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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle American Revolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brandywine,_Valley_Forge,_and_Albany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brandywine,_Valley_Forge,_and_Albany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Brandywine, Valley Forge, and Albany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brandywine,_Valley_Forge,_and_Albany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barren_Hill,_Monmouth,_and_Rhode_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barren_Hill,_Monmouth,_and_Rhode_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Barren Hill, Monmouth, and Rhode Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barren_Hill,_Monmouth,_and_Rhode_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Return to France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_voyage_to_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_voyage_to_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Second voyage to America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_voyage_to_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virginia_and_Yorktown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virginia_and_Yorktown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Virginia and Yorktown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virginia_and_Yorktown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hero_of_two_worlds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hero_of_two_worlds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hero of two worlds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hero_of_two_worlds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>French Revolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French_Revolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle French Revolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assembly_of_Notables_and_Estates-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assembly_of_Notables_and_Estates-General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Assembly of Notables and Estates-General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assembly_of_Notables_and_Estates-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Guard,_Versailles,_and_Day_of_Daggers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Guard,_Versailles,_and_Day_of_Daggers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>National Guard, Versailles, and Day of Daggers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Guard,_Versailles,_and_Day_of_Daggers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_to_Varennes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_to_Varennes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Flight to Varennes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_to_Varennes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Champs_de_Mars_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Champs_de_Mars_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Champs de Mars massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Champs_de_Mars_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_and_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_and_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Conflict and exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_and_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prisoner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retreat_from_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retreat_from_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Retreat from politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retreat_from_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bourbon_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bourbon_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bourbon restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bourbon_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_tour_of_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_tour_of_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Grand tour of the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_tour_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_of_1830" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_of_1830"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Revolution of 1830</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_of_1830-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Final years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ماركيز دي لافاييت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماركيز دي لافاييت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilb%C3%A8rt_dau_Motier_de_La_Faieta" title="Gilbèrt dau Motier de La Faieta – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Gilbèrt dau Motier de La Faieta" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markiz_de_Lafayet" title="Markiz de Lafayet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Markiz de Lafayet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Жыльбер дэ Лафает – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жыльбер дэ Лафает" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Marquis de Lafayette – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Marquis de Lafayette" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Жилбер дьо Лафайет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жилбер дьо Лафайет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_mark%C3%BDz_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, markýz de La Fayette – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gilbert du Motier, markýz de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Ardalydd_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Ardalydd de Lafayette – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gilbert du Motier, Ardalydd de Lafayette" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Motier,_Marquis_de_La_Fayette" title="Marie-Joseph Motier, Marquis de La Fayette – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marie-Joseph Motier, Marquis de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81_%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AD_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9B%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%84" title="Ζιλμπέρ ντυ Μοτιέ ντε Λα Φαγιέτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζιλμπέρ ντυ Μοτιέ ντε Λα Φαγιέτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marqu%C3%A9s_de_La_Fayette" title="Marqués de La Fayette – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marqués