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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predecessors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Predecessors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Medieval organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipe_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipe_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pipe organs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pipe_organs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pipe organs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pipe_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concert_hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concert_hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Concert hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concert_hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Theatre and cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamber_organ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamber_organ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Chamber organ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamber_organ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-piped_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-piped_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-piped organs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-piped_organs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-piped organs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-piped_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reed_or_pump_organ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reed_or_pump_organ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reed or pump organ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reed_or_pump_organ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_and_electromechanical_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_and_electromechanical_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Electronic and electromechanical organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_and_electromechanical_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hammond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hammond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Hammond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hammond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Allen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_analogue_electronic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_analogue_electronic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Other analogue electronic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_analogue_electronic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mechanical organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Jazz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Organ (music)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrel" title="Orrel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Orrel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oergel" title="Oergel – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Oergel" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аорган – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аорган" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%86_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="أرغن (آلة موسيقية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرغن (آلة موسيقية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orqan_(musiqi_al%C9%99ti)" title="Orqan (musiqi aləti) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orqan (musiqi aləti)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Орган (музика) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Орган (музика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rgano_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Órgano (música) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Órgano (música)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF_(%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2)" title="ارگ (ساز) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارگ (ساز)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oargel" title="Oargel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oargel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org%C3%A1n_giolcach" title="Orgán giolcach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Orgán giolcach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%EA%B0%84" title="오르간 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오르간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(alat_musik)" title="Organ (alat musik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Organ (alat musik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgel" title="Orgel – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orgel" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organo_(strumento_musicale)" title="Organo (strumento musicale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organo (strumento musicale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(muzik)" title="Organ (muzik) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Organ (muzik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90)" title="အော်ဂန် (ဂီတ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော်ဂန် (ဂီတ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgel" title="Orgel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orgel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3" title="オルガン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オルガン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgel" title="Orgel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Orgel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgel" title="Orgel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Orgel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Organ (music)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86" title="ئۆرگن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆرگن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organo_(musika)" title="Organo (musika) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Organo (musika)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="ஆர்கன் இசைக்கருவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்கன் இசைக்கருவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D2%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Арғунун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арғунун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org" title="Org – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Org" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgel" title="Orgel – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Orgel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E7%90%B4" title="風琴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="風琴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1444#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Organ_(music)" title="Talk:Organ (music)">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Organ</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orgel_muenster_dom_ausschnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Orgel_muenster_dom_ausschnitt.jpg/300px-Orgel_muenster_dom_ausschnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Orgel_muenster_dom_ausschnitt.jpg/450px-Orgel_muenster_dom_ausschnitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Orgel_muenster_dom_ausschnitt.jpg/600px-Orgel_muenster_dom_ausschnitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1281" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Organ in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_Cathedral" title="Münster Cathedral">Münster Cathedral</a>, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">Keyboard instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">Aerophone</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">reed organs</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electrophone</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Electric_organ#Electronic_organs_(1930s–)" title="Electric organ">electronic</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ#Tonewheel_organs_(1930s–1975)" title="Electric organ">electromechanical organs</a>)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/3rd_century_BC" title="3rd century BC">3rd century BC</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Organ_Range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Organ_Range.svg/210px-Organ_Range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Organ_Range.svg/315px-Organ_Range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Organ_Range.svg/420px-Organ_Range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="center">(a standard tuned organ)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c">Musicians</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> see <a href="/wiki/List_of_organists" title="List of organists">List of organists</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_organ_composers" title="List of organ composers">List of organ composers</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c">Builders</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> see <a href="/wiki/Category:Organ_builders" title="Category:Organ builders">Category:Organ builders</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c">More articles or information</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">Theatre organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_organ" title="Electric organ">Electric organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen organ">Allen organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">Reed organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_repertoire" title="Organ repertoire">Organ repertoire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm/220px--Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="164" data-durationhint="142" data-mwtitle="Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="426" data-height="318" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="318" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="322" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carol_Williams_(organist)" title="Carol Williams (organist)">Carol Williams</a> performing at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Point_Cadet_Chapel" title="West Point Cadet Chapel">West Point Cadet Chapel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, the <b>organ</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instrument</a> of one or more <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe divisions</a> or other means (generally <a href="/wiki/Woodwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodwind">woodwind</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electric</a>) for