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pumbedita" title="Pumbedita">Pumbedita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yarshater_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yarshater-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sassanid_Persians_in_Anbar_and_Jews_in_Nehardea">Sassanid Persians in Anbar and Jews in Nehardea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anbar_(town)" title="Anbar (town)">Anbar (town)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nehardea" title="Nehardea">Nehardea</a></div> <p>The region of Fallujah lies near the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> Persian town of <i><a href="/wiki/Anbar_(town)" title="Anbar (town)">Anbar</a></i>, in the Sassanid province of <a href="/wiki/As%C5%8Drist%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Asōristān">Asōristān</a> . The word <i>anbar</i> is <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and means "warehouse". It was known as <b>Firuz Shapur</b> or <b>Perisapora</b> during the <a href="/wiki/Sassanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian">Sassanian</a> Era. There are extensive ruins 2 km (1 mi) north of Fallujah which are identified with the town of Anbar. Anbar was located at the confluence of the Euphrates River with the King's Canal, today the Saqlawiyah Canal, known in early Islamic times as the <a href="/wiki/Nahr_Isa" title="Nahr Isa">Nahr Isa</a> and in ancient times as the Nahr Malka. Subsequent shifts in the Euphrates River channel have caused it to follow the course of the ancient Pallacottas canal. The town at this site in Jewish sources was known as <a href="/wiki/Nehardea" title="Nehardea">Nehardea</a> and was the primary center of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq#Babylonia_as_the_center_of_Judaism" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Babylonian Jewry</a> until its destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyran</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Odenathus" class="mw-redirect" title="Odenathus">Odenathus</a> in 259. The Medieval Jewish traveller <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a> in 1164 visited "el-Anbar which is <a href="/wiki/Pumbeditha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumbeditha">Pumbeditha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nehardea" title="Nehardea">Nehardea</a>" and said it had 3,000 Jews living there.<sup id="cite_ref-Yarshater_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yarshater-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pumbedita_Yeshiva">Pumbedita Yeshiva</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pumbedita" title="Pumbedita">Pumbedita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pumbedita_Academy" title="Pumbedita Academy">Pumbedita Academy</a></div> <p>The region played host for several centuries to one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> academies, the <a href="/wiki/Pumbedita_Academy" title="Pumbedita Academy">Pumbedita Academy</a>, which from 258 to 1038 along with <a href="/wiki/Sura_Academy" title="Sura Academy">Sura</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar-Hira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ar-Hira (page does not exist)">ar-Hira</a>) was one of the two most important centers of Jewish learning worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_and_British_rule">Ottoman and British rule</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fallujah_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fallujah_1914.jpg/220px-Fallujah_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fallujah_1914.jpg/330px-Fallujah_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fallujah_1914.jpg/440px-Fallujah_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Fallujah's <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a>, ca. 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, Fallujah was a minor stop on one of the country's main roads across the desert west from <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. </p><p>In the spring of 1920, the British, who had gained control of Iraq after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, sent Lieut.-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Leachman" title="Gerard Leachman">Gerard Leachman</a>, a renowned explorer and a senior colonial officer, to meet with local leader Shaykh Dhari, perhaps to forgive a loan given to the sheikh. Exactly what happened depends on the source, but according to the Arab version, Gerard Leachman was betrayed by the sheikh who had his two sons shoot him in the legs, then behead him by the sword.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the brief <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a> of 1941, the Iraqi Army was defeated by the British in a battle near Fallujah. In 1947 the town had only about 10,000 inhabitants. It grew rapidly into a city after Iraqi independence with the influx of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> wealth into the country. Its position on one of the main roads out of Baghdad made it of central importance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ba'athist_rule_and_Saddam_Hussein"><span id="Ba.27athist_rule_and_Saddam_Hussein"></span>Ba'athist rule and Saddam Hussein</h3></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, who ruled Iraq from 1979 to 2003, Fallujah came to be an important area of support for the regime, along with the rest of the region labeled by the US military as the "<a href="/wiki/Sunni_Triangle" title="Sunni Triangle">Sunni Triangle</a>". Many residents of the primarily <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> city were employees and supporters of Saddam's government, and many senior <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> officials were natives of the city. Fallujah was heavily industrialised during the Saddam era, with the construction of several large factories, including one closed down by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Commission" title="United Nations Special Commission">United Nations Special Commission</a> (UNSCOM) in the 1990s that may have been used to create <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a>. A new highway system (a part of Saddam's infrastructure initiatives) circumvented Fallujah and gradually caused the city to decline in national importance by the time of the Iraq War.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gulf_War_(1990–1991)"><span id="Gulf_War_.281990.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Gulf War (1990–1991)</h4></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">Coalition</a> warplanes repeatedly attacked a bridge in Fallujah which was used as part of an <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi military</a> supply line. On 14 February 1991, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) fighter jet fired two <a href="/wiki/Laser-guided_bomb" title="Laser-guided bomb">laser-guided missiles</a> which were aimed at the bridge but malfunctioned and instead struck Fallujah's largest marketplace (which was situated in a residential area), killing between 50 and 150 non-combatants and wounding many more. After news of the mistake became public, an RAF spokesman, <a href="/wiki/Group_captain" title="Group captain">Group Captain</a> David Henderson, issued a statement noting that the missile had malfunctioned but admitted that the Royal Air Force had made an error. Coalition warplanes subsequently launched another attack on the bridge, with one missile hitting its target while two others fell into the river and a fourth struck another marketplace in Fallujah, due to its laser guidance system once again malfunctioning.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq_War_(2003–2011)"><span id="Iraq_War_.282003.E2.80.932011.29"></span>Iraq War (2003–2011)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fallujah_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Fallujah during the Iraq War">Fallujah during the Iraq War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrooklynBridgeFallujah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BrooklynBridgeFallujah.JPG/250px-BrooklynBridgeFallujah.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BrooklynBridgeFallujah.JPG/375px-BrooklynBridgeFallujah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BrooklynBridgeFallujah.JPG/500px-BrooklynBridgeFallujah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Fallujah as seen from the west, April 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>Fallujah was one of the least affected areas of Iraq immediately after the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion by the US-led Coalition</a>. Iraqi Army units stationed in the area abandoned their positions and disappeared into the local population, leaving unsecured military equipment behind. Fallujah was also the site of a Ba'athist resort facility called "<a href="/wiki/Dreamland,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamland, Iraq">Dreamland</a>", located a few kilometers outside the city proper. </p><p>The damage the city had avoided during the initial invasion was negated by damage from looters, who took advantage of the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s government. The looters targeted former government sites, the Dreamland compound, and the nearby military bases. Aggravating this situation was the proximity of Fallujah to the infamous <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison" title="Abu Ghraib prison">Abu Ghraib prison</a>, from which Saddam, in one of his last acts, had released all prisoners. </p><p>When the US Army entered the town in April 2003, they positioned themselves at the vacated Ba'ath Party headquarters. A Fallujah Protection Force composed of local Iraqis was set up by the US-led occupants to help fight the rising resistance. </p><p>On the evening of 28 April 2003, a crowd of about two hundred people defied a curfew imposed by the Americans and gathered outside a secondary school used as a military HQ to demand its reopening. Soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne</a> stationed on the roof of the building fired on the crowd, <a href="/wiki/Fallujah_killings_of_April_2003" title="Fallujah killings of April 2003">killing 17 civilians and wounding over 70</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American forces claim they were responding to gunfire from the crowd, while Iraqi witnesses deny this version. