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href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: British Empire) ประกอบด้วย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ประเทศในเครือจักรภพ">ประเทศในเครือจักรภพ</a>, <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="คราวน์โคโลนี">คราวน์โคโลนี</a>, <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="รัฐในอารักขา">รัฐในอารักขา</a>, <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ดินแดนในอาณัติของสันนิบาตชาติ">รัฐในอาณัติ</a> และดินแดนอื่นซึ่ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สหราชอาณาจักร">สหราชอาณาจักร</a>ปกครองหรือบริหาร จักรวรรดิกำเนิดจากดินแดนอาณานิคมโพ้นทะเลและ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สถานีการค้า">สถานีการค้า</a>ที่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษ">ราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษ</a>ก่อตั้งระหว่างปลายคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 16 และต้นคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 18 ในช่วงที่เจริญถึงขีดสุด จักรวรรดิบริติชเป็น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิ">จักรวรรดิ</a>ที่ใหญ่ที่สุดในประวัติศาสตร์ และเป็น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="มหาอำนาจ">มหาอำนาจ</a>โลกชั้นแนวหน้านานกว่าหนึ่งศตวรรษ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1922 จักรวรรดิบริติชปกครองประชากรประมาณ 458 ล้านคน หรือกว่าหนึ่งในห้าของประชากรโลกในเวลานั้น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> ครอบคลุมพื้นที่มากกว่า 33,000,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร เกือบหนึ่งในสี่ของพื้นดินทั้งหมดของโลก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> เป็นผลให้มรดกทางการเมือง <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="คอมมอนลอว์">กฎหมาย</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">ภาษา</a>และวัฒนธรรมของอังกฤษแผ่ขยาย ในยุคที่จักรวรรดิบริติชรุ่งเรืองที่สุด มักใช้คำวลี "จักรวรรดิที่ดวงอาทิตย์ไม่เคยตกดิน" เพราะดินแดนที่มีอยู่ทั่วโลกทำให้ดวงอาทิตย์ยังส่องแสงอยู่ในดินแดนใต้ปกครองอย่างน้อยที่สุดหนึ่งแห่งตลอดเวลา <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;font-size:88%;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="adr" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"> <div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;"> <div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name"> จักรวรรดิบริติช </div> </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">ค.ศ. 1707–ค.ศ. 1997</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"> <div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Flag_of_Great_Britain_(1707%E2%80%931800).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="ธงชาติจักรวรรดิบริติช"><img alt="ธงชาติจักรวรรดิบริติช" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%25281707%25E2%2580%25931800%2529.svg/188px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%25281707%25E2%2580%25931800%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%25281707%25E2%2580%25931800%2529.svg/250px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%25281707%25E2%2580%25931800%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px 0px;"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/145px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%25283-5%2529.svg/218px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%25283-5%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%25283-5%2529.svg/290px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%25283-5%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>ซ้าย: <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Flag of Great Britain (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ธงชาติบริเตนใหญ่</a> (<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1707?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พระราชบัญญัติสหภาพ ค.ศ. 1707">ค.ศ. 1707–1800</a>)</li> <li>ขวา: <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ยูเนียนแจ็ก">ธงชาติสหราชอาณาจักร</a> (<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1800?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พระราชบัญญัติสหภาพ ค.ศ. 1800">ค.ศ. 1801–ปัจจุบัน</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:The_British_Empire.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="พื้นที่ต่าง ๆ ของโลกซึ่งครั้งหนึ่งเคยเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของจักรวรรดิบริติช ปัจจุบันดินแดนโพ้นทะเลอังกฤษถูกขีดเส้นใต้สีแดง"><img alt="พื้นที่ต่าง ๆ ของโลกซึ่งครั้งหนึ่งเคยเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของจักรวรรดิบริติช ปัจจุบันดินแดนโพ้นทะเลอังกฤษถูกขีดเส้นใต้สีแดง" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_British_Empire.png/250px-The_British_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_British_Empire.png/375px-The_British_Empire.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_British_Empire.png/500px-The_British_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400"></a> <div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;"> พื้นที่ต่าง ๆ ของโลกซึ่งครั้งหนึ่งเคยเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของจักรวรรดิบริติช ปัจจุบันดินแดนโพ้นทะเลอังกฤษถูกขีดเส้นใต้สีแดง </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">สถานะ</th> <td><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิ">จักรวรรดิ</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เมืองหลวง">เมืองหลวง</a></th> <td><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ลอนดอน">ลอนดอน</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">ประวัติศาสตร์</th> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1707?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พระราชบัญญัติสหภาพ ค.ศ. 1707">พระราชบัญญัติสหภาพ ค.ศ. 1707</a> </div></th> <td>ค.ศ. 1707</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • เสีย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สิบสามอาณานิคม">สิบสามอาณานิคม</a> </div></th> <td>ค.ศ. 1776</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1800?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พระราชบัญญัติสหภาพ ค.ศ. 1800">พระราชบัญญัติสหภาพ ค.ศ. 1801</a> </div></th> <td>ค.ศ. 1801</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1858?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="พระราชบัญญัติรัฐบาลอินเดีย ค.ศ. 1858">พระราชบัญญัติรัฐบาลอินเดีย ค.ศ. 1858</a> </div></th> <td>ค.ศ. 1858</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • สนธิสัญญาอังกฤษ-ไอร์แลนด์ </div></th> <td>ค.ศ. 1922</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1931)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ธรรมนูญเวสต์มินสเตอร์ (ค.ศ. 1931)">ธรรมนูญเวสต์มินสเตอร์ ค.ศ. 1931</a> </div></th> <td>ค.ศ. 1931</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • อินเดียได้รับเอกราช </div></th> <td>ค.ศ. 1947</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • การส่งมอบ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ฮ่องกง">ฮ่องกง</a> </div></th> <td>ค.ศ. 1997</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ระหว่าง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ยุคแห่งการสำรวจ">ยุคแห่งการสำรวจ</a>ในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 15 และ 16 <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิสเปน">สเปน</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิโปรตุเกส">โปรตุเกส</a>บุกเบิกการสำรวจโลกของชาวยุโรป และสร้างจักรวรรดิโพ้นทะเลขนาดใหญ่ไปพร้อมกัน จากความอิจฉาในความมั่งคั่งของจักรวรรดิทั้งสอง อังกฤษ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิอาณานิคมฝรั่งเศส">ฝรั่งเศส</a> และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิดัตช์">ดัตช์</a>จึงเริ่มก่อตั้งอาณานิคมและเครือข่ายการค้าของตนใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ทวีปอเมริกา">ทวีปอเมริกา</a>และเอเชีย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> สงครามอย่างต่อเนื่องกับเนเธอร์แลนด์และฝรั่งเศสในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 17 และ 18 ทำให้อังกฤษ (หรือ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ราชอาณาจักรบริเตนใหญ่">บริเตนใหญ่</a> หลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1707?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พระราชบัญญัติสหภาพ ค.ศ. 1707">สหภาพระหว่างอังกฤษและสกอตแลนด์ใน ค.ศ. 1707</a>) เป็นมหาอำนาจ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ลัทธิล่าอาณานิคม">ด้านอาณานิคม</a>ในทวีปอเมริกาเหนือและอินเดียอย่างเด็ดขาด เอกราชของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สิบสามอาณานิคม">สิบสามอาณานิคม</a>ในทวีปอเมริกาเหนือให้หลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สงครามประกาศอิสรภาพอเมริกา">สงครามประกาศอิสรภาพอเมริกา</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1783 ทำให้บริเตนเสียอาณานิคมที่เก่าแก่ที่สุดและมีประชากรมากที่สุดไปหลายแห่ง ไม่นานบริเตนหันความสนใจไป<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ทวีปแอฟริกา">ทวีปแอฟริกา</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ทวีปเอเชีย">ทวีปเอเชีย</a> และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="แปซิฟิก">แปซิฟิก</a>แทน หลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรวรรดิฝรั่งเศสที่ 1">ฝรั่งเศสสมัยนโปเลียน</a>ปราชัยใน ค.ศ. 1815 บริเตนก้าวเป็นมหาอำนาจทางทะเลและจักรวรรดิหลักในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 มีกรุงลอนดอนเป็นนครใหญ่ที่สุดในโลกตั้งแต่ประมาณ ค.ศ. 1830<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> ภาวะครอบงำของบริเตนที่ไร้ผู้ต่อกรในทะเลภายหลังมีผู้อธิบายว่าเป็น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สันติภาพบริเตน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สันติภาพบริเตน</a> ระยะที่ค่อนข้างสันติในทวีปยุโรปและโลก (ค.ศ. 1815–1914) ซึ่งระหว่างนั้นจักรวรรดิบริติชเป็นผู้ครองความเป็นใหญ่ในโลกและรับบทบาทตำรวจโลก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceB-8">[8]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> ต้นคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="การปฏิวัติอุตสาหกรรม">การปฏิวัติอุตสาหกรรม</a>เริ่มเปลี่ยนแปลงบริเตน ในขณะที่มี<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="นิทรรศการครั้งยิ่งใหญ่">นิทรรศการครั้งยิ่งใหญ่</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1851 จักรวรรดิบริติชมีผู้อธิบายว่า "โรงซ่อมสร้างของโลก"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> จักรวรรดิบริติชขยายไปรวมอินเดีย ส่วนใหญ่ของทวีปแอฟริกา และดินแดนอื่นอีกลหายดินแดนทั่วโลก นอกจากใช้การควบคุมอย่างเป็นทางการเหนืออาณานิคมของตนแล้ว ภาวะครอบงำของบริเตนเหนือการค้าโลกปริมาณมากหมายความว่า จักรวรรดิควบคุมเศรษฐกิจของหลายภูมิภาคได้ชะงัด เช่น <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ทวีปเอเชีย">ทวีปเอเชีย</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ละตินอเมริกา">ละตินอเมริกา</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> ในประเทศ ทัศนะทางการเมืองนิยมการค้าเสรีและนโยบาย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ปล่อยให้ทำไป">ปล่อยให้ทำไป</a>และการค่อย ๆ ขยายสิทธิออกเสียงเลือกตั้ง ระหว่างศตวรรษนั้น ประชากรเพิ่มจำนวนในอัตราน่าตกใจ ร่วมกับการทำให้เป็นเมืองอย่างรวดเร็วทำให้เกิดความเครียดทางสังคมและเศรษฐกิจอย่างสำคัญ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> ในการแสวงตลาดและแหล่งวัตถุดิบใหม่ พรรคอนุรักษนิยมภายใต้การนำของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เบนจามิน ดิสราเอลี">เบนจามิน ดิสราเอลี</a>เริ่มสมัยการขยายจักรวรรดินิยมในอียิปต์ แอฟริกาใต้และที่อื่น แคนาดา ออสเตรเลียและนิวซีแลนด์กลายเป็นประเทศในเครือจักรภพที่ปกครองตนเอง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> เมื่อเริ่มคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 20 เยอรมนีและสหรัฐท้าทายความเป็นผู้นำทางเศรษฐกิจของบริเตน ความตึงเครียดทางทหารและเศรษฐกิจต่อมาระหว่างบริเตนและเยอรมนีเป็นสาเหตุหลักของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง">สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง</a> ซึ่งระหว่างสงคราม บริเตนพึ่งพาจักรวรรดิของตนอย่างหนัก ความขัดแย้งดังกล่าวทำให้เกิดความเครียดต่อทรัพยากรทหาร การเงินและกำลังคนอย่างมโหฬารแก่บริเตน แม้จักรวรรดิมีดินแดนไพศาลที่สุดทันทีหลังจากสงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง แต่บริเตนก็มิใช่มหาอำนาจทางทหารหรืออุตสาหกรรมอันดับหนึ่งของโลกอีกต่อไป ใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง">สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิญี่ปุ่น">ญี่ปุ่น</a>ยึดครองอาณานิคมของบริเตนใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้">เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้</a> แม้บริเตนและพันธมิตรชนะในบั้นปลายก็ตาม ความเสียหายต่อเกียรติภูมิของบริเตนช่วยเร่งความเสื่อมของจักรวรรดิ อินเดีย การครอบครองที่มีมูลค่าที่สุดและมีประชากรมากที่สุดของบริเตน ได้รับเอกราชโดยเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของขบวนการปลดปล่อยอาณานิคมซึ่งบริเตนให้เอกราชแก่ดินแดนส่วนใหญ่ของจักรวรรดิ หลายคนนับว่าการคืน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ฮ่องกง">ฮ่องกง</a>ให้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ประเทศจีน">จีน</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1997 เป็นการสิ้นสุดของจักรวรดิบริติช<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brendon-Empire-end-16">[16]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Prince-Charles-Empire-End-17">[17]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-refohbev594-18">[18]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC-Empire-End-19">[19]</a> ดินแดน 14 แห่งยังอยู่ภายใต้อำนาจอธิปไตยของอังกฤษ หลังได้รับเอกราช อดีตอาณานิคมหลายแห่งเข้าร่วม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เครือจักรภพแห่งชาติ">เครือจักรภพแห่งชาติ</a> เป็นสมาคมอิสระของรัฐเอกราช บัดนี้สหราชอาณาจักรเป็นหนึ่งใน 16 ชาติเครือจักรภพ โดยมีพระมหากษัตริย์พระองค์เดียวกันคือ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 2 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร">สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 2</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="th" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">เนื้อหา</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99_(1497%E2%80%931583)">1 จุดเริ่มต้น (1497–1583)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C">1.1 การตั้งถิ่นฐานในไอร์แลนด์</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%22%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%22_(1583%E2%80%931783)">2 "จักรวรรดิบริติชที่หนึ่ง" (1583–1783)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA">2.1 ทวีปอเมริกา แอฟริกา และการค้าทาส</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2">2.2 การแข่งขันกับเนเธอร์แลนด์ในทวีปเอเชีย</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81">2.3 ความขัดแย้งกับฝรั่งเศสในระดับโลก</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1">2.4 การเสียสิบสามอาณานิคม</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_%22%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%22_(1783%E2%80%931815)">3 ความรุ่งเรืองของ "จักรวรรดิบริติชที่สอง" (1783–1815)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81">3.1 การสำรวจแปซิฟิก</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99">3.2 สงครามกับฝรั่งเศสสมัยนโปเลียน</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA">3.3 การเลิกทาส</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99_(1815%E2%80%931914)">4 ศตวรรษแห่งจักรวรรดิของบริเตน (1815–1914)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2">4.1 บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกในอินเดีย</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2">4.2 การแข่งขันกับรัสเซีย</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3">4.3 จากแหลมถึงไคโร</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7">4.4 การเปลี่ยนสถานภาพของอาณานิคมผิวขาว</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81_(1914%E2%80%931945)">5 สงครามโลก (1914–1945)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87">5.1 สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1">5.2 สมัยระหว่างสงคราม</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87">5.3 สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1_(1945%E2%80%931997)">6 การปลดปล่อยอาณานิคมและความเสื่อม (1945–1997)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99">6.1 การปล่อยขั้นต้น</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C">6.2 สุเอซและผลลัพธ์</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87">6.3 ลมแห่งการเปลี่ยนแปลง</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4">6.4 จุดจบของจักรวรรดิ</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94">7 มรดกตกทอด</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87">8 อ้างอิง</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1">8.1 บรรณานุกรม</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99">9 แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="จุดเริ่มต้น_(1497–1583)">จุดเริ่มต้น (1497–1583)</h2> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: จุดเริ่มต้น (1497–1583)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg/170px-Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="764"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg/170px-Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg/255px-Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg/340px-Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> รูปถอดแบบเรือ เดอะแมทธิว เรือของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="จอห์น คาบ็อต">จอห์น คาบ็อต</a>ในการเดินเรือไป<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="โลกใหม่">โลกใหม่</a>เที่ยวที่สองของเขา </figcaption> </figure> มีการวางรากฐานจักรวรรดิบริติชตั้งแต่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ราชอาณาจักรสกอตแลนด์">สกอตแลนด์</a>ยังเป็นราชอาณาจักรแยกกัน ใน ค.ศ. 1496 หลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิโปรตุเกส">โปรตุเกส</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิสเปน">สเปน</a>ประสบความสำเร็จในการสำรวจโพ้นทะเล <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_7_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พระเจ้าเฮนรีที่ 7 แห่งอังกฤษ">พระเจ้าเฮนรีที่ 7 แห่งอังกฤษ</a>ทรงแต่งตั้งให้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="จอห์น คาบ็อต">จอห์น คาบ็อต</a>นำการเดินทางทางเรือเพื่อสำรวจหาเส้นทางไปทวีปเอเชียผ่านทาง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="มหาสมุทรแอตแลนติกเหนือ">มหาสมุทรแอตแลนติกเหนือ</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ferguson3-20">[20]</a> ต่อมาใน ค.ศ. 1497 ห้าปีหลังการค้นพบทวีปอเมริกา คาบ็อตแล่นเรือจากอังกฤษ และแม้เขาขึ้นฝั่ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เกาะนิวฟันด์แลนด์">เกาะนิวฟันด์แลนด์</a>ได้สำเร็จ (ซึ่งเข้าใจผิดว่าเขาได้ถึงทวีปเอเชียแล้ว เช่นเดียวกับ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="คริสโตเฟอร์ โคลัมบัส">คริสโตเฟอร์ โคลัมบัส</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a>) แต่ไม่มีความพยายามตั้งอาณานิคม คาบ็อตนำการเดินทางด้วยเรือไปทวีปอเมริกาอีกครั้งในปีต่อมา แต่ไม่มีผู้ทราบข่าวจากเรือของเขาอีกเลย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> อังกฤษไม่พยายามก่อตั้งอาณานิคมอีกในทวีปอเมริกาเรื่อยมาจนรัชกาล<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="พระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 1">พระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 1</a> ในช่วงทศวรรษสุดท้ายของคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 16<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> ขณะเดียวกัน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="การปฏิรูปอังกฤษ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การปฏิรูปโปรแตสแตนต์</a>ทำให้อังกฤษกับสเปนที่นับถือนิกาย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="คาทอลิก">คาทอลิก</a>เป็นศัตรูกัน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ferguson3-20">[20]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1562 พระมหากษัตริย์อังกฤษทรงส่งเสริมให้นักเดินเรือส่วนตัว (prirateer) <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="จอห์น ฮอว์กินส์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">จอห์น ฮอว์กินส์</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ฟรานซิส เดรก">ฟรานซิส เดรก</a> โจมตีปล้นทาสตามเรือสเปนและโปรตุเกสซึ่งแล่นจากชายฝั่ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แอฟริกาตะวันตก">แอฟริกาตะวันตก</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> มีเป้าหมายเพื่อทำลายระบบการค้าแอตแลนติก ความพยายามดังกล่าวถูกหยุดยั้ง และเมื่อ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1585)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามอังกฤษ-สเปน (ค.ศ. 1585)">สงครามอังกฤษ-สเปน</a>ทวีความรุนแรงขึ้น พระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 1 ทรงอนุญาตให้ขยายโจมตีแบบโจรสลัดไปถึงเมืองท่าของสเปนในทวีปอเมริกาและการเดินเรือที่แล่นข้ามมหาสมุทรแอตแลนติกกลับมา ซึ่งเรือนี้เต็มไปด้วยทรัพย์สมบัติซึ่งขนกลับจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="โลกใหม่">โลกใหม่</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> ขณะเดียวกัน นักเขียนที่มีอิทธิพล อาทิ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ริชาร์ด ฮัคลุยต์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ริชาร์ด ฮัคลุยต์</a> และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="จอห์น ดี (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">จอห์น ดี</a> (เป็นคนแรกที่ใช้คำว่า "จักรวรรดิบริติช"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a>) กำลังเริ่มผลักดันให้มีการก่อตั้งจักรวรรดิของอังกฤษเอง จนถึงเวลานี้ สเปนเป็นชาติที่ครอบงำในทวีปอเมริกาและกำลังสำรวจมหาสมุทรแปซิฟิก ส่วนโปรตุเกสสร้างสถานีการค้าและค่ายทหารตั้งแต่ชายฝั่ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ทวีปแอฟริกา">ทวีปแอฟริกา</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บราซิล">บราซิล</a>จนถึงจีน และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ฝรั่งเศส">ฝรั่งเศส</a>เริ่มตั้งถิ่นฐานบริเวณ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แม่น้ำเซนต์ลอว์เรนซ์">แม่น้ำเซนต์ลอว์เรนซ์</a> ที่ต่อมากลายเป็นอาณานิคมนิวฟรานซ์<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="การตั้งถิ่นฐานในไอร์แลนด์"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B1.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.96.E0.B8.B4.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.90.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.83.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.84.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.8C.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.94.E0.B9.8C">การตั้งถิ่นฐานในไอร์แลนด์</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การตั้งถิ่นฐานในไอร์แลนด์" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> แม้อังกฤษล่าอาณานิคมล้าหลังเมื่อเทียบกับสเปนและโปรตุเกส ระหว่างคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 16 อังกฤษก็เข้าไปมีส่วนเกี่ยวข้องในการตั้งถิ่นฐานในไอร์แลนด์ด้วยชาวโปรเตสแตนท์จากอังกฤษและสกอตแลนด์ คล้ายกับ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="การบุกครองไอร์แลนด์ของนอร์มัน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การบุกครองของชาวนอร์มัน</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1169<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> หลายคนซึ่งช่วยตั้งถิ่นฐานในไอร์แลนด์ยังมีส่วนในการตั้งถิ่นฐานในทวีปอเมริกาเหนือในช่วงเริ่มแรก โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง กลุ่มคนซึ่งเป็นที่รู้จักกันว่า "ชายเวสต์คันทรี" (West Country men)<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id=""จักรวรรดิบริติชที่หนึ่ง"_(1583–1783)"><span id=".22.E0.B8.88.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.8A.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.B5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B6.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.22_.281583.E2.80.931783.29">"จักรวรรดิบริติชที่หนึ่ง" (1583–1783)</h2> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: "จักรวรรดิบริติชที่หนึ่ง" (1583–1783)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> ใน ค.ศ. 1578 พระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 1 พระราชทานเอกสารสิทธิ์ (patent) แก่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ฮัมฟรีย์ กิลเบิร์ต (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ฮัมฟรีย์ กิลเบิร์ต</a> ในการค้นพบและการสำรวจโพ้นทะเล<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#refHDBE%7COlson,_p._466-31">[31]</a> ปีนั้น กิลเบิร์ตเดินเรือมุ่ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แคริบเบียน">หมู่เกาะอินเดียตะวันตก</a> โดยเจตนาปล้นสะดมและตั้งอาณานิคมในทวีปอเมริกาเหนือ แต่การเดินทางดังกล่าวถูกยกเลิกก่อนข้ามมหาสมุทรแอตแลนติก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> ค.ศ. 1583 กิลเบิร์ตออกเดินทางครั้งที่สอง โดยครั้งนี้ไป<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เกาะนิวฟันด์แลนด์">เกาะนิวฟันด์แลนด์</a> ซึ่งเขาอ้างสิทธิท่าเรือให้อังกฤษอย่างเป็นทางการ แม้ยังไม่มีผู้ตั้งถิ่นฐาน กิลเบิร์ตเสียชีวิตขณะเดินทางกลับอังกฤษ และน้องชายต่างมารดา <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="วอลเทอร์ ราเลห์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">วอลเทอร์ ราเลห์</a> สืบหน้าที่ต่อ เขาได้รับพระราชทานเอกสารสิทธิ์ของเขาเองจากพระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 1 ใน ค.ศ. 1584 ในปีเดียวกัน เขาก่อตั้ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="อาณานิคมโรอาโนค (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อาณานิคมโรอาโนค</a>บนชายฝั่ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="รัฐนอร์ทแคโรไลนา">รัฐนอร์ทแคโรไลนา</a>ในปัจจุบัน แต่ก็ไม่ประสบความสำเร็จเนื่องจากขาดแคลนเสบียง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1603 <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าเจมส์ที่ 1 แห่งอังกฤษ">พระเจ้าเจมส์ที่ 6 แห่งสกอตแลนด์</a>ทรงสืบราชบัลลังก์อังกฤษต่อมา และใน ค.ศ. 1604 ทรงเจรจา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_(1604)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สนธิสัญญาลอนดอน (1604)">สนธิสัญญาลอนดอน</a> ซึ่งยุติความบาดหมางกับสเปน หลังการสงบศึกกับคู่แข่งหลัก ความสนใจของอังกฤษเปลี่ยนจากการหาผลประโยชน์จากโครงสร้างพื้นฐานทางอาณานิคมของชาติอื่นมาเป็นธุระการก่อตั้งอาณานิคมโพ้นทะเลของตนเอง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> จักรวรรดิบริติชเริ่มเป็นรูปร่างขึ้นในช่วงต้นคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 17 ด้วยนิคมของอังกฤษในทวีปอเมริกาเหนือและหมู่เกาะเล็ก ๆ แถบ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แคริบเบียน">แคริบเบียน</a> ตลอดจนการจัดตั้งบริษัทเอกชน ซึ่งที่เลื่องชื่อที่สุดคือ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกของอังกฤษ">บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกของอังกฤษ</a> เพื่อบริหารอาณานิคมและการค้าโพ้นทะเล ในช่วงนี้จนถึงการเสีย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สิบสามอาณานิคม">สิบสามอาณานิคม</a>หลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สงครามประกาศอิสรภาพสหรัฐอเมริกา">สงครามประกาศอิสรภาพสหรัฐอเมริกา</a>เมื่อสิ้นคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 18 นักประวัติศาสตร์บางคนต่อมาเรียก "จักรวรรดิบริติชที่หนึ่ง"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ทวีปอเมริกา_แอฟริกา_และการค้าทาส"><span id=".E0.B8.97.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2_.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.9F.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2_.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.84.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.AA">ทวีปอเมริกา แอฟริกา และการค้าทาส</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ทวีปอเมริกา แอฟริกา และการค้าทาส" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> ทีแรกแคริบเบียนเป็นอาณานิคมที่สำคัญและให้กำไรมากที่สุดของอังกฤษ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> แต่ก่อนหน้านั้นการยึดเป็นอาณานิคมล้มเหลวหลายครั้ง ความพยายามตั้งอาณานิคมใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="กิอานาของอังกฤษ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">กิอานา</a>เมื่อ ค.ศ. 1604 อยู่ได้เพียงสองปี และไม่ประสบความสำเร็จวัตถุประสงค์หลักในการหาแหล่งแร่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ทองคำ">ทองคำ</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> อาณานิคมใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เซนต์ลูเชีย">เซนต์ลูเชีย</a> (ค.ศ. 1605) และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เกรนาดา">เกรนาดา</a> (ค.ศ. 1609) ถูกล้มเลิกอย่างรวดเร็ว แต่มีการตั้งนิคมสำเร็จใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เซนต์คิตส์">เซนต์คิตส์</a> (ค.ศ. 1624) <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บาร์เบโดส">บาร์เบโดส</a> (ค.ศ. 1627) และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เนวิส">เนวิส</a> (ค.ศ. 1628) <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> ไม่ช้าอาณานิคมก็รับเอาระบบการปลูกน้ำตาลที่ชาวโปรตุเกสใช้อย่างได้ผลใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บราซิล">บราซิล</a> ซึ่งต้องพึ่งพาแรงงาน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ทาส">ทาส</a> และเรือสินค้าดัตช์ในตอนแรก เพื่อขายทาสและซื้อน้ำตาล<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> เพื่อรับประกันให้กำไรงามที่เพิ่มขึ้นจากการค้านี้อยู่ในมืออังกฤษ รัฐสภาจึงออก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="พระราชกฤษฎีกาการเดินเรือ">พระราชกฤษฎีกา</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1651 ว่าให้เรือสินค้าอังกฤษเท่านั้นที่สามารถค้าขายในอาณานิคมอังกฤษได้ เหตุนี้นำไปสู่ความเป็นปรปักษ์กับ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สาธารณรัฐดัตช์">สหจังหวัดดัตช์</a> คือ ชุด<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สงครามอังกฤษ-ดัตช์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สงครามอังกฤษ-ดัตช์</a> ซึ่งสุดท้ายทำให้ฐานะของอังกฤษในทวีปอเมริกาแข็งแกร่งขึ้น ขณะที่ดัตช์อ่อนแอลง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1655 อังกฤษผนวก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="จาเมกา">จาเมกา</a>จากสเปนและใน ค.ศ. 1656 ก็ยึด<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บาฮามาส">บาฮามาส</a>เป็นอาณานิคมได้สำเร็จ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:British_Colonies_in_North_America_c1750_v2.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/British_Colonies_in_North_America_c1750_v2.png/250px-British_Colonies_in_North_America_c1750_v2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/British_Colonies_in_North_America_c1750_v2.png/250px-British_Colonies_in_North_America_c1750_v2.png" data-width="250" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/British_Colonies_in_North_America_c1750_v2.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> อาณานิคมของอังกฤษในทวีปอเมริกาเหนือ ราว ค.ศ. 1750; 1. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="นิวฟันด์แลนด์">นิวฟันด์แลนด์</a> 2. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="โนวาสโกเทีย">โนวาสโกเทีย</a> 3. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สิบสามอาณานิคม">สิบสามอาณานิคม</a> 4. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เบอร์มิวดา">เบอร์มิวดา</a> 5. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บาฮามาส">บาฮามาส</a> 6. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เบลิซ">เบลิซ</a> 7. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="จาเมกา">จาเมกา</a> 8. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="แอนติลลิสน้อย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แอนติลลิสน้อย</a> </figcaption> </figure> นิคมถาวรแห่งแรกของอังกฤษในทวีปอเมริกาก่อตั้งใน ค.ศ. 1607 ณ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="เจมส์ทาวน์">เจมส์ทาวน์</a> นำโดยกัปตัน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="จอห์น สมิธ">จอห์น สมิธ</a> และมี<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="บริษัทเวอร์จิเนีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">บริษัทเวอร์จิเนีย</a>จัดการ มีการตั้งถิ่นฐานบน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เบอร์มิวดา">เบอร์มิวดา</a>และอังกฤษอ้างสิทธิ์หลังเรือธงของบริษัทเวอร์จิเนียล่มที่นั่นใน ค.ศ. 1609 และใน ค.ศ. 1615 ถูกมอบให้บริษัทหมู่เกาะซอเมอส์ (Somers Isles Company) ที่เพิ่งตั้ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> กฎบัตรของบริษัทเวอร์จิเนียถูกเพิกถอนใน ค.ศ. 1624 และพระมหากษัตริย์เข้าควบคุมเวอร์จิเนียโดยตรง จึงตั้งเป็น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="อาณานิคมเวอร์จิเนีย">อาณานิคมเวอร์จิเนีย</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> ส่วน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="บริษัทลอนดอนและบริสตอล (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">บริษัทลอนดอนและบริสตอล</a>ตั้งขึ้นใน ค.ศ. 1610 มุ่งก่อตั้งนิคมถาวรบนเกาะนิวฟันด์แลนด์ แต่ไม่ประสบผลสำเร็จอย่างมาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1620 มีการตั้ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%98&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="อาณานิคมพลีมัธ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อาณานิคมพลีมัธ</a>เป็นที่พำนักแก่พวกแบ่งแยกศาสนา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="กลุ่มเพียวริตัน">กลุ่มเพียวริตัน</a> ซึ่งต่อมาเรียกว่า <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="พิลกริม (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">พิลกริม</a> (Pilgrim)<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Olson,_p._897-46">[46]</a> การหลบหนีจากการเบียดเบียนทางศาสนาจะเป็นแรงกระตุ้นให้เหล่าว่าที่ชาวอาณานิคมอังกฤษหลายคนเสี่ยงกับการเดินทางข้ามมหาสมุทรแอตแลนติกอันยากเข็ญ กล่าวคือ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="จังหวัดแมรีแลนด์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อาณานิคมแมรีแลนด์</a>ถูกตั้งเป็นที่พำนักแก่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="นิกายโรมันคาทอลิก">นิกายโรมันคาทอลิก</a> (ค.ศ. 1634) อาณานิคมโรดไอส์แลนด์ (ค.ศ. 1636) เป็นอาณานิคมที่ยอมรับทุกศาสนา และอาณานิคมคอนเน็กติกัต (ค.ศ. 1639) สำหรับนิกายคอนเกรเกชันนอลลิสต์ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="มณฑลแคโรไลนา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">มณฑลแคโรไลนา</a>ตั้งใน ค.ศ. 1663 หลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ฟอร์ทอัมสเตอร์ดัม">ฟอร์ทอัมสเตอร์ดัม</a>ยอมจำนนใน ค.ศ. 1664 อังกฤษควบคุมอาณานิคม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="นิวเนเธอร์แลนด์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">นิวเนเธอร์แลนด์</a>ของดัตช์ และเปลี่ยนชื่อเป็นนิวยอร์ก การควบคุมดังกล่าวมีการทำให้เป็นทางการในการเจรจาให้หลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สงครามอังกฤษ-ดัตช์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สงครามอังกฤษ-ดัตช์ครั้งที่สอง</a> เพื่อแลกเปลี่ยนกับ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ซูรินาม">ซูรินาม</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> และใน ค.