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air</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: humid air"> <meta name="keywords" content="humid air"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="humid air"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 148</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: humid air</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">148</span> Sustainable Traditional Architecture and Urban Planning in Hot–Humid Climate of Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farnaz%20Nazem">Farnaz Nazem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper concentrates on the sustainable traditional architecture and urban planning in hot-humid regions of Iran. In a vast country such as Iran with different climatic zones traditional builders have presented series of logical solutions for human comfort. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate traditional architecture in hot-humid climate of Iran as a sample of sustainable architecture. Iranian traditional architecture has been able to response to environmental problems for a long period of time. Its features are based on climatic factors, local construction materials of hot-humid regions and culture. This paper concludes that Iranian traditional architecture can be addressed as a sustainable architecture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot-humid%20climate" title="hot-humid climate">hot-humid climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20traditional%20architecture" title=" sustainable traditional architecture"> sustainable traditional architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20planning" title=" urban planning"> urban planning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33743/sustainable-traditional-architecture-and-urban-planning-in-hot-humid-climate-of-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">607</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">147</span> Effect of Climate Change on Aridity Index in South Bihar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aayush%20Anant">Aayush Anant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roshni%20Thendiyath"> Roshni Thendiyath</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aridity impacts on agriculture, as well as ecological, human health, and economic activities. In the present study, the effect of climate change on aridity index has been analysed in South Bihar for the past 30 year period by five types of aridity indices as Lang AI, De-Martonne AI, Erinc AI, Pinna combinative AI and UNEP AI. For the study of aridity index, the analysis of rainfall and temperature is significant. Rainfall was analysed for 30 year period from data of 23 gridded stations in for the period 1991-2020. The results show that rainfall pattern was decreasing with respect to previous decades for majority of stations. Trend of maximum, minimum and mean annual temperature has been observed, which shows increasing trend. Structural breakpoint was observed for mean annual temperature data series in year 2004. In period 1991-2004 mean annual temperature was 25.25 ºC, and in period 2005-2020, mean annual temperature was 25.7 ºC. Average aridity index has been calculated by all the above mentioned methods for whole 30 period. Lang AI shows that eastern part of study area is Humid type, and rest all is semi arid. De-Martonne AI also reveals that east part is humid, but rest of the study area is moist sub humid. According to Erinc AI and Pinna, combinative AI shows that whole south Bihar is dry sub humid and semi dry, respectively. UNEP AI shows most of the part as sub humid, and very small part in west is semi arid, while small part of east is humid. Temporal distribution of all the aridity indices shows a decreasing trend. This indicates a decrease in the humid areas in south Bihar for the selected time period. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drought" title="drought">drought</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aridity%20index" title=" aridity index"> aridity index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title=" climate change"> climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall" title=" rainfall"> rainfall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174900/effect-of-climate-change-on-aridity-index-in-south-bihar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174900.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">146</span> Experimental Observation on Air-Conditioning Using Radiant Chilled Ceiling in Hot Humid Climate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashmin%20Aryal">Ashmin Aryal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pipat%20Chaiwiwatworakul"> Pipat Chaiwiwatworakul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surapong%20Chirarattananon"> Surapong Chirarattananon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Radiant chilled ceiling (RCC) has been perceived to save more energy and provide better thermal comfort than the traditional air conditioning system. However, its application has been rather limited by some reasons e.g., the scarce information about the thermal characteristic in the radiant room and the local climate influence on the system performance, etc. To bridge such gap, an office-like experiment room with a RCC was constructed in the hot and humid climate of Thailand. This paper presents exemplarily results from the RCC experiments to give an insight into the thermal environment in a radiant room and the cooling load associated to maintain the room's comfort condition. It gave a demonstration of the RCC system operation for its application to achieve thermal comfort in offices in a hot humid climate, as well. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiant%20chilled%20ceiling" title="radiant chilled ceiling">radiant chilled ceiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20comfort" title=" thermal comfort"> thermal comfort</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooling%20load" title=" cooling load"> cooling load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outdoor%20air%20unit" title=" outdoor air unit"> outdoor air unit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134085/experimental-observation-on-air-conditioning-using-radiant-chilled-ceiling-in-hot-humid-climate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134085.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">145</span> Comparison of Soils of Hungarian Dry and Humid Oak Forests Based on Changes in Nutrient Content</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Istv%C3%A1n%20Fekete">István Fekete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imre%20Berki"> Imre Berki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%81ron%20B%C3%A9ni"> Áron Béni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katalin%20Juhos"> Katalin Juhos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marianna%20Mak%C3%A1di"> Marianna Makádi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zsolt%20Kotrocz%C3%B3"> Zsolt Kotroczó</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The average annual precipitation significantly influences the moisture content of the soils and, through this, the decomposition of the organic substances in the soils, the leaching of nutrients from the soils, and the pH of the soils. Climate change, together with the lengthening of the vegetation period and the increasing CO₂ level, can increase the amount of biomass that is formed. Degradation processes, which accelerate as the temperature increases and slow down due to the drying climate, and the change in the degree of leaching can cancel out or strengthen each other's effects. In the course of our research, we looked for oak forests with climate-zonal soils where the geological, geographical and ecological background conditions are as similar as possible, apart from the different annual precipitation averages and the differences that can arise from them. We examined 5 dry and 5 humid Hungarian oak soils. Climate change affects the soils of drier and wetter forests differently. The aim of our research was to compare the content of carbon, nitrogen and some other nutrients, as well as the pH of the soils of humid and dry forests. Showing the effects of the drier climate on the tested soil parameters. In the case of the examined forest soils, we found a significant difference between the soils of dry and humid forests: in the case of the annual average precipitation values (p≥ 0.0001, for dry forest soils: 564±5.2 mm; for humid forest soils: 716±3.8 mm) for pH (p= 0.0004, for dry forest soils: 5.49±0.16; for wet forest soils: 5.36±0.21); for C content (p= 0.0054, for dry forest soils: 6.92%±0.59; for humid forest soils 3.09%±0.24), for N content (p= 0.0022, dry forest in the case of soils: 0.44%±0.047; in the case of humid forest soils: 0.23%±0.013), for the K content (p=0.0017, in the case of dry forest soils: 5684±732 (mg/kg); in the case of humid forest soils 2169±196 (mg/kg)), for the Ca content (p= 0.0096, for dry forest soils: 8207±2118 (mg/kg); for wet forest soils 957±320 (mg/kg)). No significant difference was found in the case of Mg. In a wetter environment, especially if the moisture content of the soil is also optimal for the decomposing organisms during the growing season, the decomposition of organic residues accelerates, and the processes of leaching from the soil are also intensified. The different intensity of the leaching processes is also well reflected in the quantitative differences of Ca and K, and in connection with these, it is also reflected in the difference in pH values. The differences in the C and N content can be explained by differences in the intensity of the decomposition processes. In addition to warming, drying is expected in a significant part of Hungary due to climate change. Thus, the comparison of the soils of dry and humid forests allows us to predict the subsequent changes in the case of the examined parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20nutrients" title="soil nutrients">soil nutrients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precipitation%20difference" title=" precipitation difference"> precipitation difference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title=" climate change"> climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20matter%20decomposition" title=" organic matter decomposition"> organic matter decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaching" title=" leaching"> leaching</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161235/comparison-of-soils-of-hungarian-dry-and-humid-oak-forests-based-on-changes-in-nutrient-content" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161235.