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> also disputed the American claims and said that the evidence suggested the US troops fired indiscriminately and used disproportionate force.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 March 2004, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(Iraq_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)">Iraqi insurgents</a> in Fallujah <a href="/wiki/31_March_2004_Fallujah_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March 2004 Fallujah ambush">ambushed a convoy</a> containing four American <a href="/wiki/Private_military_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Private military contractor">private military contractors</a> from <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwater USA">Blackwater USA</a>, who were conducting delivery for food caterers <a href="/wiki/Eurest_Support_Services" title="Eurest Support Services">ESS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four, armed contractors, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Helvenston" title="Scott Helvenston">Scott Helvenston</a>, Jerry (Jerko) Zovko, Wesley Batalona, and Michael Teague, were dragged from their cars, beaten, and set on fire. Their charred corpses were then dragged through the streets before being hung from a bridge spanning the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chandrasekaran_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandrasekaran-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bridge is unofficially referred to as "Blackwater Bridge" by <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Coalition Forces</a> operating there.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photographs of the event were released to <a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">news agencies</a> worldwide, causing outrage in the United States, and prompting the announcement of a campaign to reestablish American control over the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandrasekaran_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandrasekaran-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fallujah_2004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fallujah_2004.JPG/220px-Fallujah_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fallujah_2004.JPG/330px-Fallujah_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fallujah_2004.JPG/440px-Fallujah_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption>The aftermath of an air strike during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Second Battle of Fallujah</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_041114-M-8205V-005_Iraqi_Special_Forces_Soldiers_assigned_to_the_1st_Marines,_patrol_south_clearing_every_house_on_their_way_through_Fallujah,_Iraq,_during_Operation_Al_Fajr_(New_Dawn).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/US_Navy_041114-M-8205V-005_Iraqi_Special_Forces_Soldiers_assigned_to_the_1st_Marines%2C_patrol_south_clearing_every_house_on_their_way_through_Fallujah%2C_Iraq%2C_during_Operation_Al_Fajr_%28New_Dawn%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/US_Navy_041114-M-8205V-005_Iraqi_Special_Forces_Soldiers_assigned_to_the_1st_Marines%2C_patrol_south_clearing_every_house_on_their_way_through_Fallujah%2C_Iraq%2C_during_Operation_Al_Fajr_%28New_Dawn%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/US_Navy_041114-M-8205V-005_Iraqi_Special_Forces_Soldiers_assigned_to_the_1st_Marines%2C_patrol_south_clearing_every_house_on_their_way_through_Fallujah%2C_Iraq%2C_during_Operation_Al_Fajr_%28New_Dawn%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A city street in Fallujah heavily damaged by the fighting, November 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>This led to an abortive US operation to recapture control of the city in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigilant_Resolve" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vigilant Resolve">Operation Vigilant Resolve</a>, and a successful recapture operation in the city in November 2004, called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Fury" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phantom Fury">Operation Phantom Fury</a> in English and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Al_Fajr" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Al Fajr">Operation Al Fajr</a> in Arabic. Operation Phantom Fury resulted in the death of over 1,350 insurgent fighters. Approximately 95 American troops were killed, and 560 wounded. After the successful recapture of the city, U.S. forces discovered a room in which they claimed to find evidence of a beheading, and bomb-making factories, which were shown to the media as evidence of Fallujah's important role in the insurgency against U.S. forces. They also found two hostages—an Iraqi and a Syrian. The Syrian was the driver for two French journalists, Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot, who had been missing since August 2004. The Iraqi's captors were Syrian; he thought he was in Syria until found by the Marines.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chesnot and Malbrunot were released by their captors, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Army_in_Iraq" title="Islamic Army in Iraq">Islamic Army in Iraq</a>, on 21 December 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. military first denied that it has used <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus (weapon)">white phosphorus</a> as an anti-personnel weapon in Fallujah, but later retracted that denial, and admitted to using the incendiary in the city as an offensive weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a>, reports following the events of November 2004 have alleged <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>, human rights abuses, and a massacre by U.S. personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This point of view is presented in the 2005 documentary film, <i><a href="/wiki/Fallujah,_The_Hidden_Massacre" title="Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre">Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre</a></i>. </p><p>On 17 May 2011, AFP reported that twenty-one bodies, in black <a href="/wiki/Body-bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-bag">body-bags</a> marked with letters and numbers in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> had been recovered from a mass grave in al-Maadhidi cemetery in the center of the city. Fallujah police chief Brigadier General Mahmud al-Essawi said that they had been blindfolded, their legs had been tied and they had suffered gunshot wounds. The Mayor, Adnan Husseini said that the manner of their killing, as well as the body bags, indicated that US forces had been responsible. Both al-Essawi and Husseini agreed that the dead had been killed in 2004. The US military declined to comment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Residents were allowed to return to the city in mid-December 2004 after undergoing <a href="/wiki/Biometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Biometric">biometric</a> identification, provided they wear their ID cards all the time. US officials report that "more than half of Fallujah's 39,000 homes were damaged during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Fury" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phantom Fury">Operation Phantom Fury</a>, and about ten thousand of those were destroyed" while compensation amounts to twenty percent of the value of damaged houses, with an estimated 32,000 homeowners eligible, according to Marine Lt Col William Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to NBC, 9,000 homes were destroyed, thousands more were damaged and of the 32,000 compensation claims only 2,500 have been paid as of 14 April 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Mike Marqusee of <i>Iraq Occupation Focus</i> writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian (newspaper)">Guardian</a></i>, "Fallujah's compensation commissioner has reported that 36,000 of the city's 50,000 homes were destroyed, along with 60 schools and 65 mosques and shrines".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reconstruction mainly consists of clearing rubble from heavily damaged areas and reestablishing basic utility services. 