producing tones. The organs have usually two or three, up to five, <a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">manuals</a> for playing with the hands and a <a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">pedalboard</a> for playing with the feet. With the use of registers, several groups of pipes can be connected to one manual. </p><p>The organ has been used in various musical settings, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>. Music written specifically for the organ is common from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> to the present day. <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organs</a>, the most traditional type, operate by forcing air through pipes of varying sizes and materials, each producing a different pitch and tone. These instruments are commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concert_halls" class="mw-redirect" title="Concert halls">concert halls</a>, where they have long been associated with <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_music" title="Liturgical music">liturgical music</a> and grand ceremonial occasions. </p><p>Mechanical or electronic systems are used by non-pipe organs to emulate the sound of pipe organs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organs</a></b>, which use air moving through <a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">pipes</a> to produce sounds. The air is supplied by bellows, an electric motor or <a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">water</a>. Since the 16th century, pipe organs have used various materials for pipes, which can vary widely in <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> and volume. Increasingly hybrid organs are appearing in which pipes are augmented with electric additions;</li> <li><b><a href="#Non-piped_organs">Non-piped organs</a></b>, which include: <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">pump organs</a></b>, also known as reed organs or harmoniums, which, like the <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mouth_organ" title="Mouth organ">mouth organs</a> (both Eastern and Western), notably the <a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</a>, use air to excite <a href="/wiki/Free_reed_aerophone" title="Free reed aerophone">free reeds</a>;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Electric_organ#Electronic_organs_(1930s–)" title="Electric organ">electronic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ#Tonewheel_organs_(1930s–1975)" title="Electric organ">electromechanical organs</a></b> (notably the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a>), which generate electrically produced sound through one or more <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>;</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_organ" title="Mechanical organ">Mechanical organs</a></b>, which include the <a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">barrel organ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchestrion" title="Orchestrion">Orchestrion</a>. These are controlled by mechanical means such as pinned <a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">barrels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Book_music" title="Book music">book music</a>. Little barrel organs dispense with the hands of an <a href="/wiki/Organist" title="Organist">organist</a> and bigger organs are powered in most cases by an <a href="/wiki/Organ_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ grinder">organ grinder</a> or today by other means such as an <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:241px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChileanPanpipes-cutout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ChileanPanpipes-cutout.jpg/155px-ChileanPanpipes-cutout.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ChileanPanpipes-cutout.jpg/233px-ChileanPanpipes-cutout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ChileanPanpipes-cutout.jpg/310px-ChileanPanpipes-cutout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1242" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Panpipes</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:241px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydraulis_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hydraulis_001.jpg/179px-Hydraulis_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Hydraulis_001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="297" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">Hydraulis</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:241px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portativ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Portativ.jpg/146px-Portativ.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Portativ.jpg/219px-Portativ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Portativ.jpg/292px-Portativ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1605" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Portative_organ" title="Portative organ">Portative</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tischpositiv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tischpositiv.jpg/116px-Tischpositiv.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tischpositiv.jpg/174px-Tischpositiv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tischpositiv.jpg/232px-Tischpositiv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="734" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Positive_organ" title="Positive organ">Positive</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Regal_(instrument)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Regal_%28instrument%29_1.jpg/190px-Regal_%28instrument%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Regal_%28instrument%29_1.jpg/285px-Regal_%28instrument%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Regal_%28instrument%29_1.jpg/380px-Regal_%28instrument%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="766" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Regal_(instrument)" title="Regal (instrument)">Regal</a> before the 17th century</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bibelregal1988ME_I.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bibelregal1988ME_I.JPG/174px-Bibelregal1988ME_I.JPG" decoding="async" width="174" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bibelregal1988ME_I.JPG/261px-Bibelregal1988ME_I.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bibelregal1988ME_I.JPG/348px-Bibelregal1988ME_I.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Regal after the 17th century<sup id="cite_ref-BibleRegal1988ME_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BibleRegal1988ME-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Predecessors to the organ include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Panpipes</a>, pan flute, syrinx, and <a href="/wiki/Nai_(pan_flute)" title="Nai (pan flute)">nai</a>, <i>etc.</i>, are considered as ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a>, an ancient double reed instrument with two pipes, is the origin of the word <i>Hydr-aulis</i> (water-aerophone).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:412px;max-width:412px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_organ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_organ.jpg/212px-Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_organ.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_organ.jpg/318px-Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_organ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_organ.jpg/424px-Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_organ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="1088" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Depiction of an organ in the <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Psalter" title="Utrecht Psalter">Utrecht Psalter</a>, 9th century</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_abbatiale_de_Moissac_-_Orgue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%C3%89glise_abbatiale_de_Moissac_-_Orgue.jpg/188px-%C3%89glise_abbatiale_de_Moissac_-_Orgue.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%C3%89glise_abbatiale_de_Moissac_-_Orgue.jpg/282px-%C3%89glise_abbatiale_de_Moissac_-_Orgue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%C3%89glise_abbatiale_de_Moissac_-_Orgue.jpg/376px-%C3%89glise_abbatiale_de_Moissac_-_Orgue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Late <a href="/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century">10th century</a> organ, <a href="/wiki/Moissac_Abbey" title="Moissac Abbey">Moissac Abbey</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The organ is a relatively old <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dating from the time of <a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius of Alexandria</a> (285–222 BC), who invented the <a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">water organ</a>. It was played throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Roman</a> world, particularly during races and games.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Organ,_an_Encyclopedia._4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Organ,_an_Encyclopedia.-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early medieval period it spread from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, where it continued to be used in secular (non-religious) and imperial court music, to <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, where it gradually assumed a prominent place in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Organ,_an_Encyclopedia._4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Organ,_an_Encyclopedia.-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, it re-emerged as a secular and <a href="/wiki/Organ_recital" title="Organ recital">recital</a> instrument in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a> tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_organs">Early organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early organs include: </p> <ul><li>3rd century BC: the <a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">Hydraulis</a>, ancient Greek water-powered organ played by valves.