ศ. 1681 <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="วิลเลียม เพนน์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">วิลเลียม เพนน์</a>ก่อตั้งอาณานิคมเพนซิลเวเนีย อาณานิคมบนทวีปอเมริกาประสบความสำเร็จทางการเงินน้อยกว่าในแคริบเบียน แต่อาณานิคมเหล่านี้มีพื้นที่เกษตรกรรมดีขนาดใหญ่ และดึงดูดผู้ย้ายถิ่นออกชาวอังกฤษซึ่งชื่นชอบภูมิอากาศอบอุ่นของอาณานิคมเหล่านี้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1670 <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าชาร์ลส์ที่ 2 แห่งอังกฤษ">พระเจ้าชาร์ลส์ที่ 2</a> พระราชทานพระบรมราชานุญาตให้บริษัทอ่าวฮัดสัน โดยให้บริษัทผูกขาดการค้าขนสัตว์ในดินแดนซึ่งเป็นที่รู้จักกันว่า <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="รูเพิตส์แลนด์">รูเพิตส์แลนด์</a> ซึ่งต่อมากลายเป็นพื้นที่ขนาดใหญ่ของประเทศในเครือจักรภพแคนาดา บริษัทอ่าวฮัดสันตั้งค่ายทหารและสถานีการค้าซึ่งบ่อยครั้งตกเป็นเป้าการโจมตีของฝรั่งเศส ซึ่งตั้งอาณานิคมค้าขนสัตว์ของตนในนิวฟรานซ์ที่อยู่ใกล้เคียง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-buckner25-49">[49]</a> อีกสองปีต่อมา มีการสถาปนา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="บริษัทรอยัลแอฟริกัน">บริษัทรอยัลแอฟริกัน</a>โดยได้รับพระราชทานสิทธิ์จากพระเจ้าชาร์ลส์ให้ผูกขาดการค้าเพื่อจัดหาทาสให้อาณานิคมบริติชในแคริบเบียน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> จากแรกเริ่ม ทาสถือเป็นรากฐานของจักรวรรดิบริติชในอินเดียตะวันตก จนการยกเลิกการค้าทาสใน ค.ศ. 1807 บริเตนเป็นผู้ขนส่งทาสชาวแอฟริกันกว่า 3.5 ล้านคนไปทวีปอเมริกา คิดเป็นหนึ่งในสามของทาสทั้งหมดที่ถูกขนส่งข้ามมหาสมุทรแอตแลนติก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a> เพื่ออำนวยความสะดวกแก่การค้านี้ จึงมีการตั้งค่ายทหารตามชายฝั่งแอฟริกาตะวันตก อย่างเช่น เกาะเจมส์, อักกรา และเกาะบันซ์ ในบริติชแคริบเบียน ร้อยละของประชากรผิวดำเพิ่มขึ้นจากร้อยละ 25 ใน ค.ศ. 1650 เป็นราวร้อยละ 80 ใน ค.ศ. 1780 และในสิบสามอาณานิคม อัตราส่วนเพิ่มขึ้นจากร้อยละ 10 เป็นร้อยละ 40 ในช่วงเวลาเดียวกัน (ส่วนใหญ่ในอาณานิคมตอนใต้) <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a> สำหรับนักค้าทาส การค้าสร้างกำไรมหาศาล และกลายเป็นหลักสำคัญทางเศรษฐกิจใหญ่สำหรับนครบริเตนทางตะวันตก อย่างเช่น <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="บริสตอล">บริสตอล</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ลิเวอร์พูล">ลิเวอร์พูล</a> ซึ่งเป็นมุมที่สามของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="การค้าสามเหลี่ยม">การค้าสามเหลี่ยม</a>กับทวีปแอฟริกาและทวีปอเมริกา สำหรับผู้ที่ถูกขนส่ง สภาพรุนแรงและไม่มีสุขอนามัยบนเรือทาสและอาหารเลว ทำให้อัตราการเสียชีวิตระหว่างการเดินทางเฉลี่ยมีมากถึง 1 ใน 7<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1695 <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="รัฐสภาสกอตแลนด์">รัฐสภาสกอตแลนด์</a>ให้กฎบัตรแก่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="บริษัทสกอตแลนด์">บริษัทสกอตแลนด์</a> ซึ่งตั้งนิคมใน ค.ศ. 1698 บน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="คอคอดปานามา">คอคอดปานามา</a> อาณานิคมถูกแวดล้อมโดยชาวอาณานิคมสเปนเพื่อนบ้าน <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="นิวกรานาดา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">นิวกรานาดา</a> และมีโรค<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="มาลาเรีย">มาลาเรีย</a> อาณานิคมจึงถูกละทิ้งในอีกสองปีต่อมา <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="แผนดาเรียน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แผนดาเรียน</a>ถือเป็นหายนะทางการเงินสำหรับสกอตแลนด์ โดยทุนหนึ่งในสี่ของสกอตแลนด์เสียไปในวิสาหกิจดังกล่าว<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a> และยุติความหวังของสกอตแลนด์ที่จะก่อตั้งจักรวรรดิอาณานิคมโพ้นทะเลของตัวอย่างสิ้นเชิง กรณีดังกล่าวยังมีผลกระทบทางการเมืองสำคัญ โดยชวนให้รัฐบาลของทั้งอังกฤษและสกอตแลนด์เห็นประโยชน์ของสหภาพของสองประเทศ มากกว่ามีพระมหากษัตริย์ร่วมกันเท่านั้น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a> การรวมประเทศเกิดขึ้นใน ค.ศ. 1707 ด้วย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1707?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พระราชบัญญัติสหภาพ ค.ศ. 1707">พระราชบัญญัติสหภาพ</a> และสถาปนา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ราชอาณาจักรบริเตนใหญ่">ราชอาณาจักรบริเตนใหญ่</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="การแข่งขันกับเนเธอร์แลนด์ในทวีปเอเชีย"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.82.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.9A.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.98.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.8C.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.94.E0.B9.8C.E0.B9.83.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.9B.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.8A.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A2">การแข่งขันกับเนเธอร์แลนด์ในทวีปเอเชีย</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การแข่งขันกับเนเธอร์แลนด์ในทวีปเอเชีย" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Fort_St._George,_Chennai.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg/200px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="826"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg/200px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg/300px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg/400px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_(%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ฟอร์ตเซนต์จอร์จ (อินเดีย)">ฟอร์ตเซนต์จอร์จ</a> ก่อตั้งใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เจนไน">มัลทราส</a> ค.ศ. 1639 </figcaption> </figure> ปลายคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 16 อังกฤษและเนเธอร์แลนด์เริ่มท้าทายการผูกขาดการค้ากับทวีปเอเชียของโปรตุเกส โดยก่อตั้งบริษัทร่วมหุ้นเอกชนเพื่อหาเงินสนับสนุนการออกเดินเรือ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกของอังกฤษ">บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกของอังกฤษ</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกของดัตช์">บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกของดัตช์</a> ได้รับพระบรมราชานุญาตและกฎบัตรใน ค.ศ. 1600 และ 1602 ตามลำดับ เป้าหมายหลักของบริษัทดังกล่าว คือ การเจาะ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="การค้าเครื่องเทศ">การค้าเครื่องเทศ</a>ซึ่งกำไรงาม เป็นความพยายามที่มุ่งไปสองภูมิภาคเป็นหลัก คือ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="กลุ่มเกาะมลายู">กลุ่มเกาะอินเดียตะวันออก</a> และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="อินเดีย">อินเดีย</a> ศูนย์กลางสำคัญในเครือข่ายการค้านี้ ที่นั่น ทั้งสองแข่งครองความเป็นใหญ่ทางการค้ากับโปรตุเกสและระหว่างกัน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> แม้สุดท้ายอังกฤษจะบดบังเนเธอร์แลนด์ในฐานะมหาอำนาจอาณานิคม แต่ในระยะสั้นระบบการเงินที่ก้าวหน้ากว่าของเนเธอร์แลนด์<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ferguson19-57">[57]</a>และสงครามอังกฤษ–ดัตช์สามครั้งในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 17 ทำให้เนเธอร์แลนด์มีฐานะเข้มแข็งกว่าในทวีปเอเชีย ความเป็นปรปักษ์ยุติหลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="การปฏิวัติอันรุ่งโรจน์">การปฏิวัติอันรุ่งโรจน์</a> ค.ศ. 1688 เมื่อ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าวิลเลียมที่ 3 แห่งอังกฤษ">วิลเลียมแห่งออเรนจ์</a> ชาวดัตช์ ขึ้นครองบัลลังก์อังกฤษ นำมาซี่งสันติภาพระหว่างเนเธอร์แลนด์และอังกฤษ ข้อตกลงระหว่างชาติทั้งสองให้การค้าเครื่องเทศในกลุ่มเกาะอินเดียตะวันออกเป็นของเนเธอร์แลนด์ และอุตสาหกรรมสิ่งทออินเดียเป็นของอังกฤษ แต่ในไม่ช้า สิ่งทอได้กำไรมากกว่าเรื่องเทศ และในแง่ยอดขายใน ค.ศ. 1720 บริษัทบริติชแซงหน้าบริษัทดัตช์<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ferguson19-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ความขัดแย้งกับฝรั่งเศสในระดับโลก"><span id=".E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.94.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A2.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.9D.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B1.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.A8.E0.B8.AA.E0.B9.83.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.9A.E0.B9.82.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.81">ความขัดแย้งกับฝรั่งเศสในระดับโลก</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ความขัดแย้งกับฝรั่งเศสในระดับโลก" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:The_Defeat_of_the_French_Fireships_attacking_the_British_Fleet_at_Anchor_before_Quebec.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Defeat_of_the_French_Fireships_attacking_the_British_Fleet_at_Anchor_before_Quebec.jpg/200px-The_Defeat_of_the_French_Fireships_attacking_the_British_Fleet_at_Anchor_before_Quebec.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="473"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Defeat_of_the_French_Fireships_attacking_the_British_Fleet_at_Anchor_before_Quebec.jpg/200px-The_Defeat_of_the_French_Fireships_attacking_the_British_Fleet_at_Anchor_before_Quebec.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Defeat_of_the_French_Fireships_attacking_the_British_Fleet_at_Anchor_before_Quebec.jpg/300px-The_Defeat_of_the_French_Fireships_attacking_the_British_Fleet_at_Anchor_before_Quebec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Defeat_of_the_French_Fireships_attacking_the_British_Fleet_at_Anchor_before_Quebec.jpg/400px-The_Defeat_of_the_French_Fireships_attacking_the_British_Fleet_at_Anchor_before_Quebec.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> ความปราชัยของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="เรือไฟ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เรือไฟ</a>ฝรั่งเศสที่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="รัฐเกแบ็ก">เกแบ็ก</a> ค.ศ. 1759 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Clive.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Clive.jpg/220px-Clive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1870"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Clive.jpg/220px-Clive.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Clive.jpg/330px-Clive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Clive.jpg/440px-Clive.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> ชัยชนะของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="โรเบิร์ต คลิฟ บารอนที่ 1 แห่งคลิฟ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">โรเบิร์ต คลิฟ</a>ใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ยุทธการที่ปลาศี">ยุทธการที่ปลาศี</a>ทำให้บริษัทกลายเป็นอำนาจทางทหารและด้านพาณิชย์ </figcaption> </figure> สันติภาพระหว่างอังกฤษกับเนเธอร์แลนด์ใน ค.ศ. 1688 หมายความว่าทั้งสองประเทศเข้าสู่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามเก้าปี">สงครามเก้าปี</a>โดยเป็นพันธมิตรกัน แต่ความขัดแย้งซึ่งปะทุในทวีปยุโรปและดินแดนโพ้นทะเลระหว่างฝรั่งเศส สเปน และพันธมิตรอังกฤษ-ดัตช์ ทำให้อังกฤษเป็นเจ้าอาณานิคมที่แข็งแกร่งกว่าดัตช์ ซึ่งถูกบีบให้ทุ่มงบประมาณทางทหารในสงครามทางบกราคาแพงในทวีปยุโรป<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> ในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 18 อังกฤษก้าวเป็นอำนาจอาณานิคมของโลกอย่างเด็ดขาด และฝรั่งเศสกำลังจะกลายเป็นคู่แข่งสำคัญในเวทีจักรวรรดิ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a> การสวรรคตของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พระเจ้าการ์โลสที่ 2 แห่งสเปน">พระเจ้าการ์โลสที่ 2 แห่งสเปน</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1700 และพินัยกรรมยกสเปนและจักรวรรดิอาณานิคมสเปนให้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_5_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="พระเจ้าเฟลีเปที่ 5 แห่งสเปน">เฟลีเปแห่งอันจู</a> หลานชายพระมหากษัตริย์ฝรั่งเศส เร่งให้เกิดความหวังในการรวมฝรั่งเศส สเปน และอาณานิคมของทั้งสองประเทศ ซึ่งเป็นเหตุการณ์ที่รับไม่ได้สำหรับอังกฤษและอำนาจอื่นในทวีปยุโรป<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1701 อังกฤษ โปรตุเกส และเนเธอร์แลนด์เข้าพวกกับ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์">จักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์</a>ต่อต้านสเปนและฝรั่งเศสใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามสืบราชบัลลังก์สเปน">สงครามสืบราชบัลลังก์สเปน</a>ซึ่งกินเวลาถึง ค.ศ. 1714 สงครามยุติลงด้วย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สนธิสัญญาอูเทร็คท์">สนธิสัญญาอูเทร็คท์</a> เฟลีเปทรงบอกเลิกสิทธิของพระองค์และผู้สืบสันดานเหนือราชบัลลังก์ฝรั่งเศสและสเปนเสียจักรวรรดิในทวีปยุโรป<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> ดินแดนของจักรวรรดิบริติชขยาย บริเตนได้นิวฟันด์แลนด์และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="อคาเดีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อคาเดีย</a>จากฝรั่งเศส และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ยิบรอลตาร์">ยิบรอลตาร์</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ไมนอร์กา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ไมนอร์กา</a>จากสเปน ยิบรอลตาร์กลายมาเป็นฐานทัพเรือสำคัญยิ่ง และให้บริเตนควบคุมจุดเข้าและออก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน">ทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน</a>สู่แอตแลนติก สเปนยังมอบสิทธิ์<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="อาเซย์นโต (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อาเซย์นโต</a> (การอนุญาตให้ขายทาสใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="อเมริกาเหนือของสเปน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อเมริกาเหนือของสเปน</a>) กำไรงามแก่บริเตน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> ระหว่างกลางคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 18 มีความขัดแย้งทางทหารอุบัติหลายครั้งใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="อนุทวีปอินเดีย">อนุทวีปอินเดีย</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สงครามคาร์แนติก (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สงครามคาร์แนติก</a> บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกของอังกฤษ (บริษัท) และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกของฝรั่งเศส">บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกของฝรั่งเศส</a>ต่อสู้ร่วมกันผู้ปกครองท้องถิ่นเพื่อเติมสุญญากาศที่เกิดหลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิโมกุล">จักรวรรดิโมกุล</a>เสื่อมอำนาจ ยุทธการที่ปลาศีใน ค.ศ. 1757 ซึ่งฝ่ายบริเตน นำโดย รอเบิร์ต คลีฟ พิชิตนาวาบแห่งเบงกอลและพันธมิตรชาวฝรั่งเศส ทำให้บริษัทควบคุมเบงกอลและเป็นประเทศทางทหารและการเมืองสำคัญในอินเดีย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> ฝรั่งเศสเหลือการควบคุมดินแดนแทรกแต่ด้วยการจำกัดทางทหารและพันธะให้สนับสนุนรัฐบริวารของบริเตน ยุติความหวังของฝรั่งเศสในการควบคุมอินเดีย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> ในหลายทศวรรษให้หลังบริษัทค่อย ๆ เพิ่มขนาดของดินแดนที่อยู่ในการควบคุม ไม่ว่าปกครองโดยตรงหรือผ่านทางผู้ปกครองท้องถิ่นภายใต้การขู่ใช้กำลังจากกองทัพบริติชอินเดีย ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่ประกอบด้วย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ซีปอย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ซีปอย</a>อินเดีย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> การสู้รบระหว่างบริเตนและฝรั่งเศสในอินเดียกลายเป็นยุทธบริเวณหนึ่งของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามเจ็ดปี">สงครามเจ็ดปี</a> (1756–1763) ที่แผ่ไปทั่วโลก สงครามนี้เกี่ยวข้องกับฝรั่งเศส บริเตนและมหาอำนาจยุโรปอื่น การลงนาม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA_(1763)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สนธิสัญญาปารีส (1763)">สนธิสัญญาปารีส</a>มีผลกระทบสำคัญต่ออนาคตของจักรวรรดิบริติช ในทวีปอเมริกาเหนือ อนาคตของฝรั่งเศสในการเป็นเจ้าอาณานิคมจบลงอย่างสิ้นเชิงด้วยการรับรองการอ้างสิทธิ์ของบริเตนเหนือ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ดินแดนรูเพิร์ต (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ดินแดนรูเพิร์ต</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-buckner25-49">[49]</a> และการยก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="นิวฟรานซ์">นิวฟรานซ์</a>ให้บริเตน (ทำให้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="รัฐเกแบ็ก">ประชากรพูดภาษาฝรั่งเศส</a>จำนวนมากอยู่ในการปกครองของอังกฤษ) และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ลุยส์เซียนา (นิวฟรานซ์) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ลุยส์เซียนา</a>ให้สเปน <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สเปนยกฟลอริดา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สเปนยกฟลอริดา</a>ให้บริเตน ร่วมกับชัยชนะเหนือฝรั่งเศสในอินเดีย สงครามเจ็ดปีทำให้บริเตนเป็นมหาอำนาจทางทะเลที่ทรงอำนาจที่สุดในโลก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-refpagden1-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="การเสียสิบสามอาณานิคม">การเสียสิบสามอาณานิคม</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การเสียสิบสามอาณานิคม" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9751016">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> บทความหลัก: <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="การปฏิวัติอเมริกา">การปฏิวัติอเมริกา</a> </div> ระหว่างคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1760 และต้นคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1770 ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่าง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สิบสามอาณานิคม">สิบสามอาณานิคม</a>และอังกฤษตึงเครียดมากขึ้น หลัก ๆ เนื่องจากความไม่พอใจต่อความพยายามของรัฐสภาบริติชในการปกครองและเก็บภาษีผู้อยู่ในนิคมอเมริกันโดยปราศจากความยินยอมของพวกเขา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> ในเวลานั้น มีการสรุปเป็นคำขวัญว่า "<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ไม่จ่ายภาษีหากไม่มีผู้แทน">ไม่จ่ายภาษีหากไม่มีผู้แทน</a>" โดยมองว่าเป็นการฝ่าฝืน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สิทธิชาวอังกฤษ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สิทธิชาวอังกฤษ</a>ที่ได้รับประกัน <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="การปฏิวัติอเมริกา">การปฏิวัติอเมริกา</a>เริ่มต้นจากการปฏิเสธอำนาจของรัฐสภาและการเคลื่อนไหวสู่การปกครองตนเอง บริเตนสนองโดยส่งทหารมาบังคับการปกครองโดยตรง ทำให้สงครามอุบัติใน ค.ศ. 1775 ในปีต่อมา สหรัฐ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="คำประกาศอิสรภาพสหรัฐอเมริกา">ประกาศอิสรภาพ</a> การเข้าสู่สงครามของฝรั่งเศสใน ค.ศ. 1778 ทำให้ดุลทหารเข้าข้างฝ่ายอเมริกาและหลังความปราชัยเด็ดขาดที่ยอร์กทาวน์ใน ค.ศ. 1781 บริเตนเริ่มเจรจาเงื่อนไขสันติภาพ เอกราชของอเมริกาได้รับการรับรองในสนธิสัญญาสันติภาพปารีสใน ค.ศ. 1783<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Yorktown80.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yorktown80.JPG/220px-Yorktown80.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="567"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yorktown80.JPG/220px-Yorktown80.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yorktown80.JPG/330px-Yorktown80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yorktown80.JPG/440px-Yorktown80.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> การยอมจำนนของคอร์นวัลลิสที่ยอร์กทาวน์ การสูญเสียอาณานิคมอเมริกันเป็นเครื่องหมายการสิ้นสุดของ "จักรวรรดิบริติชที่หนึ่ง" </figcaption> </figure> นักประวัติศาสตร์มองว่าการเสียดินแดนกว้างใหญ่ของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="บริติชอเมริกา">บริติชอเมริกา</a> ซึ่งเป็นอาณานิคมโพ้นทะเลซึ่งมีประชากรมากที่สุดของบริเตนในเวลานั้น เป็นเหตุการณ์ซึ่งนิยามการเปลี่ยนผ่านระหว่างจักรวรรดิ "ที่หนึ่ง" และ "ที่สอง"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a> ซึ่งบริเตนหันความสนใจจากทวีปอเมริกาไปทวีปเอเชีย <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="มหาสมุทรแปซิฟิก">มหาสมุทรแปซิฟิก</a> และทวีปแอฟริกาในภายหลัง <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ความมั่งคั่งของประชาชาติ">ความมั่งคั่งของประชาชาติ</a> ของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="อดัม สมิธ">อดัม สมิธ</a> ซึ่งตีพิมพ์ใน ค.ศ. 1776 โต้แย้งว่าอาณานิคมนั้นมีมากเกินไป และควรนำระบบ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="การค้าเสรี">การค้าเสรี</a>มาแทนนโยบาย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ลัทธิพาณิชยนิยม">พาณิชยนิยม</a>แบบเก่า อันเป็นลักษณะของการขยายอาณานิคมในช่วงแรกซึ่งย้อนไปถึง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ลัทธิคุ้มครอง">ลัทธิคุ้มครอง</a>ของสเปนและโปรตุเกส<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-refpagden1-66">[66]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> การเติบโตของการค้าระหว่างสหรัฐอเมริกาซึ่งเพิ่งได้รับเอกราชกับบริเตนหลัง ค.ศ. 1783 ดูเหมือนยืนยันมุมมองของสมิธที่ว่าการควบคุมทางการเมืองไม่จำเป็นต่อความสำเร็จในทางเศรษฐกิจ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a> เหตุการณ์ในอเมริกามีอิทธิพลต่อนโยบายของบริเตนในแคนาดา ที่ซึ่งพวก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ลอยัลลิสต์ (สงครามประกาศอิสรภาพสหรัฐอเมริกา) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ลอยัลลิสต์</a>ที่แพ้สงครามจำนวนระหว่าง 40,000 ถึง 100,000 คน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a> อพยพจากอเมริกาหลังอิสรภาพ ลอยัลลิสต์ 14,000 คนผู้ซึ่งไป<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="แม่น้ำเซนต์จอห์น (นิวฟรานซ์) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แม่น้ำเซนต์จอห์น</a>ซึ่งขณะนั้นเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="โนวาสโกเทีย">โนวาสโกเทีย</a>รู้สึกว่าอยู่ห่างไกลจากรัฐบาลจังหวัดใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ฮาลิแฟกซ์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ฮาลิแฟกซ์</a> ฉะนั้นรัฐบาลบริติชจึงแบ่ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="รัฐนิวบรันสวิก">นิวบรันสวิก</a>เป็นอาณานิคมต่างหากใน ค.ศ. 1784<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1791&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="พระราชบัญญัติรัฐธรรมนูญ ค.ศ. 1791 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">พระราชบัญญัติรัฐธรรมนูญ ค.ศ. 1791</a> ตั้งมณฑล<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="อัปเปอร์แคนาดา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อัปเปอร์แคนาดา</a> (ประชากรส่วนใหญ่พูด<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">ภาษาอังกฤษ</a>) และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="โลว์เออร์แคนาดา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">โลว์เออร์แคนาดา</a> (ประชากรส่วนใหญ่พูด<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ภาษาฝรั่งเศส">ภาษาฝรั่งเศส</a>) เพื่อลดความตึงเครียดระหว่างชุมชนชาวอังกฤษและชาวฝรั่งเศส และนำรูปแบบการปกครองซึ่งคล้ายกับรูปแบบซึ่งใช้ในอังกฤษมาใช้ โดยเจตนาแสดงอำนาจของจักรวรรดิและไม่อนุญาตการควบคุมการปกครองของปวงชนอย่างที่ถูกมองว่านำไปสู่การปฏิวัติอเมริกา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a> ความตึงเครียดระหว่าบริเตนและสหรัฐเพิ่มขึ้นอีกครั้งระหว่าง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามนโปเลียน">สงครามนโปเลียน</a> บริเตนพยายามตัดการค้าระหว่างสหรัฐอเมริกากับฝรั่งเศส และส่งคนขึ้นเรืออเมริกันเพื่อเกณฑ์ลูกเรือเข้าราชนาวี สหรัฐอเมริกาประกาศสงคราม <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1812?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงคราม ค.ศ. 1812">สงคราม ค.ศ. 1812</a> และบุกครองดินแดนแคนาดาขณะบริเตนบุกครองดินแดนอเมริกา แต่ดินแดนก่อนสงครามได้รับการยืนยันอีกใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สนธิสัญญาเก้นท์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สนธิสัญญาเก้นท์</a> ค.ศ. 1814 รับประกันว่าอนาคตของแคนาดาจะแยกจากสหรัฐ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="ความรุ่งเรืองของ_"จักรวรรดิบริติชที่สอง"_(1783–1815)"><span id=".E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B8.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B7.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87_.22.E0.B8.88.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.8A.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.B5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87.22_.281783.E2.80.931815.29">ความรุ่งเรืองของ "จักรวรรดิบริติชที่สอง" (1783–1815)</h2> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ความรุ่งเรืองของ "จักรวรรดิบริติชที่สอง" (1783–1815)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="การสำรวจแปซิฟิก">การสำรวจแปซิฟิก</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การสำรวจแปซิฟิก" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/220px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6131" data-file-height="7692"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 276px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/220px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="276" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/330px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/440px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> การเดินเรือแห่งการค้นพบโดย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เจมส์ คุก">เจมส์ คุก</a> ในมหาสมุทรแปซิฟิกนำไปสู่การก่อตั้งอาณานิคมสหราชอาณาจักรหลายแห่งรวมไปถึงออสเรเลียและนิวซีแลนด์ </figcaption> </figure> นับแต่ ค.ศ. 1718 การขนส่งไปอาณานิคมอเมริกาเป็นการลงโทษสำหรับอาชญากรรมหลายอย่างในบริเตน โดยนักโทษประมาณ 1,000 คนถูกขนส่งข้ามมหาสมุทรแอตแลนติกต่อปี<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> หลังการเสียสิบสามอาณานิคมใน ค.ศ. 1783 รัฐบาลบริติชถูกบีบให้หาที่ใหม่ และหันไปดินแดนออสเตรเลียซึ่งเพิ่งค้นพบ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[79]</a> ชาวยุโรปเคยสำรวจชายฝั่งตะวันตกของออสเตรเลียแล้ว โดยนักสำรวจชาวดัตช์ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="วิลเล็ม เจนซ์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">วิลเล็ม เจนซ์</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1606 และภายหลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกของดัตช์">บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกของดัตช์</a>เปลี่ยนชื่อเป็น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="นิวฮอลแลนด์ (ออสเตรเลีย)">นิวฮอลแลนด์</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1-80">[80]</a> แต่ไม่มีความพยายามยึดเป็นอาณานิคม ใน ค.ศ. 1770 <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เจมส์ คุก">เจมส์ คุก</a>ค้นพบชายฝั่งตะวันออกของออสเตรเลียระหว่างการเดินเรือเที่ยววิทยาศาสตร์ไป<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="มหาสมุทรแปซิฟิก">มหาสมุทรแปซิฟิกใต้</a> เขาอ้างสิทธิ์ทวีปเป็นของบริเตน และตั้งชื่อว่า<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="รัฐนิวเซาท์เวลส์">นิวเซาท์เวลส์</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[81]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1778 <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="โจเซฟ แบงส์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">โจเซฟ แบงส์</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พฤกษศาสตร์">นักพฤกษศาสตร์</a>ซึ่งเดินทางไปกับคุก นำเสนอหลักฐานต่อรัฐบาลถึงความเหมาะสมของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="อ่าวโบตานี (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อ่าวโบตานี</a>ในการตั้ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ทัณฑนิคม">ทัณฑนิคม</a> และใน ค.ศ. 1787 เรือขนนักโทษเที่ยวแรกก็ออกเดินทาง โดยมาถึงใน ค.ศ. 1788<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a> บริเตนดยังส่งนักโทษมายังนิวเซาท์เวลส์เรื่อยมาจน ค.ศ. 1840<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[83]</a> อาณานิคมออสเตรเลียกลายเป็นผู้ส่งออกขนสัตว์และทองคำซึ่งมีรายได้มหาศาล<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[84]</a> หลัก ๆ เพราะการตื่นทองในอาณานิคมวิกตอเรียทำให้เมืองหลวง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เมลเบิร์น">เมลเบิร์น</a>เป็นเมืองที่รวยที่สุดในโลก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-RobertCervero320-85">[85]</a> และนครใหญ่สุดในจักรวรรดิบริติชรองจากกรุงลอนดอน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[86]</a> ระหว่างการเดินทางของเขา คุกยังเดินทางไปนิวซีแลนด์ ซึ่งนักสำรวจชาวดัตช์ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="แอเบล แทสมัน">แอเบล แทสมัน</a> ค้นพบครั้งแรกใน ค.ศ. 1642 และอ้างสิทธิ์ทั้ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เกาะเหนือ">เกาะเหนือ</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เกาะใต้">เกาะใต้</a>ให้เป็นของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="พระมหากษัตริย์บริติช (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">พระมหากษัตริย์บริติช</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1769 และ ค.ศ. 1770 ตามลำดับ เดิมทีปฏิสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประชากรชนพื้นเมือง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="มาวรี">มาวรี</a>และชาวยุโรปจำกัดอยู่เพียงการค้าสินค้าเท่านั้น นิคมชาวยุโรปได้ขยายตัวในทศวรรษแรก ๆ ของคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 โดยมีการตั้งสถานีการค้าจำนวนมาก โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในเกาะเหนือ ใน ค.ศ. 1839 <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="บริษัทนิวซีแลนด์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">บริษัทนิวซีแลนด์</a>ประกาศแผนซื้อที่ดินขนาดใหญ่และสถาปนาอาณานิคมในนิวซีแลนด์ เมื่อวันที่ 6 กุมภาพันธ์ ค.ศ. 1840 กัปตัน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="วิลเลียม ฮอบสัน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">วิลเลียม ฮอบสัน</a>และหัวหน้าชนเผ่ามาวรีอีกราว 40 คนลงนาม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สนธิสัญญาไวทังกิ">สนธิสัญญาไวทังกิ</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[87]</a> คนส่วนใหญ่ถือว่าสนธิสัญญาดังกล่าวเป็นเอกสารก่อตั้งนิวซีแลนด์<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[88]</a> แต่การตีความที่แตกต่างกันของข้อความฉบับภาษามาวรีและภาษาอังกฤษ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[89]</a> หมายความว่ามันจะยังเป็นบ่อเกิดของความขัดแย้งต่อไป<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="สงครามกับฝรั่งเศสสมัยนโปเลียน"><span id=".E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.9D.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B1.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.A8.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.82.E0.B8.9B.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.99">สงครามกับฝรั่งเศสสมัยนโปเลียน</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: สงครามกับฝรั่งเศสสมัยนโปเลียน" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9751016"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> บทความหลัก: <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามนโปเลียน">สงครามนโปเลียน</a> </div> บริเตนถูกท้าทายอีกหนหนึ่งโดยฝรั่งเศสสมัย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรพรรดินโปเลียนที่ 1">นโปเลียน</a> ในการต่อสู้ที่ไม่เหมือนกับสงครามครั้งที่ผ่านมา โดยมีลักษณะการประชันอุดมการณ์ระหว่างสองชาติ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a> ไม่เพียงฐานะของบริเตนในเวทีโลกเท่านั้นที่ถูกคุกคาม นโปเลียนยังคุกคามจะบุกครองเกาะบริเตนเลยทีเดียว เมื่อกองทัพของเขายึดครองหลายประเทศใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ยุโรปภาคพื้นทวีป">ยุโรปภาคพื้นทวีป</a>เวลานั้น ฉะนั้นสงครามนโปเลียนจึงเป็นสงครามที่บริเตนลงทุนและทุ่มทรัพยากรมหาศาลเพื่อเอาชนะ เมืองท่าของฝรั่งเศสถูก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ราชนาวี">ราชนาวี</a>ปิดล้อม ซึ่งชนะกองทัพเรือฝรั่งเศส-สเปนที่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ยุทธนาวีทรากัลฟาร์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ทรากัลฟาร์</a>อย่างเด็ดขาดใน ค.ศ. 1805 อาณานิคมโพ้นทะเลถูกโจมตีและถูกยึดครอง รวมถึงอาณานิคมของเนเธอร์แลนด์ ซึ่งนโปเลียนผนวกใน ค.ศ. 1810 สุดท้ายฝรั่งเศสปราชัยต่อกองทัพผสมยุโรปใน ค.ศ. 1815<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[92]</a> บริเตนได้รับผลประโยชน์จากสนธิสัญญาสันติภาพหลายฉบับอีกครั้ง คือ ฝรั่งเศสยก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สหรัฐหมู่เกาะไอโอเนียน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">หมู่เกาะไอโอเนียน</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="มอลตา">มอลตา</a> (ซึ่งถูกยึดครองใน ค.ศ. 1797 และ 1798 ตามลำดับ) <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เซเชลส์">เซเชลส์</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ประเทศมอริเชียส">มอริเชียส</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เซนต์ลูเชีย">เซนต์ลูเชีย</a> และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="โตบาโก (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">โตบาโก</a> สเปนยก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ตรินิแดด">ตรินิแดด</a> เนเธอร์แลนด์<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="บริติชเกียนา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เกียนา</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="อาณานิคมเคป">อาณานิคมเคป</a> บริเตนคืน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="กัวเดอลุป">กัวเดอลุป</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="มาร์ตีนิก">มาร์ตีนิก</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="โกรี (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">โกรี</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เฟรนช์เกียนา">เฟรนช์เกียนา</a> และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เรอูว์นียง">เรอูว์นียง</a>ให้ฝรั่งเศส รวมทั้งคืน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เกาะชวา">เกาะชวา</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ซูรินาม">ซูรินาม</a>ให้แก่เนเธอร์แลนด์ ขณะที่ได้ควบคุมซีลอน (ค.ศ. 1795–1815)<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-refjames165-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="การเลิกทาส">การเลิกทาส</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การเลิกทาส" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> ด้วยการสนับสนุนจากขบวนการ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ผู้รณรงค์ให้เลิกทาส (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ผู้รณรงค์ให้เลิกทาส</a>ชาวบริติช รัฐสภาตรา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1807&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="พระราชบัญญัติการค้าทาส ค.ศ. 1807 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">พระราชบัญญัติการค้าทาส</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1807 ซึ่งเลิกการค้าทาสในจักรวรรดิ ใน ค.ศ. 1808 <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เซียร์ราลีโอน">เซียร์ราลีโอน</a>ได้รับประกาศให้เป็นอาณานิคมบริติชอย่างเป็นทางการสำหรับทาสผู้เป็นไท<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1833&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="พระราชบัญญัติเลิกทาส ค.ศ. 1833 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">พระราชบัญญัติเลิกทาส</a>ผ่านใน ค.ศ. 1833 เลิกทาสในจักรวรรดิบริติชในวันที่ 1 สิงหาคม ค.ศ. 1834 (โดยยกเว้นเซนต์เฮเลนา ซีลอนและดินแดนที่บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกบริหาร แม้ข้อยกเว้นเหล่านี้ถูกยกเลิกภายหลังเช่นกัน) ภายใต้พระราชบัญญัติดังกล่าว ทาสได้รับการปลดปล่อยให้เป็นอิสระสมบูรณ์หลัง "การเป็นลูกมือฝึกหัด" ระยะ 4 ถึง 6 ปี<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[95]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="ศตวรรษแห่งจักรวรรดิของบริเตน_(1815–1914)"><span id=".E0.B8.A8.