10% of the pre-offensive inhabitants had returned as of mid-January 2005, and 30% as of the end of March 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, some reports say two-thirds have now returned and only 15 percent remain displaced on the outskirts of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pre-offensive inhabitant figures are unreliable; the nominal population was assumed to have been 250,000–350,000. Thus, over 150,000 individuals are still living as <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">IDPs</a> in tent cities or with relatives outside Fallujah or elsewhere in Iraq. Current<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The figure could have been put here at any time, no citation (January 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> estimates by the Iraqi Ministry of Interior and Coalition Forces put the city's population at over 350,000, possibly closing in on half a million. </p><p>In the aftermath of the offensive, relative calm was restored to Fallujah although almost-daily attacks against coalition forces resumed in 2005 as the population slowly trickled back into the city. From 2005–06, elements of the New Iraqi Army's 2nd and 4th brigades, 1st Division, occupied the city while the Marines maintained a small complex consisting of a security element from <a href="/wiki/8th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Marine Regiment (United States)">RCT8</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Civil-military_operations_center" title="Civil-military operations center">CMOC</a> at the city hall. The Iraqi units were aided by <a href="/wiki/Military_Transition_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Transition Team">Military Transition Teams</a>. Most Marine elements stayed outside of the city limits. </p><p>In December 2006, enough control had been exerted over the city to transfer operational control of the city from American forces to the 1st Iraqi Army Division. During the same month, the Fallujah police force began major offensive operations under their new chief. Coalition Forces, as of May 2007, are operating in direct support of the Iraqi Security Forces in the city. The city is one of Anbar province's centers of gravity in a newfound optimism among American and Iraqi leadership about the state of the counterinsurgency in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2007, <a href="/wiki/Regimental_Combat_Team_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Regimental Combat Team 6">Regimental Combat Team 6</a> began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Alljah" title="Operation Alljah">Operation Alljah</a>, a security plan modeled on a successful operation in <a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a>. After segmenting districts of the city, Iraqi Police and Coalition Forces established police district headquarters in order to further localize the law enforcement capabilities of the Iraqi Police. A similar program had met with success in the city of Ramadi in late 2006 and early 2007 (See <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2006)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2006)">Battle of Ramadi</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_by_the_Islamic_State_(2014–2016)"><span id="Control_by_the_Islamic_State_.282014.E2.80.932016.29"></span>Control by the Islamic State (2014–2016)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anbar_clashes_(2013%E2%80%9314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbar clashes (2013–14)">Anbar clashes (2013–14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallujah_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fallujah (2014)">Battle of Fallujah (2014)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2015%E2%80%9316)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbar campaign (2015–16)">Anbar campaign (2015–16)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fallujah_(2016)" title="Siege of Fallujah (2016)">Siege of Fallujah (2016)</a></div> <p>In January 2014, a variety of sources reported that the city was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and/or the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIS; sometimes called ISIL).<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a broadcast of <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a></i>, Middle East analyst <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirk_Sowell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirk Sowell (page does not exist)">Kirk Sowell</a> stated that while ISIS was occupying parts of the city, most of the ground lost was to the tribal militias who are opposed to both the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi government">Iraqi government</a> and al-Qaeda.<sup id="cite_ref-uoooqva_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uoooqva-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 100 people were killed as Iraqi police and tribesmen battled militants who took over parts of two cities on Anbar province.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a> shelled the city of Fallujah with mortars to try to wrest back control from Sunni Muslim militants and tribesmen, killing at least eight people, tribal leaders and officials said. Medical sources in Fallujah said another 30 people were wounded in shelling by the army.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_in_Fallujah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mosque_in_Fallujah.jpg/250px-Mosque_in_Fallujah.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mosque_in_Fallujah.jpg/375px-Mosque_in_Fallujah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mosque_in_Fallujah.jpg/500px-Mosque_in_Fallujah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="922" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">January 2008</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retaking_Fallujah_from_ISIS_by_Iraqi_Armed_Forces_and_patriot_militias_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Retaking_Fallujah_from_ISIS_by_Iraqi_Armed_Forces_and_patriot_militias_%287%29.jpg/250px-Retaking_Fallujah_from_ISIS_by_Iraqi_Armed_Forces_and_patriot_militias_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Retaking_Fallujah_from_ISIS_by_Iraqi_Armed_Forces_and_patriot_militias_%287%29.jpg/375px-Retaking_Fallujah_from_ISIS_by_Iraqi_Armed_Forces_and_patriot_militias_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Retaking_Fallujah_from_ISIS_by_Iraqi_Armed_Forces_and_patriot_militias_%287%29.jpg/500px-Retaking_Fallujah_from_ISIS_by_Iraqi_Armed_Forces_and_patriot_militias_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">June 2016</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Despite various reports stating that the ISIS was behind the unrest, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i> journalist Dan Murphy disputed this allegation and claimed that while ISIS fighters have maintained a presence in the city, various tribal militias who sympathized with the ideas of nationalism and were opposed to both the Iraqi government and the ISIS controlled the largest share of area in Fallujah.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report from Al Arabiya also backed this claim and alleged that the relationship between the tribesmen and the ISIS militants was only logistical.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 January, various tribal chieftains in the province acknowledged "revolutionary tribesmen" were behind the uprising in Fallujah and other parts of Anbar and announced they would support them unless Maliki agreed to cease the ongoing military crackdowns on tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking on condition of anonymity at the end of May 2014, an <a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Anbar</a>-based Iraqi government security officer told <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> that ISIS controlled several neighborhoods of southeast Fallujah as well as several northern and southern satellite communities, while local militias loyal to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anbar_Military_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anbar Military Council (page does not exist)">Anbar Military Council</a> controlled the central and northern neighborhoods of the city; however, Human Rights Watch stated that they could not confirm these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW2014_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW2014-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the discussion over which groups initially controlled the city, Fallujah was mostly referred to as under ISIL/ISIS control during the occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After beginning a <a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2015%E2%80%9316)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbar campaign (2015–16)">campaign to liberate Anbar Governorate from ISIL</a> in July 2015, in February 2016, the Iraqi army and its allies started to encircle the city in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fallujah_(2016)" title="Siege of Fallujah (2016)">Siege of Fallujah</a>. On 22 May 2016, <i>Operation Breaking Terrorism</i> was launched to recapture Fallujah,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallujah_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fallujah (2016)">Battle of Fallujah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_Battle_of_Fallujah">Third Battle of Fallujah</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallujah_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fallujah (2016)">Battle of Fallujah (2016)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_consequence_of_liberation_of_Fallujah_from_ISIL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_consequence_of_liberation_of_Fallujah_from_ISIL.jpg/220px-The_consequence_of_liberation_of_Fallujah_from_ISIL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_consequence_of_liberation_of_Fallujah_from_ISIL.jpg/330px-The_consequence_of_liberation_of_Fallujah_from_ISIL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_consequence_of_liberation_of_Fallujah_from_ISIL.jpg/440px-The_consequence_of_liberation_of_Fallujah_from_ISIL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Liberation of Fallujah by Iraqi Armed Forces, 28 June 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 May 2016, the Iraqi Army notified the remaining Fallujah residents of its plans to retake the city, and that such residents should either evacuate, or if not possible, to minimally raise a <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flag</a> over their roofs. </p><p>Over the next several days, the army made advances on the city, capturing several surrounding villages on the outskirts on the town, killing a total of ~270 ISIL fighters, at least 35 members of Iraqi forces,<sup id="cite_ref-Rudaw_English_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudaw_English-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ~40 civilians,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1 <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a> member, as of 1 June 2016. </p><p>On 30 May 2016, the military began to enter the city of Fallujah itself, but began to be stalled on 1 June, trying to attack ISIL members, but keeping the tens of thousands of civilians still trapped inside the city safe.<sup id="cite_ref-jaz_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaz-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 3 June they began to make further advances on the city, killing 62 more ISIL militants. On 26 June, the Iraqi army reported that it had fully liberated the city, while fighting was ongoing in some pockets northwest of Fallujah which remained under ISIL control.<sup id="cite_ref-liberated_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liberated-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <p>Fallujah's western boundary is the Euphrates River. The Euphrates flows from the west (Ramadi), past Fallujah, and into the Baghdad area. When the river reaches the western edge of Fallujah, it turns north, then quickly south, forming what is commonly referred to as the 'peninsula' area. There are two bridges that cross the Euphrates at Fallujah. </p><p>The city's eastern boundary is <a href="/wiki/Highway_1_(Iraq)" title="Highway 1 (Iraq)">Highway 1</a>, a four-lane, divided superhighway that travels from Baghdad past Fallujah towards the west. After the sanctions imposed by the UN after the 1991 Gulf War, this highway became the main supply route for the country. Truckers and travelers from Saudi Arabia, Jordan and southern Syria all merge onto this highway prior to entering the Eastern Al Anbar province. The highway has a prominent 'cloverleaf' interchange with <a href="/wiki/Highway_10_(Iraq)" title="Highway 10 (Iraq)">Highway 10</a> on the eastern edge of Fallujah. <a href="/wiki/Highway_10_(Iraq)" title="Highway 10 (Iraq)">Highway 10</a>, which also runs through Fallujah. It is a two-lane highway that turns into a four-lane highway once inside of Fallujah. The highway runs east-west from Baghdad through Fallujah then west towards Ramadi. A 'cloverleaf' on-ramp allows for traffic on/off Highway 1. The highway basically splits the city into two halves, north and south. </p><p>The northern boundary is a railroad line that runs east-west just along the northern edge of the city. The line sits atop a 10–15 ft high berm all along the northern edge of the city, except where it crosses Highway 1. </p><p>There are three major hospital locations in Fallujah. The main hospital (formerly Saddam General) is located downtown, near the west end. The second is located across the Euphrates River in an area of west Fallujah commonly referred to as the 'peninsula', (due to its shape). The third hospital is the Jordanian Field Hospital located east of the Highway 10/Highway 1 interchange. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects_of_the_Iraq_War">Health effects of the Iraq War</h2></div> <p>In 2010, an academic study<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had shown "a four-fold increase in all cancers and a 12-fold increase in childhood cancer" since 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Ind240710_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind240710-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the report said the types of cancer were "similar to that in the Hiroshima survivors who were exposed to ionising radiation from the bomb and uranium in the fallout", and an 18% fall in the male birth ratio (to 850 per 1,000 female births, compared to the usual 1,050) was similar to that seen after the <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiroshima bombing">Hiroshima bombing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ind240710_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind240710-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors cautioned that while "the results seem to qualitatively support the existence of serious mutation-related health effects in Fallujah, owing to the structural problems associated with surveys of this kind, care should be exercised in interpreting the findings quantitatively". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallujah_Barrage" title="Fallujah Barrage">Fallujah Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="First Battle of Fallujah">First Battle of Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Second Battle of Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Third Battle of Fallujah">Third Battle of Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">List of places in Iraq</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also <b>Falluja</b>, <b>Fallouja</b>, or <b>Falowja</b>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-“citypop”-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-“citypop”_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/iraq/cities.html">"Iraq: Governorates & Cities"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+Governorates+%26+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Firaq%2Fcities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallujah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al_Jazeera-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/iraq-government-loses-control-fallujah-20141414625597514.html">"Iraq government loses control of Fallujah: PM Maliki vows "terrorists" will be eliminated after Islamic State of Iraq and Levant takes over town in Anbar province"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 4 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031653/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/iraq-government-loses-control-fallujah-20141414625597514.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq+government+loses+control+of+Fallujah%3A+PM+Maliki+vows+%22terrorists%22+will+be+eliminated+after+Islamic+State+of+Iraq+and+Levant+takes+over+town+in+Anbar+province&rft.date=2014-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F01%2Firaq-government-loses-control-fallujah-20141414625597514.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallujah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-falluja-iraqi-forces-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes-falluja-iraqi-forces_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan,_FalihArango,_Tim2016" class="citation web cs1">Hassan, Falih; Arango, Tim (23 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/world/middleeast/iraq-falluja-isis.html">"Iraqi Forces Try to Retake Falluja From ISIS"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160523091107/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/world/middleeast/iraq-falluja-isis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Forces+Try+to+Retake+Falluja+From+ISIS&rft.date=2016-05-23&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Falih&rft.au=Arango%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F24%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq-falluja-isis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallujah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberated-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liberated_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberated_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/world/iraq-claims-complete-control-over-fallujah-islamic-state-resistance-collapse/news-story/eb0c63789f33bb5479cb3b6a82343cd3">"Iraq claims complete control over Fallujah, Islamic State resistance collapse"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27No+One+Controls+Fallujah%2C%27+Which+U.S.