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1st century AD (<i>at least</i>): the <i>Ptera</i> and the <i>Pteron</i>, an ancient Roman organ similar in appearance to the portative organs<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2nd century: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magrepha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magrepha (page does not exist)">Magrepha</a>, ancient Hebrew organ of ten pipes played by a keyboard<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>8th century: <i>Pippin's organ of 757</i> (<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a>) was sent as a gift to the West by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>9th century: the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ingenious_Devices" title="Book of Ingenious Devices">automatic flute player (and possibly automatic hydropowered organ)</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_organ" title="Mechanical organ">mechanical organ</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Banū Mūsā">Banū Mūsā</a> brothers <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_organs">Medieval organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval organs include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portative_organ" title="Portative organ">Portative organ</a>: a small portable medieval instrument</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_organ" title="Positive organ">Positive organ</a>: a somewhat larger though still portable instrument</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regal_(instrument)" title="Regal (instrument)">Regal</a>: a portable late-medieval instrument with reed pipes and bellows; forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">reed organ</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pipe_organs">Pipe organs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pipe organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ</a></div> <div class="noresize thumb tleft" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:312px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:262px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:-210px; top:-100px; width:800px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="4th century AD "Mosaic of the Female Musicians" showing a woman playing organ from a Byzantine villa in Maryamin, Syria.[11]"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg/800px-Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="563" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg/1200px-Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg/1600px-Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg/800px-Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="563" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg/1200px-Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg/1600px-Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg" title="File:Mosaic of the Female Musicians.jpg"> </a></div>4th century AD "Mosaic of the Female Musicians" showing a woman playing organ from a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> villa in <a href="/wiki/Maryamin,_Hama" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryamin, Hama">Maryamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:06_Auszug_e.ogg" title="File:06 Auszug e.ogg">Pipe organ music sample</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="06_Auszug_e.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/06_Auszug_e.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/06_Auszug_e.ogg/06_Auszug_e.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Improvisation in e, played on the organ located in the St. George's Minster in the town of <a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a>. These instruments vary greatly in size, ranging from a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic meter">cubic meter</a> to a height reaching five floors,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are <a href="/wiki/Organ_builder" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ builder">built</a> in churches, synagogues, concert halls, and homes. Small organs are called "<a href="/wiki/Positive_organ" title="Positive organ">positive</a>" (easily placed in different locations) or "<a href="/wiki/Portative_organ" title="Portative organ">portative</a>" (small enough to carry while playing). </p><p>The pipes are divided into ranks and controlled by the use of <a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">hand stops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combination_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination action">combination pistons</a>. Although the keyboard is not <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_expression" title="Keyboard expression">expressive</a> as on a piano and does not affect <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamics</a> (it is binary; pressing a key only turns the sound on or off), some divisions may be enclosed in a <a href="/wiki/Swell_box" title="Swell box">swell box</a>, allowing the dynamics to be controlled by shutters. Some organs are totally enclosed, meaning that all the divisions can be controlled by one set of shutters. Some special registers with free reed pipes are expressive. </p><p>It has existed in its current form since the 14th century, though similar designs were common in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> from the early <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> period (from the 4th century AD) and precursors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">hydraulic organ</a>, have been found dating to the late <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> (1st century BC). Along with the <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clock</a>, it was considered one of the most complex human-made mechanical creations before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Pipe organs range in size from a single short keyboard to huge instruments with over 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">pipes</a>. A large modern organ typically has three or four keyboards (<a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">manuals</a>) with five octaves (61 notes) each, and a two-and-a-half octave (32-note) <a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">pedal board</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> called the organ the "King of instruments".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the biggest instruments have 64-foot pipes (a foot here means "sonic-foot", a measure quite close to the English measurement unit) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Google “sonic-foot” or any iteration of that and you’ll see why (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and it sounds to an 8 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> frequency <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">fundamental</a> tone. Perhaps the most distinctive feature is the ability to range from the slightest sound to the most powerful, <a href="/wiki/Plein-jeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Plein-jeu">plein-jeu</a> impressive sonic discharge, which can be sustained in time indefinitely by the organist. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Wanamaker_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanamaker organ">Wanamaker organ</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, US, has sonic resources comparable with three simultaneous symphony orchestras. Another interesting feature lies in its intrinsic "<a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>" approach: each set of pipes can be played simultaneously with others, and the sounds mixed and interspersed in the environment, not in the instrument itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church">Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most organs in Europe, the Americas, and Australasia can be found in <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian</a> churches. The introduction of church organs is traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Pope Vitalian</a> in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its simultaneous ability to provide a musical foundation below the vocal register, support in the vocal register, and increased brightness above the vocal register, the organ is ideally suited to accompany <a href="/wiki/Human_voice" title="Human voice">human voices</a>, whether a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congregation" class="extiw" title="wikt:congregation">congregation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a>, or a cantor or soloist. </p><p>Most services also include solo <a href="/wiki/Organ_repertoire" title="Organ repertoire">organ repertoire</a> for independent performance rather than by way of accompaniment, often as a prelude at the beginning the service and a postlude at the conclusion of the service. </p><p>Today this organ may be a pipe organ (see above), a digital or electronic organ that generates the sound with <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> (DSP) chips, or a combination of pipes and electronics. It may be called a church organ or classical organ to differentiate it from the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">theatre organ</a>, which is a different style of instrument. However, as classical <a href="/wiki/Organ_repertoire" title="Organ repertoire">organ repertoire</a> was developed for the pipe organ and in turn influenced its development, the line between a church and a concert organ became harder to draw. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concert_hall">Concert hall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Concert hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century and early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_organ" title="Symphonic organ">symphonic organs</a> flourished in secular venues in the United States and the United Kingdom, designed to replace symphony orchestras by playing transcriptions of orchestral pieces. Symphonic and orchestral organs largely fell out of favor as the <i><a href="/wiki/Organ_reform_movement" title="Organ reform movement">orgelbewegung</a></i> (organ reform movement) took hold in the middle of the 20th century, and organ builders began to look to historical models for inspiration in constructing new instruments. Today, modern builders construct organs in a variety of styles for both secular and sacred applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_cinema">Theatre and cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theatre and cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">Theatre organ</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_organ_close.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/State_organ_close.jpg/220px-State_organ_close.