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">144</span> Research on the Impact on Building Temperature and Ventilation by Outdoor Shading Devices in Hot-Humid Area: Through Measurement and Simulation on an Office Building in Guangzhou</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hankun%20Lin">Hankun Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yiqiang%20Xiao"> Yiqiang Xiao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiaosheng%20Zhan"> Qiaosheng Zhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Shading devices (SDs) are widely used in buildings in the hot-humid climate areas for reducing cooling energy consumption for interior temperature, as the result of reducing the solar radiation directly. Contrasting the surface temperature of materials of SDs to the glass on the building façade could give more analysis for the shading effect. On the other side, SDs are much more used as the independence system on building façade in hot-humid area. This typical construction could have some impacts on building ventilation as well. This paper discusses the outdoor SDs’ effects on the building thermal environment and ventilation, through a set of measurements on a 2-floors office building in Guangzhou, China, which install a dynamic aluminum SD-system around the façade on 2<sup>nd</sup>-floor. The measurements recorded the in/outdoor temperature, relative humidity, velocity, and the surface temperature of the aluminum panel and the glaze. After that, a CFD simulation was conducted for deeper discussion of ventilation. In conclusion, this paper reveals the temperature differences on the different material of the façade, and finds that the velocity of indoor environment could be reduced by the outdoor SDs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outdoor%20shading%20devices" title="outdoor shading devices">outdoor shading devices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot-humid%20area" title=" hot-humid area"> hot-humid area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ventilation" title=" ventilation"> ventilation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=measurement" title=" measurement"> measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71054/research-on-the-impact-on-building-temperature-and-ventilation-by-outdoor-shading-devices-in-hot-humid-area-through-measurement-and-simulation-on-an-office-building-in-guangzhou" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71054.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">448</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">143</span> Insight on Passive Design for Energy Efficiency in Commercial Building for Hot and Humid Climate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aravind%20J.">Aravind J.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Passive design can be referred to a way of designing buildings that takes advantage of the prevailing climate and natural energy resources. Which will be a key to reduce the increasing energy usage in commercial buildings. Most of the small scale commercial buildings made are merely a thermal mass inbuilt with active systems to bring lively conditions. By bringing the passive design strategies for energy efficiency in commercial buildings will reduce the usage of active systems. Thus the energy usage can be controlled through analysis of daylighting and improved living conditions in the indoor spaces by using passive techniques. And comparative study on different passive design systems and conventional methods will be approached for commercial buildings in hot and humid region. Possible effects of existing risks implied with solution for those problems is also a part of the paper. The result will be carried on with the design programme to prove the workability of the strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=passive%20design" title="passive design">passive design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title=" energy efficiency"> energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commercial%20buildings" title=" commercial buildings"> commercial buildings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20and%20humid%20climate" title=" hot and humid climate"> hot and humid climate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82003/insight-on-passive-design-for-energy-efficiency-in-commercial-building-for-hot-and-humid-climate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82003.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">142</span> The Effect of Sago Supplementation on Physiology and Performance in a Hot and Humid Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Che%20Jusoh">Che Jusoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Rahimi"> Mohd Rahimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toby%20Mundel"> Toby Mundel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was designed to investigate the physiological and performance effects of a local Malaysian native starch (Metroxylin sago) on cycling in a hot (30°C) and humid (78% RH) environment. Eight male, non-heat acclimated, well-trained club cyclists (VO2max 65 ± 10 ml kg-1 min-1, peak aerobic power 397 ± 71 W) completed one familiarization and three experimental trials in our laboratory simulating cycling in environmental conditions of heat and humidity. Each trial consisted of 45 minutes at a fixed workload (55% VO2max) followed by a 15 minute time-trial (~75% VO2max). Sago in porridge form was consumed 1h before exercise (Pre), in gel form during exercise (Dur) and compared to a control trial (Con), using a random, cross-over design. Plasma glucose concentration did not differ between trials (P = 0.06) with an increase from 4.1 ± 0.6 to 6.1 ± 1.6 mmol-1 (Con), 4.8 ± 1.7 to 5.7 ± 0.4 mmol-1 (Pre) and 4.7 ± 0.8 to 6.9 ± 1.4 mmol-1 (Dur) from start to end of exercise. Plasma lactate increased (P = 0.02) from 1.6 ± 0.3 to 7.6 ± 2.2 mmol-1 (Con), 1.7 ± 0.5 to 7.3 ± 2.9 mmol-1 (Pre) and 1.6 ± 0.2 to 7.3 ± 1.8 mmol-1 (Dur) with no effect of trial (P = 0.74). No differences were found between trials for RER (P = 0.328) with values of 0.93 ± 0.05 (Con), 0.94 ± 0.04 (Pre) and 0.92 ± 0.04 (Dur). There were no differences between trials in rectal (P = 0.64) and skin (P = 0.56) temperatures; values reaching 39.1 ± 0.5°C (Con), 38.9 ± 0.4°C (Pre) and 39.1 ± 0.4°C (Dur) for rectal and 32.7 ± 1.2°C (Con), 32.8 ± 1.4°C (Pre) and 32.8 ± 1.8°C (Dur) for skin temperature, respectively. Heart rate (P = 0.07) also did not differ between trials but reached maximal values by the end of time-trial for all trials. Performance was unaffected by trial (P = 0.98) with the average work completed in 15 minutes being 221 ± 33 kJ (Con), 222 ± 31 kJ (Pre) and 219 ± 32 kJ (Dur), respectively. Therefore, the results of this investigation do not support consumption of sago, either before or during exercise, in altering the thermoregulatory, metabolic or performance responses in a hot and humid environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20and%20humid" title="hot and humid">hot and humid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physiology" title=" physiology"> physiology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20trial%20performance" title=" time trial performance"> time trial performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermoregulatory" title=" thermoregulatory"> thermoregulatory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11406/the-effect-of-sago-supplementation-on-physiology-and-performance-in-a-hot-and-humid-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11406.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">141</span> Effect of Humidity on In-Process Crystallization of Lactose During Spray Drying</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amirali%20Ebrahimi">Amirali Ebrahimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20A.%20G.%20Langrish"> T. A. G. Langrish</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of various humidities on process yields and degrees of crystallinity for spray-dried powders from spray drying of lactose with humid air in a straight-through system have been studied. It has been suggested by Williams–Landel–Ferry kinetics (WLF) that a higher particle temperature and lower glass-transition temperature would increase the crystallization rate of the particles during the spray-drying process. Freshly humidified air produced by a Buchi-B290 spray dryer as a humidifier attached to the main spray dryer decreased the particle glass-transition temperature (Tg), while allowing the particle temperature (Tp) to reach higher values by using an insulated drying chamber. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and moisture sorption analysis were used to measure the degree of crystallinity for the spray-dried lactose powders. The results showed that higher Tp-Tg, as a result of applying humid air, improved the process yield from 21 ± 4 to 26 ± 2% and crystallinity of the particles by decreasing the latent heat of crystallization from 43 ± 1 to 30 ± 11 J/g and the sorption peak height from 7.3 ± 0.7% to 6 ± 0.7%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lactose" title="lactose">lactose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystallization" title=" crystallization"> crystallization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spray%20drying" title=" spray drying"> spray drying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humid%20air" title=" humid air"> humid air</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7244/effect-of-humidity-on-in-process-crystallization-of-lactose-during-spray-drying" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7244.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">140</span> Energy Saving Potential of a Desiccant-Based Indirect-Direct Evaporative Cooling System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amirreza%20Heidari">Amirreza Heidari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akram%20Avami"> Akram Avami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehsan%20Heidari"> Ehsan Heidari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Evaporative cooling systems are known as energy efficient cooling systems, with much lower electricity consumption than conventional vapor compression systems. A serious limitation of these systems, however, is that they are not applicable in humid regions. Combining a desiccant wheel with these systems, known as desiccant-based evaporative cooling systems, makes it possible to use evaporative cooling in humid climates. This paper evaluates the performane of a cooling system combining desiccant wheel, direct and indirect evaporative coolers (called desiccant-based indirect-direct evaporative cooling (DIDE) system) and then evaluates the energy saving potential of this system over the conventional vapor compression cooling and drying system. To illustrate the system ability of providing comfort conditions, a dynamic hourly simulation of this system is performed for a typical 60 m² building in Sydney, Australia. To evaluate the energy saving potential of this system, a conventional cooling and drying system is also simulated for the same cooling capacity. It has been found that the DIE system is able to provide comfort temperature and relative humidity in a subtropical humid climate like Sydney. The electricity and natural gas consumption of this system are respectively 39.2% and 2.6% lower than that of conventional system over a week. As the research has demonstrated, the innovative DIDE system is an energy efficient cooling system for subtropical humid regions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desiccant" title="desiccant">desiccant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evaporative%20cooling" title=" evaporative cooling"> evaporative cooling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dehumidification" title=" dehumidification"> dehumidification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indirect%20evaporative%20cooler" title=" indirect evaporative cooler"> indirect evaporative cooler</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102350/energy-saving-potential-of-a-desiccant-based-indirect-direct-evaporative-cooling-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102350.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">139</span> Synergetic Effects of Water and Sulfur Dioxide Treatments on Wear of Soda Lime Silicate Glass</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qian%20Qiao">Qian Qiao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tongjin%20Xiao"> Tongjin Xiao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hongtu%20He"> Hongtu He</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiaxin%20Yu"> Jiaxin Yu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is focused on the synergetic effects of water and sulfur dioxide treatments (SO₂ treatments) on the mechanochemical wear of SLS glass. It is found that the wear behavior of SLS glass in humid air is very sensitive to the water and SO₂ treatment environments based on the wear test using a ball-on-flat reciprocation tribometer. When SLS glass is treated with SO₂-without, the presence of water, the wear resistance of SLS glass in humid air becomes significantly higher compared to the pristine glass. However, when SLS glass is treated with SO₂ with the presence of water, the wear resistance of SLS glass decreases remarkably with increasing in the relative humidity (RH) from 0% to 90%. Further analyses indicate that when sodium ions are leached out of SLS glass surface via the water and SO₂ treatments, the mechanochemical properties of SLS glass surface become different depending on the RH. At lower humidity, the nano hardness of the Na⁺-leached surface is higher, and it can contribute to the enhanced wear resistance of SLS glass. In contrast, at higher humidity conditions, the SLS glass surface is more hydrophilic, and substantial wear debris can be found inside the wear track of SLS glass. Those phenomena suggest that adhesive wear and abrasive wear dominate the wear mechanism of SLS glass in humid air, causing the decreased wear resistance of SLS glass with increasing the RH. These results may not only provide a deep understanding of the wear mechanism of SLS glass but also helpful for operation process of functional and engineering glasses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soda%20lime%20silicate%20glass" title="soda lime silicate glass">soda lime silicate glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wear" title=" wear"> wear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SO%E2%82%82" title=" SO₂"> SO₂</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115431/synergetic-effects-of-water-and-sulfur-dioxide-treatments-on-wear-of-soda-lime-silicate-glass" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">138</span> Preservation of Historical Zelkova carpinifolia Wooden Structure in Humid Weather </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mahshid%20Kakouei">A. Mahshid Kakouei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Kumaran%20Suberamanin"> B. Kumaran Suberamanin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Sabzali%20Musa%20Kahn"> C. Sabzali Musa Kahn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Mina%20Kakouei"> D. Mina Kakouei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to identify suitable conservative product for the conservation and restoration of historical Zelkova Carpinifolia wood located in humid weather. The superficial properties and hardness of 14 compounds treated with several consolidants were compared. The consolidants have been applied alone, with synthetic resin or with protein glues and natural resins by the brushing method. Colorimetric measurements, observation methods and hardness tests were conducted before and after aging to verify the possible changes of the treated wood and the consolidating resistance. The compound 1:2 of Butvar B98 and sandarac in 5% ethanol was found to be more effective, providing a suitable compound compared to the other consolidants tested. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zelkova%20carpinifolia" title="Zelkova carpinifolia">Zelkova carpinifolia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consolidation" title=" consolidation"> consolidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synthetic%20resin" title=" synthetic resin"> synthetic resin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=penetration%20depth" title=" penetration depth"> penetration depth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hardness" title=" hardness "> hardness </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9167/preservation-of-historical-zelkova-carpinifolia-wooden-structure-in-humid-weather" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9167.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">137</span> Passive Retrofitting Strategies for Windows in Hot and Humid Climate Vijayawada</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monica%20Anumula">Monica Anumula</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays human beings attain comfort zone artificially for heating, cooling and lighting the spaces they live, and their main importance is given to aesthetics of building and they are not designed to protect themselves from climate. They depend on artificial sources of energy resulting in energy wastage. In order to reduce the amount of energy being spent in the construction industry and Energy Package goals by 2020, new ways of constructing houses is required. The larger part of energy consumption of a building is directly related to architectural aspects hence nature has to be integrated into the building design to attain comfort zone and reduce the dependency on artificial source of energy. The research is to develop bioclimatic design strategies and techniques for the walls and roofs of Vijayawada houses. Study and analysis of design strategies and techniques of various cases like Kerala, Mangalore etc. for similar kind of climate is examined in this paper. Understanding the vernacular architecture and modern techniques of that various cases and implementing in the housing of Vijayawada not only decreases energy consumption but also enhances socio cultural values of Vijayawada. This study focuses on the comparison of vernacular techniques and modern building bio climatic strategies to attain thermal comfort and energy reduction in hot and humid climate. This research provides further thinking of new strategies which include both vernacular and modern bioclimatic techniques. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioclimatic%20design" title="bioclimatic design">bioclimatic design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20consumption" title=" energy consumption"> energy consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20and%20humid%20climates" title=" hot and humid climates"> hot and humid climates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20comfort" title=" thermal comfort"> thermal comfort</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82625/passive-retrofitting-strategies-for-windows-in-hot-and-humid-climate-vijayawada" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82625.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">136</span> Thermal Performance of the Extensive Wetland Green Roofs in Winter in Humid Subtropical Climate </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Yu%20%20Huang">Yi-Yu Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Kuo%20%20Wang"> Chien-Kuo Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sreerag%20%20Chota%20Veettil"> Sreerag Chota Veettil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hang%20%20Zhang"> Hang Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hu%20%20Yike"> Hu Yike</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Regarding the pressing issue of reducing energy consumption and carbon footprint of buildings, past research has focused more on analyzing the thermal performance of the extensive terrestrial green roofs with sedum plants in summer. However, the disadvantages of this type of green roof are relatively limited thermal performance, low extreme weather adaptability, relatively higher demands in maintenance, and lower added value in healing landscape. In view of this, this research aims to develop the extensive wetland green roofs with higher thermal performance, high extreme weather adaptability, low demands in maintenance, and high added value in healing landscape, and to measure its thermal performance for buildings in winter. The following factors are considered including the type and mixing formula of growth medium (light weight soil, akadama, creek gravel, pure water) and the type of aquatic plants. The research adopts a four-stage field experiment conducting on the rooftop of a building in a humid subtropical climate. The results found that emergent (Roundleaf rotala), submerged (Ribbon weed), floating-leaved (Water lily) wetland green roofs had similar thermal performance, and superior over wetland green roof without plant, traditional terrestrial green roof (without plant), and pure water green roof (without plant, nighttime only) in terms of overall passive cooling (8.00C) and thermal insulation (4.50C) effects as well as a reduction in heat amplitude (77-85%) in winter in a humid subtropical climate. The thermal performance of the free-floating (Water hyacinth) wetland green roof is inferior to that of the other three types of wetland green roofs, whether in daytime or nighttime. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20performance" title="thermal performance">thermal performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extensive%20wetland%20green%20roof" title=" extensive wetland green roof"> extensive wetland green roof</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aquatic%20plant" title=" Aquatic plant"> Aquatic plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Winter" title=" Winter "> Winter </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Humid%20subtropical%20climate" title=" Humid subtropical climate"> Humid subtropical climate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136841/thermal-performance-of-the-extensive-wetland-green-roofs-in-winter-in-humid-subtropical-climate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136841.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">135</span> Adaptive Thermal Comfort Model for Air-Conditioned Lecture Halls in Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20T.%20Chew">B. T. Chew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20N.%20Kazi"> S. N. Kazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Amiri"> A. Amiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents an adaptive thermal comfort model study in the tropical country of Malaysia. A number of researchers have been interested in applying the adaptive thermal comfort model to different climates throughout the world, but so far no study has been performed in Malaysia. For the use as a thermal comfort model, which better applies to hot and humid climates, the adaptive thermal comfort model was developed as part of this research by using the collected results from a large field study in six lecture halls with 178 students. The relationship between the operative temperature and behavioral adaptations was determined. In the developed adaptive model, the acceptable indoor neutral temperatures lay within the range of 23.9-26.0 oC, with outdoor temperatures ranging between 27.0–34.6oC. The most comfortable temperature for students in the lecture hall was 25.7 oC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20and%20humid" title="hot and humid">hot and humid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lecture%20halls" title=" lecture halls"> lecture halls</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutral%20temperature" title=" neutral temperature"> neutral temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20thermal%20comfort%20model" title=" adaptive thermal comfort model"> adaptive thermal comfort model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15160/adaptive-thermal-comfort-model-for-air-conditioned-lecture-halls-in-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15160.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">134</span> Alternative Housing Systems: Influence on Blood Profile of Egg-Type Chickens in Humid Tropics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olufemi%20M.%20Alabi">Olufemi M. Alabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Foluke%20A.%20Aderemi"> Foluke A. Aderemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adebayo%20A.%20Adewumi"> Adebayo A. Adewumi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Banwo%20O.%20Alabi"> Banwo O. Alabi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> General well-being of animals is of paramount interest in some developed countries and of global importance hence the shift onto alternative housing systems for egg-type chickens as replacement for conventional battery cage system. However, there is paucity of information on the effect of this shift on physiological status of the hens to judge their health via the blood profile. Therefore, investigation was carried out on two strains of hen kept in three different housing systems in humid tropics to evaluate changes in their blood parameters. 108, 17-weeks old super black (SBL) hens and 108, 17-weeks old super brown (SBR) hens were randomly allotted to three different intensive systems Partitioned Conventional Cage (PCC), Extended Conventional Cage (ECC) and Deep Litter System (DLS) in a randomized complete block design with 36 hens per housing system, each with three replicates. The experiment lasted 37 weeks during which blood samples were collected at 18th week of age and bi-weekly thereafter for analyses. Parameters measured are packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood counts (RBC), white blood counts (WBC) and serum metabolites such as total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glb), glucose, cholesterol, urea, bilirubin, serum cortisol while blood indices such as mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were calculated. The hematological values of the hens were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the housing system and strain, so also the serum metabolites except for the serum cortisol which was significantly (p<0.05) affected by the housing system only. Hens housed on PCC had higher values (20.05 ng/ml for SBL and 20.55 ng/ml for SBR) followed by hens on ECC (18.15ng/ml for SBL and 18.38ng/ml for SBL) while hens on DLS had the lowest value (16.50ng/ml for SBL and 16.00ng/ml for SBR) thereby confirming indication of stress with conventionally caged birds. Alternative housing systems can also be adopted for egg-type chickens in the humid tropics from welfare point of view with the results of this work confirming stress among caged hens. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood" title="blood">blood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=housing" title=" housing"> housing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humid-tropics" title=" humid-tropics"> humid-tropics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=layers" title=" layers"> layers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10377/alternative-housing-systems-influence-on-blood-profile-of-egg-type-chickens-in-humid-tropics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10377.