+Soldiers+Fought+To+Free&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.aulast=Memmont&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fthetwo-way%2F2014%2F01%2F04%2F259674015%2Fno-one-controls-fallujah-which-u-s-soldiers-fought-to-free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallujah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-04/243100-fallujah-outside-iraq-government-control-security-official.ashx#axzz2oNa3sbT8">"Fallujah outside Iraq government control: security official"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 4 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703055732/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-04/243100-fallujah-outside-iraq-government-control-security-official.ashx#axzz2oNa3sbT8">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Fallujah+outside+Iraq+government+control%3A+security+official&rft.date=2014-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2014%2FJan-04%2F243100-fallujah-outside-iraq-government-control-security-official.ashx%23axzz2oNa3sbT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallujah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-04/243086-more-than-100-die-as-iraq-battles-al-qaeda.ashx#axzz2oNa3sbT8">"More than 100 die as Iraq battles Al-Qaeda"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 4 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025070231/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-04/243086-more-than-100-die-as-iraq-battles-al-qaeda.ashx#axzz2oNa3sbT8">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=More+than+100+die+as+Iraq+battles+Al-Qaeda&rft.date=2014-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2014%2FJan-04%2F243086-more-than-100-die-as-iraq-battles-al-qaeda.ashx%23axzz2oNa3sbT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallujah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-04/243100-fallujah-outside-iraq-government-control-security-official.ashx#axzz2oNa3sbT8">"Iraq army shells Falluja to dislodge Qaeda, tribes"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 4 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212909/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-04/243100-fallujah-outside-iraq-government-control-security-official.ashx#axzz2oNa3sbT8">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Iraq+army+shells+Falluja+to+dislodge+Qaeda%2C+tribes&rft.date=2014-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2014%2FJan-04%2F243100-fallujah-outside-iraq-government-control-security-official.ashx%23axzz2oNa3sbT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallujah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Murphy2013" class="citation news cs1">Dan Murphy (9 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2014/0109/What-s-really-going-on-in-Iraq-s-Anbar-Province-video">"What's really going on in Iraq's Anbar Province?"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110010617/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2014/0109/What-s-really-going-on-in-Iraq-s-Anbar-Province-video">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=What%27s+really+going+on+in+Iraq%27s+Anbar+Province%3F&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.au=Dan+Murphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FSecurity-Watch%2FBackchannels%2F2014%2F0109%2FWhat-s-really-going-on-in-Iraq-s-Anbar-Province-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallujah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodore_Karasik2014" class="citation news cs1">Theodore Karasik (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2014/01/14/Iraq-s-Anbar-is-religion-trumping-tribe-.html">"Iraq's Anbar: is religion trumping tribe?"</a>. Al Arabiya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116070126/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2014/01/14/Iraq-s-Anbar-is-religion-trumping-tribe-.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Anbar%3A+is+religion+trumping+tribe%3F&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.au=Theodore+Karasik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fviews%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2014%2F01%2F14%2FIraq-s-Anbar-is-religion-trumping-tribe-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallujah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=126893">Anbar tribesmen voice opposition to Iraqi PM Maliki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116085020/http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=126893">Archived</a> 16 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> World Bulletin.com, 14 January 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW2014-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HRW2014_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/27/iraq-government-attacking-fallujah-hospital">"Iraq: Government Attacking Fallujah Hospital: Barrel Bombs Hit Residential Areas"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 27 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531022746/http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/27/iraq-government-attacking-fallujah-hospital">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+Government+Attacking+Fallujah+Hospital%3A+Barrel+Bombs+Hit+Residential+Areas&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2014%2F05%2F27%2Firaq-government-attacking-fallujah-hospital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallujah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/26/483592464/iraqi-forces-claim-victory-over-isis-in-fallujah">Iraqi Forces Claim Victory Over ISIS In Fallujah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118113135/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/26/483592464/iraqi-forces-claim-victory-over-isis-in-fallujah">Archived</a> 18 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, npr.org, 26 June 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/26/middleeast/falluja-liberated-isis/">Iraqi general: 'The battle for Falluja is over'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160627141341/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/26/middleeast/falluja-liberated-isis/">Archived</a> 27 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cnn.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraqi-military-claims-advances-in-jihadist-held-fallujah/2016/05/23/45b266c6-20e6-11e6-b944-52f7b1793dae_story.html">Iraqi military claims advances in Islamic State-held Fallujah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160524164534/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraqi-military-claims-advances-in-jihadist-held-fallujah/2016/05/23/45b266c6-20e6-11e6-b944-52f7b1793dae_story.html">Archived</a> 24 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Washington Post</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudaw_English-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rudaw_English_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/250520161">"Iraqi, allied militias advance on Fallujah; new tactics squeeze ISIS"</a>. <i>Rudaw English</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629034332/http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/250520161">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rudaw+English&rft.atitle=Iraqi%2C+allied+militias+advance+on+Fallujah%3B+new+tactics+squeeze+ISIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq%2F250520161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallujah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/human-catastrophe-unfolds-as-iraqi-army-and-isis-clash-outside-fallujah_us_574d836de4b0dacf7ad55667?yptr=yahoo">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Human Catastrophe' Unfolds As Iraqi Army And ISIS Clash Outside Fallujah"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. 31 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603151227/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/human-catastrophe-unfolds-as-iraqi-army-and-isis-clash-outside-fallujah_us_574d836de4b0dacf7ad55667?yptr=yahoo">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Human+Catastrophe%27+Unfolds+As+Iraqi+Army+And+ISIS+Clash+Outside+Fallujah&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fhuman-catastrophe-unfolds-as-iraqi-army-and-isis-clash-outside-fallujah_us_574d836de4b0dacf7ad55667%3Fyptr%3Dyahoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallujah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jaz-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jaz_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/battle-fallujah-iraqi-troops-die-isil-attacks-160602040503487.html">"Battle for Fallujah: Iraqi troops die in ISIL attacks"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201020853/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/battle-fallujah-iraqi-troops-die-isil-attacks-160602040503487.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+for+Fallujah%3A+Iraqi+troops+die+in+ISIL+attacks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F06%2Fbattle-fallujah-iraqi-troops-die-isil-attacks-160602040503487.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallujah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Busby, Malak Hamdan and Entesar Ariabi (2010), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/7/7/2828/pdf">Cancer, Infant Mortality and Birth Sex-Ratio in Fallujah, Iraq 2005–2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100715061645/http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/7/7/2828/pdf">Archived</a> 15 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health</i>, 2010, 7, 2828–2837; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph7072828">10.3390/ijerph7072828</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ind240710-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ind240710_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ind240710_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cockburn" title="Patrick Cockburn">Patrick Cockburn</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, 24 July 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/toxic-legacy-of-us-assault-on-fallujah-worse-than-hiroshima-2034065.html">Toxic legacy of US assault on Fallujah 'worse than Hiroshima'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106195511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/toxic-legacy-of-us-assault-on-fallujah-worse-than-hiroshima-2034065.html">Archived</a> 6 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fallujah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fallujah">Fallujah</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Al_Fallujah.html">Iraq Image – Al Fallujah Satellite Observation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175932/http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Al_Fallujah.