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/State_organ_close.jpg/330px-State_organ_close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/State_organ_close.jpg/440px-State_organ_close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Theatre organ in State Cinema, Grays. (Compton Organ)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">theatre organ</a> or cinema organ was designed to accompany <a href="/wiki/Silent_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent movie">silent movies</a>. Like a symphonic organ, it is made to replace an orchestra. However, it includes many more gadgets, such as mechanical percussion accessories and other imitative sounds useful in creating movie sound accompaniments such as auto horns, doorbells, and bird whistles. It typically features the Tibia pipe family as its foundation stops and the regular use of a tremulant possessing a depth greater than that on a classical organ. </p><p>Theatre organs tend not to take nearly as much space as standard organs, relying on <a href="/wiki/Extension_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension organ">extension</a> (sometimes called unification) and higher wind pressures to produce a greater variety of tone and larger volume of sound from fewer pipes. Unification gives a smaller instrument the capability of a much larger one, and works well for monophonic styles of playing (chordal, or chords with solo voice). The sound is, however, thicker and more homogeneous than a classically designed organ. In the US the <a href="/wiki/American_Theater_Organ_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater Organ Society">American Theater Organ Society</a> (ATOS) has been instrumental in programs to preserve examples of such instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chamber_organ">Chamber organ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chamber organ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dallas_Meadows_Museum_Organ_by_Oldovini_1762.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dallas_Meadows_Museum_Organ_by_Oldovini_1762.jpg/170px-Dallas_Meadows_Museum_Organ_by_Oldovini_1762.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dallas_Meadows_Museum_Organ_by_Oldovini_1762.jpg/255px-Dallas_Meadows_Museum_Organ_by_Oldovini_1762.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dallas_Meadows_Museum_Organ_by_Oldovini_1762.jpg/340px-Dallas_Meadows_Museum_Organ_by_Oldovini_1762.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Chamber organ by Pascoal Caetano Oldovini (1762).</figcaption></figure> <p>A chamber organ is a small pipe organ, often with only one manual, and sometimes without separate pedal pipes that is placed in a small room, that this diminutive organ can fill with sound. It is often confined to chamber organ repertoire, as often the organs have too few voice capabilities to rival the grand pipe organs in the performance of the classics. The sound and touch are unique to the instrument, sounding nothing like a large organ with few stops drawn out, but rather much more intimate. They are usually <a href="/wiki/Tracker_action" title="Tracker action">tracker</a> instruments, although the modern builders are often building electropneumatic chamber organs. </p><p>Keyboard pieces that predate Beethoven may usually be as easily played on a chamber organ as on a piano or harpsichord, and a chamber organ is sometimes preferable to a harpsichord for <a href="/wiki/Basso_Continuo" class="mw-redirect" title="Basso Continuo">continuo</a> playing as it is more suitable for producing a sustained tone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-piped_organs">Non-piped organs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-piped organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reed_or_pump_organ">Reed or pump organ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reed or pump organ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">Pump organ</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Squeezebox" title="Squeezebox">Squeezebox</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harmonium_Alexandre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Harmonium_Alexandre.JPG/220px-Harmonium_Alexandre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Harmonium_Alexandre.JPG/330px-Harmonium_Alexandre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Harmonium_Alexandre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a>. Operation of the two large pedals at the bottom of the case supplies wind to the reeds.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">pump organ</a>, reed organ or harmonium, was the other main type of organ before the development of the electronic organ. It generated its sounds using reeds similar to those of an <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a>. Smaller, cheaper and more portable than the corresponding pipe instrument, these were widely used in smaller churches and in private homes, but their volume and tonal range was extremely limited. They were generally limited to one or two manuals; they seldom had a pedalboard. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a> or parlor organ: a reed instrument, usually with several stops and two foot-operated bellows.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Suction_reed_organs" title="Pump organ">American reed organ</a>: similar to the Harmonium, but that works on negative pressure, sucking air through the reeds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Melodeons_and_Seraphines" title="Pump organ">Melodeon</a>: a reed instrument with an air reservoir and a foot-operated bellows. It was popular in the US in the mid-19th century. (This is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">diatonic button accordion</a> which is also known as the melodeon.)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chord_organ" title="Chord organ">chord organ</a> was invented by Laurens Hammond in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-chordOrgans_Hammond1950_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chordOrgans_Hammond1950-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provided chord buttons for the left hand, similar to an accordion. Other reed organ manufacturers have also produced chord organs, most notably <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Harmonica_Corporation" title="Magnus Harmonica Corporation">Magnus</a> from 1958 to the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_and_electromechanical_organs">Electronic and electromechanical organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electronic and electromechanical organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ" title="Electric organ">Electric organ</a></div> <p>Since the 1930s, pipeless electric instruments have been available to produce similar sounds and perform similar roles to pipe organs. Many of these have been bought both by houses of worship and other potential pipe organ customers, and also by many musicians both professional and amateur for whom a pipe organ would not be a possibility. Far smaller and cheaper to buy than a corresponding pipe instrument, and in many cases portable, they have taken organ music into private homes and into dance bands and other new environments, and have almost completely replaced the reed organ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hammond">Hammond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hammond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg/220px-Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg/330px-Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg/440px-Hammond_b3_con_leslie_122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond</a> B3 organ,<br />with <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie</a> 122 cabinet.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammond_Organ_-_Model_A_Medley.ogg" title="File:Hammond Organ - Model A Medley.ogg">Medley</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="207" data-mwtitle="Hammond_Organ_-_Model_A_Medley.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Hammond_Organ_-_Model_A_Medley.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Hammond_Organ_-_Model_A_Medley.ogg/Hammond_Organ_-_Model_A_Medley.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_medleys" class="mw-redirect" title="List of musical medleys">Medley</a> played with a 1935's <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a> with <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie</a> cabinet</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a> was the first successful <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ" title="Electric organ">electric organ</a>, released in the 1930s. It used mechanical, rotating <a href="/wiki/Tonewheel" title="Tonewheel">tonewheels</a> to produce the sound waveforms. Its system of <a href="/wiki/Drawbars" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawbars">drawbars</a> allowed for setting volumes for specific sounds, and it provided vibrato-like effects. The drawbars allow the player to choose volume levels. By emphasizing certain harmonics from the overtone series, desired sounds (such as 'brass' or 'string') can be imitated. Generally, the older Hammond drawbar organs had only preamplifiers and were connected to an external, amplified speaker. The <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a>, which rotates to create a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a>, became the most popular. </p><p>Though originally produced to replace organs in the church, the Hammond organ, especially the model B-3, became popular in <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">soul jazz</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a>. Since these were the roots of <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, the Hammond organ became a part of the rock and roll sound. It was widely used in rock and popular music during the 1960s and 1970s by bands like <a href="/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_and_Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerson, Lake and Palmer">Emerson, Lake and Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procol_Harum" title="Procol Harum">Procol Harum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santana_(band)" title="Santana (band)">Santana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a>. Its popularity resurged in pop music around 2000, in part due to the availability of <a href="/wiki/Clonewheel_organ" title="Clonewheel organ">clonewheel organs</a> that were light enough for one person to carry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allen">Allen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Allen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allen_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen organ">Allen organ</a></div> <p>In contrast to Hammond's electro-mechanical design, Allen Organ Company introduced the first totally electronic organ in 1938, based on the stable oscillator designed and patented by the company's founder, Jerome Markowitz.<sup id="cite_ref-MarkowitzPatent_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkowitzPatent-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allen continued to advance analog tone generation through the 1960s with additional patents.