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">468</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">133</span> Numeric Modeling of Condensation of Water Vapor from Humid Air in a Room</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nguyen%20Van%20Que">Nguyen Van Que</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nguyen%20Huy%20The"> Nguyen Huy The</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents combined natural and forced convection of humid air flow. The film condensation of water vapour on a cold floor was investigated using ANSYS Fluent software. User-defined Functions(UDFs) were developed and added to address the issue of film condensation at the surface of the floor. Those UDFs were validated by analytical results on a flat plate. The film condensation model based on mass transfer was used to solve phase change. On the floor, condensation rate was obtained by mass fraction change near the floor. The study investigated effects of inlet velocity, inlet relative humidity and cold floor temperature on the condensation rate. The simulations were done in both 2D and 3D models to show the difference and need for 3D modeling of condensation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20and%20mass%20transfer" title="heat and mass transfer">heat and mass transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convection" title=" convection"> convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condensation" title=" condensation"> condensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20humidity" title=" relative humidity"> relative humidity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=user-defined%20functions" title=" user-defined functions"> user-defined functions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71123/numeric-modeling-of-condensation-of-water-vapor-from-humid-air-in-a-room" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71123.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">331</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">132</span> Early Formation of Adipocere in Subtropical Climate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asit%20K.%20Sikary">Asit K. Sikary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20P.%20Murty"> O. P. Murty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Adipocere formation is a modification of the process of putrefaction. It consists mainly of saturated fatty acids, formed by the post-mortem hydrolysis and hydrogenation of body fats with the help of bacterial enzymes in the presence of warmth, moisture and anaerobic bacteria. In temperate climate, it takes weeks to develop while in India it starts to begin within 4-5 days. In this study, we have collected cases with adipocere formation, which were from the South Delhi region (average room temperature 27-390C) and autopsied at our centre. Details of the circumstances of the death, cause and time of death, surrounding environment and demographic profile of the deceased were taken into account. Total 16 cases were included in this study. Adipocere formation was predominantly present over cheeks, shoulder, breast, flanks, buttocks, and thighs. Out of 16, 11 cases were found in a dry atmosphere, 5 cases were brought from the water. There were 5 cases in which adipocere formation was seen in less than 2 days, and among them, in 1 case, as early as one day. This study showed that adipocere formation can be seen as early as 1 day in a hot and humid environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adipocere" title="adipocere">adipocere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drowning" title=" drowning"> drowning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hanging" title=" hanging"> hanging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humid%20environment" title=" humid environment"> humid environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strangulation" title=" strangulation"> strangulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subtropical%20climate" title=" subtropical climate"> subtropical climate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27971/early-formation-of-adipocere-in-subtropical-climate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27971.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">131</span> Experimental Investigation of Counter-Flow Ranque–Hilsch Vortex Tube Using Humid Air</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20M.%20Maghrabie">Hussein M. Maghrabie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Attalla"> M. Attalla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hany.%20A.%20Mohamed"> Hany. A. Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Salem"> M. Salem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Specht"> E. Specht</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An experimental investigation is carried out on counter-flow Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube (RHVT). The present work is carried out to study the effect of nozzle aspect ratio, tube length and the inlet pressure (P_i) on the coefficient of performance and energy separation of a RHVT. Further, the effect of moist air with different relative humidity (RH) 40, 60, 80 % is also achieved. The air relative humidity is adjusted using air humidification/dehumidification unit. The experimental study accomplished for number of nozzle N=6, with inner diameter D=7.5 mm., and length of the vortex tube (L) 75, 97.5, and 112.5 mm. The results show that the relative humidity has a significant effect on coefficient of performance and energy separation of a RHVT. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COP" title="COP">COP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=counter-flow%20Ranque%E2%80%93Hilsch%20vortex%20tube" title=" counter-flow Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube"> counter-flow Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20separation" title=" energy separation"> energy separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humid%20air" title=" humid air"> humid air</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20894/experimental-investigation-of-counter-flow-ranque-hilsch-vortex-tube-using-humid-air" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20894.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">518</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">130</span> Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in Morocco</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelghani%20Qadem">Abdelghani Qadem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zouhair%20Qadem"> Zouhair Qadem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Like the countries of the Mediterranean region, Morocco is likely to be at high risk of water scarcity due to climate change. Morocco, which is the subject of this study, is located between two climatic zones, temperate in the North tropical in the South, Morocco is distinguished by four types of climate: humid, sub-humid, semi-arid, and arid. The last decades attest to the progression of the semi-arid climate towards the North of the country. The IPCC projections, which have been made in this direction, show that there is an overall downward trend in rainfall contributions varying on average between 10% and 30% depending on the scenario selected and the region considered, they also show an upward trend in average annual temperatures. These trends will have a real impact on water resources, which will result in a drop in the volume of water resources varying between 7.6% and 40.6%. The present study aims to describe the meteorological conditions of Morocco in order to answer the problem dealing with the effect of climatic fluctuations on water resources and to assess water vulnerability in the face of climate change. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morocco" title="morocco">morocco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title=" climate change"> climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20resources" title=" water resources"> water resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact" title=" impact"> impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20scarcity" title=" water scarcity"> water scarcity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157877/impact-of-climate-change-on-water-resources-in-morocco" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157877.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">129</span> Re-Analyzing Energy-Conscious Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Svetlana%20Pushkar">Svetlana Pushkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oleg%20Verbitsky"> Oleg Verbitsky</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An energy-conscious design for a classroom in a hot-humid climate is reanalyzed. The hypothesis of this study is that use of photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation in building operation energy consumption will lead to re-analysis of the energy-conscious design. Therefore, the objective of this study is to reanalyze the energy-conscious design by evaluating the environmental impact of operational energy with PV electrical generation. Using the hierarchical design structure of Eco-indicator 99, the alternatives for energy-conscious variables are statistically evaluated by applying a two-stage nested (hierarchical) ANOVA. The recommendations for the preferred solutions for application of glazing types, wall insulation, roof insulation, window size, roof mass, and window shading design alternatives were changed (for example, glazing type recommendations were changed from low-emissivity glazing, green, and double- glazed windows to low-emissivity glazing only), whereas the applications for the lighting control system and infiltration are not changed. Such analysis of operational energy can be defined as environment-conscious analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ANOVA" title="ANOVA">ANOVA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eco-Indicator%2099" title=" Eco-Indicator 99"> Eco-Indicator 99</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy-conscious%20design" title=" energy-conscious design"> energy-conscious design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%E2%80%93humid%20climate" title=" hot–humid climate"> hot–humid climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photovoltaic" title=" photovoltaic"> photovoltaic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79830/re-analyzing-energy-conscious-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79830.