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://city-journal.org/2008/18_2_fallujah.html">Hope for Iraq's Meanest City, <i>City Journal,</i> Spring 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415094322/http://www.city-journal.org/2008/18_2_fallujah.html">Archived</a> 15 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rainews24.rai.it/ran24/inchiesta/en/body.asp"><i>Falluja: The hidden massacre</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051201030604/http://www.rainews24.rai.it/ran24/inchiesta/en/body.asp">Archived</a> 1 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI News 24</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/return-to-fallujah-774846.html">Return To Fallujah – The Independent</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fallujah&params=33_21_N_43_47_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">43°47′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.350°N 43.783°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.350; 43.783</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cities of <a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Al Anbar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ar Ramadi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khalidiya,_Iraq" title="Al-Khalidiya, Iraq">Al-Khalidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C4%ABt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hīt">Hit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haditha" title="Haditha">Haditha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqlaniyah" title="Haqlaniyah">Al Haqlaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbaniyah" title="Habbaniyah">Habbaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rutba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar Rutba">Ar Rutba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husaybah" title="Husaybah">Husaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anah" title="Anah">Anah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (Iraq)">Rawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Karmah" title="Al-Karmah">Al Karmah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabisa" title="Kabisa">Kabisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiriyah_Fallujah" title="Amiriyah Fallujah">Al Amiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Waleed_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Waleed (town)">Al Waleed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akashat" title="Akashat">Akashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebil" title="Trebil">Tarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al_Baghdadi" title="Khan al Baghdadi">Khan al Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barwanah" title="Barwanah">Barwanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqlawiyah" title="Saqlawiyah">Saqlawiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husaibah_Al_Sharqiah" title="Husaibah Al Sharqiah">Husaibah Al Sharqiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kar%C4%81bilah" title="Al-Karābilah">Al-Karābilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ubaidi_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Ubaidi (town)">Al Ubaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(town)" title="Al-Qa'im (town)">Al Qaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumana_subdistrict" title="Rumana subdistrict">Rumana</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Anbar_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al Anbar"><img alt="Al Anbar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Al-Anbar_map.svg/30px-Al-Anbar_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Al-Anbar_map.svg/45px-Al-Anbar_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Al-Anbar_map.svg/60px-Al-Anbar_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_Iraq_and_their_capitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Iraq" title="Template:Districts of Iraq"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Iraq" title="Template talk:Districts of Iraq"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_Iraq_and_their_capitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Iraq" title="Districts of Iraq">Districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and their capitals</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Anbar Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anah_District" title="Anah District">Anah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anah" title="Anah">Anah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallujah_District" title="Fallujah District">Fallujah District</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fallujah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haditha_District" title="Haditha District">Haditha District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haditha" title="Haditha">Haditha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hit_District" title="Hit District">Hit District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hit,_Iraq" title="Hit, Iraq">Hit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_District" title="Al-Qa'im District">al-Qa'im District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(town)" title="Al-Qa'im (town)">Al-Qa'im</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadi_District" title="Ramadi District">Ramadi District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawah_District" title="Rawah District">Rawah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rawa,_Iraq" title="Rawa, Iraq">Rawah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rutba_District" title="Ar-Rutba District">ar-Rutba District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ar-Rutbah" title="Ar-Rutbah">Ar-Rutbah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="19" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iraq"><img alt="Flag of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/50px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/75px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/100px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Iraq</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Babil_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil Governorate">Babil Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hashimiya_District" title="Hashimiya District">Hashimiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Hashimiyah,_Iraq" title="Al Hashimiyah, Iraq">Al Hashimiyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hilla_District" title="Al-Hilla District">Al-Hilla District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahawil_District" title="Al-Mahawil District">al-Mahawil District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Mahawil" title="Al-Mahawil">Al-Mahawil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musayab_District" title="Al-Musayab District">al-Musayab District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Musayyib" title="Musayyib">Musayyib</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_District" title="Abu Ghraib District">Abu Ghraib District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Istiqlal_District" title="Al-Istiqlal District">al-Istiqlal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27in_District" title="Al-Mada'in District">al-Mada'in District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmudiya_District" title="Mahmudiya District">Mahmudiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mahmoudiyah,_Iraq" title="Mahmoudiyah, Iraq">Mahmudiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taji_District" title="Taji District">Taji District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tarmia_District" title="Al-Tarmia District">al-Tarmia District</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Administrative_districts_in_Baghdad" title="Administrative districts in Baghdad">Baghdad</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Baghdad" title="New Baghdad">New Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhamiyah" title="Adhamiyah">Adhamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrada" title="Karrada">Karrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkh" title="Karkh">Karkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_district" title="Mansour district">Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid,_Baghdad" title="Al-Rashid, Baghdad">Al Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">Rusafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate">Basra Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Al-Khaseeb_District" title="Abu Al-Khaseeb District">Abu Al-Khaseeb District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abu_Al-Khaseeb" title="Abu Al-Khaseeb">Abu Al-Khaseeb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basrah_District" title="Basrah District">Basrah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_District,_Basra_Governorate" title="Al-Faw District, Basra Governorate">al-Faw District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Faw" title="Al-Faw">al-Faw</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Midaina_District" title="Al-Midaina