<sup id="cite_ref-AllenOrganPatents_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenOrganPatents-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, in collaboration with North American Rockwell,<sup id="cite_ref-AllenNorthAmericanRockwell_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenNorthAmericanRockwell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allen introduced the world's first commercially available digital musical instrument. The first Allen Digital Organ is now in the Smithsonian Institution.<sup id="cite_ref-AllenCongressionalRecord_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenCongressionalRecord-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_analogue_electronic">Other analogue electronic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other analogue electronic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voxcontinental.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Voxcontinental.jpg/220px-Voxcontinental.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Voxcontinental.jpg/330px-Voxcontinental.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Voxcontinental.jpg/440px-Voxcontinental.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Vox_Continental" title="Vox Continental">Vox Continental</a> combo organ.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Frequency_divider_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency divider organ">Frequency divider organs</a> used <a href="/wiki/Oscillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillator">oscillators</a> instead of mechanical parts to make sound. These were even cheaper and more portable than the Hammond. They featured an ability to bend <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a>. </p><p>From the 1940s up until the 1970s, small organs were sold that simplified traditional organ stops. These instruments can be considered the predecessor to modern portable <a href="/wiki/Musical_Keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical Keyboard">keyboards</a>, as they included one-touch chords, rhythm and accompaniment devices, and other electronically assisted gadgets. <a href="/wiki/Lowrey_organ" title="Lowrey organ">Lowrey</a> was the leading manufacturer of this type of organs in the smaller (spinet) instruments. </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s, a type of simple, portable electronic organ called the <a href="/wiki/Combo_organ" title="Combo organ">combo organ</a> was popular, especially with pop, <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a> (in the late 1970s and early 1980s) and rock bands, and was a signature sound in the rock music of the period, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Butterfly" title="Iron Butterfly">Iron Butterfly</a>. The most popular combo organs were manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Farfisa" title="Farfisa">Farfisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vox_(musical_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vox (musical equipment)">Vox</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conn-Selmer" title="Conn-Selmer">Conn-Selmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_Instruments" title="Rodgers Instruments">Rodgers</a>, dominant in the market for larger instruments, also made electronic organs that used <a href="/wiki/Electronic_organ#Separate_oscillators" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic organ">separate oscillators</a> for each note rather than frequency dividers, giving them a richer sound, closer to a pipe organ, due to the slight imperfections in tuning. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electronic_organ#Pipe/electronic_hybrid_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic organ">Hybrids</a>, starting in the early 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-TheIllustrationNewspaper1934_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheIllustrationNewspaper1934-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> incorporate a few ranks of pipes to produce some sounds, and use electronic circuits or digital samples for other sounds and to resolve borrowing collisions. Major manufacturers include <a href="/wiki/Allen_Organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Organ">Allen</a>, Walker, <a href="/wiki/John_Compton_(organ_builder)" title="John Compton (organ builder)">Compton</a>, Wicks, Marshall & Ogletree, Phoenix, Makin Organs, Wyvern Organs and <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_Instruments" title="Rodgers Instruments">Rodgers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital">Digital</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg/220px-Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg/330px-Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg/440px-Nord_Electro2_61keys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>A modern digital organ (<a href="/wiki/Nord_Electro" title="Nord Electro">Nord Electro 2</a>) utilizing <a href="/wiki/Physical_modeling_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical modeling synthesis">modeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">DSP</a> technology.</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> enabled another revolution in electronic keyboard instruments. Digital organs sold since the 1970s utilize <a href="/wiki/Additive_synthesis" title="Additive synthesis">additive synthesis</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling technology</a> (1980s) and <a href="/wiki/Physical_modelling_synthesis" title="Physical modelling synthesis">physical modelling synthesis</a> (1990s) are also utilized to produce the sound. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electronic_organ#Software_pipe_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic organ">Virtual pipe organs</a> use <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> to access samples of real pipe organs stored on a computer, as opposed to digital organs that use DSP and processor hardware inside a console to produce the sounds or deliver the sound samples. Touch screen monitors allows the user to control the virtual organ console; a traditional console and its physical stop and coupler controls is not required. In such a basic form, a virtual organ can be obtained at a much lower cost than other digital classical organs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanical_organs">Mechanical organs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mechanical organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:493px;max-width:493px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:221px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Posetiivinsoittaja_organ_grinder_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Posetiivinsoittaja_organ_grinder_closeup.jpg/148px-Posetiivinsoittaja_organ_grinder_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Posetiivinsoittaja_organ_grinder_closeup.jpg/222px-Posetiivinsoittaja_organ_grinder_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Posetiivinsoittaja_organ_grinder_closeup.jpg/296px-Posetiivinsoittaja_organ_grinder_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">Barrel organ</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:221px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Welte_Cottage_Orchestrion_Style_3,_Kelvingrove_museum,_Glasgow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Welte_Cottage_Orchestrion_Style_3%2C_Kelvingrove_museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/166px-Welte_Cottage_Orchestrion_Style_3%2C_Kelvingrove_museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Welte_Cottage_Orchestrion_Style_3%2C_Kelvingrove_museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/249px-Welte_Cottage_Orchestrion_Style_3%2C_Kelvingrove_museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Welte_Cottage_Orchestrion_Style_3%2C_Kelvingrove_museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/332px-Welte_Cottage_Orchestrion_Style_3%2C_Kelvingrove_museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Orchestrion" title="Orchestrion">Orchestrion</a> from Germany</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:221px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carousel_Band_Organ_Wurlitzer_(Cultural_Education_Center,_NY).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Carousel_Band_Organ_Wurlitzer_%28Cultural_Education_Center%2C_NY%29.jpg/166px-Carousel_Band_Organ_Wurlitzer_%28Cultural_Education_Center%2C_NY%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Carousel_Band_Organ_Wurlitzer_%28Cultural_Education_Center%2C_NY%29.jpg/249px-Carousel_Band_Organ_Wurlitzer_%28Cultural_Education_Center%2C_NY%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Carousel_Band_Organ_Wurlitzer_%28Cultural_Education_Center%2C_NY%29.jpg/332px-Carousel_Band_Organ_Wurlitzer_%28Cultural_Education_Center%2C_NY%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fairground_organ" title="Fairground organ">Band organ</a> from USA</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berger-markt-nacht002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Berger-markt-nacht002.jpg/147px-Berger-markt-nacht002.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Berger-markt-nacht002.jpg/221px-Berger-markt-nacht002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Berger-markt-nacht002.jpg/294px-Berger-markt-nacht002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2011" data-file-height="1711" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fairground_organ" title="Fairground organ">Fairground organ</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Draaiorgel-de-bloemenmeid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Draaiorgel-de-bloemenmeid.jpg/167px-Draaiorgel-de-bloemenmeid.