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A9.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.AB.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.88.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B4.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.99_.281815.E2.80.931914.29">ศตวรรษแห่งจักรวรรดิของบริเตน (1815–1914)</h2> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ศตวรรษแห่งจักรวรรดิของบริเตน (1815–1914)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:British_Empire_1897.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/220px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/220px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/330px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/440px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> จักรวรรดิบริติชในปี ค.ศ. 1897 อาณานิคมของจักรวรรดิบริติชแสดงด้วยสีแดง </figcaption> </figure> ระหว่าง ค.ศ. 1815 และ ค.ศ. 1914 เป็นช่วงที่นักประวัติศาสตร์บางส่วนเรียกว่า "ศตวรรษแห่งจักรวรรดิ" ของบริเตน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[97]</a> โดยพื้นที่ราว 26,000,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร และประชากรราว 400 ล้านคนเพิ่มเข้าจักรวรรดิบริติช<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[98]</a> ชัยชนะเหนือนโปเลียนทำให้บริเตนไม่มีคู่แข่งในระดับนานาชาติที่สำคัญ นอกจากรัสเซียในเอเชียกลาง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#refOHBEv3%7CPorter,_p._401-99">[99]</a> บริเตนไร้ผู้คัดค้านในทะเล และรับดำเนินบทบาทของตำรวจโลก เป็นสภาพซึ่งต่อมาเรียกว่า <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สันติภาพบริเตน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สันติภาพบริเตน</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceB-8">[8]</a> และนโยบายต่างประเทศ "<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="การโดดเดี่ยวอย่างสง่างาม">การโดดเดี่ยวอย่างสง่างาม</a>"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[100]</a> พร้อม ๆ กับความพยายามใช้การควบคุมอย่างเป็นทางหารเหนืออาณานิคมของตน ฐานะของบริเตนซึ่งครอบงำการค้าโลกอยู่นั้น หมายความว่า บริเตนสามารถควบคุมเศรษฐกิจของหลายประเทศได้ชะงัด อาทิ จีน <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="อาร์เจนตินา">อาร์เจนตินา</a> และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ประเทศไทย">สยาม</a> ซึ่งเป็นลักษณะที่นักประวัติศาสตร์เรียกว่า "<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิไม่เป็นทางการ">จักรวรรดิไม่เป็นทางการ</a>"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[102]</a> ความแข็งแกร่งของจักรวรรดิบริติชได้รับการส่งเสริมจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="เรือไอน้ำ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เรือไอน้ำ</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="โทรเลข">โทรเลข</a> เทคโนโลยีใหม่ ๆ ซึ่งถูกคิดค้นขึ้นในช่วงครึ่งหลังของคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 ทำให้จักรวรรดิบริติชสามารถควบคุมและป้องกันจักรวรรดิได้ ใน ค.ศ. 1902 จักรวรรดิบริติชเชื่อมโยงเข้าด้วยกันโดยสายโทรเลข ซึ่งเรียกว่า "<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ออลเรดไลน์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ออลเรดไลน์</a>"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกในอินเดีย"><span id=".E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.A9.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.81.E0.B9.83.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A2">บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกในอินเดีย</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกในอินเดีย" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9751016"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> บทความหลัก: <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="บริติชราช">บริติชราช</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg/170px-Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="393"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 222px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg/170px-Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg/255px-Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> การ์ตูนการเมืองในปี ค.ศ. 1876 ของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เบนจามิน ดิสราเอลี">เบนจามิน ดิสราเอลี</a> เป็นภาพ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถวิกตอเรียแห่งสหราชอาณาจักร">พระราชินีวิกตอเรีย</a> ทรงได้รับพระอิสริยยศ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดิแห่งอินเดีย">จักรพรรดินีแห่งอินเดีย</a> คำอธิบายใต้ภาพเขีนยว่า "มงกุฎใหม่สำหรับกษัตริย์องค์เก่า!" </figcaption> </figure> บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกขับเคลื่อนการขยายของจักรวรรดิบริติชในทวีปเอเชีย กองทัพของบริษัทเข้าร่วมกับราชนาวีระหว่างสงครามเจ็ดปีก่อน และทั้งสองกองทัพยังร่วมมือในสมรภูมิอื่นนอกเหนือจากอินเดีย ได้แก่ การขับไล่นโปเลียนออกจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="อียิปต์">อียิปต์</a> (ค.ศ. 1799) การยึด<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เกาะชวา">เกาะชวา</a>จากเนเธอร์แลนด์ (ค.ศ. 1811) การเข้าควบคุม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สิงคโปร์">สิงคโปร์</a> (ค.ศ. 1819) และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="มะละกา">มะละกา</a> (ค.ศ. 1824) และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สงครามพม่า-อังกฤษ ครั้งที่ 1">การพิชิตพม่า</a> (ค.ศ. 1826)<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#refOHBEv3%7CPorter,_p._401-99">[99]</a> จากฐานของบริษัทในอินเดีย บริษัทยังค้าส่งออก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ฝิ่น">ฝิ่น</a>อันสร้างรายได้เพิ่มขึ้นไปจีนนับแต่คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1930 การค้าดังกล่าว ซึ่ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ราชวงศ์ชิง">ราชวงศ์ชิง</a>ประกาศให้มิชอบด้วยกฎหมายใน ค.ศ. 1729 ช่วยพลิกการขาดดุลการค้าอันเป็นผลมาจากการนำเข้า<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ชา">ชา</a>ของบริเตน โดยมีการไหลออกจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เงิน (โลหะ)">เงิน</a>จากบริเตนไปจีนเป็นอันมาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[104]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1839 การริบฝิ่นกว่า 20,000 ลังที่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="กวางตุ้ง">กวางตุ้ง</a>โดยทางการจีน ทำให้บริเตนโจมตีจีนใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามฝิ่นครั้งที่หนึ่ง">สงครามฝิ่นครั้งที่หนึ่ง</a> และนำไปสู่การยึดเกาะฮ่องกงของบริเตน ซึ่งในเวลานั้นยังเป็นนิคมขนาดเล็ก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[105]</a> ระหว่างปลายคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 18 และต้นคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 พระมหากษัตริย์บริติชเริ่มเข้ามามีบทบาทเพิ่มขึ้นในกิจการของบริษัท มีการผ่านพระราชบัญญัติหลายฉบับซึ่งรวมพระราชบัญญัติวางระเบียบ ค.ศ. 1773 พระราชบัญญัติอินเดียของพิตต์ ค.ศ. 1784 และพระราชบัญญัติพระบรมราชานุญาต ค.ศ. 1813 ซึ่งวางระเบียบกิจการของบริษัทและสถาปนาอำนาจอธิปไตยของพระมหากษัตริย์เหนือดินแดนที่บริษัทได้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[106]</a> การกบฏอินเดียนำมาซึ่งการสิ้นสุดของบริษัทในท้ายสุด การกบฏอินเดียเป็นความขัดแย้งซึ่งเริ่มจากการก่อการกำเริบของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ซีปอย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ซีปอย</a> ทหารอินเดียซึ่งอยู่ภายใต้นายทหารและระเบียบวินัยของบริเตน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[107]</a> การกบฏใช้เวลาปราบปรามหกเดือนโดยทั้งสองฝ่ายเสียเลือดเนื้ออย่างหนัก ปีต่อมา รัฐบาลบริติชยุบบริษัทและเข้าควบคุมอินเดียโดยตรงผ่าน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1858?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="พระราชบัญญัติรัฐบาลอินเดีย ค.ศ. 1858">พระราชบัญญัติรัฐบาลอินเดีย ค.ศ. 1858</a> สถาปนา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="บริติชราช">บริติชราช</a> ซึ่งข้าหลวงใหญ่ที่ได้รับแต่งตั้งปกครองอินเดียและพระราชินีนาถวิกตอเรียราชาภิเษกเป็น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="จักรพรรดินีอินเดีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">จักรพรรดินีอินเดีย</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[108]</a> อินเดียกลายเป็นการครอบครองทรงคุณค่าที่สุดของจักรวรรดิ "เพชรพลอยในมงกุฎ" และเป็นบ่อเกิดความแข็งแกร่งของบริเตนที่สำคัญที่สุด<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brown5-109">[109]</a> เหตุพืชผลล่มจมร้ายแรงในปลายคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 นำสู่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ทุพภิกขภัยในอินเดีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ทุพภิกขภัยกว้างขวาง</a>ในอนุทวีปอินเดียซึ่งมีการประมาณว่ามีผู้เสียชีวิตกว่า 15 ล้านคน บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกไม่สามารถนำนโยบายประสานงานไปปฏิบัติเพื่อรับมือกับทุพภิกขภัยได้เลยระหว่างสมัยการปกครอง ต่อมา ภายใต้การปกครองของบริเตนโดยตรง มีการตั้งคณะกรรมการหลังทุพภิกขภัยแต่ละครั้งเพื่อสืบสวนสาเหตุและนำนโยบายใหม่ไปปฏิบัติ ซึ่งใช้เวลาจนต้นคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1900 จึงมีผล<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="การแข่งขันกับรัสเซีย">การแข่งขันกับรัสเซีย</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การแข่งขันกับรัสเซีย" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> ระหว่างคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 บริเตนและ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิรัสเซีย">รัสเซีย</a>แข่งกันเพื่อเติมเต็มสุญญากาศแห่งอำนาจหลังจากการเสื่อมถอยของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน">จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ราชวงศ์กอญัร">ราชวงศ์กอญัร</a> และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ราชวงศ์ชิง">ราชวงศ์ชิง</a> ความขัดแย้งในยูเรเชียนี้ได้ชื่อว่า "<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เกมใหญ่">เกมใหญ่</a>"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-refhdbe478-111">[111]</a> เท่าที่บริเตนเกรง ความปราชัยของเปอร์เซียและตุรกีต่อรัสเซียแสดงความทะเยอทะยานและขีดความสามารถของจักรวรรดิ และสร้างความกลัวในบริเตนว่าจะมีการบุกครองอินเดียทางบก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[112]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1839 บริเตนชิงตัดหน้าโดยการบุกครองอัฟกานิสถาน แต่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สงครามอังกฤษ-อัฟกานิสถานครั้งที่หนึ่ง (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สงครามอังกฤษ-อัฟกานิสถานครั้งที่หนึ่ง</a>เป็นหายนะสำหรับบริเตน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-refjames182-113">[113]</a> เมื่อรัสเซียบุกครอง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="บอลข่าน">บอลข่าน</a>ของตุรกีใน ค.ศ. 1853 ความกลัวภาวะครอบงำของรัสเซียใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน">ทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน</a>และตะวันออกกลาง ทำให้บริเตนและฝรั่งเศสร่วมกันบุกครอง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="คาบสมุทรไครเมีย">คาบสมุทรไครเมีย</a>เพื่อทำลายขีดความสามารถของกองทัพเรือรัสเซีย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-refjames182-113">[113]</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามไครเมีย">สงครามไครเมีย</a> (ค.ศ. 1854–1856) ที่เกิดให้หลังซึ่งเกี่ยวข้องกับ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="การสงครามสมัยใหม่ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การสงครามสมัยใหม่</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[114]</a> และเป็น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามโลก">สงครามระดับโลก</a>ครั้งเดียวระหว่างบริเตนและ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดินิยม">เจ้าจักรวรรดิ</a>อื่นระหว่างสันติภาพบริเตน ยุติลงด้วยความปราชัยครั้งใหญ่ของรัสเซีย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-refjames182-113">[113]</a> สถานการณ์ในเอเชียกลางนี้ยังไม่ยุติไปอีกสองทศวรรษ โดยบริเตนผนวก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บาโลชิสถาน">บาโลชิสถาน</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1876 และรัสเซียผนวก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="คีร์กีซสถาน">เคอร์กิเซีย</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="คาซัคสถาน">คาซัคสถาน</a> และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เติร์กเมนิสถาน">เติร์กเมนิสถาน</a> ชั่วขณะหนึ่งดูเหมือนว่าจะเลี่ยงสงครามอีกหนหนึ่งไม่ได้นั้น แต่สองประเทศบรรลุความตกลงเรื่องเขตอิทธิพลของสองประเทศในภูมิภาคใน ค.ศ. 1878 และประเด็นที่ค้างอยู่ทั้งหมดใน ค.ศ. 1907 โดยการลงนาม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ความตกลงอังกฤษ-รัสเซีย">ความตกลงอังกฤษ-รัสเซีย</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[115]</a> การทำลายกองทัพเรือรัสเซียโดยญี่ปุ่นที่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ยุทธนาวีที่พอร์ตอาเธอร์">ยุทธนาวีที่พอร์ตอาเธอร์</a>ระหว่าง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สงครามรัสเซีย-ญี่ปุ่น">สงครามรัสเซีย-ญี่ปุ่น</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1904-1905 ยังจำกัดภัยคุกคามของกองทัพเรือรัสเซียต่อบริเตน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hodge47-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="จากแหลมถึงไคโร">จากแหลมถึงไคโร</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: จากแหลมถึงไคโร" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/220px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="2681"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 285px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/220px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png" data-width="220" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/330px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/440px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เดอะโรดส์โคลอสซัส">เดอะโรดส์โคลอสซัส</a>—<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="เซซิล โรดส์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เซซิล โรดส์</a>กางแขน "จากแหลมถึงไคโร" </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกของดัตช์">บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกของดัตช์</a>ตั้ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="อาณานิคมเคป">อาณานิคมเคป</a> ณ ปลายใต้สุดของทวีปแอฟริกาใน ค.ศ. 1652 เป็นสถานีทางผ่านสำหรับเรือดัตช์ในการเดินทางไปและกลับจากอาณานิคมใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="อินเดียตะวันออก">อินเดียตะวันออก</a> บริเตนได้อาณานิคมดังกล่าวอย่างเป็นทางการรวมทั้งประชากร<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="แอฟริกันเนอร์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แอฟริกันเนอร์</a> (หรือ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ชาวบัวร์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ชาวบัวร์</a>) ขนาดใหญ่ใน ค.ศ. 1806 หลังจากยึดครองมาตั้งแต่ ค.ศ. 1795 เพื่อป้องกันมิให้อาณานิคมแห่งนี้ตกอยู่ในมือฝรั่งเศส หลังจากการบุกครองเนเธอร์แลนด์ของฝรั่งเศส<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[117]</a> การเข้าเมืองของชาวบริติชเริ่มเพิ่มขึ้นหลังจาก ค.ศ. 1820 และผลักดันชาวบัวร์นับพันซึ่งไม่พอใจกับการปกครองของอังกฤษขึ้นไปทางเหนือเพื่อก่อตั้งสาธารณรัฐอิสระปกครองตนเองในช่วง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Great_Trek&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Great Trek (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เกรตเทร็ก</a> ปลายคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1830 และต้นคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1840<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[118]</a> ระหว่างนั้น <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="วูเทรกเกอส์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">วูเทรกเกอส์</a>ปะทะกับชาวบริติชบ่อยครั้ง ซึ่งมีแรงจูงใจของตนเกี่ยวกับการขยายอาณานิคมในแอฟริกาใต้และต่อองค์กรการเมืองแอฟริกาหลายแห่ง รวมถึงชาติ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="โซโท (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">โซโท</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ซูลู">ซูลู</a> สุดท้ายชาวโบร์สถาปนาสาธารณรัฐสองแห่งที่มีอายุยืนยาวกว่าแห่งอื่น ๆ ได้แก่ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89_(%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สาธารณรัฐแอฟริกาใต้ (แคว้นทรานวาล) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สาธารณรัฐแอฟริกาใต้</a>หรือสาธารณรัฐทรานส์วัลล์ (ค.ศ. 1852–1877; 1881–1902) และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เสรีรัฐออเรนจ์">เสรีรัฐออเรนจ์</a> (ค.ศ. 1854–1902)<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[119]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1902 บริเตนยึดครองทั้งสองสาธารณรัฐ โดยบรรลุสนธิสัญญากับสอง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สาธารณรัฐบัวร์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สาธารณรัฐบัวร์</a>ให้หลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สงครามบัวร์ครั้งที่สอง (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สงครามบัวร์ครั้งที่สอง</a> (ค.ศ. 1899–1902)<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[120]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1869 <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="คลองสุเอซ">คลองสุเอซ</a>เปิดภายใต้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรพรรดินโปเลียนที่ 3">นโปเลียนที่ 3</a> ซึ่งเชื่อมระหว่างทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียนกับมหาสมุทรอินเดีย เดิมบริเตนต่อต้านคลองสุเอซ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[121]</a> แต่เมื่อเปิดแล้ว คุณค่าทางยุทธศาสตร์ของคลองได้รับการยอมรับอย่างรวดเร็วและกลายเป็น "หลอดเลือดดำคอของจักรวรรดิ"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[122]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1875 รัฐบาลพรรคอนุรักษนิยมนายกรัฐมนตรี<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เบนจามิน ดิสราเอลี">เบนจามิน ดิสราเอลี</a>ซื้อหุ้นคลองสุเอซร้อยละ 44 เป็นจำนวนเงิน 4 ล้านปอนด์ (340 ล้านปอนด์ใน ค.ศ. 2013) จากผู้ปกครองอียิปต์ อิสมาอิล ปาชาซึ่งเป็นหนี้ แม้ว่าจำนวนหุ้นดังกล่าวไม่ได้ทำให้บริเตนได้ควบคุมเส้นทางน้ำยุทธศาสตร์นี้โดยสมบูรณ์ แต่ก็ทำให้บริเตนมีความได้เปรียบ การควบคุมทางการเงินร่วมกันของบริเตนและฝรั่งเศสเหนืออียิปต์ยุติลงเมื่อบริเตนยึดครองโดยสมบูรณ์ใน ค.ศ. 1882<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[123]</a> ฝรั่งเศสยังเป็นผู้ถือหุ้นเสียงข้างมากของคลองสุเอซและพยายามทำให้ฐานะของบริเตนอ่อนแอลง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[124]</a> แต่มีการบรรลุการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="อนุสัญญาคอนสแตนติโนเปิล">อนุสัญญาคอนสแตนติโนเปิล</a> ค.ศ. 1888 ทำให้คลองสุเอซเป็นดินแดนเป็นกลางอย่างเป็นทางการ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[125]</a> เนื่องจากกิจกรรมของฝรั่งเศส <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิอาณานิคมเบลเยียม">เบลเยียม</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรวรรดิอาณานิคมโปรตุเกส">โปรตุเกส</a>ในภูมิภาค<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แม่น้ำคองโก">แม่น้ำคองโก</a>ตอนล่างบ่อนทำลายการแทรกซึมแอฟริกาเขตร้อนอย่างเป็นระบบ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="การประชุมเบอร์ลิน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การประชุมเบอร์ลิน</a> ค.ศ. 1884-1885 จัดขึ้นเพื่อวางระเบียบการแข่งขันระหว่างอำนาจยุโรปในสิ่งที่เรียกว่า "<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ยุคล่าอาณานิคมในแอฟริกา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ยุคล่าอาณานิคมในแอฟริกา</a>" (Scramble for Africa) โดยนิยาม "การยึดครองอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ" เป็นเกณฑ์การรับรองของนานาชาติต่อการอ้างสิทธิ์ดินแดน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[126]</a> ยุคล่าอาณานิคมดังกล่าวดำเนินไปจนคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1890 และทำให้บริเตนพิจารณาการตัดสินใจของตนใหม่ที่จะถอนตัวออกจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ซูดาน">ซูดาน</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1885 กำลังร่วมบริเตนและอียิปต์สามารถพิชิต<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สงครามมะซิซต์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">กองทัพมะซิซต์</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1896 และขัดขวางความพยายาม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="วิกฤตการณ์ฟาโชดา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">บุกครองฟาโชดา</a>ของฝรั่งเศสใน ค.ศ. 1898 ซูดานกลายเป็น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ซูดานของอังกฤษ-อียิปต์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ดินแดนใต้การปกครองร่วมอังกฤษ-อียิปต์</a>ในนาม แต่ที่จริงเป็นอาณานิคมบริติช<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[127]</a> ดินแดนที่บริติชได้ในแอฟริกาใต้และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แอฟริกาตะวันออก">แอฟริกาตะวันออก</a>ทำให้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ซีซิล โรดส์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ซีซิล โรดส์</a> ผู้บุกเบิกการขยายตัวของบริติชในแอฟริกา กระตุ้นให้สร้างทางรถไฟ "<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ทางรถไฟแหลมถึงไคโร (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แหลมถึงไคโร</a>" เชื่อม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="คลองสุเอซ">คลองสุเอซ</a>อันมีความสำคัญยิ่งทางยุทธศาสตร์กับแอฟริกาใต้ซึ่งอุดมไปด้วยแร่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[128]</a> ระหว่างคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1880 และ 1890 โรดส์และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="บริษัทแอฟริกาใต้ของอังกฤษ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">บริษัทแอฟริกาใต้ของอังกฤษ</a>ซึ่งเขาเป็นเจ้าของ ยึดครองและผนวกดินแดนซึ่งต่อมาได้ชื่อตามเขาว่า <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="โรดีเซีย">โรดีเซีย</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="การเปลี่ยนสถานภาพของอาณานิคมผิวขาว"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.96.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.A0.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.93.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.9C.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A7">การเปลี่ยนสถานภาพของอาณานิคมผิวขาว</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การเปลี่ยนสถานภาพของอาณานิคมผิวขาว" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> เส้นทางสู่อิสรภาพของอาณานิคมผิวขาวของจักรวรรดิบริติชเริ่มต้นขึ้นด้วย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="รายงานดูร์ฮัม (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">รายงานดูร์ฮัม</a> ค.ศ. 1839 ซึ่งเสนอการสร้างเอกภาพและการปกครองตนเองสำหรับทั้งอัปเปอร์และโลวเออร์แคนาดา ซึ่งจะเป็นแนวทางแก้ไขความไม่สงบทางการเมืองในพื้นที่ได้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[130]</a> เหตุการณ์ดังกล่าวเริ่มขึ้นจากการผ่าน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1840&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="พระราชบัญญัติสหภาพ ค.ศ. 1840 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">พระราชบัญญัติสหภาพในปี ค.ศ. 1840</a> ซึ่งได้ก่อตั้ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="จังหวัดแคนาดา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">จังหวัดแคนาดา</a> ได้มีให้สิทธิ์<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="รัฐบาลแห่งความรับผิดชอบ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">รัฐบาลแห่งความรับผิดชอบ</a>แก่โนวาสโกเทียเป็นแห่งแรกในปี ค.ศ. 1848 และได้ขยายไปยังอาณานิคมอเมริกาเหนือของอังกฤษที่เหลืออย่างรวดเร็ว ในปี ค.ศ. 1867 อัปเปอร์และโลวเออร์แคนาดา นิวบรันสวิก และโนวาสโกเทียได้รวมเข้าด้วยกันเป็น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="อาณาจักรแคนาดา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อาณาจักรแคนาดา</a> สมาพันธรัฐแห่งนี้มีสิทธิในการปกครองตนเอง ยกเว้นเพียง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศ">ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศ</a>เท่านั้น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[131]</a> ออสเตรเลียและนิวซีแลนด์ได้รับระดับการปกครองตนเองระดับเดียวกันหลังจาก ค.ศ. 1900 โดยอาณานิคมออสเตรเลียได้รวมเข้าด้วยกันเป็น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สมาพันธรัฐออสเตรเลีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สมาพันธรัฐ</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1901<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132">[132]</a> คำว่า "สถานภาพดินแดนในปกครอง" มีที่มาอย่างเป็นทางการจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="การประชุมจักรวรรดิ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การประชุมอาณานิคม ค.ศ. 1907</a> โดยหมายถึงแคนาดา นิวฟันด์แลนด์ ออสเตรเลียและนิวซีแลนด์ ใน ค.ศ. 1910 อาณานิคมเคป นาทัล ทรานสวัล และเสรีรัฐออเรนจ์ได้ถูกรวมเข้าด้วยกันเพื่อจัดตั้ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สหภาพแอฟริกาใต้">สหภาพแอฟริกาใต้</a> ซึ่งได้รับสถานภาพดินแดนในปกครองเช่นเดียวกัน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rhodes5-133">[133]</a> ทศวรรษสุดท้ายของคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 มีการรณรงค์ทางการเมืองอย่างพร้อมเพรียงกันของการปกครองตนเองไอริช ไอร์แลนด์ถูกรวมกับสหราชอาณาจักรบริเตนใหญ่และไอร์แลนด์โดย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1800?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พระราชบัญญัติสหภาพ ค.ศ. 1800">พระราชบัญญัติสหภาพ ค.ศ. 1800</a> หลังจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1798&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="การกบฏไอริช ค.ศ. 1798 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การกบฏไอริช ค.ศ. 1798</a> และประสบ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ความอดอยากครั้งใหญ่ในไอร์แลนด์">ทุพภิกขภัยรุนแรงระหว่าง ค.ศ. 1845 ถึง 1852</a> การปกครองตนเองได้รับการสนับสนุนจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="นายกรัฐมนตรีสหราชอาณาจักร">นายกรัฐมนตรีสหราชอาณาจักร</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="วิลเลียม แกลดสโตน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">วิลเลียม แกลดสโตน</a> ผู้ซึ่งหวังว่าไอร์แลนด์จะตามรอยของแคนาดาในการเป็นประเทศในเครือจักรภพภายในจักรวรรดิ แต่ร่างกฎหมายปกครองตนเอง ค.ศ. 1886 ของเขาไม่ผ่านรัฐสภา แม้ว่าหากร่างกฎหมาสยนี้ผ่านจะให้อัตตาณัติน้อยลงในสหราชอาณาจักรกว่าที่มณฑลของแคนาดามีในสหพันธรัฐของตน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[134]</a> สมาชิกรัฐสภาหลายคนเกรงว่าไอร์แลนด์ที่มีอำนาจอธิปไตยบางส่วนอาจเป็นภัยคุกคามความมั่นคงของบริเตนใหญ่หรือเป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของการทำลายจักรวรรดิ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-James,_p._315-135">[135]</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1893&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="พระราชบัญญัติรัฐบาลไอร์แลนด์ ค.ศ. 1893 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">กฎหมายปกครองตนเองฉบับที่สอง</a>ก็พ่ายแพ้ด้วยเหตุผลที่คล้ายกัน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-James,_p._315-135">[135]</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1914&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="พระราชบัญญัติปกครองตนเอง ค.ศ. 1914 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">กฎหมายปกครองตนเองฉบับที่สาม</a>ได้ผ่านโดยรัฐสภาในปี ค.ศ. 1914 แต่มิได้นำออกมาบังคับใช้เนื่องจากการปะทุของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง">สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง</a> ซึ่งนำไปสู่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="การก่อการกำเริบอีสเตอร์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การก่อการกำเริบอีสเตอร์</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1916<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[136]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="สงครามโลก_(1914–1945)">สงครามโลก (1914–1945)</h2> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: สงครามโลก (1914–1945)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> เมื่อถึงคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 20 ความกลัวเริ่มแพร่ขยายขึ้นในหมู่ชาวอังกฤษว่าอังกฤษอาจะไม่สามารถป้องกันเมืองแม่และจักรวรรดิทั้งหมดในขณะเดียวกับการดำเนินนโยบาย "<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="การโดดเดี่ยวอย่างสง่างาม">การโดดเดี่ยวอย่างสง่างาม</a>"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[137]</a> เยอรมนีได้เจริญรุ่งเรืองขึ้นอย่างรวดเร็วในฐานะอำนาจทางการทหารและอุตสาหกรรม และถูกมองว่ามีความเป็นไปได้ที่จะเป็นคู่แข่งของอังกฤษในสงครามอนาคต เนื่องจากทราบดีว่าตนถูกบีบให้ทำเกินความสามารถในแปซิฟิก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[138]</a> และถูกคุกคามที่แผ่นดินแม่โดยกองทัพเรือเยอรมัน อังกฤษจึงได้ก่อตั้ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พันธมิตรอังกฤษ-ญี่ปุ่น">พันธมิตรกับญี่ปุ่น</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1902 และศัตรูเก่า ได้แก่ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ความตกลงฉันท์มิตรระหว่างอังกฤษ-ฝรั่งเศส (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ฝรั่งเศส</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ภาคีอังกฤษ-รัสเซีย">รัสเซีย</a> ในปี ค.ศ. 1904 และ ค.ศ. 1907 ตามลำดับ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง"><span id=".E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1.E0.B9.82.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B1.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.B5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B6.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87">สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Austro-Hungarian_fleet_on_maneuvers.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Austro-Hungarian_fleet_on_maneuvers.jpg/200px-Austro-Hungarian_fleet_on_maneuvers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="959"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Austro-Hungarian_fleet_on_maneuvers.jpg/200px-Austro-Hungarian_fleet_on_maneuvers.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Austro-Hungarian_fleet_on_maneuvers.jpg/300px-Austro-Hungarian_fleet_on_maneuvers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Austro-Hungarian_fleet_on_maneuvers.jpg/400px-Austro-Hungarian_fleet_on_maneuvers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="แกรนด์ฟลีต (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แกรนด์ฟลีต</a>มุ่งหน้าไปยัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ยุทธนาวีจัตแลนด์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">จัตแลนด์</a> ค.ศ. 1916 </figcaption> </figure> มีการตระหนักถึงความกลัวสงครามกับเยอรมนีของบริเตนใน ค.ศ. 1914 ด้วยการอุบัติของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง">สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง</a> บริเตนบุกครองและยึดครองอาณานิคมโพ้นทะเลในทวีปแอฟริกาส่วนใหญ่ของเยอรมนี ในมหาสมุทรแปซิฟิก ออสเตรเลียและนิวซีแลนด์ยึดครองเยอรมันนิวกินีและซามัวตามลำดับ มีการร่างแผนสำหรับการแบ่งจักรวรรดิออตโตมันหลังสงครามซึ่งเข้าฝ่ายกับเยอรมนีอย่างลับ ๆ โดยบริเตนและฝรั่งเศสหลังความตกลงไซคส์–ปิโก ค.ศ. 1916 ความตกลงนี้มิได้เปิดเผยแก่ชาริฟเมกกะที่บริเตนส่งเสริมให้เปิดฉากการก่อการกำเริบต่อผู้ปกครองออตโตมันของตน ทำให้มีภาพลักษณ์ว่าบริเตนกำลังสนับสนุนการสถาปนารัฐอาหรับอิสระ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brown494-495-140">[140]</a> การประกาศสงครามต่อเยอรมนีและพันธมิตรยังผูกมัดอาณานิคมและประเทศในเครือจักรภพด้วย ซึ่งให้การสนับสนุนทางทหาร การเงิน และวัตถุดิบอย่างหาค่ามิได้ มีทหารกว่า 2.5 ล้านนายรับราชการในกองทัพประเทศในเครือจักรภพทั้งหมด เช่นเดียวกับอาสาสมัครหลายพันคนจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="คราวน์โคโลนี">คราวน์โคโลนี</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141">[141]</a> การมีส่วนร่วมของกำลังออสเตรเลียและนิวซีแลนด์ระหว่าง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="การทัพกัลลิโปลี (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การทัพกัลลิโปลี</a> ค.ศ. 1915 ต่อ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน">จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน</a>ส่งผลกระทบใหญ่หลวงต่อสำนึกแห่งชาติที่ประเทศแม่ และเป็นจุดต้นกำเนิดของการเปลี่ยนผ่านของออสเตรเลียและนิวซีแลนด์จากอาณานิคมเป็นชาติซึ่งมีสิทธิ์ของตน ทั้งสองประเทศยังจัดพิธีรำลึกถึงเหตุการณ์ดังกล่าวใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="วันแอนแซก">วันแอนแซก</a> ชาวแคนาดามองว่า<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ยุทธการที่เนินไวมี (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ยุทธการที่เนินไวมี</a>ในทำนองเดียวกัน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142">[142]</a> การมีส่วนร่วมอย่างสำคัญของประเทศในเครือจักรภพในความพยายามสงครามได้รับการรับรองใน ค.ศ. 1917 โดยนายกรัฐมนตรีสหราชอาณาจักร <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เดวิด ลอยด์ จอร์จ">เดวิด ลอยด์ จอร์จ</a> เมื่อเขาเชิญนายกรัฐมนตรีของประเทศในเครือจักภพเข้าร่วม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="คณะรัฐมนตรีสงครามจักรวรรดิ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">คณะรัฐมนตรีสงครามจักรวรรดิ</a>เพื่อประสานงานนโยบายจักรวรรดิ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[143]</a> ภายใต้เงื่อนไขของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2_(1919)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สนธิสัญญาแวร์ซาย (1919)">สนธิสัญญาแวร์ซาย</a> ซึ่งลงนามใน ค.ศ. 1919 จักรวรรดิบริติชขยายตัวกว้างใหญ่ไพศาลที่สุด เมื่อได้ดินแดนเพิ่มเข้ามาอีก 4,700,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร และประชากรเพิ่มขึ้นอีก 13 ล้านคน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิอาณานิคมเยอรมัน">อาณานิคมของเยอรมนี</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน">จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน</a>ถูกแจกจ่ายให้กับอำนาจฝ่ายสัมพันธมิตรเป็น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="อาณัติสันนิบาติชาติ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อาณัติสันนิบาติชาติ</a> บริเตนได้ควบคุมปาเลสไตน์ ทรานสจอร์แดน อิรัก บางส่วนของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="แคเมอรูน">แคเมอรูน</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="โตโก">โตโก</a> และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="แทนกานยิกา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แทนกานยิกา</a> ประเทศในเครือจักรภพเองก็ได้อาณัติของตนเองเช่นกัน คือ สหภาพแอฟริกาใต้ได้แอฟริกาตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ (ปัจจุบัน คือ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="นามิเบีย">นามิเบีย</a>) ออสเตรเลียได้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="เยอรมันนิวกินี (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เยอรมันนิวกินี</a> นิวซีแลนด์ได้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ซามัว">เวสเทิร์นซามัว</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="นาอูรู">นาอูรู</a>ก็เป็นอาณัติร่วมของบริเตนและสองประเทศในเครือจักรภพแปซิฟิก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="สมัยระหว่างสงคราม">สมัยระหว่างสงคราม</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: สมัยระหว่างสงคราม" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:British_Empire_1921.