CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134a7059c00ce11',cH: 'PnGksLFhjZhcBDVcUgKj9gQg17WJg7zps9XcEwQuVk8-1739783511-1.2.1.1-ZDEcxZfFaDjyx1m.NBQXaUgag.o5c8tMLFieScjBnh9_HBJNj1kNP9YS4faVYcdo',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=African%20architectural%20heritage&__cf_chl_tk=.S9U6UOU.if.Ij7nvEU4gzuuE.XwfTmUrEKMviuvUyM-1739783511-1.0.1.1-aLnZvuDMjJbfQ9DYiEP.WkKSQVLyJsDO29rVBR2n1xA",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739783511',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=African%20architectural%20heritage&__cf_chl_f_tk=.S9U6UOU.if.Ij7nvEU4gzuuE.XwfTmUrEKMviuvUyM-1739783511-1.0.1.1-aLnZvuDMjJbfQ9DYiEP.WkKSQVLyJsDO29rVBR2n1xA",md: "paVAmgj3yvTe2moL_qVLfHLeXpisSHcKqgZI0P3xGTc-1739783511-1.2.1.1-TpHA8tSerKktKtQyDi7U5rD3BCWfPLIwWv2TENYgPcvK6uaO7mHlu04cFJWVa_zR6yjyVX41Ro2t5kmYWmACcsMp0sbJdnyUev0wlwhgoPyV4erGrr_HxbK2ypxjXKYEHTQ3InorDtsAnTLqDbZ20p4r_OkbSOduWWVwDLbhWigDbkq4wLh_RRmjWdUqjLXAe9CfGM3JZ3lc9aIDxEHKPL14TT.RTW_.Awbxl0uynJtbPOWSmVoCqoGEATc4C9IWGWFUWt0BN4mXX6eKvmyigIYUgPbBcblF9BQ5lZW6SsjRIyVsBtc1LaWxEQXfHGEncCYUxjfjHHG_uSu0U5hDVwaL4MvjlxE.ZsZ5OG4xVLMLd2ilr8Zb5Rkx84J9KAFFoB6qiP_BzCMYXT8b9mAyJ3LsBtt04ROnDyjuWpkCkCkJSskGukTJAry69kB6_gFe1edCwIEPzHfRIl2V4j7zZZ2ml.YhIeViAavHo4CoQY1NOQ7RURighyd0tpp78rQqR1qRojxQZ9xHKjLZFI8YY872kw5fS91YndNNo1NeJnyjiEvFlTuu5gwMuHJtvJRrlzRzLvk.j3ijFEO3MFgzTT7DvpgbXA71c3FJxhYWCQ8DfHh9NnvzIzYtOoNxyut2SGAJ884Ar06Qwk2WSBQzkRdNzIFN_n1ky8kUFs5Z03EAhxYnn.3sMgKBtSV8OtPD58Hq3zi7iEX1fBbVN5Ss8V1NFVNMmJ.hjZxtJhHQ0WVbnecD6Esx5Gji1GfDHNq_vlTugdG1Gv9.EnXwOD457_htHvoWEiSv1F_iRZKgBX3kouQmAKjv8suBdk8.r5wwnTclghYBWJTiUy0EooP6HqyDRHq6u3VeHrUrSGcjOpKWFMgD0IWTTdFMmBwY0h9yqAqvt2U_CbVlXp3xUNDu_YYOAAhr756dEX8bsHE0NZu5g40Z5ewHp_C6sgNy7ROKFqa.KLzTRngnNQdPtCtKRJcP55WiBohLeBzd5QbRzQPlIlHToHTB3KWxWXB8OEV6Vly1869i.7ZZn45yMx2u8DNoJLOGlHMboQXSYYFvOAZOrEOmj.NnnWdO00.udsh0d4o4ZUWpH0NOe5vHZZB0.gQWAsZcEkR.VslUHeYONQsAnxIF4iu2IqF.aHe7Tm3QjCZSK3QwcujNrDRP.uPdN2UP7T8HIIVh8WfW5R5VvwYP_c0Ji9ZnW79C9BDzx2SYX3aB8i.qWfPJ0FDtQrTkigxvO6ptPrbj_RhmysHRMFmkEVzhkB1mS91K3axZ9Z2XH5WwHoMno8Y2wsvgK8ow8N0cE7qs39H9r6T6D0Usc8xQrzGXqpCGnhwQx_JszKZja8m5NzDFsdEAy6M5hE1ClA7ab6nJRC8MZG6cl8Na.y7Sb_UeXBIiG6FW4T2sSd4xKN3zII1qYprS1R71CuAOMl3GxzhtV2N4fgpdr9gz1tP_tSdFXRINLiXNcxO0gfI0yKSvLb1GvWJ5keuGJX2bCzT4Dkn8npnQ.oE8hNnIepkspxLXH7x_Lm0tTisleW64eOYhNT7j2goL6jEveFEqduW1NlKfjsKVr56oW_Q5S7zrkyVfdBXWvENEWxHDfOMz43.72OQtDJRcDpgw38tneoZUo8JZ__nXfMr898V2LQj9.BN.pr72oH4ffC6ovr4N5l82G6jK0WG8J0wZANKv9xDmqSZ0y7pp2YH5.wG5qB1Nxd876HtKN9lCG_5K27BUBwoC5u5T9Qfe7dd6qCcASGMzy6mCVqIFo9z15POMyjqN6gER1MexX3I.YW6vI4Qc0KnKfBL9DoJiLzFr4VUGwoSRAvQAwHvmYsq8egVUjbs7awhWxhYxZDQ.kr3zgOV36oMXeSeURWb_QpNXWoT8CkrSfRxoTPQSdKsprthT9Mx0fZZZwzZcqFv0RvCVFcRE5jIzbJFhwhxNLpdBWECZFQc2Mo62IyWdd8nvDt6KEgeLOQxlQj4l8pYOCn8VHZpmhkXi3G8m78u7eOVJsYmySg",mdrd: "o95PetXmir6l63PN4n2.8NBGWDy5nULJKKFDPCHUUZI-1739783511-1.2.1.1-vXUmOD8vbTO0_Xp57ZYF4XypuJGQpgj_jZbpN.paqWyR9NxmQ4lgA7MP3XJU_i1MLUsP8z5Wr8P2UbmBvJm8H0gK7moKOmRsHBRx_Lef8GRZrcUb1xGQWqntzLM.sQYFP5TqyeLyfyDlpJIssRF0zESfAiITmBSZAeBlO5iHB.9CAbcewcXB0JhRmjaXxuwHPiTiA5EF1j28U7s9zCxOd_Kv.KuSu_jhhC.YBkYeu8auCTKv0QfgkPMwVGbZ.5QUbWz47Dbt5lGuf3ThaE6Ace4qL5YdWKve43s4o5B_4sF7BC43w1eWi0tDfPl3vAx_4wXSE85D82FIeIHZVk4oyuDSm1zODspgOoRtKRm1gqmEj1McBqOC93qbZaP4s0neijjNZRv3NfpcMhy0M3RtAl6BTUSprtB9t9HV_WBvht8kb2cxUVBAsmzQk5pCPSeAUWb81BFt9gFijlNAy1hlhu8zxZwJWXlR99d6jz8ob9bT0G3bRlK3X3Spul7S7da5oF3F89K1Mz6X4pJYNRq9l8JGhjepY.jlQrtOL6Hn69sxZGZTXIa0gABsu0yPIztiuTvu2RknG_aqCubENlMGlgqzk_CZIymcZATHIpqOO7ha3XY1oG39.wEEs8aFFZBoTfBI_rWQQQcNDZv8zyeEtatwmUytC4nqMeis9D4zelzP4juGDxHhIUF5sslVvOAhM0dggJAPu2BXYM9DZJCfSOOs3Dnnh13bVlrzHfWWC4LCOFIgVcRZSPN.UuwoPTJo_e4SLBWywCe_ftf5T7JL1xfaU5ZbPN.yTuPzpzHSr1nZYaBeSplVkW7XDRBF0DiB7J2E6wJGAA3_BtRrB1bcbhGvqkUp2eN_EtbfgbGY820C6Dq.i8CMVEUuICrTJdvBcM7Ys7XTLtmQHdNdx6NSmd_Os1Kt01rxxvK.MVX2JYTjrtsqNtE83GYRL2caf099r3wRu.H42GF0srueIODGGBwiktxADnQ31V6F.G3VHfP7vEe9sggbZxgBVAXgxygGK7mWspMRO.Ti1w6T22Uv6mInZHArC099JGJxL2Z7U1TAy6sTt_XBZb9NS8ZhdVwjtpUTyXpGOoAuHRQfLCpCKQpKOdgFlANZY6RFxyZIvnmFfblT0rUzRgMMJHx4RVgwMMirRbdAEEbnft7DKKZJw5xej6QydibCPA3S9n75TbxFReYAFQxNJdJHYpt2XO2UccV6VYDZKIlggJgfRusQrZppfRh0fg2aJXyoAf2q_CBgCgMuNK8gQzVHZmgqJ.YWw8yV75rS0CB0bErs5FwZ7UzIN8tnXEbLAjfWTJtq2iZwIlS6GOR24OA9HGZfRTnt0YLVfKmljIlfPD0d5pP_MR37Hjd60Id.6Kzq_6LNk0KJoCHeEgibHLAb4SU6I5kcgtJIwn.lywm8nZdbVrUJL3a23ToU7ceOiS5Hl3Q7HR5DGnAUUoiMbJyEzSHI3BnE8wC1__N0W_HMD8cuUCxD9pBtHLdMW1m.hYz8v26xwQRI618ax4yUvrw53Js4kh9QSY4RhEDC0Lm5JZvg.llO7wkMzad4KaALbE2IkvpLhtY2NLxN_COktgekW9UEheMACWajEmkOQiT3jIgi5AWOHSrUFu2rs.iUtWr5WMvY4VIT0iZ8cW7uNgiXJelCLXjn9Bv9eL56Gg2h4kHkIOF9hS2UM.HTf8FUM2BRmqw9M6eZ77X_CfBBBnFqY6EjqW_rKc544LFbDx9r0KhBSYuF6OsPA2aDV8QCwNLeJ8s3Mk9rhpcL_nptw7V2zSCgeRXOg404zVSZjO_LMEuJRIYudRUXStlsk51F.KzQwp2aH0914UzMeulWxMPYhX3aQI872htaQlh8KfCFfMjkmIf0_GRrCt8eBd2FOVxBNcBMRfGsNz_GV3SgPcAtDIk1GVb_E0GenVE9nKZLBioYtDppoIYVH3VcnE3h84eZavF01HO5RHmmlHEh0qb1xPflqsCt"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134a7059c00ce11';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=African%20architectural%20heritage&__cf_chl_rt_tk=.S9U6UOU.if.Ij7nvEU4gzuuE.XwfTmUrEKMviuvUyM-1739783511-1.0.1.1-aLnZvuDMjJbfQ9DYiEP.WkKSQVLyJsDO29rVBR2n1xA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>