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Draaiorgel-de-bloemenmeid.jpg/251px-Draaiorgel-de-bloemenmeid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Draaiorgel-de-bloemenmeid.jpg/334px-Draaiorgel-de-bloemenmeid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Street_organ" title="Street organ">Dutch street organ</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Organ_At_Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Organ_At_Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair.jpg/167px-Organ_At_Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Organ_At_Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair.jpg/251px-Organ_At_Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Organ_At_Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair.jpg/334px-Organ_At_Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dance_organ" title="Dance organ">Dance organ</a> from Belgium</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_organ" title="Mechanical organ">Mechanical organs</a> include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">Barrel organ</a>: made famous by <a href="/wiki/Organ_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ grinder">organ grinders</a> in its portable form, the larger form often equipped with keyboards for human performance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organette" title="Organette">Organette</a>: small, accordion-like instrument manufactured in New York in the late 1800s</li> <li>Novelty instruments or various types that operate on the same principles. These pipe organs use a <i>piano roll</i> player or other mechanical means instead of a keyboard to play a prepared song: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orchestrion" title="Orchestrion">Orchestrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairground_organ" title="Fairground organ">Fairground organ</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Band_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Band organ">band organ</a> in the USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_street_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch street organ">Dutch street organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_organ" title="Dance organ">Dance organ</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The wind can also be created by using pressurized steam instead of air. The steam organ, or <a href="/wiki/Calliope_(music)" title="Calliope (music)">calliope</a>, was invented in the United States in the 19th century. Calliopes usually have very loud and clean sound. Calliopes are used as outdoors instruments, and many have been built on wheeled platforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Organ,_St_Giles_cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Organ%2C_St_Giles_cathedral.jpg/220px-Organ%2C_St_Giles_cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Organ%2C_St_Giles_cathedral.jpg/330px-Organ%2C_St_Giles_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Organ%2C_St_Giles_cathedral.jpg/440px-Organ%2C_St_Giles_cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3117" data-file-height="4157" /></a><figcaption>Organ in <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Cathedral" title="St Giles' Cathedral">St Giles' Cathedral</a>.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Organ_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Organ (music)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organ_repertoire" title="Organ repertoire">Organ repertoire</a></div> <p>The organ has had an important place in <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a>, particularly since the 16th century. Spain's <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Antonio de Cabezón">Antonio de Cabezón</a>, the Netherlands' <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck</a>, and Italy's <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a> were three of the most important organist-composers before 1650. Influenced in part by Sweelinck and Frescobaldi, the <a href="/wiki/North_German_school" class="mw-redirect" title="North German school">North German school</a> rose from the mid-17th century onwards to great prominence, with leading members of this school having included <a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Buxtehude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Tunder" title="Franz Tunder">Franz Tunder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%B6hm" title="Georg Böhm">Georg Böhm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a>, and above all <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, whose contributions to organ music continue to reign supreme. </p><p>During this time, the <a href="/wiki/French_organ_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="French organ mass">French Classical school</a> also flourished. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Leb%C3%A8gue" title="Nicolas Lebègue">Nicolas Lebègue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Raison" title="André Raison">André Raison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Grigny" title="Nicolas de Grigny">Nicolas de Grigny</a> were French organist-composers of the period. Bach knew Grigny's organ output well, and admired it. In England, <a href="/wiki/Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel">Handel</a> was famous for his organ-playing no less than for his composing; several of his organ concertos, intended for his own use, are still frequently performed. </p><p>After Bach's death in 1750, the organ's prominence gradually shrank, as the instrument itself increasingly lost ground to the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">César Franck</a>, and the less famous <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bo%C3%ABly" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Pierre François Boëly">A.P.F. Boëly</a> (all of whom were themselves expert organists) led, independently of one another, a resurgence of valuable organ writing during the 19th century. This resurgence, much of it informed by Bach's example, achieved particularly impressive things in France (even though Franck himself was of Belgian birth). Major names in French Romantic organ composition are <a href="/wiki/Charles-Marie_Widor" title="Charles-Marie Widor">Charles-Marie Widor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vierne" title="Louis Vierne">Louis Vierne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Guilmant" title="Alexandre Guilmant">Alexandre Guilmant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tournemire" title="Charles Tournemire">Charles Tournemire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Gigout" title="Eugène Gigout">Eugène Gigout</a>. Of these, Vierne and Tournemire were Franck pupils. </p><p>In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a> (late 19th century) owes much to the harmonic daring of <a href="/wiki/Liszt" class="mw-redirect" title="Liszt">Liszt</a> (himself an organ composer) and of <a href="/wiki/Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner">Wagner</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> produced three organ sonatas and several works combining organ with chamber groups. <a href="/wiki/Sigfrid_Karg-Elert" title="Sigfrid Karg-Elert">Sigfrid Karg-Elert</a> specialized in smaller organ pieces, mostly chorale-preludes. </p><p>Among French organist-composers, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Dupr%C3%A9" title="Marcel Dupré">Marcel Dupré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Durufl%C3%A9" title="Maurice Duruflé">Maurice Duruflé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Langlais" title="Jean Langlais">Jean Langlais</a> made significant contributions to the 20th-century organ repertoire. Organ was also used a lot for <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation#Organ_improvisation_and_church_music" title="Musical improvisation">improvisation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with organists such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tournemire" title="Charles Tournemire">Charles Tournemire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Dupr%C3%A9" title="Marcel Dupré">Marcel Dupré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cochereau" title="Pierre Cochereau">Pierre Cochereau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pincemaille" title="Pierre Pincemaille">Pierre Pincemaille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Escaich" title="Thierry Escaich">Thierry Escaich</a>. </p><p>Some composers incorporated the instrument in symphonic works for its dramatic effect, notably <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>. <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a>'s <i>Organ Symphony</i> employs the organ more as an equitable orchestral instrument than for purely dramatic effect. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Poulenc</a> wrote the sole organ concerto since Handel's to have achieved mainstream popularity. </p><p>Because the organ has both manuals and pedals, organ music has come to be notated on three <a href="/wiki/Musical_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical staff">staves</a>. The music played on the manuals is laid out like music for other keyboard instruments on the top two staves, and the music for the pedals is notated on the third stave or sometimes, to save space, added to the bottom of the second stave as was the early practice. To aid the eye in reading three staves at once, the <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">bar lines</a> are broken between the lowest two staves; the brace surrounds only the upper two staves. Because music racks are often built quite low to preserve sightlines over the console, organ music is usually published in oblong or landscape format. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jazz">Jazz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electronic_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic organ">Electronic organs</a> and electromechanical organs such as the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a> have an established role in a number of popular-music genres, such as blues, jazz, gospel, and 1960s and 1970s rock music. Electronic and electromechanical organs were originally designed as lower-cost substitutes for pipe organs. Despite this intended role as a sacred music instrument, electronic and electromechanical organs' distinctive tone – often modified with electronic effects such as <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a>, rotating <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speakers</a>, and overdrive – became an important part of the sound of popular music. </p><p>The electric organ, especially the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond</a> B-3, has occupied a significant role in <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> ever since <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_(musician)" title="Jimmy Smith (musician)">Jimmy Smith</a> made it popular in the 1950s. It can function as a replacement for both piano and bass in the standard jazz combo. The Hammond organ is the centrepiece of the <a href="/wiki/Organ_trio" title="Organ trio">organ trio</a>, a small ensemble which typically includes an organist (playing melodies, chords and basslines), a drummer and a third instrumentalist (either jazz guitar or saxophone). In the 2000s, many performers use electronic or digital organs, called <a href="/wiki/Clonewheel_organ" title="Clonewheel organ">clonewheel organs</a>, as they are much lighter and easier to transport than the heavy, bulky B-3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Potatos_w_Lizard_King_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Los_Potatos_w_Lizard_King_%281%29.jpg/220px-Los_Potatos_w_Lizard_King_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Los_Potatos_w_Lizard_King_%281%29.jpg/330px-Los_Potatos_w_Lizard_King_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Los_Potatos_w_Lizard_King_%281%29.jpg/440px-Los_Potatos_w_Lizard_King_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>A modern digital Hammond organ in use.