de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Motier,_markizo_de_La_Fayette" title="Marie-Joseph Motier, markizo de La Fayette – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marie-Joseph Motier, markizo de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ژیلبر دو موتیه دو لافایت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژیلبر دو موتیه دو لافایت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marqu%C3%A9s_de_La_Fayette" title="Marqués de La Fayette – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marqués de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4_%EB%92%A4_%EB%AA%A8%ED%8B%B0%EC%97%90_%EB%93%9C_%EB%9D%BC%ED%8C%8C%EC%98%88%ED%8A%B8_%ED%9B%84%EC%9E%91" title="질베르 뒤 모티에 드 라파예트 후작 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="질베르 뒤 모티에 드 라파예트 후작" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A6_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Մարքիզ դը Լաֆայետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարքիզ դը Լաֆայետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_markezo_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, markezo de La Fayette – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gilbert du Motier, markezo de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%96_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98" title="המרקיז דה לה פאייט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המרקיז דה לה פאייט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Жильбер Лафайет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жильбер Лафайет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fayette" title="La Fayette – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDilb%C4%93rs_di_Motj%C4%93_de_Lafajets" title="Žilbērs di Motjē de Lafajets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žilbērs di Motjē de Lafajets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Marie-Joseph Motier de La Fayette – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Marie-Joseph Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Жилбер Лафајет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жилбер Лафајет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="جيلبير دو موتى دو لافاييت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيلبير دو موتى دو لافاييت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ラファイエット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラファイエット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_La_Fayette" title="Marquis de La Fayette – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marquis de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilb%C3%A8rt_dau_Motier_de_La_Faieta" title="Gilbèrt dau Motier de La Faieta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gilbèrt dau Motier de La Faieta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%DB%90%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%BC_%DA%89%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%BC%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%89%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BC%D9%8A" title="ګېلبېرټ ډو موټیر، مارکیوس ډي لفایټي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګېلبېرټ ډو موټیر، مارکیوس ډي لفایټي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Joseph_de_La_Fayette" title="Marie Joseph de La Fayette – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marie Joseph de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marqu%C3%AAs_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquês de La Fayette – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquês de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%82,_%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Лафайет, Жильбер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лафайет, Жильбер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaFayette" title="LaFayette – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="LaFayette" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Маркиз де Лафајет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маркиз де Лафајет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_markiz_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, markiz de La Fayette – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gilbert du Motier, markiz de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de Lafayette – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de Lafayette" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_markis_av_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, markis av Lafayette – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gilbert du Motier, markis av Lafayette" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8C%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95" title="ฌีลแบร์ ดูว์ มอตีเย เดอ ลา ฟาแย็ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฌีลแบร์ ดูว์ มอตีเย เดอ ลา ฟาแย็ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%94%D1%82" title="Жильбер де Лафаєт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жильбер де Лафаєт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E5%BE%B7%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5" title="拉斐德侯爵 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉斐德侯爵" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Marie-Joseph Motier, Marquis de Lafayette – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Marie-Joseph Motier, Marquis de Lafayette" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%95%E8%91%89%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5" title="拉法葉侯爵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拉法葉侯爵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E5%BE%B7%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5" title="拉斐德侯爵 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉斐德侯爵" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186652#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Marquis de Lafayette</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marquis_de_Lafayette_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Marquis_de_Lafayette_2.jpg/220px-Marquis_de_Lafayette_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Marquis_de_Lafayette_2.jpg/330px-Marquis_de_Lafayette_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Marquis_de_Lafayette_2.jpg/440px-Marquis_de_Lafayette_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="2840" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">A portrait of Lafayette in the uniform of a <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1779–80</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1757-09-06</span>)</span>6 September 1757<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chavaniac" title="Château de