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/400px-British_Empire_1921.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/400px-British_Empire_1921.png" data-width="400" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/600px-British_Empire_1921.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/800px-British_Empire_1921.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> จักรวรรดิบริติชเมื่อมีดินแดนมากที่สุดใน ค.ศ. 1921 </figcaption> </figure> ระเบียบโลกที่กำลังเปลี่ยนแปลงที่นำพามาโดยสงคราม โดยเฉพาะการเติบโตของสหรัฐอเมริกาและญี่ปุ่นในฐานะมหาอำนาจทางทะเล และความเจริญของขบวนการเรียกร้องเอกราชในอินเดียและไอร์แลนด์ ทำให้มีการประเมินนโยบายจักรวรรดิบริติชใหม่ครั้งสำคัญ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[146]</a> อังกฤษถูกบีบให้เลือกระหว่างปรับแนวกับสหรัฐอเมริกาหรือญี่ปุ่น อังกฤษเลือกไม่ต่ออายุพันธมิตรกับญี่ปุ่นและลงนามใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สนธิสัญญานาวิกวอชิงตัน">สนธิสัญญานาวิกวอชิงตัน</a> ค.ศ. 1922 แทน ซึ่งอังกฤษยอมรับความเสมอกันทางนาวิกกับสหรัฐอเริกา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-reflouis302-147">[147]</a> การตัดสินใจนี้เป็นที่มาของการโต้เถียงอย่างมากในอังกฤษระหว่างคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1930<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[148]</a> เพราะรัฐบาลนิยมทหารถือการช่วยเหลือญี่ปุ่นและเยอรมนีบางส่วนโดย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ภาวะเศรษฐกิจตกต่ำครั้งใหญ่">ภาวะเศรษฐกิจตกต่ำครั้งใหญ่</a> เพราะเกรงว่าจักรวรรดิไม่สามารถอยู่รอดจากการโจมตีพร้อมกันของทั้งสองประเทศได้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[149]</a> แม้ประเด็นความมั่นคงของจักรวรรดิเป็นความกังวลใหญ่หลวงในอังกฤษ แต่ขณะเดียวกันจักรวรรดิก็สำคัญต่อเศรษฐกิจอังกฤษเช่นกัน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150">[150]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1919 ความขัดข้องอันเกิดจากความล่าช้าต่อสมาชิกพรรคซินน์เฟน พรรคนิยมเอกราชที่ได้รับเสียงข้างมากในที่นั่งไอร์แลนด์ในเวสต์มินสเตอร์ในการเลือกตั้งทั่วไปในอังกฤษ ค.ศ. 1918 ผู้นำขบวนการปกครองตนเองของไอร์แลนด์ (Irish home rule) ในการจัดตั้งสมัชชาไอร์แลนด์ใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ดับลิน">ดับลิน</a> ที่ซึ่งมีการประกาศเอกราชของไอร์แลนด์ พร้อมกันนั้น กองทัพสาธารณรัฐไอร์แลนด์เริ่มสงครามกองโจรต่อรัฐบาลอังกฤษ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151">[151]</a> สงครามอังกฤษ-ไอร์แลนด์สิ้นสุดลงใน ค.ศ. 1921 ด้วยการคุมเชิงกันอยู่ และการลงนามสนธิสัญญาอังกฤษ-ไอร์แลนด์ สถาปนา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="รัฐอิสระไอร์แลนด์">รัฐอิสระไอร์แลนด์</a> ประเทศในเครือจักรภพในจักรวรรดิอังกฤษ โดยเอกราชภายในมีผลแต่ยังเชื่อมโยงกับพระมหากษัตริย์อังกฤษในทางรัฐธรรมนูญ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ไอร์แลนด์เหนือ">ไอร์แลนด์เหนือ</a> ซึ่งประกอบด้วย เทศมณฑล 6 จาก 32 แห่งของไอร์แลนด์ ซึ่งได้ถูกสถาปนาเป็นภูมิภาคที่ได้รับถ่ายโอนอำนาจ (devolved region) ภายใต้พระราชบัญญัติรัฐบาลไอร์แลนด์ ค.ศ. 1920 ซึ่งใช้ทางเลือกของตนภายใต้สนธิสัญญาทันทีเพื่อคงสถานภาพที่มีอยู่ในสหราชอาณาจักร<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-153">[153]</a> การต่อสู้คล้ายกันเริ่มในประเทศอินเดียเมื่อพระราชบัญญัติรัฐบาลอินเดีย ค.ศ. 1919 ไม่ตอบสนองข้อเรียกร้องเอกราช<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[154]</a> ความกังวลต่อแผนคอมมิวนิสต์และต่างชาติให้หลังกบฏกาดาร์ (Ghadar Mutiny) รับรองว่าโครงสร้างยามสงครามถูกรื้อฟื้นโดยพระราชบัญญัติโรว์ลัตต์ (Rowlatt Acts) ซึ่งนำไปสู่ความตึงเครียด<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-refjames416-155">[155]</a> โดยเฉพาะใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ภูมิภาคปัญจาบ">ภูมิภาคปัญจาบ</a> ซึ่งมาตรการกดขี่ลงเอยด้วยการสังหารหมู่อมฤตสาร์ (Amritsar Massacre) ในบริเตน ความเห็นสาธารณะแตกออกในเรื่องศีลธรรมของเหตุการณ์ดังกล่าว ระหว่างผู้ที่มองว่าเป็นการช่วยอินเดียให้พ้นจากอนาธิปไตย และผู้ที่มองอย่างแขยง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-refjames416-155">[155]</a> มีการเลื่อนขบวนการไม่ร่วมมือต่อมาในเดือนมีนาคม ค.ศ. 1922 หลังเหตุการณ์เชารีเชารา (Chauri Chaura incident) และความไม่พอใจคุกรุ่นอยู่อีก 25 ปีจากนี้ไป<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[156]</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1922 อียิปต์ ซึ่งถูกประกาศเป็นรัฐในอารักขาของอังกฤษเมื่อสงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่งอุบัติ ได้รับเอกราชอย่างเป็นทางการ แม้ยังเป็น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="รัฐบริวาร">รัฐบริวาร</a>ของอังกฤษต่อไปจน ค.ศ. 1954 ทหารอังกฤษยังประจำอยู่ในประเทศอียิปต์กระทั่งการลงนามสนธิสัญญาอังกฤษ-อียิปต์ใน ค.ศ. 1936<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[157]</a> ซึ่งในสนธิสัญญา ทั้งสองตกลงว่า จะถอนทหารแต่ยังยึดครองและป้องกันเขตคลองสุเอซ เพื่อเป็นการแลกเปลี่ยน อียิปต์ได้รับสนับสนุนให้เข้าร่วม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สันนิบาตชาติ">สันนิบาตชาติ</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[158]</a> ประเทศอิรัก อาณัติของอังกฤษตั้งแต่ ค.ศ. 1920 ยังได้สมาชิกภาพสันนิบาตชาติในสิทธิของตนหลังได้รับเอกราชจากอังกฤษใน ค.ศ. 1932<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[159]</a> ในปาเลสไตน์ อังกฤษประสบปัญหาการไกล่เกลี่ยระหว่างชุมชนอาหรับและยิว ในปฏิญญาแบลฟะ (Balfour Declaration) ค.ศ. 1917 ซึ่งถูกรวมอยู่ในเงื่อนไขอาณัติด้วย แถลงว่า จะสถาปนาบ้านชนชาติสำหรับชาวยิวในปาเลสไตน์ และอนุญาตการเข้าเมืองของชาวยิวถึงขีดจำกัดซึ่งจะตัดสินโดยอำนาจอาณัติ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-160">[160]</a> ซึ่งนำไปสู่ความขัดแย้งเพิ่มขึ้นกับประชากรอาหรับ ซึ่งก่อการกำเริบอย่างเปิดเผยใน ค.ศ. 1936 เมื่อภัยคุกคามสงครามกับเยอรมนีเพิ่มขึ้นระหว่างคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1930 อังกฤษตัดสินว่าการสนับสนุนประชากรอาหรับในตะวันออกกลางสำคัญกว่าการสถาปนาบ้านเกิดเมืองนอนยิว และเปลี่ยนท่าทีเป็นนิยมอาหรับ จำกัดการเข้าเมืองของชาวยิว แล้วจุดชนวนการก่อการกำเริบของชาวยิวแทน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brown494-495-140">[140]</a> ประเทศในเครือจักรภพสามารถกำหนดนโยบายต่างประเทศของตนเป็นอิสระจากบริเตนได้ โดยได้รับการรับรองที่การประชุมจักรวรรดิ ค.ศ. 1923<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[161]</a> คำขอความช่วยเหลือทางทหารของบริเตนจากประเทศในเครือจักรภพเมื่อวิกฤตชานัก (Chanak Crisis) อุบัติเมื่อปีกลายถูกแคนาดาและแอฟริกาใต้ปฏิเสธ และแคนาดาปฏิเสธถูกผูกมัดโดยสนธิสัญญาโลซาน ค.ศ. 1923<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[163]</a> หลังแรงกดดันจากไอร์แลนด์และแอฟริกาใต้ การประชุมจักรวรรดิ ค.ศ. 1926 ออกปฏิญญาแบลฟะ ประกาศให้ประเทศในเครือจักรภพเป็น "ชุมชนปกครองตนเองในจักรวรรดิบริติช มีสถานภาพเท่าเทียมกัน ไม่เป็นรองชุมชนอื่นในทางหนึ่งทางใด" ใน "<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เครือจักรภพแห่งประชาชาติ">เครือจักรภพแห่งประชาชาติ</a>บริติช"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-164">[164]</a> ปฏิญญานี้มีสถานะเป็นกฎหมาย (legal substance) ภายใต้บทกฎหมายเวสต์มินสเตอร์ (Statute of Westminster) ค.ศ. 1931<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rhodes5-133">[133]</a> รัฐสภาแคนาดา ออสเตรเลีย นิวซีแลนด์ สหภาพแอฟริกาใต้ เสรีรัฐไอร์แลนด์และนิวฟันด์แลนด์บัดนี้เป็นอิสระจากการควบคุมฝ่ายนิติบัญญัติของบริติช ประเทศเหล่านี้สามารถทำให้กฎหมายบริติชเป็นโมฆะและบริเตนไม่สามารถผ่านกฎหมายให้ได้โดยปราศจากความยินยอมอีก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[165]</a> นิวฟันด์แลนด์กลับเป็นสถานะอาณานิคมอีกใน ค.ศ. 1933 โดยประสบความเดือดร้อนทางการเงินระหว่างภาวะเศรษฐกิจตกต่ำครั้งใหญ่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[166]</a> ไอร์แลนด์เว้นระยะจากบริเตนมากขึ้นโดยการริเริ่มรัฐธรรมนูญฉบับใหม่ใน ค.ศ. 1937 ทำให้เป็นสาธารณรัฐโดยพฤตินัย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง">สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg/220px-El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1772"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg/220px-El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg/330px-El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg/440px-El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> ระหว่าง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง">สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง</a> กองทัพที่แปดประกอบขึ้นจากหน่วยจากประเทศต่าง ๆ จำนวนมากในจักรวรรดิบริติชและเครือจักรภพ กองทัพนี้สู้รบในการทัพแอฟริกาเหนือและอิตาลี </figcaption> </figure> การประกาศสงครามต่อ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="นาซีเยอรมนี">นาซีเยอรมนี</a>ของบริเตนเมื่อเดือนกันยายน ค.ศ. 1939 รวมคราวน์โคโลนีและอินเดียด้วย แต่ไม่ผูกมัดประเทศในเครือจักรภพโดยอัตโนมัติ ออสเตรเลีย แคนาดา นิวซีแลนด์ นิวฟันด์แลนด์และแอฟริกาใต้ล้วนประกาศสงครามต่อเยอรมนีในไม่ช้า แต่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เสรีรัฐไอร์แลนด์">เสรีรัฐไอร์แลนด์</a>เลือกเป็นกลางทางกฎหมายตลอดสงคราม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[168]</a> หลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ยุทธการที่ฝรั่งเศส">การยึดครองฝรั่งเศสของเยอรมนี</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1940 บริเตนและจักรวรรดิยืนต่อกรเยอรมนีเพียงลำพัง จน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สหภาพโซเวียต">สหภาพโซเวียต</a>เข้าสู่สงครามใน ค.ศ. 1941 นายกรัฐมนตรีบริติช <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="วินสตัน เชอร์ชิลล์">วินสตัน เชอร์ชิลล์</a> วิ่งเต้นประธานาธิบดี<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5._%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="แฟรงกลิน ดี. โรสเวลต์">แฟรงกลิน ดี. โรสเวลต์</a> เพื่อขอความช่วยเหลือทางทหารจากสหรัฐอเมริกาได้สำเร็จ แต่โรสเวลต์ยังไม่พร้อมขอ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="รัฐสภาสหรัฐอเมริกา">รัฐสภา</a>ให้ผูกมัดประเทศเข้าร่วมสงคราม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-169">[169]</a> ในเดือนสิงหาคม ค.ศ. 1941 เชอร์ชิลล์และโรสเวลต์พบกันและลงนาม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="กฎบัตรแอตแลนติก">กฎบัตรแอตแลนติก</a> ซึ่งรวมถ้อยแถลงว่า ควรเคารพ "สิทธิเลือก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ระบอบการปกครอง">ระบอบการปกครอง</a>ที่พวกตนอาศัยอยู่ของประชาชนทั้งปวง" การใช้คำนี้เคลือบคลุมว่าหมายถึงประเทศยุโรปที่ถูกเยอรมนีบุกครอง หรือผู้ที่ถูกชาติยุโรปตั้งนิคม และต่อมาชาวบริติช อเมริกันและขบวนการชาตินิยมตีความต่างกัน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-reflloyd316-170">[170]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171">[171]</a> ในเดือนธันวาคม ค.ศ. 1941 <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิญี่ปุ่น">ญี่ปุ่น</a>เปิดฉากการเข้าตีบริติชมาลายา ฐานทัพเรือสหรัฐอเมริกาที่ท่าจอดเรือเพิร์ล และฮ่องกงต่อ ๆ กันอย่างรวดเร็ว ปฏิกิริยาของเชอร์ชิลล์ต่อการเข้าสู่สงครามของสหรัฐอเมริกา คือ บริเตนได้รับประกันชัยชนะและอนาคตของจักรวรรดิปลอดภัย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[172]</a> แต่จริตของการยอมจำนนอย่างรวดเร็วของบริเตนเป็นผลเสียต่อฐานะและเกียรติภูมิของบริเตนในฐานะอำนาจจักรวรรดิอย่างไม่อาจผันกลับได้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[174]</a> ที่เสียหายหนักที่สุด คือ การเสียสิงคโปร์ ซึ่งเคยได้รับการเชิดชูเป็นปราการไม่อาจทะลวงและเทียบเท่ากับ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ยิบรอลตาร์">ยิบรอลตาร์</a>แห่งทิศตะวันออก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-175">[175]</a> การตระหนักว่า บริเตนไม่สามารถป้องกันทั้งจักรวรรดิของตนได้ผลักดันให้ออสเตรเลียและนิวซีแลนด์ ซึ่งบัดนี้ราวกับถูกกองทัพญี่ปุ่นคุกคาม ให้มีความสัมพันธ์ใกล้ชิดกับสหรัฐอเมริกามากขึ้น จนให้เกิด<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สนธิสัญญาแอนซัส (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สนธิสัญญาแอนซัส</a> ค.ศ. 1951 ระหว่างออสเตรเลีย นิวซีแลนด์และสหรัฐอเมริกา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-reflloyd316-170">[170]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="การปลดปล่อยอาณานิคมและความเสื่อม_(1945–1997)"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.93.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A1.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.B7.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A1_.281945.E2.80.931997.29">การปลดปล่อยอาณานิคมและความเสื่อม (1945–1997)</h2> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การปลดปล่อยอาณานิคมและความเสื่อม (1945–1997)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> แม้บริเตนและจักรวรรดิคว้าชัยจากสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง ผลของความขัดแย้งนั้นล้ำลึก ทั้งในบริเตนและโพ้นทะเล ทวีปยุโรปบริเวณกว้าง อันเป็นทวีปซึ่งครอบงำโลกมาหลายศตวรรษ เป็นซากปรักหักพัง และมีกองทัพสหรัฐอเมริกาและสหภาพโซเวียต ซึ่งบัดนี้ถือดุลอำนาจโลก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176">[176]</a> อังกฤษล้มละลายโดยสิ้นเชิง โดยปัดป้องการไม่สามารถชำระหนี้ได้เฉพาะใน ค.ศ. 1946 หลังเจรจาขอกู้เงิน 4,330 ล้านดอลลาร์สหรัฐ (56,000 ล้านดอลลาร์สหรัฐใน ค.ศ. 2012) จากสหรัฐอเมริกา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-177">[177]</a> ซึ่งผ่อนชำระงวดสุดท้ายใน ค.ศ. 2006<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GT-DEX-2006-33-178">[178]</a> ขณะเดียวกัน ขบวนการต่อต้านอาณานิคมเจริญในอาณานิคมของชาติยุโรป สถานการณ์ซับซ้อนขึ้นอีกโดยความเป็นปรปักษ์ที่เพิ่มขึ้นระหว่างสหรัฐอเมริกาและสหภาพโซเวียต โดยหลักการ ทั้งสองชาติคัดค้านลัทธิอาณานิคมยุโรป ทว่าในทางปฏิบัติ การต่อต้านลัทธิคอมมิวนิสต์ของสหรัฐอยู่เหนือการต่อต้านจักรวรรดินิยม ฉะนั้น สหรัฐอเมริกาจึงสนับสนุนการมีอยู่ของจักรวรรดิบริติชต่อไปเพื่อถ่วงดุลการขยายของลัทธิคอมมิวนิสต์<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-179">[179]</a> สุดท้าย "สายลมการเปลี่ยนแปลง" หมายความว่า วันแห่งจักรวรรดิบริติชเหลือน้อยแล้ว และโดยรวม บริเตนใช้นโยบายการปล่อยอาณานิคมเมื่อมีรัฐบาลซึ่งมีเสถียรภาพและมิใช่คอมมิวนิสต์ให้ถ่ายโอนอำนาจไป ซึ่งตรงข้ามกับประเทศยุโรปอ่นอย่างฝรั่งเศสและโปรตุเกส<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180">[180]</a> ซึ่งทำสงครามราคาแพงและสุดท้ายล้มเหลวเพื่อรักษาจักรวรรดิของตนให้สมบูรณ์ ระหว่าง ค.ศ. 1945 ถึง 1965 จำนวนประชากรในการปกครองของอังกฤษนอกสหราชอาณาจักรลดลงจาก 700 ล้านคนเหลือ 5 ล้านคน ซึ่ง 3 ล้านคนในจำนวนนี้อยู่ในฮ่องกง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="การปล่อยขั้นต้น">การปล่อยขั้นต้น</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การปล่อยขั้นต้น" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg/220px-Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="424"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg/220px-Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg/330px-Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg/440px-Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> ประมาณ 14.5 ล้านคนเสียบ้านเป็นผลจากการแบ่งประเทศอินเดียใน ค.ศ. 1947 </figcaption> </figure> รัฐบาลพรรคแรงงานซึ่งนิยมการให้เอกราชได้รับเลือกตั้งในการเลือกตั้งทั่วไป ค.ศ. 1945 และมีคลีเมนต์ แอตลีเป็นหัวหน้า ขยับอย่างรวดเร็วเพื่อจัดการปัญหาซึ่งกดดันที่สุดซึ่งจักรวรรดิกำลังเผชิญ คือ ปัญหาเอกราชของอินเดีย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-182">[182]</a> พรรคการเมืองหลักสองพรรคของอินเดีย คองเกรสแห่งชาติอินเดียและสันนิบาตมุสลิม รณรงค์เรียกร้องเอกราชมาหลายทศวรรษแล้ว แต่ตกลงกันไม่ได้ว่าควรนำไปปฏิบัติอย่างไร พรรคคองเกรสนิยมรัฐเดี่ยวฆราวาสอินเดีย แต่พรรคสันนิบาต ด้วยเกรงถูกฝ่ายข้างมากฮินดูครอบงำ ปรารถนารัฐอิสลามต่างหากสำหรับภูมิภาคซึ่งมีมุสลิมเป็นส่วนใหญ่ ความไม่สงบของพลเมืองที่เพิ่มขึ้นและการก่อการกำเริบในราชนาวีอินเดียระหว่าง ค.ศ. 1946 นำให้แอตลีสัญญาเอกราชไม่เกิน ค.ศ. 1948 เมื่อความเร่งด่วนของสถาบการณ์และความเสี่ยงสงครามกลางเมืองประจักษ์ชัด ลอร์ดเมานท์บัตเทิน (Lord Mountbatten) อุปราชซึ่งเพิ่งได้รับแต่งตั้ง (และคนสุดท้าย) เลื่อนเวลามาเป็นวันที่ 15 สิงหาคม ค.ศ. 1947<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-183">[183]</a> โดยด่วน เขตแดนที่บริเตนลากเพื่อแบ่งอินเดียเป็นพื้นที่ฮินดูและมุสลิมทำให้หลายสิบล้านคนเป็นชนกลุ่มน้อยในรัฐเอกราชใหม่อินเดียและ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ปากีสถาน">ปากีสถาน</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-184">[184]</a> ต่อมา มุสลิมหลายล้านคนข้ามจากอินเดียไปปากีสถาน และกลับกันสำหรับชาวฮินดู และความรุนแรงระหว่างสองชุมชนทำให้มีการเสียชีวิตนับหลายแสน พม่าซึ่งถูกปกครองเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของบริติชราชและ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ศรีลังกา">ศรีลังกา</a>ได้รับเอกราชในปีถัดมา คือ ค.ศ. 1948 อินเดีย ปากีสถาน และศรีลังกากลายเป็นสมาชิกเครือจักรภพ แต่พม่าเลือกไม่เข้าร่วม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-185">[185]</a> อาณัติปาเลสไตน์ของบริเตน ซึ่งประชากรอาหรับส่วนใหญ่อาศัยอยู่ร่วมกับชนกลุ่มน้อยชาวยิว นำปัญหาให้บริเตนคล้ายกับในกรณีอินเดีย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-186">[186]</a> แต่ปาเลสไตน์ยุ่งยากเพราะผู้ลี้ภัยชาวยิวจำนวนมากแสวงการรับเข้าปาเลสไตน์หลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ฮอโลคอสต์">ฮอโลคอสต์</a> แต่ชาวอาหรับคัดค้านการสถาปนารัฐยิว ด้วยท้อกับความยากของปัญหา การโจมตีขององค์การกึ่งทหารยิวและค่าใช้จ่ายที่เพิ่มขึ้นจากการคงทหารไว้ บริเตนจึงประกาศใน ค.ศ. 1947 ว่าจะถอนทหารใน ค.ศ. 1948 และทิ้งปัญหาให้สหประชาชาติแก้ไข<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-187">[187]</a> ต่อมา <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สมัชชาใหญ่แห่งสหประชาชาติ">สมัชชาใหญ่แห่งสหประชาชาติ</a>ลงมติสนับสนุนแผนแบ่งปาเลสไตน์เป็นรัฐยิวและอาหรับ หลังญี่ปุ่นปราชัยในสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง ขบวนการต่อต้านต่อต้านญี่ปุ่นในมาลายาหันความสนใจไปยังบริติชแทน ซึ่งกลับควบคุมอาณานิคมอย่างรวดเร็ว โดยให้มูลค่าเพราะเป็นแหล่งยางและดีบุก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceA-188">[188]</a> ข้อเท็จจริงที่ว่ากองโจรเป็นคอมมิวนิสต์ชาวมลายู-จีนเป็นหลักหมายความว่า ชาวมลายูมุสลิมส่วนใหญ่สนับสนุนความพยายามปราบปรามการก่อการกำเริบนี้ของอังกฤษ โดยความเข้าใจว่าเมื่อปราบปรามการก่อการกำเริบดังกล่าวแล้ว จะได้รับเอกราช<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceA-188">[188]</a> ภาวะฉุกเฉินมาลายา ตามที่ถูกเรียก เริ่มใน ค.ศ. 1948 และกินเวลาถึง ค.ศ. 1960 แต่ใน ค.ศ. 1957 บริเตนรู้สึกมั่นใจพอให้เอกราชแก่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สหพันธรัฐมาลายา">สหพันธรัฐมาลายา</a>ในเครือจักรภพ ใน ค.ศ. 1963 สิบเอ็ดรัฐแห่งสหพันธรัฐร่วมกับสิงคโปร์ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ซาราวัก">ซาราวัก</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="บอร์เนียวเหนือ">บอร์เนียวเหนือ</a> แต่ใน ค.ศ. 1965 สิงคโปร์ซึ่งประชากรส่วนใหญ่เป็นชาวจีนถูกขับออกจากสหภาพหลังความตึงเครียดที่เกิดตามมาระหว่างประชากรชาวมลายูกับชาวจีน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-189">[189]</a> บรูไนซึ่งเป็นรัฐในอารักขาของบริเตนตั้งแต่ ค.ศ. 1888 ปฏิเสธเข้าร่วมสหภาพ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-190">[190]</a> และธำรงสถานภาพของตนจนได้รับเอกราชใน ค.ศ. 1984 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="สุเอซและผลลัพธ์">สุเอซและผลลัพธ์</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: สุเอซและผลลัพธ์" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Eden,_Anthony.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Eden%2C_Anthony.jpg/170px-Eden%2C_Anthony.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3772" data-file-height="4458"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Eden%2C_Anthony.jpg/170px-Eden%2C_Anthony.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Eden%2C_Anthony.jpg/255px-Eden%2C_Anthony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Eden%2C_Anthony.jpg/340px-Eden%2C_Anthony.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> การตัดสินใจของนายกรัฐมนตรีบริติช แอนโทนี อีเดนในการบุกครองอียิปต์ระหว่างวิกฤตการณ์สุเอซยุติอาชีพการเมืองของเขาและเผยความอ่อนแอของบริเตนในฐานะชาติจักรวรรดิ </figcaption> </figure> ค.ศ. 1951 พรรคอนุรักษนิยมหวนสู่อำนาจในบริเตน ภายใต้การนำของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="วินสตัน เชอร์ชิลล์">วินสตัน เชอร์ชิลล์</a> เชอร์ชิลล์และพรรคอนุรักษนิยมเชื่อว่าฐานะมหาอำนาจโลกของบริเตนขึ้นอยู่กับการดำรงอยู่ต่อไปของจักรวรรดิ โดยฐานที่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="คลองสุเอซ">คลองสุเอซ</a>ทำให้บริเตนธำรงฐานะเด่นในตะวันออกกลางแม้เสียอินเดียไปแล้ว ทว่า เชอร์ชิลล์ไม่อาจเพิกเฉยต่อรัฐบาลปฏิวัติใหม่ของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ญะมาล อับดุนนาศิร">ญะมาล อับดุนนาศิร</a>ซึ่งเถลิงอำนาจใน ค.ศ. 1952 และในปีต่อมา มีการตกลงว่าจะมีการถอนทหารบริติชจากเขตคลองสุเอซและซูดานจะได้รับการกำหนดการปกครองด้วยตัวเองภายใน ค.ศ. 1955 โดยจะได้รับเอกราชตามมา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-191">[191]</a> ซูดานได้รับเอกราชเมื่อวันที่ 1 มกราคม ค.ศ. 1956 เดือนกรกฎาคม ค.ศ. 1956 นาศิรโอนคลองสุเอซเป็นของรัฐฝ่ายเดียว <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แอนโทนี อีเดน">แอนโทนี อีเดน</a> นายกรัฐมนตรีคนถัดจากเชอร์ชิลล์ สนองโดยการคบคิดกับฝรั่งเศสวางแผนให้อิสราเอลเข้าตีอียิปต์ซึ่งจะทำให้บริเตนและฝรั่งเศสเข้าแทรกแซงทางทหารและยึดคลองคืน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[192]</a> อีเดนทำให้ประธานาธิบดี<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5._%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ดไวต์ ดี. ไอเซนฮาวร์">ดไวต์ ดี. ไอเซนฮาวร์</a>แห่งสหรัฐโกรธเนื่องจากไม่ได้ปรึกษาเขา และไอเซนฮาวร์ไม่ยอมสนับสนุนการบุกครองนี้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-193">[193]</a> ข้อกังวลอีกอย่างหนึ่งของไอเซนฮาวร์คือ ความเป็นไปได้ที่จะเกิดสงครามวงกว้างขึ้นกับสหภาพโซเวียตหลังโซเวียตขู่แทรกแซงโดยเข้ากับฝ่ายอียิปต์ ไอเซนฮาวร์ใช้เลฟเวอริจทางการเงิน (financial leverage) โดยขู่ขายเงิน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ปอนด์สเตอร์ลิง">ปอนด์บริติช</a>สำรองของสหรัฐและจะเร่งให้เกิดการล่มสลายของเงินตราบริติช<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-194">[194]</a> แม้กำลังบุกครองจะประสบความสำเร็จทางทหารตามวัตถุประสงค์<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-195">[195]</a> แต่การเข้าแทรกแซงของสหประชาชาติและแรงกดดันจากสหรัฐบีบให้บริเตนถอนกำลังของตนอย่างขายหน้าและอีเดนลาออก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="วิกฤตการณ์สุเอซ">วิกฤตการณ์สุเอซ</a>เผยข้อจำกัดของบริเตนต่อโลกและยืนยันความเสื่อมของบริเตนบนเวทีโลก แสดงให้เห็นว่าสืบแต่นั้นบริเตนไม่สามารถกระทำการใดได้โดยปราศจากความยินยอมหรือการสนับสนุนอย่างเต็มขั้นของสหรัฐ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-200">[200]</a> เหตุการณ์ที่สุเอซทำให้ความภูมิใจในชาติบริเตนเสียหาย ทำให้สมาชิกรัฐสภาผู้หนึ่งอธิบายเหตุการณ์ดังกล่าวว่า "<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ยุทธการที่วอเตอร์ลู">วอเตอร์ลู</a>ของบริเตน"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#refOHBEv4%7CBrown,_p._343-201">[201]</a> และอีกคนแนะว่า บริเตนกลายเป็น "บริวารของอเมริกา"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-202">[202]</a> ภายหลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="มาร์กาเรต แทตเชอร์">มาร์กาเรต แทตเชอร์</a>อธิบายกรอบความเชื่อ (mindset) ที่นางเชื่อว่าเกิดกับสถาบันการเมืองของบริเตนว่า "กลุ่มอาการสุเอซ" ซึ่งบริเตนไม่ฟื้นตัวจนยึด<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="หมู่เกาะฟอล์คแลนด์">หมู่เกาะฟอล์คแลนด์</a>คืนจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="อาร์เจนตินา">อาร์เจนตินา</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1982<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-203">[203]</a> แม้วิกฤตการณ์สุเอซทำให้อำนาจของบริเตนในตะวันออกกลางอ่อนแอลง แต่ก็มิได้ล่มสลายทีเดียว<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-204">[204]</a> บริเตนเริ่มวางกำลังกองทัพเข้าไปในภูมิภาคนั้นใหม่ โดยเข้าแทรกแซงใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="โอมาน">โอมาน</a> (ค.ศ. 1957), <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="จอร์แดน">จอร์แดน</a> (ค.ศ. 1958) และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="คูเวต">คูเวต</a> (ค.ศ. 1961) แม้โอกาสเหล่านี้จะได้รับความยินยอมจากอเมริกา<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-205">[205]</a> เนื่องจากนโยบายต่างประเทศของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ฮาโรลด์ แมคมิลแลน">ฮาโรลด์ แมคมิลแลน</a> นายกรัฐมนตรีคนใหม่ คือ การคงเข้ากับสหรัฐอย่างเหนียวแน่น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#refOHBEv4%7CBrown,_p._343-201">[201]</a> บริเตนคงทหารในตะวันออกกลางอีกทศวรรษ เดือนมกราคม ค.ศ. 1968 ไม่กี่สัปดาห์หลังการลดค่าเงินตราปอนด์ นายกรัฐมนตรี<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ฮาโรลด์ วิลสัน">ฮาโรลด์ วิลสัน</a> และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="เดนิส เฮียเลย์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เดนิส เฮียเลย์</a> รัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงกลาโหมในขณะนั้น ประกาศว่าจะถอนกำลังกำลังบริเตนจากฐานทัพใหญ่ทางตะวันออกของสุเอซ ซึ่งรวมถึงฐานทัพในตะวันออกกลาง และมาเลเซียและสิงคโปร์เป็นหลัก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-206">[206]</a> บริเตนถอนทหารจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เอเดน">เอเดน</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1967, <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บาห์เรน">บาห์เรน</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1971 และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="มัลดีฟส์">มัลดีฟส์</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1976<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ลมแห่งการเปลี่ยนแปลง">ลมแห่งการเปลี่ยนแปลง</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ลมแห่งการเปลี่ยนแปลง" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/220px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/220px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/330px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/440px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> การปลดปล่อยอาณานิคมในทวีปแอฟริกาของบริเตน เมื่อสิ้นคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1960 ทุกประเทศยกเว้นโรดีเซีย (คือ ซิมบับเวในอนาคต) และอาณัติแอฟริกาตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ (<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="นามิเบีย">นามิเบีย</a>) ของแอฟริกาใต้ได้รับรองเอกราช </figcaption> </figure> แมคมิลแลนกล่าวสุนทรพจน์ในเคปทาวน์ ประเทศแอฟริกาใต้ในเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ ค.ศ. 1960 ซึ่งเขากล่าวว่า "ลมแห่งการเปลี่ยนแปลงกำลังพัดผ่านทวีปนี้"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-208">[208]</a> แมคมิลแลนปรารถนาหลีกเลี่ยงสงครามอาณานิคมแบบเดียวกับที่ฝรั่งเศสกำลังสู้รบอยู่ในอัลจีเรีย และภายใต้การดำรงตำแหน่งนายกรัฐมนตรีของเขา การปลดปล่อยอาณานิคมดำเนินอย่างรวดเร็ว<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-209">[209]</a> จากสามอาณานิคมที่ได้รับเอกราชในคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1950 ได้แก่ ซูดาน โกลด์โคสตฺและมาลายา มีเพิ่มขึ้นอีกเกือบสิบเท่าระหว่างคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1960<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-210">[210]</a> อาณานิคมของบริเตนที่ยังเหลืออยู่ในทวีปแอฟริกา ยกเว้น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เซาเทิร์นโรดีเชีย">เซาเทิร์นโรดีเชีย</a>ที่ปกครองตนเอง ได้รับเอกราชทั่วกันภายใน ค.ศ. 1968 การถอนตัวจากส่วนใต้และตะวันออกของทวีปแอฟริกาของบริเตนมิใช่กระบวนการอย่างสันติ เอกราชของเคนยาเกิดให้หลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mau Mau Uprising (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การก่อการกำเริบเมาเมา</a> (Mau Mau Uprising) นาน 8 ปี ใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="โรดีเซีย">โรดีเซีย</a> คำประกาศเอกราชฝ่ายเดียว ค.ศ. 1965 โดยฝ่ายข้างน้อยผิวขาวทำให้เกิดสงครามกลางเมืองซึ่งกินเวลาจนความตกลงแลงคาสเตอร์เฮาส์ ค.ศ. 1979 ซึ่งตั้งข้อกำหนดสำหรับเอกราชที่ได้รับการรับรองใน ค.ศ. 1980 เป็นประเทศใหม่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ซิมบับเว">ซิมบับเว</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-211">[211]</a> ในทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน สงครามกองโจรที่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ชาวไซปรัสกรีก (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ชาวไซปรัสกรีก</a> (Greek Cypriots) เป็นผู้ก่อลงเอยด้วยประเทศไซปรัสที่มีเอกราชใน ค.ศ. 1960 โดยสหราชอาณาจักรคงฐานทัพ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แอโครเทียรีและดิเคเลีย">แอโครเทียรีและดิเคเลีย</a> เกาะ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="มอลตา">มอลตา</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="โกโซ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">โกโซ</a>ในทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียนได้รับเอกราชฉันมิตรจากสหราชอาณาจักรใน ค.ศ. 1964 แม้มีการเสนอความคิดให้รวมกับบริเตนใน ค.ศ. 1955<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-212">[212]</a> ดินแดนแคริบเบียนของสหราชอาณาจักรส่วนมากได้รับเอกราชหลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="จาไมกา">จาไมกา</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ตรินิแดด">ตรินิแดด</a>ออกจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สหพันธ์อินเดียตะวันตก (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สหพันธ์อินเดียตะวันตก</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1961 และ 1962 สหพันธ์อินเดียตะวันตกสถาปนาใน ค.ศ. 1958 ในความพยายามรวมอาณานิคมแคริบเบียนบริติชภายใต้รัฐบาลเดียว แต่ล่มสลายหลังการเสียสมาชิกใหญ่สุดสองชาติ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-knight14-213">[213]</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บาร์บาโดส">บาร์บาโดส</a>ได้รับเอกราชใน ค.ศ. 1966 และเกาะแคริบเบียนตะวันออกต่าง ๆ ที่เหลือในคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1970 และ 1980<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-knight14-213">[213]</a> แต่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แองกวิลลา">แองกวิลลา</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="หมู่เกาะเติกส์และหมู่เกาะเคคอส">หมู่เกาะเติกส์และหมู่เกาะเคคอส</a>เลือกกลับสู่การปกครองของบริเตนหลังเริ่มเส้นทางสู่เอกราชแล้ว<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="หมู่เกาะบริติชเวอร์จิน">หมู่เกาะบริติชเวอร์จิน</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="หมู่เกาะเคย์แมน">หมู่เกาะเคย์แมน</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="มอนต์เซอร์รัต">มอนต์เซอร์รัต</a>เลือกคงความสัมพันธ์กับบริเตน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-216">[216]</a> ขณะที่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="กายอานา">กายอานา</a>ได้รับเอกราชใน ค.ศ. 1966 อาณานิคมสุดท้ายของบริเตนบนแผ่นดินใหญ่ทวีปอเมริกา บริติชฮอนดูรัส กลายเป็นอาณานิคมปกครองตนเองใน ค.ศ. 1964 และมีการเปลี่ยนชื่อเป็น<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เบลีซ">เบลีซ</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1973 และได้รับเอกราชอย่างสมบูรณ์ใน ค.ศ. 1981 ข้อพิพาทระหว่างเบลีซกับกัวเตมาลาเรื่องดินแดนยังไม่ยุติ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-217">[217]</a> ดินแดนในมหาสมุทรแปซิฟิกของบริเตนได้รับเอกราชในคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1970 เริ่มจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ฟิจิ">ฟิจิ</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1970 และจบด้วย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="วานูอาตู">วานูอาตู</a>ใน ต.ศ. 1980 เอกราชของวานูอาตูล่าไปเพราะข้อพิพาททางการเมืองระหว่างชุมชนที่พูดภาษาอังกฤษกับฝรั่งเศส เพราะหมู่เกาะนั้นมีการปกครองร่วมเป็นดินแดนใต้การปกครองร่วมกับฝรั่งเศส<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-218">[218]</a> ฟิจิ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ตูวาลู">ตูวาลู</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="หมู่เกาะโซโลมอน">หมู่เกาะโซโลมอน</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ปาปัวนิวกินี">ปาปัวนิวกินี</a> เลือกเป็นราชอาณาจักรเครือจักรภพ <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="จุดจบของจักรวรรดิ">จุดจบของจักรวรรดิ</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: จุดจบของจักรวรรดิ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Hong_Kong_Convention_Centre_(5714951833).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hong_Kong_Convention_Centre_%285714951833%29.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_Convention_Centre_%285714951833%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hong_Kong_Convention_Centre_%285714951833%29.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_Convention_Centre_%285714951833%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hong_Kong_Convention_Centre_%285714951833%29.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_Convention_Centre_%285714951833%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hong_Kong_Convention_Centre_%285714951833%29.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_Convention_Centre_%285714951833%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> ศูนย์ประชุมฮ่องกงเป็นสถานที่จัดพิธีการส่งมอบอำนาจอธิปไตยเหนือฮ่องกงจากบริเตนให้จีนใน ค.ศ. 1997 เป็นสัญลักษณ์จุดจบของจักรวรรดิ </figcaption> </figure> ค.ศ. 1980 โรดีเซีย อาณานิคมสุดท้ายของบริเตนในทวีปแอฟริกา กลายเป็นรัฐเอกราช<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ซิมบับเว">ซิมบับเว</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="นิวเฮบริดีส์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">นิวเฮบริดีส์</a> (New Hebrides) ได้รับเอกราชในชื่อวานูอาตูใน ค.ศ. 1980 ตามด้วย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เบลีซ">เบลีซ</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1981 การผ่านพระราชบัญญัติสัญชาติบริติช ค.ศ. 1981 ซึ่งจัดแบ่งคราวน์โคโลนีที่เหลืออยู่เป็น "ดินแดนในภาวะพึ่งพาบริติช" และเปลีย่นชื่อเป็นดินแดนโพ้นทะเลบริติชใน ค.ศ. 2002<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-219">[219]</a> หมายความว่า นอกจากเกาะและด่านหน้ากระจัดกระจาย (และการได้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rockall&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rockall (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ร็อกออล</a> โขดหินไม่มีคนอยู่อาศัยในมหาสมุทรแอตแลนติกใน ค.ศ. 1955)<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-220">[220]</a> กระบวนการการปลดปล่อยอาณานิคมซึ่งเริ่มมาตั้งแต่หลังสงครามโลกครั้งที่สองสำเร็จไปแล้วส่วนใหญ่ ใน ค.ศ. 1982 ความเด็ดเดี่ยวในการปกป้องดินแดนโพ้นทะเลที่เหลืออยู่ของบริเตนถูกทดสอบเมื่ออาร์เจนตินาบุกครองหมู่เกาะฟอล์คแลนด์ โดยการอ้างสิทธิ์ยาวนานซึ่งย้อนไปถึงสมัย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิสเปน">จักรวรรดิสเปน</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-221">[221]</a> การสนองทางทหารที่สัมฤทธิ์ผลในท้ายสุดของบริเตนในการยึดหมู่เกาะคืนระหว่าง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สงครามฟอล์กแลนด์">สงครามฟอล์กแลนด์</a>มีหลายคนมองว่าช่วยพลิกแนวโน้มสถานภาพมหาอำนาจโลกของบริเตนที่ลดลง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-222">[222]</a> ในปีเดียวกัน รัฐบาลแคนาดาตัดความเชื่อมโยงทางกฎหมายสุดท้ายกับบริเตนโดยการทวง (Patriation) รัฐธรรมนูญแคนาดาจากบริเตน รัฐสภาบริเตนผ่านพระราชบัญญัติแคนาดา ค.