</figcaption></figure> <p>Performers of 20th century popular organ music include William Rowland who composed "Piano Rags"; <a href="/wiki/George_Wright_(organist)" title="George Wright (organist)">George Wright</a> (1920–1998) and <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Fox" title="Virgil Fox">Virgil Fox</a> (1912–1980), who bridged both the classical and religious areas of music. </p><p>Church-style pipe organs are sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Tangerine_Dream" title="Tangerine Dream">Tangerine Dream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Wakeman" title="Rick Wakeman">Rick Wakeman</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Yes_(band)" title="Yes (band)">Yes</a> and solo), <a href="/wiki/Keith_Emerson" title="Keith Emerson">Keith Emerson</a> (with <a href="/wiki/The_Nice" title="The Nice">The Nice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_and_Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerson, Lake and Palmer">Emerson, Lake and Palmer</a>), <a href="/wiki/George_Duke" title="George Duke">George Duke</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dennis_DeYoung" title="Dennis DeYoung">Dennis DeYoung</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Styx_(band)" title="Styx (band)">Styx</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arcade_Fire" title="Arcade Fire">Arcade Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muse_(band)" title="Muse (band)">Muse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hodgson" title="Roger Hodgson">Roger Hodgson</a> (formerly of <a href="/wiki/Supertramp" title="Supertramp">Supertramp</a>), <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Merchant" title="Natalie Merchant">Natalie Merchant</a> (with <a href="/wiki/10,000_Maniacs" title="10,000 Maniacs">10,000 Maniacs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Billy_Preston" title="Billy Preston">Billy Preston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Butterfly" title="Iron Butterfly">Iron Butterfly</a>. </p><p>Artists using the Hammond organ include <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counting_Crows" title="Counting Crows">Counting Crows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hootie_%26_the_Blowfish" title="Hootie & the Blowfish">Hootie & the Blowfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheryl_Crow" title="Sheryl Crow">Sheryl Crow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulfpeck" title="Vulfpeck">Vulfpeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sly_Stone" title="Sly Stone">Sly Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nancy_Faust_in_Cellular_Field_organ_booth_2010-09-27_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nancy_Faust_in_Cellular_Field_organ_booth_2010-09-27_1.jpg/220px-Nancy_Faust_in_Cellular_Field_organ_booth_2010-09-27_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Nancy_Faust_in_Cellular_Field_organ_booth_2010-09-27_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Faust" title="Nancy Faust">Nancy Faust</a> playing at <a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_Rate_Field" title="Guaranteed Rate Field">Guaranteed Rate Field</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago White Sox</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States and Canada, organ music is commonly associated with several sports, most notably <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>. </p><p>The first baseball team to introduce an organ was the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a>, who put an organ in <a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Field" title="Wrigley Field">Wrigley Field</a> as an experiment in 1941 for two games. <a href="/wiki/Ebbets_Field" title="Ebbets Field">Ebbets Field</a>, home of the Brooklyn Dodgers, hired baseball's first full-time organist, <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Goodding" title="Gladys Goodding">Gladys Goodding</a>. Over the years, many ballparks caught on to the trend, and many organists became well-known and associated with their parks or signature tunes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_repertoire" title="Organ repertoire">Organ repertoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organ_composers" title="List of organ composers">List of organ composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organists" title="List of organists">List of organists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_organ" title="Residence organ">Residence organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_organ" title="Street organ">Street organ</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both analog and <a href="#Digital">digital</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BibleRegal1988ME-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BibleRegal1988ME_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kreis-badkreuznach.de/cgi-bin/index.cgi?url=/tourismus/orgelmuseum/02regal.html">"Landkreis Bad Kreuznach - Regal (1988, Gebr Oberlinger) - Copy of an instrument by Michael Klotz, ca. 1600"</a>. <i>Kreis-badkreuznach.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kreis-badkreuznach.de&rft.atitle=Landkreis+Bad+Kreuznach+-+Regal+%281988%2C+Gebr+Oberlinger%29+-+Copy+of+an+instrument+by+Michael+Klotz%2C+ca.+1600&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kreis-badkreuznach.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Findex.cgi%3Furl%3D%2Ftourismus%2Forgelmuseum%2F02regal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The organ developed from older musical instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">panpipe</a>, therefore is not the oldest musical instrument.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Organ,_an_Encyclopedia.-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Organ,_an_Encyclopedia._4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Organ,_an_Encyclopedia._4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Bush and Richard Kassel eds., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDJaeFFUPoC&pg=PA327">"The Organ, an Encyclopedia."</a> Routledge. 2006. p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005205839/http://www.culture.gr/2/23/232/epked/en/00_standard_menu/00a_ydraulis/00a.htm">"Untitled Document"</a>. 5 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gr/2/23/232/epked/en/00_standard_menu/00a_ydraulis/00a.htm">the original</a> on 2006-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Untitled+Document&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gr%2F2%2F23%2F232%2Fepked%2Fen%2F00_standard_menu%2F00a_ydraulis%2F00a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellum_Catiline" class="citation web cs1">Bellum Catiline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190815/http://users.ipa.net/~tanker/organs.htm">"Greek and Roman Pipe Organs"</a>. <i>Two items from "The Story of the Organ"  by C. F. Abdy Williams, published in 1903 by Walter Scott Publishing</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ipa.net/~tanker/organs.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Two+items+from+%22The+Story+of+the+Organ%22+by+C.+F.+Abdy+Williams%2C+published+in+1903+by+Walter+Scott+Publishing&rft.atitle=Greek+and+Roman+Pipe+Organs&rft.au=Bellum+Catiline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.ipa.net%2F~tanker%2Forgans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katapi.org.uk/MusicOfTheBible/Ch6.htm">"THE MUSIC OF THE BIBLE by J Stainer: Ch.6"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820212937/http://www.katapi.org.uk/MusicOfTheBible/Ch6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+MUSIC+OF+THE+BIBLE+by+J+Stainer%3A+Ch.6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katapi.org.uk%2FMusicOfTheBible%2FCh6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1993" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Peter F. (1993). <i>The Organ in Western Culture, 750-1250</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organ+in+Western+Culture%2C+750-1250&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tZpE05Ws_BwC&dq=the+organ+in+western+culture+pippins+organ&pg=PA137">137ff</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ring-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ring_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRing1994" class="citation cs2">Ring, Trudy (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&q=mariamin+hama"><i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa</i></a>, vol. 4, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1884964036" title="Special:BookSources/1884964036"><bdi>1884964036</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1884964036&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR44VRnNCzAYC%26q%3Dmariamin%2Bhama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswanger,_Ray1999" class="citation book cs1">Biswanger, Ray (1999). <i>Music in the Marketplace: The Story of Philadelphia's Historic Wanamaker Organ</i>. The Friends of the Wanamaker Organ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9665552-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9665552-0-1"><bdi>0-9665552-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Marketplace%3A+The+Story+of+Philadelphia%27s+Historic+Wanamaker+Organ&rft.pub=The+Friends+of+the+Wanamaker+Organ+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-9665552-0-1&rft.au=Biswanger%2C+Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncregister.com/site/article/4552"><i>The King of Instruments</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090515201615/http://www.ncregister.com/site/article/4552">Archived</a> 2009-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Register" title="National Catholic Register">National Catholic Register</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames-Griffiths2016" class="citation web cs1">James-Griffiths, Paul (2016-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianheritageedinburgh.org.uk/2016/08/20/the-earliest-church-organ/">"The earliest church organ"</a>. <i>Christian Heritage Edinburgh</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Heritage+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=The+earliest+church+organ&rft.date=2016-08-20&rft.aulast=James-Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianheritageedinburgh.org.uk%2F2016%2F08%2F20%2Fthe-earliest-church-organ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chordOrgans_Hammond1950-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chordOrgans_Hammond1950_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/253678/Laurens-Hammond">Laurens Hammond</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2009 - His later inventions included the chord organ (1950, i.e. Hammond S-6 chord organ).