Chavaniac">Château de Chavaniac</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Auvergne" title="History of Auvergne">Auvergne Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 May 1834<span style="display:none">(1834-05-20)</span> (aged 76)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">Kingdom of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Picpus_Cemetery" title="Picpus Cemetery">Picpus Cemetery</a> in Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Bourbon_Restoration)" title="Liberal Party (Bourbon Restoration)">Liberals</a> (1815–1824)<br /><a href="/wiki/Doctrinaires" title="Doctrinaires">Doctrinaires</a> (1824–1834)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_de_Noailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrienne de Noailles">Adrienne de Noailles</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="11 April 1774">1774</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="24 December 1807">1807</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Georges_Washington_de_La_Fayette" title="Georges Washington de La Fayette">Georges Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Louis" title="Order of Saint Louis">Order of Saint Louis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marquis_de_La_Fayette_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marquis_de_La_Fayette_Signature.svg/128px-Marquis_de_La_Fayette_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marquis_de_La_Fayette_Signature.svg/192px-Marquis_de_La_Fayette_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marquis_de_La_Fayette_Signature.svg/256px-Marquis_de_La_Fayette_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">The Hero of the Two Worlds (<i>Le Héros des Deux Mondes</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-carlier_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> (1771–1777, 1781–1791, 1814/15–1830)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (1777–1781)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Cabinet_of_Louis_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Cabinet of Louis XVI">Kingdom of France</a> (1791–1792)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard (France)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1771–1792<br />1830</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Major general (U.S.)</li> <li>Lieutenant Général (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gloucester_(1777)" title="Battle of Gloucester (1777)">Battle of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barren_Hill" title="Battle of Barren Hill">Battle of Barren Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Battle of Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Green_Spring" title="Battle of Green Spring">Battle of Green Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">March on Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Daggers" title="Day of Daggers">Day of Daggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette, Marquis de La Fayette</b><sup id="cite_ref-spelling_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spelling-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒilbɛʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>dy<span class="wrap"> </span>mɔtje<span class="wrap"> </span>maʁki<span class="wrap"> </span>d(ə)<span class="wrap"> </span>la<span class="wrap"> </span>fajɛt]</a></span>; 6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), known in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as <b>Lafayette</b><sup id="cite_ref-spelling_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spelling-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LA(H)F</span>-ee-<span style="font-size:90%">ET</span></i></a>), was a French nobleman and military officer who volunteered to join the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, led by General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. Lafayette was ultimately permitted to command Continental Army troops in the decisive <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a> in 1781, the Revolutionary War's final major battle that secured American independence. After returning to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, Lafayette became a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789 and the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830 and continues to be celebrated as a hero in both France and the United States. </p><p>Lafayette was born into a wealthy land-owning family in <a href="/wiki/Chavaniac-Lafayette" title="Chavaniac-Lafayette">Chavaniac</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Auvergne" title="History of Auvergne">province of Auvergne</a> in south-central France. He followed the family's martial tradition and was commissioned an officer at age 13. He became convinced that the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American revolutionary</a> cause was noble, and he traveled to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> seeking glory in it. He was made a major general at age 19, but he was initially not given American troops to command. He fought with the Continental Army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chadds_Ford_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Chadds Ford Township, Pennsylvania">Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania</a>, where he was wounded but managed to organize an orderly retreat, and he served with distinction in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Battle of Rhode Island</a>. In the middle of the war, he returned home to France to lobby for an increase in French support for the American Revolution. He returned to America in 1780, and was given senior positions in the Continental Army. In 1781, troops under his command in Virginia blocked a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> army led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a> until other American and French forces could position themselves for the decisive siege of Yorktown. </p><p>Lafayette returned to France and was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Notables" title="Assembly of Notables">Assembly of Notables</a> in 1787, convened in response to the fiscal crisis. He was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Estates General of 1789</a>, where representatives met from the three traditional orders of French society: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. After the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> was formed, he helped to write the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s assistance. This document was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>, which was authored