ศ. 1982 ทำให้การเปลี่ยนแปลงรัฐธรรมนูญแคนาดาไม่ต้องมีบริเตนเข้ามาเกี่ยวข้อง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-refohbev594-18">[18]</a> คล้ายกัน พระราชบัญญัติรัฐธรรมนูญ ค.ศ. 1986 ปฏิรูปรัฐธรรมนูญนิวซีแลนด์เพื่อตัดความเชื่อมโยงตามรัฐธรรมนญกับบริเตน และพระราชบัญญัติออสเตรเลีย ค.ศ. 1986 ตัดความเชื่อมโยงตามรัฐธรรมนูญระหว่างบริเตนและรัฐออสเตรเลียต่าง ๆ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-223">[223]</a> เดือนกันยายน ค.ศ. 1982 นายกรัฐมนตรี<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="มาร์กาเรต แทตเชอร์">มาร์กาเรต แทตเชอร์</a>เดินทางเยือนกรุงปักกิ่งเพื่อเจรจากับรัฐบาลจีนเรื่องอนาคตของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ฮ่องกง">ฮ่องกง</a>ซึ่งเป็นดินแดนโพ้นทะเลใหญ่สุดท้ายและมีประชากรมากที่สุด<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-224">[224]</a> ภายใต้เงื่อนไขของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สนธิสัญญานานกิง">สนธิสัญญานานกิง</a> ค.ศ. 1842 เกาะฮ่องกงถูกยกให้บริเตนตลอดกาล แต่อาณานิคมส่วนใหญ่ประกอบขึ้นจาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=New_Territories&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="New Territories (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">นิวเทอร์ริทอรีส์</a>ซึ่งได้มาภายใต้การเช่า 99 ปีใน ค.ศ. 1898 ซึ่งจะหมดอายุใน ค.ศ. 1997<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-226">[226]</a> แทตเชอร์ซึ่งมองเห็นความคล้ายกับหมู่เกาะฟอล์กแลนด์ ทีแรกปรารถนาถือครองฮ่องกงและเสนอการปกครองของบริติชโดยอยู่ภายใต้เอกราชของจีน แต่ถูกจีนปฏิเสธ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-227">[227]</a> มีการบรรลุข้อตกลงใน ค.ศ. 1984 ภายใต้เงื่อนไขของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ปฏิญญาร่วมจีน-บริเตน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ปฏิญญาร่วมจีน-บริเตน</a> ฮ่องกงจะเป็นเขตบริหารพิเศษของสาธารณรัฐประชาชนจีน โดยธำรงวิถีชีวิตเป็นเวลาอย่างน้อย 50 ปี<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-228">[228]</a> มีพิธีส่งมอบใน ค.ศ. 1997<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brendon-Empire-end-16">[16]</a> ซึ่งหลายคนซึ่งรวมถึง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าชาลส์ที่ 3 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร">เจ้าชายชาลส์ เจ้าชายแห่งเวลส์</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Prince-Charles-Empire-End-17">[17]</a> ซึ่งทรงร่วมพิธีด้วย ว่า "จุดจบของจักรวรรดิ"<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-refohbev594-18">[18]</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC-Empire-End-19">[19]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="มรดกตกทอด">มรดกตกทอด</h2> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: มรดกตกทอด" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Location_of_the_BOTs.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Location_of_the_BOTs.svg/220px-Location_of_the_BOTs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="433"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Location_of_the_BOTs.svg/220px-Location_of_the_BOTs.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Location_of_the_BOTs.svg/330px-Location_of_the_BOTs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Location_of_the_BOTs.svg/440px-Location_of_the_BOTs.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ดินแดนโพ้นทะเลบริติช">ดินแดนโพ้นทะเลบริติช</a>สิบสี่ดินแดน </figcaption> </figure> บริเตนยังคงอำนาจอธิปไตยเหนือ 14 ดินแดนนอกหมู่เกาะบริติช ซึ่งเปลี่ยนชื่อเป็นดินแดนโพ้นทะเลบริติชใน ค.ศ. 2002<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-229">[229]</a> บางแห่งไม่มีผู้อยู่อาศัยยกเว้นบุคลากรทางทหารหรือวิทยาศาสตร์ชั่วคราว ที่เหลือมีการปกครองตนเองในระดับต่าง ๆ และอาศัยสหราชอาณาจักรในด้านความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศและการป้องกัน รัฐบาลบริติชแถลงเจตนาในการสนับสนุนดินแดนโพ้นทะเลใด ๆ ที่ปรารถนาดำเนินสู่เอกราชซึ่งเป็นตัวเลือกหนึ่ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-230">[230]</a> อำนาจอธิปไตยของบริเตนเหนือดินแดนโพ้นทะเลหลายแห่งถูกประเทศเพื่อนบ้านทางภูมิศาสตร์พิพาท คือ สเปนอ้างสิทธิ์<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ยิบรอลตาร์">ยิบรอลตาร์</a> อาร์เจนตินาอ้างสิทธิ์<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="หมู่เกาะฟอล์กแลนด์">หมู่เกาะฟอล์กแลนด์</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เกาะเซาท์จอร์เจียและหมู่เกาะเซาท์แซนด์วิช">เกาะเซาท์จอร์เจียและหมู่เกาะเซาท์แซนด์วิช</a> และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="มอริเชียส">มอริเชียส</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เซเชลส์">เซเชลส์</a>อ้างสิทธิ์<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="บริติชอินเดียนโอเชียนเทร์ริทอรี">บริติชอินเดียนโอเชียนเทร์ริทอรี</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="บริติชแอนตาร์กติกเทร์ริทอรี">บริติชแอนตาร์กติกเทร์ริทอรี</a>มีการอ้างสิทธิ์ทับซ้อนกับอาร์เจนตินาและ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ชิลี">ชิลี</a> ส่วนหลายประเทศไม่รับรองการอ้างสิทธิ์ดินแดนใด ๆ ใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ทวีปแอนตาร์กติกา">ทวีปแอนตาร์กติกา</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Parliament_House_Canberra_NS.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Parliament_House_Canberra_NS.jpg/220px-Parliament_House_Canberra_NS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1269"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Parliament_House_Canberra_NS.jpg/220px-Parliament_House_Canberra_NS.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Parliament_House_Canberra_NS.jpg/330px-Parliament_House_Canberra_NS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Parliament_House_Canberra_NS.jpg/440px-Parliament_House_Canberra_NS.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> อาคารรัฐสภาในกรุงแคนเบอร์รา ประเทศออสเตรเลีย <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ระบบเวสต์มินสเตอร์">ระบบเวสต์มินสเตอร์</a>ของบริเตนเหลือมรดกประชาธิปไตยระบบรัฐสภาในอดีตอาณานิคมหลายประเทศ </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81.jpg/220px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81.jpg/330px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81.jpg/440px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> การเล่นคริกเกตในประเทศอินเดีย กีฬาของบริเตนยังมีการสนับสนุนอย่างแข็งขันในหลายส่วนของอดีตจักวรรดิ </figcaption> </figure> อดีตอาณานิคมและ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="รัฐในอารักขา">รัฐในอารักขา</a>ของบริเตนส่วนใหญ่เป็นรัฐสมาชิก 53 ประเทศของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เครือจักรภพแห่งชาติ">เครือจักรภพแห่งชาติ</a> เป็นสมาคมที่มิใช่ทางการเมืองโดยความสมัครใจของสมาชิกที่มีฐานะเสมอกัน มีประชากรราว 2,200 ล้านคน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-233">[233]</a> ราชอาณาจักรเครือจักรภพ 16 แห่งสมัครใจมีพระมหากษัตริย์พระองค์เดียวกัน คือ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 2 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร">สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 2</a> เป็นประมุขแห่งรัฐ 16 ชาติเหล่านี้ได้แก่ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="สหราชอาณาจักร">สหราชอาณาจักร</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ออสเตรเลีย">ออสเตรเลีย</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="แคนาดา">แคนาดา</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="นิวซีแลนด์">นิวซีแลนด์</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ปาปัวนิวกินี">ปาปัวนิวกินี</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="แอนติกาและบาร์บูดา">แอนติกาและบาร์บูดา</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บาฮามาส">บาฮามาส</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="บาร์บาโดส">บาร์บาโดส</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เบลีซ">เบลีซ</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เกรนาดา">เกรนาดา</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="จาไมกา">จาไมกา</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เซนต์คิตส์และเนวิส">เซนต์คิตส์และเนวิส</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เซนต์ลูเชีย">เซนต์ลูเชีย</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="เซนต์วินเซนต์และเกรนาดีนส์">เซนต์วินเซนต์และเกรนาดีนส์</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="หมู่เกาะโซโลมอน">หมู่เกาะโซโลมอน</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ตูวาลู">ตูวาลู</a><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-234">[234]</a> การปกครองและการย้ายถิ่นของบริเตนหลายทศวรรษและหลายศตวรรษในบางกรณีทิ้งร่องรอยบนชาติที่ได้รับเอกราชที่เกิดจากจักรวรรดิบริติช จักรวรรดิสถาปนาการใช้ภาษาอังกฤษในภูมิภาคต่าง ๆ ทั่วโลก ปัจจุบัน ภาษาอังกฤษเป็นภาษาหลักของคน 400 ล้านคนและมีผู้พูดเป็นภาษาแรก ที่สองหรือต่างด้าวประมาณ 1,500 ล้านคน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-235">[235]</a> อิทธิพลทางวัฒนธรรมของสหรัฐมีส่วนช่วยการเผยแพร่ภาษาอังกฤษตั้งแต่ครึ่งหลังของศตวรรษที่ 20 ซึ่งสหรัฐเองก็กำเนิดจากอาณานิคมของบริเตน มีการใช้ระบบรัฐสภาอังกฤษเป็นแม่แบบสำหรับรัฐบาลในอดีตอาณานิคมหลายแห่ง (ยกเว้นในทวีปแอฟริกาซึ่งอดีตอาณานิคมเกือบทั้งหมดรับ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ระบบประธานาธิบดี">ระบบประธานาธิบดี</a>) และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="คอมมอนลอว์">คอมมอนลอว์</a>อังกฤษเป็นระบบกฎหมาย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-236">[236]</a> คณะกรรมการตุลาการบริติชของคณะองคมนตรียังเป็นศาลอุทธรณ์สูงสุดสำหรับอดีตอาณานิคมหลายแห่งในแคริบเบียนและแปซิฟิก <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="มิชชันนารี">มิชชันนารี</a>โปรเตสแตนท์อังกฤษผู้ท่องรอบโลกซึ่งบ่อยครั้งล่วงหน้าทหารและข้าราชการเผยแพร่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แองกลิคันคอมมิวเนียน">แองกลิคันคอมมิวเนียน</a>ไปทุกทวีป พบเห็นสถาปัตยกรรมอาณานิคมบริติชดังเช่นในโบสถ์ สถานีรถไฟและอาคารรัฐบาลได้ในหลายนครซึ่งเคยเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของจักรวรรดิบริติช<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-237">[237]</a> มีการพัฒนากีฬาปัจเจกและทีมต่าง ๆ ในบริเตน โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ฟุตบอล">ฟุตบอล</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="คริกเกต">คริกเกต</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="รักบี้">รักบี้</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เทนนิส">เทนนิส</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="กอล์ฟ">กอล์ฟ</a> ก็ถูกส่งออกด้วย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-238">[238]</a> ยังมีการใช้<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A5&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ระบบอิมพีเรียล (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ระบบอิมพีเรียล</a> ซึ่งเป็นทางเลือกระบบการวัดของบริติช ในบางประเทศในหลายทาง ธรรมเนียมการขับรถชิดซ้ายของถนนก็ยังอยู่ในหลายส่วนของอดีตจักรวรรดิ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-239">[239]</a> เขตแดนทางการเมืองที่บริเตนลากไม่สะท้อนชาติพันธุ์หรือศาสนาเดียวกันเสมอไป ส่งเสริมให้เกิดความขัดแย้งในพื้นที่อดีตอาณานิคมหลายแห่ง จักรวรรดิบริติชยังทำให้มีการย้ายถิ่นประชากรขนานใหญ่ หลายล้านคนออกจากหมู่เกาะบริเตน โดยประชากรผู้ตั้งถิ่นฐานของสหรัฐ แคนาดา ออสเตรเลียและนิวซีแลนด์ส่วนใหญ่มาจากบริเตนและไอร์แลนด์ ยังมีความตึงเครียดระหว่างประชากรผู้ตั้งถิ่นฐานผิวขาวของประเทศเหล่านี้กับชนกลุ่มน้อยพื้นเมือง และระหว่างชนกลุ่มน้อยผู้ตั้งถิ่นฐานผิวขาวและฝ่ายข้างมากพื้นเมืองใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="แอฟริกาใต้">แอฟริกาใต้</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ซิมบับเว">ซิมบับเว</a> ผู้ตั้งถิ่นฐานในไอร์แลนด์จากบริเตนใหญ่ทิ้งร่องรอยในรูปชุมชนชาตินิยมและสหภาพนิยมที่แตกแยกใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ไอร์แลนด์เหนือ">ไอร์แลนด์เหนือ</a> หลายล้านคนย้ายเข้าและออกจากอาณานิคมบริติช โดยมีชาวอินเดียจำนวนมากย้ายถิ่นไปส่วนอื่นของจักรวรรดิ เช่น <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="มาเลเซีย">มาเลเซีย</a>และฟิจิ และชาวจีนไปมาเลเซีย <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="สิงคโปร์">สิงคโปร์</a>และแคริบเบียน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-240">[240]</a> ประชากรศาสตร์ของบริเตนเองก็เปลี่ยนหลังสงครามโลกครั้งที่สองเนื่องจากมีการเข้าเมืองบริเตนจากอดีตอาณานิคม<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-241">[241]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="อ้างอิง">อ้างอิง</h2> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ้างอิง" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-0">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10205087">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2004" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2004). Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power. Basic Books. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-465-02328-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-465-02328-2"><bdi>0-465-02328-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+The+rise+and+demise+of+the+British+world+order+and+the+lessons+for+global+power&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-465-02328-2&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMaddison2001">Maddison 2001</a>, pp. 98, 242.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFerguson2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, p. 15., saying: "At its maximum extent between the world wars the British Empire covered more than 13 million square miles, approximately 23 percent of the world's land surface."</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refElkins2005">Elkins2005</a>, p. 5.saying: "The British Empire encompassed nearly 13 million square miles or roughly 25 percent of the world's total landmass"</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, p. 2.</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> Tellier, L.-N. (2009). Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/2760515885?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-7605-1588-5</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJohnston2008">Johnston</a>, pp. 508-10.</li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-8">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ReferenceB_8-0">8.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ReferenceB_8-1">8.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv3">Porter</a>, p. 332.</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> Sondhaus, L. (2004). Navies in Modern World History. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/1861892020?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-86189-202-0</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refOHBEv3" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC">The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 332. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-19-924678-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-19-924678-5"><bdi>0-19-924678-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nineteenth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+III&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-924678-5&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml">"The Workshop of the World"</a>. BBC History. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Workshop+of+the+World&rft.pub=BBC+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fvictorians%2Fworkshop_of_the_world_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refOHBEv3" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC">The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 8. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-19-924678-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-19-924678-5"><bdi>0-19-924678-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nineteenth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+III&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-924678-5&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refMarshall" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, P.J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DS2EXN8JTwAEC">The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–57. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-521-00254-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-521-00254-0"><bdi>0-521-00254-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=156-57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-00254-0&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DS2EXN8JTwAEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFTompson2003" class="citation book cs1">Tompson, Richard S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DH5kcJqmXk2oC%26pg%3DPA63">Great Britain: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present</a>. New York: Facts on File. p. 63. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-8160-4474-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-8160-4474-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-4474-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain%3A+a+reference+guide+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4474-0&rft.aulast=Tompson&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DH5kcJqmXk2oC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHosch,_William_L.2009" class="citation book cs1">Hosch, William L. (2009). World War I: People, Politics, and Power. America at War. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 21. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-61530-048-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-61530-048-8"><bdi>978-1-61530-048-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+People%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=America+at+War&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-048-8&rft.au=Hosch%2C+William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Brendon-Empire-end-16">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Brendon-Empire-end_16-0">16.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Brendon-Empire-end_16-1">16.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refBrendon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Brendon</a>, p. 660.</li> <li id="cite_note-Prince-Charles-Empire-End-17">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Prince-Charles-Empire-End_17-0">17.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Prince-Charles-Empire-End_17-1">17.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4740684.stm">"Charles' diary lays thoughts bare"</a>. BBC News. 22 February 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Charles%27+diary+lays+thoughts+bare&rft.date=2006-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F4740684.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-refohbev594-18">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-refohbev594_18-0">18.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-refohbev594_18-1">18.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-refohbev594_18-2">18.2</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, p. 594.</li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-Empire-End-19">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBC-Empire-End_19-0">19.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBC-Empire-End_19-1">19.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/endofempire_overview_07.shtml">"BBC – History – Britain, the Commonwealth and the End of Empire"</a>. BBC News. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Britain%2C+the+Commonwealth+and+the+End+of+Empire&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fmodern%2Fendofempire_overview_07.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ferguson3-20">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ferguson3_20-0">20.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ferguson3_20-1">20.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, p. 3.</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refAndrews1985">Andrews 1985</a>, p. 45.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, p. 4.</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv1">Canny</a>, p. 35.</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refThomas">Thomas</a>, pp. 155–158</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, p. 7.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv1">Canny</a>, p. 62.</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, pp. 4–8.</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv1">Canny</a>, p. 7.</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refKenny">Kenny</a>, p. 5.</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFAlan2001" class="citation book cs1">Alan, Taylor (2001). American Colonies, The Settling of North America. Penguin. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Colonies%2C+The+Settling+of+North+America&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Alan&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-#refHDBE|Olson,_p._466-31"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#refHDBE%7COlson,_p._466_31-0">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 466.</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refAndrews1985">Andrews</a>, p. 188.</li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv1">Canny</a>, p. 63.</li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv1">Canny</a>, pp. 63–64.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv1">Canny</a>, p. 70.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv1">Canny</a>, p. 34.</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 17.</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv1">Canny</a>, p. 71.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv1">Canny</a>, p. 221.</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, pp. 22–23.</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, p. 32.</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, pp. 33, 43.</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, pp. 15–20.</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 600.</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refAndrews1985">Andrews</a>, pp. 20–22.</li> <li id="cite_note-Olson,_p._897-46"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Olson,_p._897_46-0">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 897.</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, p. 40.</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, pp. 72–73.</li> <li id="cite_note-buckner25-49">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-buckner25_49-0">49.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-buckner25_49-1">49.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refBuckner2008" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Buckner</a>, p. 25.</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, p. 37.</li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, p. 62.</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv1">Canny</a>, p. 228.</li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv2">Marshall</a>, pp. 440–64.</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMagnusson2003">Magnusson</a>, p. 531.</li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMacaulay1979">Macaulay</a>, p. 509.</li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, p. 13.</li> <li id="cite_note-ferguson19-57">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ferguson19_57-0">57.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ferguson19_57-1">57.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, p. 19.</li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv1">Canny</a>, p. 441.</li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refPagden2003">Pagden</a>, p. 90.</li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 1045.</li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 1122.</li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, pp. 1121–22.</li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refrefSmith1998">Smith</a>, p. 17.</li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refSekhara2004">Bandyopādhyāẏa</a>, pp. 49–52</li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refrefSmith1998">Smith</a>, pp. 18–19.</li> <li id="cite_note-refpagden1-66">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-refpagden1_66-0">66.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-refpagden1_66-1">66.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refPagden2003">Pagden</a>, p. 91.</li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, p. 73.</li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMarshall">Marshall</a>, pp. 312–23.</li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv1">Canny</a>, p. 92.</li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 1026.</li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 119.</li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv2">Marshall</a>, p. 585.</li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 685.</li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 796.</li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refSmith1998">Smith</a>, p. 28.</li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLatimer">Latimer</a>, pp. 8, 30–34, 389–92.</li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv2">Marshall</a>, pp. 388.</li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refSmith1998">Smith</a>, p. 20.</li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refrefSmith1998">Smith</a>, pp. 20–21.</li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-80"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-autogenerated1_80-0">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMulligan2001">Mulligan & Hill</a>, pp. 20–23.</li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refPeters2006">Peters</a>, pp. 5–23.</li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 142.</li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refBrittain">Britain and the Dominions</a>, p. 159.</li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFieldhouse1999">Fieldhouse</a>, pp. 145–149</li> <li id="cite_note-RobertCervero320-85"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-RobertCervero320_85-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFCervero1998" class="citation book cs1">Cervero, Robert B. (1998). The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry. Chicago: Island Press. p. 320. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/1-55963-591-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/1-55963-591-6"><bdi>1-55963-591-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transit+Metropolis%3A+A+Global+Inquiry&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-55963-591-6&rft.aulast=Cervero&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">↑</a> Statesmen's Year Book 1889</li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 1137.</li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/treaty/waitangi-day">"Waitangi Day"</a>. History Group, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waitangi+Day&rft.pub=History+Group%2C+New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fpolitics%2Ftreaty%2Fwaitangi-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv3">Porter</a>, p. 579.</li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMeinSmith">Mein Smith</a>, p. 49.</li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 152.</li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, pp. 115–118.</li> <li id="cite_note-refjames165-93"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-refjames165_93-0">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 165.</li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv3">Porter</a>, p. 14.</li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv3">Porter</a>, p. 204.</li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHyam2002">Hyam</a>, p. 1.</li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refSmith1998">Smith</a>, p. 71.</li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refParsons">Parsons</a>, p. 3.</li> <li id="cite_note-#refOHBEv3|Porter,_p._401-99">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#refOHBEv3%7CPorter,_p._401_99-0">99.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#refOHBEv3%7CPorter,_p._401_99-1">99.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv3">Porter</a>, p. 401.</li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 285.</li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv3">Porter</a>, p. 8.</li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMarshall">Marshall</a>, pp. 156–57.</li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refDalziel2006">Dalziel</a>, pp. 88–91.</li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMartin2007">Martin</a>, pp. 146–148.</li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 293.</li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refKeay">Keay</a>, p. 393</li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refParsons">Parsons</a>, pp. 44–46.</li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refrefSmith1998">Smith</a>, pp. 50–57.</li> <li id="cite_note-Brown5-109"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Brown5_109-0">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, p. 5.</li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMarshall">Marshall</a>, pp. 133–34.</li> <li id="cite_note-refhdbe478-111"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-refhdbe478_111-0">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 478.</li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 181.</li> <li id="cite_note-refjames182-113">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-refjames182_113-0">113.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-refjames182_113-1">113.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-refjames182_113-2">113.2</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 182.</li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refRoyle2000">Royle</a>, preface.</li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1966" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Beryl J. (1966). "The Strategic Background to the Anglo-Russian Entente of August 1907". The Historical Journal. 9 (3): 360–373. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS0018246X00026698">10.1017/S0018246X00026698</a>. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637986">2637986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Strategic+Background+to+the+Anglo-Russian+Entente+of+August+1907&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=360-373&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00026698&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2637986%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Beryl+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-hodge47-116"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hodge47_116-0">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refhodge47">Hodge</a>, p. 47.</li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-117">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refSmith1998">Smith</a>, p. 85.</li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-118">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refSmith1998">Smith</a>, pp. 85–86.</li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-119">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, pp. 168, 186, 243.</li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, p. 255.</li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 1070.</li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refRoger1986">Roger 1986</a>, p. 718.</li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, pp. 230–33.</li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-124">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 274.</li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-125">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915095412/http://www.mfa.gov.eg/MFA_Portal/en-GB/Foreign_Policy/Treaties/CONVENTION%2BRESPECTING%2BTHE%2BFREE%2BNAVIGATION%2BOF%2BTHE%2BSUEZ%2BMARITIME%2BCANAL.htm">"Treaties"</a>. Egypt Ministry of Foreign Affairs. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจาก<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mfa.gov.eg/MFA_Portal/en-GB/Foreign_Policy/Treaties/Convention%2BRespecting%2Bthe%2BFree%2BNavigation%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSuez%2BMaritime%2BCanal.htm">แหล่งเดิม</a>เมื่อ 15 September 2010. สืบค้นเมื่อ 20 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaties&rft.pub=Egypt+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.eg%2FMFA_Portal%2Fen-GB%2FForeign_Policy%2FTreaties%2FConvention%2BRespecting%2Bthe%2BFree%2BNavigation%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSuez%2BMaritime%2BCanal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-126">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHerbst2000">Herbst</a>, pp. 71–72.</li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-127">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vandervort1998">Vandervort</a>, pp. 169–183.</li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBE">Olson</a>, p. 248.</li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, p. 215.</li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refSmith1998">Smith</a>, pp. 28–29.</li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-131">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv3">Porter</a>, p. 187</li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-132">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refrefSmith1998">Smith</a>, p. 30.</li> <li id="cite_note-rhodes5-133">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rhodes5_133-0">133.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rhodes5_133-1">133.