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">128</span> Computational Fluid Dynamics Based Analysis of Heat Exchanging Performance of Rotary Thermal Wheels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20M.%20D.%20Prabhashana%20Herath">H. M. D. Prabhashana Herath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20D.%20Anuradha%20Wickramasinghe"> M. D. Anuradha Wickramasinghe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20M.%20C.%20Kalpani%20Polgolla"> A. M. C. Kalpani Polgolla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20A.%20C.%20Prasad%20Ranasinghe"> R. A. C. Prasad Ranasinghe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Anusha%20Wijewardane"> M. Anusha Wijewardane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The demand for thermal comfort in buildings in hot and humid climates increases progressively. In general, buildings in hot and humid climates spend more than 60% of the total energy cost for the functionality of the air conditioning (AC) system. Hence, it is required to install energy efficient AC systems or integrate energy recovery systems for both new and/or existing AC systems whenever possible, to reduce the energy consumption by the AC system. Integrate a Rotary Thermal Wheel as the energy recovery device of an existing AC system has shown very promising with attractive payback periods of less than 5 years. A rotary thermal wheel can be located in the Air Handling Unit (AHU) of a central AC system to recover the energy available in the return air stream. During this study, a sensitivity analysis was performed using a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software to determine the optimum design parameters (i.e., rotary speed and parameters of the matrix profile) of a rotary thermal wheel for hot and humid climates. The simulations were performed for a sinusoidal matrix geometry. Variation of sinusoidal matrix parameters, i.e., span length and height, were also analyzed to understand the heat exchanging performance and the induced pressure drop due to the air flow. The results show that the heat exchanging performance increases when increasing the wheel rpm. However, the performance increment rate decreases when increasing the rpm. As a result, it is more advisable to operate the wheel at 10-20 rpm. For the geometry, it was found that the sinusoidal geometries with lesser spans and higher heights have higher heat exchanging capabilities. Considering the sinusoidal profiles analyzed during the study, the geometry with 4mm height and 3mm width shows better performance than the other combinations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20conditioning" title="air conditioning">air conditioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics" title=" computational fluid dynamics"> computational fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20recovery" title=" energy recovery"> energy recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20exchangers" title=" heat exchangers"> heat exchangers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114709/computational-fluid-dynamics-based-analysis-of-heat-exchanging-performance-of-rotary-thermal-wheels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114709.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">127</span> Risk of Heatstroke Occurring in Indoor Built Environment Determined with Nationwide Sports and Health Database and Meteorological Outdoor Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Go%20Iwashita">Go Iwashita</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper describes how the frequencies of heatstroke occurring in indoor built environment are related to the outdoor thermal environment with big statistical data. As the statistical accident data of heatstroke, the nationwide accident data were obtained from the National Agency for the Advancement of Sports and Health (NAASH) . The meteorological database of the Japanese Meteorological Agency supplied data about 1-hour average temperature, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, and so forth. Each heatstroke data point from the NAASH database was linked to the meteorological data point acquired from the nearest meteorological station where the accident of heatstroke occurred. This analysis was performed for a 10-year period (2005–2014). During the 10-year period, 3,819 cases of heatstroke were reported in the NAASH database for the investigated secondary/high schools of the nine Japanese representative cities. Heatstroke most commonly occurred in the outdoor schoolyard at a wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) of 31°C and in the indoor gymnasium during athletic club activities at a WBGT > 31°C. The determined accident ratio (number of accidents during each club activity divided by the club’s population) in the gymnasium during the female badminton club activities was the highest. Although badminton is played in a gymnasium, these WBGT results show that the risk level during badminton under hot and humid conditions is equal to that of baseball or rugby played in the schoolyard. Except sports, the high risk of heatstroke was observed in schools houses during cultural activities. The risk level for indoor environment under hot and humid condition would be equal to that for outdoor environment based on the above results of WBGT. Therefore control measures against hot and humid indoor condition were needed as installing air conditions not only schools but also residences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accidents%20in%20schools" title="accidents in schools">accidents in schools</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=club%20activity" title=" club activity"> club activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gymnasium" title=" gymnasium"> gymnasium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heatstroke" title=" heatstroke"> heatstroke</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100413/risk-of-heatstroke-occurring-in-indoor-built-environment-determined-with-nationwide-sports-and-health-database-and-meteorological-outdoor-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100413.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">217</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">126</span> Influence of Roofing Material on Indoor Thermal Comfort of Bamboo House</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thet%20Su%20Hlaing">Thet Su Hlaing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoichi%20Kojima"> Shoichi Kojima</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The growing desire for better indoor thermal performance with moderate energy consumption is becoming an issue for challenging today’s built environment. Studies related to the effective way of enhancing indoor thermal comfort had been done by approaching in numerous ways. Few studies have been focused on the correlation between building material and indoor thermal comfort of vernacular house. This paper analyzes the thermal comfort conditions of Bamboo House, mostly located in a hot and humid region. Depending on the roofing material, how the indoor environment varies will be observed through monitoring indoor and outdoor comfort measurement of Bamboo house as well as occupants’ preferable comfort condition. The result revealed that the indigenous roofing material mostly influences the indoor thermal environment by performing to have less effect from the outdoor temperature. It can keep the room cool with moderate thermal comfort, especially in the early morning and night, in the summertime without mechanical device assistance. After analyzing the performance of roofing material, which effect on indoor thermal comfort for 24 hours, it can be efficiently managed the time for availing mechanical cooling devices and make it supply only the necessary period of a day, which will lead to a partially reduce energy consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bamboo%20house" title="bamboo house">bamboo house</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20and%20humid%20climate" title=" hot and humid climate"> hot and humid climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indoor%20thermal%20comfort" title=" indoor thermal comfort"> indoor thermal comfort</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20indigenous%20roofing%20material" title=" local indigenous roofing material"> local indigenous roofing material</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117485/influence-of-roofing-material-on-indoor-thermal-comfort-of-bamboo-house" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117485.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">125</span> Physical and Mechanical Behavior of Compressed Earth Blocks Stabilized with Ca(OH)2 on Sub-Humid Warm Weather</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Castillo%20T.">D. Castillo T.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20F.