primarily by Jefferson, and invoked <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> to establish basic principles of the democratic nation-state. He also advocated for the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition of slavery</a>, in keeping with the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">natural rights</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">storming of the Bastille</a>, he was appointed commander-in-chief of France's <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a> and tried to steer a middle course through the years of revolution. In August 1792, radical factions ordered his arrest, and he fled to the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>. He was captured by Austrian troops and spent more than five years in prison. </p><p>Lafayette returned to France after <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> secured his release in 1797, though he refused to participate in Napoleon's government. After the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> of 1814, he became a liberal member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a>, a position which he held for most of the remainder of his life. In 1824, President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> invited him to the United States as the nation's guest, where he <a href="/wiki/Visit_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_to_the_United_States" title="Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States">visited all 24 states</a> in the union and met a rapturous reception. During France's <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830, he declined an offer to become the French dictator. Instead, he supported <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis-Philippe</a> as king, but turned against him when the monarch became autocratic. He died on 20 May 1834 and is buried in <a href="/wiki/Picpus_Cemetery" title="Picpus Cemetery">Picpus Cemetery</a> in Paris, under soil from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a>. He is sometimes known as "<b>The Hero of the Two Worlds</b>" for his accomplishments in the service of both France and the United States. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/House_of_La_Fayette" title="House of La Fayette">House of La Fayette</a></div> <p>Lafayette was born on 6 September 1757 to <a href="/wiki/Michel_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_La_Fayette" title="Michel du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette">Michel Louis Christophe Roch Gilbert Paulette du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette</a>, colonel of <a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">grenadiers</a>, and Marie Louise Jolie de La Rivière, at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chavaniac" title="Château de Chavaniac">Château de Chavaniac</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Chavaniac-Lafayette" title="Chavaniac-Lafayette">Chavaniac-Lafayette</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Le_Puy-en-Velay" title="Le Puy-en-Velay">Le Puy-en-Velay</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Haute-Loire" title="Haute-Loire">Haute-Loire</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Adopted_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adopted-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chavaniac_Chavaniac-Lafayette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chavaniac_Chavaniac-Lafayette.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chavaniac_Chavaniac-Lafayette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chavaniac_Chavaniac-Lafayette.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chavaniac_Chavaniac-Lafayette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chavaniac_Chavaniac-Lafayette.jpg/440px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chavaniac_Chavaniac-Lafayette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4455" data-file-height="2970" /></a><figcaption>Lafayette's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Chavaniac" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavaniac">Chavaniac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Adrienne_Francoise_de_Noailles,_French_School_18th_century_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Marie_Adrienne_Francoise_de_Noailles%2C_French_School_18th_century_copy.jpg/220px-Marie_Adrienne_Francoise_de_Noailles%2C_French_School_18th_century_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Marie_Adrienne_Francoise_de_Noailles%2C_French_School_18th_century_copy.jpg/330px-Marie_Adrienne_Francoise_de_Noailles%2C_French_School_18th_century_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Marie_Adrienne_Francoise_de_Noailles%2C_French_School_18th_century_copy.jpg/440px-Marie_Adrienne_Francoise_de_Noailles%2C_French_School_18th_century_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Lafayette's wife, <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_de_La_Fayette" title="Adrienne de La Fayette">Marie Adrienne Francoise</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lafayette's lineage was likely one of the oldest and most distinguished in Auvergne and, perhaps, in all of France. Males of the <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Lafayette family">Lafayette family</a> enjoyed a reputation for courage and chivalry and were noted for their contempt for danger.<sup id="cite_ref-Officer,_p._171_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Officer,_p._171-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Lafayette's early ancestors, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Motier_de_La_Fayette" title="Gilbert Motier de La Fayette">Gilbert de Lafayette III</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a>, had been a companion-at-arms of <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>'s army during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Siege of Orléans">Siege of Orléans</a> in 1429. According to legend, another ancestor acquired the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">Sixth Crusade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liberty_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His non-Lafayette ancestors are also notable; his great-grandfather (his mother's maternal grandfather) was the Comte de La Rivière, until his death in 1770 commander of the <a href="/wiki/Musketeers_of_the_Guard" title="Musketeers of the Guard">Mousquetaires du Roi</a>, or "Black Musketeers", King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>'s personal horse guard.