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nh4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Play by Numbers' Organ Hottest Musical Merchandise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. May 11, 1959. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=%27Play+by+Numbers%27+Organ+Hottest+Musical+Merchandise&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1959-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnh4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarkowitzPatent-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MarkowitzPatent_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2190078A/en">"Low frequency oscillator"</a>. <i>Patents.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patents.google.com&rft.atitle=Low+frequency+oscillator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS2190078A%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllenOrganPatents-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AllenOrganPatents_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.justia.com/search?q=Allen+Organ+Company">"Search Patents - Justia Patents Search"</a>. <i>Patents.justia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patents.justia.com&rft.atitle=Search+Patents+-+Justia+Patents+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.justia.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DAllen%2BOrgan%2BCompany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllenNorthAmericanRockwell-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AllenNorthAmericanRockwell_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allenorgan.com/www/company/museum/dig1.html">"Allen Organ collaborative effort with North American Rockwell"</a>. <i>Allenorgan.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allenorgan.com&rft.atitle=Allen+Organ+collaborative+effort+with+North+American+Rockwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allenorgan.com%2Fwww%2Fcompany%2Fmuseum%2Fdig1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllenCongressionalRecord-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AllenCongressionalRecord_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2010/9/29/extensions-of-remarks-section/article/e1778-3">"Congressional Record Extensions of Remarks Articles"</a>. <i>Congress.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congress.gov&rft.atitle=Congressional+Record+Extensions+of+Remarks+Articles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fcongressional-record%2F2010%2F9%2F29%2Fextensions-of-remarks-section%2Farticle%2Fe1778-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheIllustrationNewspaper1934-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheIllustrationNewspaper1934_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001RH0B68">Synthetic Radio Organ Church Diagram French Print 1934</a>, The ILlustration Newspaper of 1934, Paris</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzostak2018" class="citation journal cs1">Szostak, Michał (1 September 2018). "Instrument as a source of inspiration for the performer". <i>The Organ</i>. <b>386</b>. Musical Opinion Ltd: 6–27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-4883">0030-4883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Organ&rft.atitle=Instrument+as+a+source+of+inspiration+for+the+performer&rft.volume=386&rft.pages=6-27&rft.date=2018-09-01&rft.issn=0030-4883&rft.aulast=Szostak&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2007" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, William Harrison (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oian6HrzAdIC&pg=PA13"><i>The Contemporary American Organ - Its Evolution, Design And Construction</i></a>. Barnes Press. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-6023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-6023-1"><bdi>978-1-4067-6023-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contemporary+American+Organ+-+Its+Evolution%2C+Design+And+Construction&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Barnes+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-6023-1&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=William+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOian6HrzAdIC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2008" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Henry George Bonavia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B59EUzd3_ckC&pg=PA148"><i>A Concise History of Music</i></a>. BiblioLife. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0554753874" title="Special:BookSources/978-0554753874"><bdi>978-0554753874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Music&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=BiblioLife&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0554753874&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Henry+George+Bonavia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB59EUzd3_ckC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.church-organs.com/?p=1">Choosing a Church Organ in the 21st Century</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRimbaultc._1865" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Francis_Rimbault" title="Edward Francis Rimbault">Rimbault, Edward Francis</a> (c. 1865). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Early English Organ Builders and their work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Early_English_Organ_Builders_and_their_work"><i>The Early English Organ Builders and their work</i> </a></span>. London: William Reeves.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+English+Organ+Builders+and+their+work&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Reeves&rft.aulast=Rimbault&rft.aufirst=Edward+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrgan+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(music)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Organ</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/organ" class="extiw" title="wikt:organ">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Organs_(music)" class="extiw" title="c:category:Organs (music)">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Organ" class="extiw" title="v:Organ">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1444" class="extiw" title="d:Q1444">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.organlibrary.org">Organ Library</a> of the Boston Chapter, AGO. 45,000 items of organ music.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musique-sacree-notredamedeparis.fr">Music and organ recital at Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npor.org.uk/">npor.org.uk</a> – Homepage of the National Pipe Organ Register of the British Institute of Organ Studies, with extensive information on and many audio samples of original instruments</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.organsociety.org/">The Organ Historical Society</a> – The Society promotes a widespread musical and historical interest in American organbuilding through collection, preservation, and publication of historical information, and through recordings and public concerts.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_keyboards" title="Template:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_keyboards" title="Template talk:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_keyboards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_and_keyboard_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">Musical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_clavier" title="Bowed clavier">Bowed clavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliope_(music)" title="Calliope (music)">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicytherium" title="Clavicytherium">Clavicytherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claviharp" title="Claviharp">Claviharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">Fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonichord" title="Harmonichord">Harmonichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keytar" title="Keytar">Keytar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodica" title="Melodica">Melodica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed organ">Reed organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">Theatre organ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphica" title="Orphica">Orphica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_piano" title="Digital piano">Digital piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">Electric piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enharmonic_keyboard" title="Enharmonic keyboard">Enharmonic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_keyboard" title="Generalized keyboard">Generalized keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphic_keyboard" title="Isomorphic keyboard">Isomorphic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jank%C3%B3_keyboard" title="Jankó keyboard">Jankó keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">Short octave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">Keys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_key_frequencies" title="Piano key frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">Manual keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sharp" title="Split sharp">Split sharp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">Pedals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_pedal" title="Soft pedal">Soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">Sustain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedal keyboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovations_in_the_piano" title="Innovations in the piano">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_wire" title="Piano wire">Wiring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">Aliquot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stringing" title="Cross-stringing">Cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_maintenance" title="Piano maintenance">Maintenance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(piano)" title="Action (piano)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Technicians_Guild" title="Piano Technicians Guild">Piano Technicians Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuning" title="Piano tuning">Tuning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_wrench" title="Tuning wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amplifiers, speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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