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refRhodes2009">Rhodes, Wanna & Weller</a>, pp. 5–15.</li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-134">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, p. 213</li> <li id="cite_note-James,_p._315-135">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-James,_p._315_135-0">135.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-James,_p._315_135-1">135.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames">James</a>, p. 315.</li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refrefSmith1998">Smith</a>, p. 92.</li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOBrien">O'Brien</a>, p. 1.</li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-138">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, p. 667.</li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-139">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996">Lloyd</a>, p. 275.</li> <li id="cite_note-Brown494-495-140">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Brown494-495_140-0">140.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Brown494-495_140-1">140.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, pp. 494–495.</li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-141">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMarshall">Marshall</a>, pp. 78–79.</li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-142">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996">Lloyd</a>, p. 277.</li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-143">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996">Lloyd</a>, p. 278.</li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-144">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, p. 315.</li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-145">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHDBEv1">Olson</a>, p. 658.</li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-146">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refGoldstein">Goldstein</a>, p. 4.</li> <li id="cite_note-reflouis302-147"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-reflouis302_147-0">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLouis2006">Louis</a>, p. 302.</li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-148">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLouis2006">Louis</a>, p. 294.</li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-149">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLouis2006">Louis</a>, p. 303.</li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-150">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLee1996">Lee 1996</a>, p. 305.</li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-151">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, p. 143.</li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-152">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refrefSmith1998">Smith</a>, p. 95.</li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-153">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMagee">Magee</a>, p. 108.</li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-154">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, p. 330.</li> <li id="cite_note-refjames416-155">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-refjames416_155-0">155.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-refjames416_155-1">155.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 416.</li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-156">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFLow1966" class="citation journal cs1">Low, D.A. (February 1966). "The Government of India and the First Non-Cooperation Movement-—1920–1922". The Journal of Asian Studies. 25 (2): 241–259. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F2051326">10.2307/2051326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Government+of+India+and+the+First+Non-Cooperation+Movement-%E2%80%941920%E2%80%931922&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=241-259&rft.date=1966-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2051326&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-157">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refrefSmith1998">Smith</a>, p. 104.</li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-158">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, p. 292.</li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-159">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refrefSmith1998">Smith</a>, p. 101.</li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-160">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLouis2006">Louis</a>, p. 271.</li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-161">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMcIntyre">McIntyre</a>, p. 187.</li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-162">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, p. 68.</li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-163">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMcIntyre">McIntyre</a>, p. 186.</li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-164">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, p. 69.</li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-165">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refTurpin2007">Turpin & Tomkins</a>, p. 48.</li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-166">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, p. 300.</li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-167">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refKenny">Kenny</a>, p. 21.</li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-168">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996">Lloyd</a>, pp. 313–14.</li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-169">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refGilbert2005" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Gilbert</a>, p. 234.</li> <li id="cite_note-reflloyd316-170">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-reflloyd316_170-0">170.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-reflloyd316_170-1">170.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996">Lloyd</a>, p. 316.</li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-171">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames">James</a>, p. 513.</li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-172">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refGilbert2005">Gilbert</a>, p. 244.</li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-173">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLouis2006">Louis</a>, p. 337.</li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-174">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, p. 319.</li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-175">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 460.</li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-176">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refAbernethy2000">Abernethy</a>, p. 146.</li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-177">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, p. 331.</li> <li id="cite_note-GT-DEX-2006-33-178"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GT-DEX-2006-33_178-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4757181.stm">"What's a little debt between friends?"</a>. BBC News. 10 May 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ 20 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What%27s+a+little+debt+between+friends%3F&rft.date=2006-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F4757181.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-179">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLevine">Levine</a>, p. 193.</li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-180">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refAbernethy2000">Abernethy</a>, p. 148.</li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-181">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, p. 330.</li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-182">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996">Lloyd</a>, p. 322.</li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-183">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refSmith1998">Smith</a>, p. 67.</li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-184">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996">Lloyd</a>, p. 325.</li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-185">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMcIntyre">McIntyre</a>, pp. 355–356.</li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-186">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996">Lloyd</a>, p. 327.</li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-187">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996">Lloyd</a>, p. 328.</li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-188">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ReferenceA_188-0">188.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ReferenceA_188-1">188.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, p. 335.</li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-189">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, p. 364.</li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-190">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, p. 396.</li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-191">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, pp. 339–40.</li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-192">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 581.</li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-193">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, p. 355.</li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-194">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, p. 356.</li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-195">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 583.</li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-196">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refCombs2008">Combs</a>, pp. 161–163.</li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-197">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5195582.stm">"Suez Crisis: Key players"</a>. BBC News. 21 July 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suez+Crisis%3A+Key+players&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2006-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F5195582.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-198">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, p. 342.</li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-199">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refSmith1998">Smith</a>, p. 105.</li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-200">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refBurk2008">Burk</a>, p. 602.</li> <li id="cite_note-#refOHBEv4|Brown,_p._343-201">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#refOHBEv4%7CBrown,_p._343_201-0">201.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#refOHBEv4%7CBrown,_p._343_201-1">201.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, p. 343.</li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-202">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 585.</li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-203">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refThatcher">Thatcher</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-204">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refSmith1998">Smith</a>, p. 106.</li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-205">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 586.</li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-206">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refPham2010">Pham 2010</a></li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-207">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, pp. 370–371.</li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-208">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 616.</li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-209">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLouis2006">Louis</a>, p. 46.</li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-210">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, pp. 427–433.</li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-211">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, pp. 618–621.</li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-212">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refSpringhall2001">Springhall</a>, pp. 100–102.</li> <li id="cite_note-knight14-213">↑ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-knight14_213-0">213.0</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-knight14_213-1">213.1</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refKnight1989">Knight & Palmer</a>, pp. 14–15.</li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-214">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refClegg2005">Clegg</a>, p. 128.</li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-215">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, p. 428.</li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-216">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 622.</li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-217">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refLloyd1996" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Lloyd</a>, pp. 401, 427–429.</li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-218">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMacdonald1994">Macdonald</a>, pp. 171–191.</li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-219">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/8/contents">"British Overseas Territories Act 2002"</a>. legislation.gov.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Overseas+Territories+Act+2002&rft.pub=legislation.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2002%2F8%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-220">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/21/newsid_4582000/4582327.stm">"1955: Britain claims Rockall"</a>. BBC News. 21 September 1955. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1955%3A+Britain+claims+Rockall&rft.date=1955-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fseptember%2F21%2Fnewsid_4582000%2F4582327.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-221">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, pp. 624–625.</li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-222">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJames2001">James</a>, p. 629.</li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-223">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refOHBEv4">Brown</a>, p. 689.</li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-224">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refBrendon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Brendon</a>, p. 654.</li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-225">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refJoseph2010">Joseph</a>, p. 355.</li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-226">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refRothermund2006">Rothermund</a>, p. 100.</li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-227">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refBrendon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Brendon</a>, pp. 654–55.</li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-228">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refBrendon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">Brendon</a>, p. 656.</li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-229">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFAC">House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report</a>, pp. 145–147</li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-230">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFAC">House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report, pp. 146,153</a></li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-231">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225012124/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/io.html%2520">"British Indian Ocean Territory"</a>. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_World_Factbook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. CIA. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจาก<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/io.html">แหล่งเดิม</a>เมื่อ 2018-12-25. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=British+Indian+Ocean+Territory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-232">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFAC">House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report</a>, p. 136</li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-233">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://thecommonwealth.org/about-us">The Commonwealth - About Us</a>; Online September 2014</li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-234">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150757/head_of_the_commonwealth/">"Head of the Commonwealth"</a>. Commonwealth Secretariat. สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Head+of+the+Commonwealth&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Secretariat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecommonwealth.org%2FInternal%2F150757%2Fhead_of_the_commonwealth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-235">↑</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refHogg">Hogg</a>, p. 424 chapter 9 English Worldwide by <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=David_Crystal&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="David Crystal (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">David Crystal</a>: "approximately one in four of the worlds population are capable of communicating to a useful level in English".</li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-236">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refFergusonEmpire2004">Ferguson 2004</a>, p. 307.</li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-237">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMarshall">Marshall</a>, pp. 238–40.</li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-238">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refTorkildsen2005">Torkildsen</a>, p. 347.</li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-239">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refParsons">Parsons</a>, p. 1.</li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-240">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refMarshall">Marshall</a>, p. 286.</li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-241">↑</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#refDalziel2006">Dalziel</a>, p. 135.</li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="บรรณานุกรม">บรรณานุกรม</h3> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: บรรณานุกรม" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8938631">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refAbernethy2000" class="citation book cs1">Abernethy, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DennqNS1EOuMC">The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-300-09314-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-300-09314-4"><bdi>0-300-09314-4</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Global+Dominance%2C+European+Overseas+Empires+1415%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-09314-4&rft.aulast=Abernethy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DennqNS1EOuMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refAndrews1985" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Kenneth (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DiTZSFcfBas8C">Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-521-27698-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-521-27698-5"><bdi>0-521-27698-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade%2C+Plunder+and+Settlement%3A+Maritime+Enterprise+and+the+Genesis+of+the+British+Empire%2C+1480%E2%80%931630&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-521-27698-5&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DiTZSFcfBas8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refSekhara2004" class="citation book cs1">Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara (2004). From Plassey to partition: a history of modern India. Orient Longman. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/81-250-2596-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/81-250-2596-0"><bdi>81-250-2596-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Plassey+to+partition%3A+a+history+of+modern+India&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-250-2596-0&rft.aulast=Bandyop%C4%81dhy%C4%81%E1%BA%8Fa&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Aekhara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refBrendon" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Piers_Brendon&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Piers Brendon (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Brendon, Piers</a> (2007). The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997. Random House. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-224-06222-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-224-06222-0"><bdi>0-224-06222-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+British+Empire%2C+1781%E2%80%931997&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-224-06222-0&rft.aulast=Brendon&rft.aufirst=Piers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refBrittain" class="citation book cs1">Brock, W.R. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item6480148/?site_locale%3Den_GB">Britain and the Dominions</a>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Dominions&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=W.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fgb%2Fknowledge%2Fisbn%2Fitem6480148%2F%3Fsite_locale%3Den_GB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refOHBEv4" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Judith (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DCpSvK3An3hwC">The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-19-924679-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-19-924679-3"><bdi>0-19-924679-3</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twentieth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+IV&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-924679-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DCpSvK3An3hwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refRoger1986" class="citation book cs1">Louis, Roger (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DATQQ0FMS1FQC%26pg%3DPA718%26lpg%3DPA718">The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 820. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-19-822960-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-19-822960-5"><bdi>978-0-19-822960-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 24 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1945%E2%80%931951%3A+Arab+Nationalism%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+Postwar+Imperialism&rft.pages=820&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822960-5&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DATQQ0FMS1FQC%26pg%3DPA718%26lpg%3DPA718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refBuckner2008" class="citation book cs1">Buckner, Phillip (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DSJA7OIinf4MC">Canada and the British Empire</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-19-927164-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-19-927164-1"><bdi>978-0-19-927164-1</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927164-1&rft.aulast=Buckner&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DSJA7OIinf4MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refBurk2008" class="citation book cs1">Burk, Kathleen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DUxGnPvSe_n8C">Old World, New World: Great Britain and America from the Beginning</a>. Atlantic Monthly Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-87113-971-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-87113-971-5"><bdi>0-87113-971-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+World%2C+New+World%3A+Great+Britain+and+America+from+the+Beginning&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-87113-971-5&rft.aulast=Burk&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DUxGnPvSe_n8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refOHBEv1" class="citation book cs1">Canny, Nicholas (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DeQHSivGzEEMC">The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-19-924676-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-19-924676-9"><bdi>0-19-924676-9</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Empire%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+I&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-924676-9&rft.aulast=Canny&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DeQHSivGzEEMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refClegg2005" class="citation book cs1">Clegg, Peter (2005). "The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories". ใน de Jong, Lammert; Kruijt, Dirk (บ.ก.). Extended Statehood in the Caribbean. Rozenberg Publishers. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/90-5170-686-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/90-5170-686-3"><bdi>90-5170-686-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+UK+Caribbean+Overseas+Territories&rft.btitle=Extended+Statehood+in+the+Caribbean&rft.pub=Rozenberg+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-5170-686-3&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แม่แบบ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ลิงก์</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refCombs2008" class="citation book cs1">Combs, Jerald A. (2008). The History of American Foreign Policy: From 1895. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-7656-2056-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-7656-2056-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-2056-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+American+Foreign+Policy%3A+From+1895&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2056-9&rft.aulast=Combs&rft.aufirst=Jerald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refDalziel2006" class="citation book cs1">Dalziel, Nigel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3Du0wUAQAAIAAJ">The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire</a>. Penguin. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-14-101844-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-14-101844-5"><bdi>0-14-101844-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Historical+Atlas+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-14-101844-5&rft.aulast=Dalziel&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Du0wUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refDavid2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saul_David&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Saul David (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">David, Saul</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DH2KOAAAACAAJ">The Indian Mutiny</a>. Penguin. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-670-91137-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-670-91137-2"><bdi>0-670-91137-2</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Mutiny&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-670-91137-2&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DH2KOAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refElkins2005" class="citation book cs1">Elkins, Caroline (2005). Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya. Owl Books. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-8050-8001-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-8050-8001-5"><bdi>0-8050-8001-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Reckoning%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Britain%27s+Gulag+in+Kenya&rft.pub=Owl+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8050-8001-5&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refFerguson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Niall Ferguson (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Ferguson, Niall</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DUy23kBDD7WcC">Colossus: The Price of America's Empire</a>. Penguin. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/1-59420-013-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/1-59420-013-0"><bdi>1-59420-013-0</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossus%3A+The+Price+of+America%27s+Empire&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59420-013-0&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DUy23kBDD7WcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="วิกิพีเดีย:ลิงก์เสีย">ลิงก์เสีย</a>]</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refFergusonEmpire2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Niall Ferguson (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Ferguson, Niall</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DluSjXeSByHEC">Empire</a>. Basic Books. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-465-02329-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-465-02329-0"><bdi>0-465-02329-0</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-465-02329-0&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DluSjXeSByHEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refFieldhouse1999" class="citation book cs1">Fieldhouse, David Kenneth (1999). The West and the Third World: trade, colonialism, dependence, and development. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-631-19439-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-631-19439-8"><bdi>0-631-19439-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+and+the+Third+World%3A+trade%2C+colonialism%2C+dependence%2C+and+development&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-631-19439-8&rft.aulast=Fieldhouse&rft.aufirst=David+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refFox2008" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Gregory H. (2008). Humanitarian Occupation. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-521-85600-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-521-85600-3"><bdi>978-0-521-85600-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanitarian+Occupation&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85600-3&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Gregory+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refGames2002" class="citation book cs1">Games, Alison (2002). Armitage, David; <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Michael_Braddick&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Michael Braddick (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Braddick, Michael J</a> (บ.ก.). The British Atlantic world, 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-333-96341-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-333-96341-5"><bdi>0-333-96341-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Atlantic+world%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-333-96341-5&rft.aulast=Games&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แม่แบบ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ลิงก์</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refFAC" class="citation book cs1">Gapes, Mike (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DHhsZSMEH5DoC">HC Paper 147-II House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee: Overseas Territories, Volume II</a>. The Stationery Office. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-215-52150-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-215-52150-1"><bdi>0-215-52150-1</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HC+Paper+147-II+House+of+Commons+Foreign+Affairs+Committee%3A+Overseas+Territories%2C+Volume+II&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-215-52150-1&rft.au=Gapes%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DHhsZSMEH5DoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refGilbert2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gilbert&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Martin Gilbert (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Gilbert, Sir Martin</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DvF7wGAzgwfQC">Churchill and America</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-7432-9122-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-7432-9122-0"><bdi>0-7432-9122-0</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill+and+America&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7432-9122-0&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Sir+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DvF7wGAzgwfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refGoldstein" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Erik (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DdDmJPPGjfJMC">The Washington Conference, 1921–22: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor</a>. Routledge. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-7146-4559-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-7146-4559-1"><bdi>0-7146-4559-1</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Conference%2C+1921%E2%80%9322%3A+Naval+Rivalry%2C+East+Asian+Stability+and+the+Road+to+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7146-4559-1&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DdDmJPPGjfJMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refGoodlad" class="citation book cs1">Goodlad, Graham David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DclnBkEo7za4C">British foreign and imperial policy, 1865–1919</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-415-20338-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-415-20338-4"><bdi>0-415-20338-4</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+foreign+and+imperial+policy%2C+1865%E2%80%931919&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-20338-4&rft.aulast=Goodlad&rft.aufirst=Graham+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DclnBkEo7za4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refHerbst2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Herbst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jeffrey Herbst (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Herbst, Jeffrey Ira</a> (2000). States and power in Africa: comparative lessons in authority and control. Princeton University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-691-01028-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-691-01028-5"><bdi>0-691-01028-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=States+and+power+in+Africa%3A+comparative+lessons+in+authority+and+control&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-691-01028-5&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Ira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refHinks" class="citation book cs1">Hinks, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3D_SeZrcBqt-YC">Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-313-33143-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-313-33143-5"><bdi>978-0-313-33143-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+antislavery+and+abolition&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33143-5&rft.aulast=Hinks&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D_SeZrcBqt-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refhodge47" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Carl Cavanagh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3D-hOkx7Gi4OoC">Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-313-33404-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-313-33404-8"><bdi>0-313-33404-8</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Age+of+Imperialism%2C+1800%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-313-33404-8&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Carl+Cavanagh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D-hOkx7Gi4OoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refHogg" class="citation book cs1">Hogg, Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DU5FDi8WksqYC">A History of the English Language</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-521-66227-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-521-66227-7"><bdi>978-0-521-66227-7</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66227-7&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DU5FDi8WksqYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refHollowell2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Peter_Hopkirk&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Peter Hopkirk (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Hopkirk, Peter</a> (2002). <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Game:_The_Struggle_for_Empire_in_Central_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia</a>. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kodansha_International&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kodansha International (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Kodansha International</a>. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/4-7700-1703-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/4-7700-1703-0"><bdi>4-7700-1703-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game%3A+The+Struggle+for+Empire+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=4-7700-1703-0&rft.aulast=Hopkirk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refHopkirk1992" class="citation book cs1">Hollowell, Jonathan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DVxQxFMV_3IUC">Britain Since 1945</a>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-631-20968-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-631-20968-9"><bdi>0-631-20968-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+Since+1945&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-631-20968-9&rft.aulast=Hollowell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DVxQxFMV_3IUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refHyam2002" class="citation book cs1">Hyam, Ronald (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3D2eMoHQAACAAJ">Britain's Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-7134-3089-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-7134-3089-9"><bdi>978-0-7134-3089-9</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Imperial+Century%2C+1815%E2%80%931914%3A+A+Study+of+Empire+and+Expansion&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-3089-9&rft.aulast=Hyam&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2eMoHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refJames2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_James&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lawrence James (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">James, Lawrence</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3D4DMS3r_BxOYC">The Rise and Fall of the British Empire</a>. Abacus. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-312-16985-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-312-16985-5"><bdi>978-0-312-16985-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16985-5&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D4DMS3r_BxOYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refJanin1999" class="citation book cs1">Janin, Hunt (1999). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-19-533530-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-19-533530-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533530-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+China&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533530-9&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refKeay" class="citation book cs1">Keay, John (1991). 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University of Toronto Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-8020-9536-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-8020-9536-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-9536-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Mosaic+%282nd+ed.%29&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9536-7&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Ninette&rft.au=Trebilcock%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refKenny" class="citation book cs1">Kenny, Kevin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DqhW7-vYt8PsC">Ireland and the British Empire</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-19-925184-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-19-925184-3"><bdi>0-19-925184-3</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-925184-3&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DqhW7-vYt8PsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refKnight1989" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Franklin W.; Palmer, Colin A. 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University of North Carolina Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-8078-1825-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-8078-1825-9"><bdi>0-8078-1825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Caribbean&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8078-1825-9&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Franklin+W.&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Colin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refLatimer" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jon_Latimer&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jon Latimer (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Latimer, Jon</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DwneIGAAACAAJ">War with America</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-674-02584-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-674-02584-9"><bdi>0-674-02584-9</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+with+America&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-674-02584-9&rft.aulast=Latimer&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DwneIGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refLee1994" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Stephen J. 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Routledge. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-415-13102-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-415-13102-2"><bdi>0-415-13102-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+British+political+history%2C+1914%E2%80%931995&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-13102-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refLevine" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Philippa (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3Digb1-UL5Pd0C">The British Empire: Sunrise to Sunset</a>. Pearson Education Limited. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-582-47281-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-582-47281-5"><bdi>978-0-582-47281-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire%3A+Sunrise+to+Sunset&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-582-47281-5&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Digb1-UL5Pd0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refLloyd1996" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Trevor Owen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DgIBgQgAACAAJ">The British Empire 1558–1995</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-19-873134-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-19-873134-5"><bdi>0-19-873134-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+1558%E2%80%931995&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-873134-5&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Trevor+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DgIBgQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refLouis2006" class="citation book cs1">Louis, Wm. Roger (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DNQnpQNKeKKAC">Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization</a>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/1-84511-347-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/1-84511-347-0"><bdi>1-84511-347-0</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+British+Imperialism%3A+The+Scramble+for+Empire%2C+Suez+and+Decolonization&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84511-347-0&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DNQnpQNKeKKAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refMacaulay1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Macaulay, Thomas</a> (1848). <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_England_from_the_Accession_of_James_the_Second&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="The History of England from the Accession of James the Second (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">The History of England from the Accession of James the Second</a>. Penguin. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-14-043133-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-14-043133-0"><bdi>0-14-043133-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England+from+the+Accession+of+James+the+Second&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1848&rft.isbn=0-14-043133-0&rft.aulast=Macaulay&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refMacdonald1994" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Barrie (1994). "Britain". ใน Howe, K.R.; Kiste, Robert C.; Lal, Brij V (บ.ก.). Tides of history: the Pacific Islands in the twentieth century. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-8248-1597-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-8248-1597-1"><bdi>0-8248-1597-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Britain&rft.btitle=Tides+of+history%3A+the+Pacific+Islands+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8248-1597-1&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Barrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แม่แบบ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ลิงก์</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refMcIntyre" class="citation book cs1">McIntyre, W. Donald (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DEbojMikATQwC">The Commonwealth of Nations</a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-8166-0792-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-8166-0792-3"><bdi>0-8166-0792-3</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commonwealth+of+Nations&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8166-0792-3&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=W.+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DEbojMikATQwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refMcLean2001" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Iain (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3D_O_ADWrESYQC">Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-19-829529-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-19-829529-4"><bdi>0-19-829529-4</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rational+Choice+and+British+Politics%3A+An+Analysis+of+Rhetoric+and+Manipulation+from+Peel+to+Blair&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-829529-4&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D_O_ADWrESYQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refMaddison2001" class="citation book cs1">Maddison, Angus (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3D6D01BTuzScwC">The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective</a>. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/92-64-18608-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/92-64-18608-5"><bdi>92-64-18608-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Economy%3A+A+Millennial+Perspective&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=92-64-18608-5&rft.aulast=Maddison&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6D01BTuzScwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refMagee" class="citation book cs1">Magee, John (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DS5c9AAAAIAAJ">Northern Ireland: Crisis and Conflict</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-7100-7947-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-7100-7947-8"><bdi>0-7100-7947-8</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland%3A+Crisis+and+Conflict&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-7100-7947-8&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DS5c9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refMagnusson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Magnusson&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Magnus Magnusson (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Magnusson, Magnus</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DsEV4zgXOJLsC">Scotland: The Story of a Nation</a>. Grove Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-8021-3932-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-8021-3932-9"><bdi>0-8021-3932-9</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+The+Story+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8021-3932-9&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DsEV4zgXOJLsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refOHBEv2" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, PJ (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DG3_GI-K7aWAC">The Eighteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume II</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-19-924677-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-19-924677-7"><bdi>0-19-924677-7</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eighteenth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+II&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-924677-7&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DG3_GI-K7aWAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refMarshall" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, PJ (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DS2EXN8JTwAEC">The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-521-00254-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-521-00254-0"><bdi>0-521-00254-0</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-00254-0&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DS2EXN8JTwAEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refMartin2007" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Laura C (2007). Tea: the drink that changed the world. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-8048-3724-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-8048-3724-4"><bdi>0-8048-3724-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tea%3A+the+drink+that+changed+the+world&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-8048-3724-4&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Laura+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refMeinSmith" class="citation book cs1">Mein Smith, Philippa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3Dwisr4OGPjwoC">A Concise History of New Zealand</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-521-54228-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-521-54228-6"><bdi>0-521-54228-6</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-54228-6&rft.aulast=Mein+Smith&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dwisr4OGPjwoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refMulligan2001" class="citation book cs1">Mulligan, Martin; Hill, Stuart (2001). Ecological pioneers. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-521-81103-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-521-81103-1"><bdi>0-521-81103-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecological+pioneers&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-81103-1&rft.aulast=Mulligan&rft.aufirst=Martin%3B+Hill%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refOBrien" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Phillips Payson (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DLNbDqOzSvpkC">The Anglo–Japanese Alliance, 1902–1922</a>. Routledge. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-415-32611-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-415-32611-7"><bdi>0-415-32611-7</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese+Alliance%2C+1902%E2%80%931922&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-32611-7&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Phillips+Payson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DLNbDqOzSvpkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refPagden2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Pagden&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Anthony Pagden (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Pagden, Anthony</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3D-RCeAAAACAAJ">Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present</a>. Modern Library. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-8129-6761-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-8129-6761-5"><bdi>0-8129-6761-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+and+Empires%3A+A+Short+History+of+European+Migration%2C+Exploration%2C+and+Conquest%2C+from+Greece+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8129-6761-5&rft.aulast=Pagden&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D-RCeAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refParsons" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Timothy H (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3D81ZlzUsO8EYC">The British Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A World History Perspective</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-8476-8825-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-8476-8825-9"><bdi>0-8476-8825-9</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Imperial+Century%2C+1815%E2%80%931914%3A+A+World+History+Perspective&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8476-8825-9&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Timothy+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D81ZlzUsO8EYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refPeters2006" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Nonja (2006). The Dutch down under, 1606–2006. University of Western Australia Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/1-920694-75-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/1-920694-75-7"><bdi>1-920694-75-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+down+under%2C+1606%E2%80%932006&rft.pub=University+of+Western+Australia+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-920694-75-7&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Nonja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refPham2010" class="citation book cs1">Pham, P.L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amazon.com/Ending-East-Suez-Historical-ebook/dp/B00650R47Q">Ending 'East of Suez': The British Decision to Withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore, 1964–1968</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-19-958036-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-19-958036-1"><bdi>978-0-19-958036-1</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 24 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ending+%27East+of+Suez%27%3A+The+British+Decision+to+Withdraw+from+Malaysia+and+Singapore%2C+1964%E2%80%931968&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958036-1&rft.aulast=Pham&rft.aufirst=P.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FEnding-East-Suez-Historical-ebook%2Fdp%2FB00650R47Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refOHBEv3" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC">The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-19-924678-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-19-924678-5"><bdi>0-19-924678-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nineteenth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+III&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-924678-5&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refRhodes2009" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, R.A.W.; Wanna, John; Weller, Patrick (2009). Comparing Westminster. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-19-956349-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-19-956349-4"><bdi>978-0-19-956349-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Westminster&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956349-4&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=R.A.W.&rft.au=Wanna%2C+John&rft.au=Weller%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refRothermund2006" class="citation book cs1">Rothermund, Dietmar (2006). The Routledge companion to decolonization. Routledge. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-415-35632-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-415-35632-6"><bdi>0-415-35632-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+companion+to+decolonization&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-35632-6&rft.aulast=Rothermund&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refRoyle2000" class="citation book cs1">Royle, Trevor (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DMrBnHQAACAAJ">Crimea: The Great Crimean War, 1854–1856</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/1-4039-6416-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/1-4039-6416-5"><bdi>1-4039-6416-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimea%3A+The+Great+Crimean+War%2C+1854%E2%80%931856&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-4039-6416-5&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DMrBnHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refShennan1995" class="citation book cs1">Shennan, J.H (1995). International relations in Europe, 1689–1789. Routledge. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-415-07780-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-415-07780-X"><bdi>0-415-07780-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+relations+in+Europe%2C+1689%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-415-07780-X&rft.aulast=Shennan&rft.aufirst=J.H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Simon (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DD0BbYZPczhQC">British Imperialism 1750–1970</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-3-12-580640-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-3-12-580640-5"><bdi>978-3-12-580640-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Imperialism+1750%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-12-580640-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DD0BbYZPczhQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refSpringhall2001" class="citation book cs1">Springhall, John (2001). Decolonization since 1945: the collapse of European overseas empires. Palgrave. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-333-74600-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-333-74600-7"><bdi>0-333-74600-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonization+since+1945%3A+the+collapse+of+European+overseas+empires&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-333-74600-7&rft.aulast=Springhall&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alan_Taylor_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alan Taylor (historian) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Taylor, Alan</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DSOqfIAAACAAJ">American Colonies, The Settling of North America</a>. Penguin. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-14-200210-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-14-200210-0"><bdi>0-14-200210-0</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Colonies%2C+The+Settling+of+North+America&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-14-200210-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DSOqfIAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refThatcher" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher, Margaret</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DAr0Yvc3-ukAC">The Downing Street Years</a>. Harper Collins. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-06-017056-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-06-017056-5"><bdi>0-06-017056-5</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Downing+Street+Years&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-06-017056-5&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DAr0Yvc3-ukAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refThomas" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Thomas_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hugh Thomas (writer) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Thomas, Hugh</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/?id%3DmRFTZ3iz_ncC">The Slave Trade: The History of The Atlantic Slave Trade</a>. Picador, Phoenix/Orion. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-7538-2056-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-7538-2056-0"><bdi>0-7538-2056-0</bdi></a>. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slave+Trade%3A+The+History+of+The+Atlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Picador%2C+Phoenix%2FOrion&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7538-2056-0&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DmRFTZ3iz_ncC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refTilby2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=A._Wyatt_Tilby&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="A. Wyatt Tilby (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Tilby, A. Wyatt</a> (2009). British India 1600–1828. BiblioLife. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-113-14290-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-113-14290-0"><bdi>978-1-113-14290-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+India+1600%E2%80%931828&rft.pub=BiblioLife&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-113-14290-0&rft.aulast=Tilby&rft.aufirst=A.+Wyatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refTorkildsen2005" class="citation book cs1">Torkildsen, George (2005). Leisure and recreation management. Routledge. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-415-30995-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-415-30995-0"><bdi>978-0-415-30995-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leisure+and+recreation+management&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30995-0&rft.aulast=Torkildsen&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refTurpin2007" class="citation book cs1">Turpin, Colin; Tomkins, Adam (2007). British government and the constitution (6th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-521-69029-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-521-69029-4"><bdi>978-0-521-69029-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+government+and+the+constitution+%286th+ed.%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69029-4&rft.aulast=Turpin&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Tomkins%2C+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refVandervort1998" class="citation book cs1">Vandervort, Bruce (1998). Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914. University College London Press. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/1-85728-486-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/1-85728-486-0"><bdi>1-85728-486-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+imperial+conquest+in+Africa%2C+1830%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=University+College+London+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85728-486-0&rft.aulast=Vandervort&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="refZolberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Zolberg, Aristide R (2006). A nation by design: immigration policy in the fashioning of America. Russell Sage. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-674-02218-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-674-02218-1"><bdi>0-674-02218-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+nation+by+design%3A+immigration+policy+in+the+fashioning+of+America&rft.pub=Russell+Sage&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-674-02218-1&rft.aulast=Zolberg&rft.aufirst=Aristide+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น">แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</h2> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> แก้ </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ualberta.ca/~janes/EMPIRE.html">The British Empire. An Internet Gateway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/">The British Empire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.engelsklenker.com/british_empire_history_resource.php">The British Empire audio resources at TheEnglishCollection.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20121205003208/http://www.engelsklenker.com/british_empire_history_resource.php">เก็บถาวร</a> 2012-12-05 ที่ <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Archive.today&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Archive.today (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">archive.today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/polscicmujournal/article/view/247427">British Colonial Regime: Considering the Administration of British Colony in Burma and Malay Peninsular between the 19th and 20th Centuries.