<sup id="cite_ref-u383_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u383-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette's paternal uncle Jacques-Roch died on 18 January 1734 while fighting the Austrians at Milan in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a>; upon his death, the title of <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquis</a> passed to his brother Michel.<sup id="cite_ref-Clary_13_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clary_13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette's father likewise died on the battlefield. On 1 August 1759, Michel de Lafayette was struck by a cannonball while fighting a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Anglo</a>-German army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minden" title="Battle of Minden">Battle of Minden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gott_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gott-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette became marquis and Lord of Chavaniac, but the estate went to his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Gott_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gott-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps devastated by the loss of her husband, she went to live in Paris with her father and grandfather,<sup id="cite_ref-u383_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u383-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving Lafayette to be raised in <a href="/wiki/Chavaniac-Lafayette" title="Chavaniac-Lafayette">Chavaniac-Lafayette</a> by his paternal grandmother, Mme de Chavaniac, who had brought the château into the family with her dowry.<sup id="cite_ref-Clary_13_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clary_13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1768, when Lafayette was 11, he was summoned to Paris to live with his mother and great-grandfather at the comte's apartments in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a>. The boy was sent to school at the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand" title="Lycée Louis-le-Grand">Collège du Plessis</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, and it was decided that he would carry on the family martial tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comte, the boy's great-grandfather, enrolled the boy in a program to train future Musketeers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette's mother and grandfather died, on 3 and 24 April 1770 respectively, leaving Lafayette an income of 25,000 <a href="/wiki/French_livre" title="French livre">livres</a>. Upon the death of an uncle, the 12-year-old Lafayette inherited a yearly income of 120,000 livres.<sup id="cite_ref-Gott_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gott-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1771, aged less than 14, Lafayette was commissioned an officer in the Musketeers, with the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">sous-lieutenant</a></i>. His duties, which included marching in military parades and presenting himself to King Louis, were mostly ceremonial and he continued his studies as usual.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Noailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean de Noailles">Jean-Paul-François de Noailles, Duc d'Ayen</a> was looking to marry off some of his five daughters. The young Lafayette, aged 14, seemed a good match for his 12-year-old daughter, <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_de_La_Fayette" title="Adrienne de La Fayette">Marie Adrienne Françoise</a>, and the duke spoke to the boy's guardian (Lafayette's uncle, the new comte) to negotiate a deal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the arranged marriage was opposed by <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Anne_Louise_d%27Aguesseau" title="Henriette Anne Louise d'Aguesseau">the duke's wife</a>, who felt the couple, and especially her daughter, were too young. The matter was settled by agreeing not to mention the marriage plans for two years, during which time the two spouses-to-be would meet from time to time in casual settings and get to know each other better.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scheme worked; the two fell in love, and were happy together from the time of their marriage in 1774 until her death in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Departure_from_France">Departure from France</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finding_a_cause">Finding a cause</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafayette_Metz_Palais_Justice_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lafayette_Metz_Palais_Justice_2010.jpg/220px-Lafayette_Metz_Palais_Justice_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lafayette_Metz_Palais_Justice_2010.jpg/330px-Lafayette_Metz_Palais_Justice_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lafayette_Metz_Palais_Justice_2010.jpg/440px-Lafayette_Metz_Palais_Justice_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Lafayette in front of the Governor Palace in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, where he decided to join the American cause</figcaption></figure> <p>After the marriage contract was signed in 1773, Lafayette lived with his young wife in his father-in-law's house in <a href="/wiki/Versailles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles (city)">Versailles</a>. He continued his education, both at the riding school of Versailles, where his fellow students included the future <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>, and at the prestigious Académie de Versailles. He was given a commission as a lieutenant in the Noailles <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">Dragoons</a> in April 1773,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the transfer from the royal regiment being done at the request of Lafayette's father-in-law.