District">al-Midaina District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Midaina" title="Al-Midaina">Al-Midaina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurna_District" title="Al-Qurna District">al-Qurna District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Qurnah" title="Al-Qurnah">Al-Qurnah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_Al-Arab_District" title="Shatt Al-Arab District">Shatt Al-Arab District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zubair_District" title="Al-Zubair District">al-Zubair District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Az_Zubayr" title="Az Zubayr">Al-Zubair</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate">Dhi Qar Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Chibayish_District" title="Al-Chibayish District">al-Chibayish District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Chibayish" title="Al-Chibayish">Al-Chibayish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah_District" title="Nasiriyah District">Nasiriyah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rifa%27i_District" title="Al-Rifa'i District">al-Rifa'i District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Rifa%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Rifa'i (page does not exist)">Al-Rifa'i</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shatrah_District" title="Al-Shatrah District">al-Shatrah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Shatrah" title="Al-Shatrah">Al-Shatrah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suq_al-Shuyukh_District" title="Suq al-Shuyukh District">Suq al-Shuyukh District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Suq_Al-Shoyokh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suq Al-Shoyokh (page does not exist)">Suq Al-Shoyokh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate">Diyala Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balad_Ruz_District" title="Balad Ruz District">Balad Ruz District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balad_Ruz" title="Balad Ruz">Balad Ruz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27quba_District" title="Ba'quba District">Ba'quba District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baqubah" title="Baqubah">Baqubah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khalis_District" title="Al Khalis District">al Khalis District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Khalis" title="Al Khalis">Al Khalis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanaqin_District" title="Khanaqin District">Khanaqin District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khanaqin" title="Khanaqin">Khanaqin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kifri_District,_Diyala_Governorate" title="Kifri District, Diyala Governorate">Kifri District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Miqdadiya_District" title="Al-Miqdadiya District">al-Miqdadiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miqdadiyah" title="Miqdadiyah">Al-Miqdadiya</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duhok_Governorate" title="Duhok Governorate">Duhok Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akre_District" title="Akre District">Akre District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Akre" title="Akre">Akre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadiya_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya District">Amadiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amadiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya">Amadiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duhok_District" title="Duhok District">Duhok District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duhok" title="Duhok">Duhok</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_District" title="Simele District">Simele District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simele" title="Simele">Simele</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakho_District" title="Zakho District">Zakho District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choman_District" title="Choman District">Choman District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Choman,_Iraq" title="Choman, Iraq">Choman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil_District" title="Erbil District">Erbil District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sinjaq_District" title="Koy Sinjaq District">Koy Sinjaq District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq" title="Koy Sanjaq">Koy Sanjaq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhmur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Makhmur District">Makhmur District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Makhmur,_Iraq" title="Makhmur, Iraq">Makhmur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergasor_District" title="Mergasor District">Mergasor District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mergasor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mergasor (page does not exist)">Mergasor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqlawa_District" title="Shaqlawa District">Shaqlawa District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaqlawa" title="Shaqlawa">Shaqlawa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soran_District" title="Soran District">Soran District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soran,_Iraq" title="Soran, Iraq">Soran</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byara_District" title="Byara District">Byara District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Byara" title="Byara">Byara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Halabja District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Halabja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurmal_District" title="Khurmal District">Khurmal District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khurmal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khurmal (page does not exist)">Khurmal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirwan_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirwan District (page does not exist)">Sirwan District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sirwan,_Iraq" title="Sirwan, Iraq">Sirwan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate">Karbala Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hindiya_District" title="Al-Hindiya District">al-Hindiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hindiya" title="Al-Hindiya">Al-Hindiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerbala_District" title="Kerbala District">Kerbala District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Al-Tamur_District" title="Ain Al-Tamur District">Ain Al-Tamur District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Tamr" title="Ayn al-Tamr">Ayn al-Tamr</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daquq_District" title="Daquq District">Daquq District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daquq" title="Daquq">Daquq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibis_District" title="Dibis District">Dibis District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibis,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibis, Iraq (page does not exist)">Dibis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawija_District" title="Hawija District">Hawija District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hawija" title="Hawija">Hawija</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_District" title="Kirkuk District">Kirkuk District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate">Maysan Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Al-Gharbi_District" title="Ali Al-Gharbi District">Ali Al-Gharbi District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Al-Gharbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Al-Gharbi (page does not exist)">Ali Al-Gharbi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amara_District" title="Amara District">Amara District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kahla_District" title="Al-Kahla District">al-Kahla District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Kahla" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kahla">Al-Kahla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maimouna_District" title="Al-Maimouna District">al-Maimouna District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maimouna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Maimouna (page does not exist)">Al-Maimouna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mejar_Al-Kabi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mejar Al-Kabi District">al-Mejar Al-Kabi District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mejar_Al-Kabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mejar Al-Kabi (page does not exist)">Al-Mejar Al-Kabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Saleh_District" title="Qal'at Saleh District">Qal'at Saleh District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Saleh" title="Qal'at Saleh">Qal'at Saleh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate" title="Muthanna Governorate">Muthanna Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khidhir_District" title="Al-Khidhir District">al-Khidhir District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Khidhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Khidhir (page does not exist)">Al-Khidhir</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rumaitha_District" title="Al-Rumaitha District">al-Rumaitha