</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10552737">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> แก้ไขล่าสุดเมื่อ 14 พฤศจิกายน 2567 เวลา 23:23 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>ภาษา</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_Ryk" title="Britse Ryk – แอฟริกานส์" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Britse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="แอฟริกานส์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Britanico" title="Imperio Britanico – อารากอน" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Britanico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="อารากอน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryttisce_R%25C4%25ABce" title="Bryttisce Rīce – อังกฤษโบราณ" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bryttisce Rīce" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษโบราณ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="الإمبراطورية البريطانية – อาหรับ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية البريطانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="อาหรับ" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_brit%25C3%25A1nicu" title="Imperiu británicu – อัสตูเรียส" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu británicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="อัสตูเรียส" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Британиялъул империя – อาวาร์" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Британиялъул империя" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="อาวาร์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaniya_imperiyas%25C4%25B1" title="Britaniya imperiyası – อาเซอร์ไบจาน" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Britaniya imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="อาเซอร์ไบจาน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25BA%25D9%2588" title="بریتانیا ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بریتانیا ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคุณภาพ"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D2%25BB%25D1%258B" title="Британия империяһы – บัชคีร์" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Британия империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="บัชคีร์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%25C4%2597tu_imper%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="Brėtu imperėjė – ซาโมจิเตียน" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Brėtu imperėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="ซาโมจิเตียน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Britaniko" title="Imperyong Britaniko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyong Britaniko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Брытанская імперыя – เบลารุส" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брытанская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="เบลารุส" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Брытанская імпэрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Брытанская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Британска империя – บัลแกเรีย" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Британска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="บัลแกเรีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B6_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2597%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%2589%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25AB%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25AC" title="ဗိတိသျအဉ်ပါယာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗိတိသျအဉ်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B6_%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF" title="ব্রিটিশ সাম্রাজ্য – บังกลา" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রিটিশ সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="บังกลา" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_Breizh-Veur" title="Impalaeriezh Breizh-Veur – เบรตัน" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh Breizh-Veur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="เบรตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britansko_Carstvo" title="Britansko Carstvo – บอสเนีย" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Britansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="บอสเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D1%258D%25D0%25B7%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D1%258D_%25D0%25B3%25D2%25AF%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="Британиин эзэнтэ гүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Британиин эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Brit%25C3%25A0nic" title="Imperi Britànic – คาตาลัน" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Britànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="คาตาลัน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Британийн импери – เชเชน" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Британийн импери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="เชเชน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25DB%2586%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A8%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی بەریتانی – เคิร์ดตอนกลาง" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی بەریتانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="เคิร์ดตอนกลาง" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaniya_%25C4%25B0mperiyas%25C4%25B1" title="Britaniya İmperiyası – ตุรกีไครเมีย" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Britaniya İmperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="ตุรกีไครเมีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%25C3%25A9_imp%25C3%25A9rium" title="Britské impérium – เช็ก" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Britské impérium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="เช็ก" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25C4%2595" title="Британи империйĕ – ชูวัช" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Британи империйĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ชูวัช" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Brydeinig" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Brydeinig – เวลส์" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Ymerodraeth Brydeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="เวลส์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคุณภาพ"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britiske_Imperium" title="Britiske Imperium – เดนมาร์ก" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Britiske Imperium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="เดนมาร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisches_Weltreich" title="Britisches Weltreich – เยอรมัน" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britisches Weltreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมัน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2592%25CF%2581%25CE%25B5%25CF%2584%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%2591%25CF%2585%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Βρετανική Αυτοκρατορία – กรีก" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρετανική Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="กรีก" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire – อังกฤษ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="British Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษ" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคุณภาพ"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brita_imperio" title="Brita imperio – เอสเปรันโต" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brita imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="เอสเปรันโต" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_brit%25C3%25A1nico" title="Imperio británico – สเปน" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio británico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="สเปน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคุณภาพ"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briti_impeerium" title="Briti impeerium – เอสโตเนีย" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Briti impeerium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="เอสโตเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britainiar_Inperioa" title="Britainiar Inperioa – บาสก์" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Britainiar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="บาสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="امپراتوری بریتانیا – เปอร์เซีย" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="เปอร์เซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittil%25C3%25A4inen_imperiumi" title="Brittiläinen imperiumi – ฟินแลนด์" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brittiläinen imperiumi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ฟินแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briti_impeerium" title="Briti impeerium – โวโร" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Briti impeerium" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="โวโร" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_britannique" title="Empire britannique – ฝรั่งเศส" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire britannique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ฝรั่งเศส" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisk_Weltrik" title="Britisk Weltrik – ฟริเซียนเหนือ" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Britisk Weltrik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ฟริเซียนเหนือ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britske_Ryk" title="Britske Ryk – ฟริเซียนตะวันตก" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Britske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ฟริเซียนตะวันตก" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireacht_na_Breataine" title="Impireacht na Breataine – ไอริช" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Impireacht na Breataine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ไอริช" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampir_britanik" title="Ampir britanik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ampir britanik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Cmpireachd_Bhreatainn" title="Ìmpireachd Bhreatainn – เกลิกสกอต" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ìmpireachd Bhreatainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="เกลิกสกอต" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Brit%25C3%25A1nico" title="Imperio Británico – กาลิเซีย" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Británico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="กาลิเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyret%25C3%25A1%25C3%25B1a_Mburuvi" title="Vyretáña Mburuvi – กัวรานี" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vyretáña Mburuvi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="กัวรานี" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Impiraght_Ghoaldagh" title="Yn Impiraght Ghoaldagh – มานซ์" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Impiraght Ghoaldagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="มานซ์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Biritaniya" title="Daular Biritaniya – เฮาซา" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Biritaniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="เฮาซา" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-y%25C3%25AEn_Ti-koet" title="Thai-yîn Ti-koet – จีนแคะ" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai-yîn Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="จีนแคะ" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%259E%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2594_%25D7%2594%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="האימפריה הבריטית – ฮิบรู" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הבריטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ฮิบรู" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B6_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य – ฮินดี" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ฮินดี" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Samrajya" title="British Samrajya – ฮินดีฟิจิ" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="British Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="ฮินดีฟิจิ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britansko_Carstvo" title="Britansko Carstvo – โครเอเชีย" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Britansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Birodalom" title="Brit Birodalom – ฮังการี" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brit Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ฮังการี" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B2%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25BD%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Բրիտանական կայսրություն – อาร์เมเนีย" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրիտանական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="อาร์เมเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Britannic" title="Imperio Britannic – อินเตอร์ลิงกัว" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio Britannic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="อินเตอร์ลิงกัว" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Britania_Raya" title="Imperium Britania Raya – อินโดนีเซีย" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imperium Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="อินโดนีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_a_Britaniko" title="Imperio a Britaniko – อีโลโก" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperio a Britaniko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="อีโลโก" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanian_imperio" title="Britanian imperio – อีโด" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Britanian imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="อีโด" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breska_heimsveldi%25C3%25B0" title="Breska heimsveldið – ไอซ์แลนด์" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Breska heimsveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ไอซ์แลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_britannico" title="Impero britannico – อิตาลี" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero britannico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="อิตาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความแนะนำ"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2582%25AE%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2582%25B9%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259B%25BD" title="イギリス帝国 – ญี่ปุ่น" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ญี่ปุ่น" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empaya" title="British Empaya – อังกฤษคลีโอลจาเมกา" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="British Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษคลีโอลจาเมกา" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Britania" title="Imperium Britania – ชวา" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Imperium Britania" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ชวา" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="ბრიტანეთის იმპერია – จอร์เจีย" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრიტანეთის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="จอร์เจีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D1%258B" title="Британ империясы – คาซัค" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Британ империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="คาซัค" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AC%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%259F%25E0%25B3%2580%25E0%25B2%25B7%25E0%25B3%258D_%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AF" title="ಬ್ರಿಟೀಷ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – กันนาดา" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರಿಟೀಷ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="กันนาดา" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258C%2580%25EC%2598%2581_%25EC%25A0%259C%25EA%25B5%25AD" title="대영 제국 – เกาหลี" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대영 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="เกาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Британ империя – คาราไช-บัลคาร์" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Британ империя" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="คาราไช-บัลคาร์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Emperatoriya_Br%25C3%25AEtan%25C3%25AE" title="Împeratoriya Brîtanî – เคิร์ด" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Brîtanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="เคิร์ด" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Breten_Veur" title="Emperoureth Breten Veur – คอร์นิช" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Breten Veur" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="คอร์นิช" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D1%258B" title="Британ империясы – คีร์กีซ" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Британ империясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="คีร์กีซ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Britannicum" title="Imperium Britannicum – ละติน" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Britannicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ละติน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Британиядин империя – เลซเกีย" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Британиядин империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="เลซเกีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Brites" title="Impero Brites – ลิงกัวฟรังกาโนวา" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Brites" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="ลิงกัวฟรังกาโนวา" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%25AD%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%2599%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%2588%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%25AD%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2587%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%2594" title="ອານາຈັກອັງກິດ – ลาว" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອານາຈັກອັງກິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ลาว" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit%25C5%25B3_imperija" title="Britų imperija – ลิทัวเนีย" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Britų imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ลิทัวเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britu_imp%25C4%2593rija" title="Britu impērija – ลัตเวีย" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Britu impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ลัตเวีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Baritania" title="Imperium Baritania – มีนังกาเบา" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Imperium Baritania" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="มีนังกาเบา" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%2598%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Британска Империја – มาซิโดเนีย" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Британска Империја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="มาซิโดเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AC%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%2580%25E0%25B4%25B7%25E0%25B5%258D_%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%2582" title="ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് സാമ്രാജ്യം – มาลายาลัม" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="มาลายาลัม" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D1%258D%25D0%25B7%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582_%25D0%25B3%25D2%25AF%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="Британийн эзэнт гүрэн – มองโกเลีย" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Британийн эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="มองโกเลีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B6_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य – มราฐี" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="มราฐี" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_British" title="Empayar British – มาเลย์" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar British" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="มาเลย์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Brittaniku" title="Imperu Brittaniku – มอลตา" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Imperu Brittaniku" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="มอลตา" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%25C3%25A9rio_Brit%25C3%25A1nico" title="Ampério Británico – มีรันดา" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Británico" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="มีรันดา" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2597%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25BE%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25AB%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25AC" title="ဗြိတိသျှအင်ပါယာ – พม่า" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗြိတိသျှအင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="พม่า" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsch_Weltriek" title="Britsch Weltriek – เยอรมันต่ำ" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Britsch Weltriek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมันต่ำ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B8_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य – เนปาล" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="เนปาล" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="बेलायती साम्राज्य – เนวาร์" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बेलायती साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="เนวาร์" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_Rijk" title="Britse Rijk – ดัตช์" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Britse Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ดัตช์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_britiske_imperiet" title="Det britiske imperiet – นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det britiske imperiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_britiske_imperiet" title="Det britiske imperiet – นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det britiske imperiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%25C3%25A8ri_Britanic" title="Empèri Britanic – อ็อกซิตัน" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Britanic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="อ็อกซิตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D1%258B_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Британийы импери – ออสเซเตีย" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Британийы импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ออสเซเตีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AC%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25A4%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A9%2580_%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%259C" title="ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – ปัญจาบ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="ปัญจาบ" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคุณภาพ"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_brytyjskie" title="Imperium brytyjskie – โปแลนด์" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperium brytyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="โปแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="سلطنت برطانیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطنت برطانیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D9%258A%25D8%258C_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A" title="د بریتانیا سترواکي، امپراتوري – พัชโต" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بریتانیا سترواکي، امپراتوري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="พัชโต" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%25C3%25A9rio_Brit%25C3%25A2nico" title="Império Britânico – โปรตุเกส" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Britânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="โปรตุเกส" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Britanic" title="Imperiul Britanic – โรมาเนีย" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Britanic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="โรมาเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Британская империя – รัสเซีย" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="รัสเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Брітаньска імперія – รูซิน" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Брітаньска імперія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="รูซิน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%2598%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0" title="Британия Империята – ซาคา" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Британия Империята" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ซาคา" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%25C3%25A8riu_Brit%25C3%25A0nnicu" title="Impèriu Britànnicu – ซาร์เดญา" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu Britànnicu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="ซาร์เดญา" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breetish_Empire" title="Breetish Empire – สกอตส์" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Breetish Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="สกอตส์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="سلطنت برطانيا – สินธิ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سلطنت برطانيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="สินธิ" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britansko_Carstvo" title="Britansko Carstvo – เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Britansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B6%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BA_%25E0%25B6%2585%25E0%25B6%25B0%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අධිරාජ්‍යය – สิงหล" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="สิงหล" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="British Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%25C3%25A9_imp%25C3%25A9rium" title="Britské impérium – สโลวัก" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Britské impérium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="สโลวัก" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanski_imperij" title="Britanski imperij – สโลวีเนีย" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Britanski imperij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="สโลวีเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Britanike" title="Perandoria Britanike – แอลเบเนีย" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Britanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="แอลเบเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Британска империја – เซอร์เบีย" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Британска империја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="เซอร์เบีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittiska_imperiet" title="Brittiska imperiet – สวีเดน" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brittiska imperiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="สวีเดน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milki_ya_Uingereza" title="Milki ya Uingereza – สวาฮีลี" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milki ya Uingereza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="สวาฮีลี" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2587%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581" title="பிரித்தானியப் பேரரசு – ทมิฬ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ทมิฬ" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AC%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%259F%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%25B7%25E0%25B1%258D_%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%259C%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B0%2582" title="బ్రిటిష్ సామ్రాజ్యం – เตลูกู" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్రిటిష్ సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="เตลูกู" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25B8_%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2591" title="Империяи Бритониё – ทาจิก" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Империяи Бритониё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ทาจิก" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britan_imperi%25C3%25BDasy" title="Britan imperiýasy – เติร์กเมน" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Britan imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="เติร์กเมน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Britaniko" title="Imperyong Britaniko – ตากาล็อก" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Britaniko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ตากาล็อก" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanya_%25C4%25B0mparatorlu%25C4%259Fu" title="Britanya İmparatorluğu – ตุรกี" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Britanya İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ตุรกี" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5" title="Британия империясе – ตาตาร์" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Британия империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ตาตาร์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2589%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25DB%2595_%25D8%25A6%25D9%2589%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25DB%2590%25D8%25B1%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25DB%2595%25D8%25B3%25D9%2589" title="برىتانىيە ئىمپېرىيەسى – อุยกูร์" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="برىتانىيە ئىمپېرىيەسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="อุยกูร์" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Британська імперія – ยูเครน" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ยูเครน" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25DB%2581" title="سلطنت برطانیہ – อูรดู" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت برطانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="อูรดู" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaniya_imperiyasi" title="Britaniya imperiyasi – อุซเบก" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Britaniya imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="อุซเบก" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_brit%25C3%25A0nego" title="Inpero britànego – เวเนโต้" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero britànego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="เวเนโต้" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanine_imperii" title="Britanine imperii – เวปส์" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Britanine imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="เวปส์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2590%25E1%25BA%25BF_qu%25E1%25BB%2591c_Anh" title="Đế quốc Anh – เวียดนาม" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="เวียดนาม" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Britaniko" title="Imperyo Britaniko – วาเรย์" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Britaniko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="วาเรย์" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%258B%25B1%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B" title="大英帝國 – จีนอู๋" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大英帝國" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="จีนอู๋" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UbuKumkani_bamaBritane" title="UbuKumkani bamaBritane – คะห์โอซา" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UbuKumkani bamaBritane" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="คะห์โอซา" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A8_%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="ბრიტანეთიშ იმპერია – เมเกรเลีย" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრიტანეთიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="เมเกรเลีย" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A2_%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%259E%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%25A2" title="בריטישע אימפעריע – ยิดดิช" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בריטישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ยิดดิช" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2580_%25E1%25BB%258Dbal%25C3%25BAay%25C3%25A9_Br%25C3%25ADt%25C3%25A1n%25C3%25AC%25C3%25AC" title="Ilẹ̀ ọbalúayé Brítánìì – โยรูบา" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ ọbalúayé Brítánìì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="โยรูบา" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%258B%25B1%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259B%25BD" title="大英帝国 – จีน" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大英帝国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="จีน" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C4%2581i-eng_T%25C3%25A8-kok" title="Tāi-eng Tè-kok – จีนมินหนาน" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-eng Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="จีนมินหนาน" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%258B%25B1%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B" title="大英帝國 – กวางตุ้ง" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大英帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="กวางตุ้ง" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-th.svg" alt="วิกิพีเดีย" width="103" height="27" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 1.6875em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">หน้านี้แก้ไขล่าสุดเมื่อวันที่ 14 พฤศจิกายน 2567 เวลา 23:23 น.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">เนื้อหาอนุญาตให้เผยแพร่ภายใต้ <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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