%20Jimenez"> Luis F. Jimenez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The compressed earth blocks (CEBs) constitute an alternative as a constructive element for building homes in regions with high levels of poverty and marginalization. Such is the case of Southeastern Mexico, where the population, predominantly indigene, build their houses with feeble materials like wood and palm, vulnerable to extreme weather in the area, because they do not have the financial resources to acquire concrete blocks. There are several advantages that can provide BTCs compared to traditional vibro-compressed concrete blocks, such as the availability of materials, low manufacturing cost and reduced CO2 emissions to the atmosphere for not be subjected to a burning process. However, to improve its mechanical properties and resistance to adverse weather conditions in terms of humidity and temperature of the sub-humid climate zones, it requires the use of a chemical stabilizer; in this case we chose Ca(OH)2. The stabilization method Eades-Grim was employed, according to ASTM C977-03. This method measures the optimum amount of lime required to stabilize the soil, increasing the pH to 12.4 or higher. The minimum amount of lime required in this experiment was 1% and the maximum was 10%. The employed material was clay unconsolidated low to medium plasticity (CL type according to the Unified Soil Classification System). Based on these results, the CEBs manufacturing process was determined. The obtained blocks were from 10x15x30 cm using a mixture of soil, water and lime in different proportions. Later these blocks were put to dry outdoors and subjected to several physical and mechanical tests, such as compressive strength, absorption and drying shrinkage. The results were compared with the limits established by the Mexican Standard NMX-C-404-ONNCCE-2005 for the construction of housing walls. In this manner an alternative and sustainable material was obtained for the construction of rural households in the region, with better security conditions, comfort and cost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcium%20hydroxide" title="calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20stabilization" title=" chemical stabilization"> chemical stabilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressed%20earth%20blocks" title=" compressed earth blocks"> compressed earth blocks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-humid%20warm%20weather" title=" sub-humid warm weather"> sub-humid warm weather</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29175/physical-and-mechanical-behavior-of-compressed-earth-blocks-stabilized-with-caoh2-on-sub-humid-warm-weather" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29175.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">401</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">124</span> Projected Uncertainties in Herbaceous Production Result from Unpredictable Rainfall Pattern and Livestock Grazing in a Humid Tropical Savanna Ecosystem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Osieko%20Okach">Daniel Osieko Okach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joseph%20Otieno%20Ondier"> Joseph Otieno Ondier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerhard%20Rambold"> Gerhard Rambold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Tenhunen"> John Tenhunen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernd%20Huwe"> Bernd Huwe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dennis%20Otieno"> Dennis Otieno</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Increased human activities such as grazing, logging, and agriculture alongside unpredictable rainfall patterns have been detrimental to the ecosystem service delivery, therefore compromising its productivity potential. This study aimed at simulating the impact of drought (50%) and enhanced rainfall (150%) on the future herbaceous CO2 uptake, biomass production and soil C:N dynamics in a humid savanna ecosystem influenced by livestock grazing. Rainfall pattern was predicted using manipulation experiments set up to reduce (50%) and increase (150%) ambient (100%) rainfall amounts in grazed and non-grazed plots. The impact of manipulated rainfall regime on herbaceous CO2 fluxes, biomass production and soil C:N dynamics was measured against volumetric soil water content (VWC) logged every 30 minutes using the 5TE (Decagon Devices Inc., Washington, USA) soil moisture sensors installed (at 20 cm soil depth) in every plots. Herbaceous biomass was estimated using destructive method augmented by standardized photographic imaging. CO2 fluxes were measured using the ecosystem chamber method and the gas analysed using LI-820 gas analyzer (USA). C:N ratio was calculated from the soil carbon and Nitrogen contents (analyzed using EA2400CHNS/O and EA2410 N elemental analyzers respectively) of different plots under study. The patterning of VWC was directly influenced by the rainfall amount with lower VWC observed in the grazed compared to the non-grazed plots. Rainfall variability, grazing and their interaction significantly affected changes in VWC (p < 0.05) and subsequently total biomass and CO2 fluxes. VWC had a strong influence on CO2 fluxes under 50% rainfall reduction in the grazed (r2 = 0.91; p < 0.05) and ambient rainfall in the ungrazed (r2 = 0.77; p < 0.05). The dependence of biomass on VWC across plots was enhanced under grazed (r2 = 0.78 - 0.87; p < 0.05) condition as compared to ungrazed (r2 = 0.44 - 0.85; p < 0.05). The C:N ratio was however not correlated to VWC across plots. This study provides insight on how the predicted trends in humid savanna will respond to changes influenced by rainfall variability and livestock grazing and consequently the sustainable management of such ecosystems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20fluxes" title="CO2 fluxes">CO2 fluxes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall%20manipulation" title=" rainfall manipulation"> rainfall manipulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20properties" title=" soil properties"> soil properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103563/projected-uncertainties-in-herbaceous-production-result-from-unpredictable-rainfall-pattern-and-livestock-grazing-in-a-humid-tropical-savanna-ecosystem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103563.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">123</span> Persian Garden Design and Climate Case Studies: Shahzadeh-Mahan and Shah Garden</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raheleh%20Saifiabolhassan">Raheleh Saifiabolhassan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gardens symbolize human effort to bring Eden to earth and are defined as the purest pleasures and the greatest inspiration for men. According to Persian mythology, a garden called "Paris" is a magical, perfumed place populated by beautiful and angelic creatures. "Pardis" comes from the word "paridaiza," which means "walled garden." Gardening has always been a worldwide attraction due to the abundance of green space, and desert gardens are no exception. Because most historical garden designs use a similar pattern, such as Chahar-Bagh, climate effects have not been considered. The purpose of studying these general designs was to determine whether location and weather conditions are affecting them. So, two gardens were chosen for comparison: a desert (Shahzadeh-Mahan) and a humid garden (Shah) and compared their geometry, irrigation system, entrances, and pavilions. The findings of the study revealed that there are several notable differences among their architectural principles. For example, the desert garden design is introverted with transparent surfaces and a single focal point, while the moderate garden is extraverted with high complexity and multiple perspectives. In conclusion, the study recognizes the richness and significance of the Persian garden concept, which can be applied in many different contexts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pardis" title="Pardis">Pardis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chahar-bagh" title=" Chahar-bagh"> Chahar-bagh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Persian%20garden" title=" Persian garden"> Persian garden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperate" title=" temperate"> temperate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humid%20climate" title=" humid climate"> humid climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geometry" title=" geometry"> geometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavilion" title=" pavilion"> pavilion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigations" title=" irrigations"> irrigations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture" title=" culture"> culture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138857/persian-garden-design-and-climate-case-studies-shahzadeh-mahan-and-shah-garden" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138857.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">210</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">122</span> CFD Modelling and Thermal Performance Analysis of Ventilated Double Skin Roof Structure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20O.%20Idris">A. O. Idris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Virgone"> J. Virgone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20I.%20Ibrahim"> A. I. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20David"> D. David</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Vergnault"> E. Vergnault</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In hot countries, the major challenge is the air conditioning. The increase in energy consumption by air conditioning stems from the need to live in more comfortable buildings, which is understandable. But in Djibouti, one of the countries with the most expensive electricity in the world, this need is exacerbated by an architecture that is inappropriate and unsuitable for climatic conditions. This paper discusses the design of the roof which is the surface receiving the most solar radiation. The roof determines the general behavior of the building. The study presents Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling and analysis of the energy performance of a double skin ventilated roof. The particularity of this study is that it considers the climate of Djibouti characterized by hot and humid conditions in winter and very hot and humid in summer. Roof simulations are carried out using the Ansys Fluent software to characterize the flow and the heat transfer induced in the ventilated roof in steady state. This modeling is carried out by comparing the influence of several parameters such as the internal emissivity of the upper surface, the thickness of the insulation of the roof and the thickness of the ventilated channel on heat gain through the roof. The energy saving potential compared to the current construction in Djibouti is also presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building" title="building">building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double%20skin%20roof" title=" double skin roof"> double skin roof</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermo-fluid%20analysis" title=" thermo-fluid analysis"> thermo-fluid analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20saving" title=" energy saving"> energy saving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forced%20convection" title=" forced convection"> forced convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20convection" title=" natural convection"> natural convection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76124/cfd-modelling-and-thermal-performance-analysis-of-ventilated-double-skin-roof-structure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76124.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">263</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">121</span> Energy Conservation Strategies of Buildings in Hot, Arid Region: Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20H.%20Shwehdi">M. H. Shwehdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Raja%20Mohammad"> S. Raja Mohammad </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently energy savings have become more pronounced as a result of the world financial crises as well the unstable oil prices. Certainly all entities needs to adapt Energy Conservation and Management Strategies due to high monthly consumption of their spread locations and advancements of its telecom systems. These system improvements necessitate the establishment of more exchange centers as well provide energy savings. This paper investigates the impact of HVAC System Characteristics, Operational Strategies, the impact of Envelope Thermal Characteristics, and energy conservation measures. These are classified under three types of measures i.e. Zero-Investment; Low-Investment and High-Investment Energy Conservation Measures. The study shows that the Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) pertaining to the HVAC system characteristics and operation represent the highest potential for energy reduction, attention should be given to window thermal and solar radiation characteristics when large window areas are used. The type of glazing system needs to be carefully considered in the early design phase of future buildings. Paper will present the thermal optimization of different size centers in the two hot-dry and hot-humid Saudi Arabian city of Al Khobar, East province. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20conservation" title="energy conservation">energy conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20design" title=" thermal design"> thermal design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intermittent%20operation" title=" intermittent operation"> intermittent operation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exchange%20centers" title=" exchange centers"> exchange centers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot-humid%20climate" title=" hot-humid climate"> hot-humid climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saudi%20Arabia" title=" Saudi Arabia"> Saudi Arabia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2965/energy-conservation-strategies-of-buildings-in-hot-arid-region-al-khobar-saudi-arabia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2965.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">451</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">120</span> Effect of the Distance Between the Cold Surface and the Hot Surface on the Production of a Simple Solar Still</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiba%20Akrout">Hiba Akrout</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaoula%20Hidouri"> Khaoula Hidouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B%C3%A9chir%20Chaouachi"> Béchir Chaouachi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Romdhane%20Ben%20Slama"> Romdhane Ben Slama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A simple solar distiller has been constructed in order to desalt water via the solar distillation process. An experimental study has been conducted in June. The aim of this work is to study the effect of the distance between the cold condensing surface and the hot steam generation surface in order to optimize the geometric characteristics of a simple solar still. To do this, we have developed a mathematical model based on thermal and mass equations system. Subsequently, the equations system resolution has been made through a program developed on MATLAB software, which allowed us to evaluate the production of this system as a function of the distance separating the two surfaces. In addition, this model allowed us to determine the evolution of the humid air temperature inside the solar still as well as the humidity ratio profile all over the day. Simulations results show that the solar distiller production, as well as the humid air temperature, are proportional to the global solar radiation. It was also found that the air humidity ratio inside the solar still has a similar evolution of that of solar radiation. Moreover, the solar distiller average height augmentation, for constant water depth, induces the diminution of the production. However, increasing the water depth for a fixed average height of solar distiller reduces the production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distillation" title="distillation">distillation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20energy" title=" solar energy"> solar energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20transfer" title=" mass transfer"> mass transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=average%20height" title=" average height"> average height</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119199/effect-of-the-distance-between-the-cold-surface-and-the-hot-surface-on-the-production-of-a-simple-solar-still" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119199.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">119</span> Hygrothermal Performance of Sheep Wool in Cold and Humid Climates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuchen%20Chen">Yuchen Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dehong%20Li"> Dehong Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bin%20Li"> Bin Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Denis%20Rodrigue"> Denis Rodrigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaodong%20%28Alice%29%20Wang"> Xiaodong (Alice) Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When selecting insulation materials, not only should their thermal efficiency be considered, but also their impact on the environment. Compared to conventional insulation materials, bio-based materials not only have comparable thermal performance, but they also have a lower embodied energy. Sheep wool has the advantages of low negative health impact, high fire resistance, eco-friendliness, and high moisture resistance. However, studies on applying sheep wool insulation in cold and humid climates are still insufficient. The purpose of this study is to simulate the hygrothermal performance of sheep wool insulation for the Quebec City climate, as well as analyze the mold growth risks. The results show that a sheep wool wall has better thermal performance than a reference wall and that both meet the minimum requirements of the Quebec Code for the thermal performance of above-ground walls. The total water content indicates that the sheep wool wall can reach dynamic equilibrium in the Quebec climate and can dry out. At the same time, a delay of almost four months in the maximum total water content indicates that the sheep wool wall has high moisture absorption compared to the reference wall. The hygrothermal profiles show that the sheathing-insulation interface of both walls is at the highest risk for condensation. When the interior surface gypsum was replaced by stucco, the mold index significantly dropped. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sheep%20wool" title="sheep wool">sheep wool</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20content" title=" water content"> water content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hygrothermal%20performance" title=" hygrothermal performance"> hygrothermal performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mould%20growth%20risk" title=" mould growth risk"> mould growth risk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164606/hygrothermal-performance-of-sheep-wool-in-cold-and-humid-climates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164606.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right 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