District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Rumaitha" title="Al-Rumaitha">Al-Rumaitha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salman_District" title="Al-Salman District">al-Salman District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Salman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Salman (page does not exist)">Al-Salman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Samawa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Samawa District">al-Samawa District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samawah" title="Samawah">Samawah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Governorate" title="Najaf Governorate">Najaf Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kufa_District" title="Kufa District">Kufa District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Manathera_District" title="Al-Manathera District">al-Manathera District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Manathera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Manathera (page does not exist)">Al-Manathera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Meshkhab_District" title="Al-Meshkhab District">al-Meshkhab District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Meshkhab" title="Al-Meshkhab">Al-Meshkhab</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf_District" title="Najaf District">Najaf District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ba%27aj_District" title="Al-Ba'aj District">al-Ba'aj District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Ba%27aj" title="Al-Ba'aj">Al-Ba'aj</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamdaniya_District" title="Al-Hamdaniya District">al-Hamdaniya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qaraqosh" title="Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatra_District" title="Hatra District">Hatra District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hadar" title="Al-Hadar">Al-Hadar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_District" title="Mosul District">Mosul District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhan_District" title="Shekhan District">Shekhan District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ain_Sifni" title="Ain Sifni">Ain Sifni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_District" title="Sinjar District">Sinjar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Afar_District" title="Tel Afar District">Tel Afar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar" title="Tal Afar">Tal Afar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Kaif_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Kaif District">Tel Kaif District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tel_Keppe" title="Tel Keppe">Tel Keppe</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate">al-Qādisiyyah Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afak_District" title="Afak District">Afak District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afak" title="Afak">Afak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwaniya_District" title="Diwaniya District">Diwaniya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Diwaniyah" title="Al Diwaniyah">Al Diwaniyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_District" title="Hamza District">Hamza District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamza,_Iraq" title="Hamza, Iraq">Hamza</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shamiya_District" title="Al-Shamiya District">al-Shamiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Shamiya_(Iraq)" title="Al-Shamiya (Iraq)">Al-Shamiya </a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Saladin Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiji_District" title="Baiji District">Baiji District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baiji_(city)" title="Baiji (city)">Baiji</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balad_District,_Iraq" title="Balad District, Iraq">Balad District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balad,_Iraq" title="Balad, Iraq">Balad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Daur_District" title="Al-Daur District">al-Daur District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ad-Dawr" title="Ad-Dawr">Ad-Dawr</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dujail_District" title="Dujail District">Dujail District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dujail" title="Dujail">Dujail</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_District" title="Samarra District">Samarra District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shirqat_District" title="Al-Shirqat District">al-Shirqat District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Shirqat" title="Al-Shirqat">Al-Shirqat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikrit_District" title="Tikrit District">Tikrit District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooz_District" title="Tooz District">Tooz District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuz_Khurmatu" title="Tuz Khurmatu">Tuz Khurmatu</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamchamal_District" title="Chamchamal District">Chamchamal District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chamchamal" title="Chamchamal">Chamchamal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darbandikhan_District" title="Darbandikhan District">Darbandikhan District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Darbandikhan" title="Darbandikhan">Darbandikhan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokan_District" title="Dokan District">Dokan District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dokan,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dokan, Iraq (page does not exist)">Dokan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalar_District" title="Kalar District">Kalar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalar,_Iraq" title="Kalar, Iraq">Kalar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kifri_District,_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Kifri District, Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Kifri District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawat_District" title="Mawat District">Mawat District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mawat,_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawat, Kurdistan">Mawat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjwen_District" title="Penjwen District">Penjwen District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjwen (page does not exist)">Penjwen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pshdar_District" title="Pshdar District">Pshdar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qaladiza" title="Qaladiza">Qaladiza</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaradagh_District" title="Qaradagh District">Qaradagh District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qaradagh,_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qaradagh, Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Qaradagh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranya_District" title="Ranya District">Ranya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranya" title="Ranya">Ranya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidsadiq_District" title="Saidsadiq District">Saidsadiq District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Said_Sadiq" title="Said Sadiq">Said Sadiq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharazoor_District" title="Sharazoor District">Sharazoor District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarayan (page does not exist)">Zarayan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharbazher_District" title="Sharbazher District">Sharbazher District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharbazher" title="Sharbazher">Sharbazher</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_District" title="Sulaymaniyah District">Sulaymaniyah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate">Wasit Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aziziyah_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aziziyah District (page does not exist)">Al-Aziziyah District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aziziyah,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aziziyah, Iraq (page does not exist)">Al-Aziziyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badra_District" title="Badra District">Badra District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Badra,_Iraq" title="Badra, Iraq">Badra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hai_District" title="Al-Hai District">al-Hai District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hay" title="Al-Hay">Al-Hay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kut_District" title="Kut District">Kut District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Kut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nu%27maniya_District" title="Al-Nu'maniya District">al-Nu'maniya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/An_Numaniyah" title="An Numaniyah">Al-Nu'maniya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suwaira_District" title="Al-Suwaira District">al-Suwaira District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Suwaira" title="Al-Suwaira">Al-Suwaira</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191170#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191170#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191170#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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