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class="mw-page-title-main">Guild of Romanists</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilde_des_romanistes" title="Guilde des romanistes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guilde des romanistes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilda_dei_romanisti" title="Gilda dei romanisti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gilda dei romanisti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="גילדת הרומאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גילדת הרומאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" 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<div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg/220px-Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg/330px-Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg/440px-Pope-peter_pprubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>Saint Peter by Rubens</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Guild of Romanists</b> or <b>Confrérie van romanisten</b> was a society which was active in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> from the late 16th to the late 18th century. Its membership was made up of notables and <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artists</a> from Antwerp who had visited <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. It offered artists access to the networks of Antwerp's urban elites.<sup id="cite_ref-lux_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lux-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guild_of_Romanists&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Guild was established in 1572 in Antwerp's <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_(Antwerp)" title="Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)">Cathedral of Our Lady</a> under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">St. Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">St. Peter</a> and was therefore also known as the 'Broederschap van de HH. Petrus en Paulus' (Confrérie of St. Peter and Paul). It was a condition of membership to have visited <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The condition of having visited Rome to enjoy membership appears to have been strictly enforced and art historians accept membership of the Guild as evidence of visits to Rome that are (in the case of Fyt etc.) otherwise undocumented.<sup id="cite_ref-Tim_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tim-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The membership included <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canons</a>, prosperous merchants, members of the local nobility, aldermen and leading artists. Total membership was capped at 25 members, which reinforced the exclusive character of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-Tim_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tim-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deans of the Guild were appointed annually. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg/220px-Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg/330px-Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg/440px-Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Saint Paul by Rubens</figcaption></figure> <p>After 1680 the Guild went into decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Tim_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tim-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Guild moved in 1681 for financial reasons to Antwerp's St George's Church and remained dormant for a few decades. It was revived in 1716 when the 'true and approved' relics of St. Peter and Paul were delivered to St George's Church by a Roman cardinal. The Guild was finally abolished in 1785 under the rule of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II of Austria</a>. </p><p>A Magistrate Book (1576), the "LIBER CONFRATERNITATIS SANCTORUM PETRI ET PAULI EN ROMA' is kept in the <a href="/wiki/State_Archives_(Belgium)" title="State Archives (Belgium)">State Archives of Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guild_of_Romanists&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diversity of the membership offered artists a good opportunity to meet with potential patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-Tim_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tim-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar social mediation role was played by the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_rhetoric" title="Chamber of rhetoric">chambers of rhetoric</a> and in particular the <a href="/wiki/Violieren" title="Violieren">Violieren</a>, which was the chamber of rhetoric of the Antwerp <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke" title="Guild of Saint Luke">Guild of Saint Luke</a>. Membership assisted artists further in raising their profile and prestige in society at large as well as among their fellow artists since only renowned artists were invited to join. </p><p>The non-artist members relied on membership of the Guild to consolidate their social standing since many of the artist members enjoyed an international reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-Tim_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tim-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social role of the Guild was facilitated through the institution of an annual gastronomic dinner (the '(h)eerlyck maeltyt'), with excellent wines and copious servings of food. The dinner was hosted at different locations.<sup id="cite_ref-Tim_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tim-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Guild further allowed "'art-pilgrims' to keep themselves up to date on news from Rome, whether it be on new painters or paintings, or newly discovered antiquities".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guild_of_Romanists&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maerten_de_Vos" title="Maerten de Vos">Maerten de Vos</a> - Co-founder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a>,1599<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslas_Cobergher" title="Wenceslas Cobergher">Wenceslas Cobergher</a>, 1605</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_van_Veen" title="Otto van Veen">Otto van Veen</a>, Dean 1606<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Janssens" title="Abraham Janssens">Abraham Janssens</a>, 1610 or 1601</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_van_Balen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrick van Balen">Hendrick van Balen</a>, Dean 1613<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, 1609, Dean 1613-14<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Snyders" title="Frans Snyders">Frans Snyders</a>, 1619, Dean 1629<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Fyt" title="Jan Fyt">Jan Fyt</a>, 1650, Dean 1652<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Godijn" title="Abraham Godijn">Abraham Godijn</a>, joined in 1716 and was Dean in 1723<sup id="cite_ref-rkd_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rkd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guild_of_Romanists&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lux-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lux_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rengenier C. Rittersma, <i>Luxury in the Low Countries: Miscellaneous Reflections on Netherlandish Material Culture, 1500 to the Present</i>, Asp / Vubpress / Upa, 2010, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tim-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bert Timmermans. <i>Patronen van patronage in het zeventiende-eeuwse Antwerpen: een elite als actor binnen een kunstwereld</i>, Amsterdam University Press, Antwerp, 2008, pp. 243-245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antwerpen, Sint-Joriskerk – De broederschappen actief in de kerk Centrum - Mechels Plein, 2000 Antwerpen, at the site of topa.be <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Jaffé (ed), <i>Rubens, A Master in the Making</i>, The National Gallery Company/Yale, p. 11 London 2005, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85709-326-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85709-326-7">1-85709-326-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Martin, <i>The Flemish School, 1600-1900, National Gallery Catalogues</i>, 1970, National Gallery, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901791-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-901791-02-4">0-901791-02-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove Art online, accessed May 12, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingamells, John, <i>The Wallace Collection, Catalogue of Pictures, Vol IV, Dutch and Flemish</i>, Wallace Collection, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900785-37-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-900785-37-3">0-900785-37-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rkd-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rkd_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/32262">Abraham Godijn</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Art_History" title="Netherlands Institute for Art History">Netherlands Institute for Art History</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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