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1775, Lafayette took part in his unit's annual training in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, where he met <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Broglie,_Marquis_of_Ruffec" title="Charles François de Broglie, Marquis of Ruffec">Charles François de Broglie, Marquis of Ruffec</a>, the Army of the East's commander. At dinner, both men discussed the ongoing <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">revolt against British rule</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Marc_Leepson" title="Marc Leepson">Marc Leepson</a> argued that Lafayette, "who had grown up loathing the British for killing his father", felt that an American victory in the conflict would diminish Britain's stature internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another historian noted that Lafayette had recently become a <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Order">Freemason</a>, and news of the revolt "fired his chivalric—and now Masonic—imagination with descriptions of Americans as 'people fighting for liberty<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third historian, <a href="/wiki/James_R._Gaines" title="James R. Gaines">James R. Gaines</a>, recalls Lafayette attending a dinner at this time with the Duke of Gloucester (brother of British King George III), who complained about the Americans who had objected to British rule and mocked their beliefs in equality the right of the people to rule themselves. Lafayette later recalled the dinner as a turning point in his thinking, and when he learned that Washington was seeking recruits for the Continental Army.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafayette_and_Deane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lafayette_and_Deane.jpg/170px-Lafayette_and_Deane.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lafayette_and_Deane.jpg/255px-Lafayette_and_Deane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lafayette_and_Deane.jpg/340px-Lafayette_and_Deane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>1879 <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Chappel" title="Alonzo Chappel">Alonzo Chappel</a> print of Lafayette (center) being introduced by Baron <a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">Johann de Kalb</a> (left) to <a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Silas Deane</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1775, when Lafayette turned 18, he returned to Paris and received the captaincy in the Dragoons he had been promised as a wedding present. In December, his first child, Henriette, was born. During these months, Lafayette became convinced that the American Revolution reflected his own beliefs,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying "My heart was dedicated."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year 1776 saw delicate negotiations between American agents, including <a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Silas Deane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> and his foreign minister, Comte <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Charles de Vergennes</a>. The king and his minister hoped that by supplying the Americans with arms and officers, they might restore French influence in North America, and exact revenge against Britain for France's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. When Lafayette heard that French officers were being sent to America, he demanded to be among them. He met Deane, and gained inclusion despite his youth. On 7 December 1776, Deane enlisted Lafayette as a major general.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plan to send French officers (as well as other forms of aid) to America came to nothing when the British heard of it and threatened war. Lafayette's father-in-law, de Noailles, scolded the young man and told him to go to London and visit the <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel-Marie-Louis,_marquis_de_Noailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel-Marie-Louis, marquis de Noailles">Marquis de Noailles</a>, the French ambassador to Britain and Lafayette's uncle by marriage, which he did in February 1777. In the interim, he did not abandon his plans to go to America. Lafayette was presented to <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, and spent three weeks in London. On his return to France, he went into hiding from his father-in-law (and superior officer), writing to him that he was planning to go to America. De Noailles was furious, and convinced Louis to issue a decree forbidding French officers from serving in America, specifically naming Lafayette. Vergennes may have persuaded the king to order Lafayette's arrest, though this is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Departure_for_America">Departure for America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A8le_La_Fayette_sur_le_port_de_plaisance_de_Pauillac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/St%C3%A8le_La_Fayette_sur_le_port_de_plaisance_de_Pauillac.jpg/220px-St%C3%A8le_La_Fayette_sur_le_port_de_plaisance_de_Pauillac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/St%C3%A8le_La_Fayette_sur_le_port_de_plaisance_de_Pauillac.jpg/330px-St%C3%A8le_La_Fayette_sur_le_port_de_plaisance_de_Pauillac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/St%C3%A8le_La_Fayette_sur_le_port_de_plaisance_de_Pauillac.jpg/440px-St%C3%A8le_La_Fayette_sur_le_port_de_plaisance_de_Pauillac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3397" data-file-height="3397" /></a><figcaption>Plaza Lafayette in <a href="/wiki/Pauillac" title="Pauillac">Pauillac</a>, where <i>Victoire</i> set sail to Pasaia on 25 March 1777</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasajes_de_San_Juan_-_Memorial_del_Marqu%C3%A9s_de_La_Fayette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pasajes_de_San_Juan_-_Memorial_del_Marqu%C3%A9s_de_La_Fayette.jpg/220px-Pasajes_de_San_Juan_-_Memorial_del_Marqu%C3%A9s_de_La_Fayette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pasajes_de_San_Juan_-_Memorial_del_Marqu%C3%A9s_de_La_Fayette.jpg/330px-Pasajes_de_San_Juan_-_Memorial_del_Marqu%C3%A9s_de_La_Fayette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pasajes_de_San_Juan_-_Memorial_del_Marqu%C3%A9s_de_La_Fayette.jpg/440px-Pasajes_de_San_Juan_-_Memorial_del_Marqu%C3%A9s_de_La_Fayette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at <a href="/wiki/Pasaia" title="Pasaia">Pasaia</a> in the Basque Country, Spain commemorating La Fayette's departure in 1777</figcaption></figure> <p>Lafayette learned that the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> lacked funds for his voyage, so he bought the sailing ship <i>Victoire</i> with his own money<sup id="cite_ref-holbrook_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holbrook-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for 112,000 pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Demerliac_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demerliac-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, where <i>Victoire</i> was being prepared for her trip, and he sent word asking for information on his family's reaction. The response threw him into emotional turmoil, including letters from his wife and other relatives. Soon after departure, he ordered the ship turned around and returned to Bordeaux, to the frustration of the officers traveling with him. The army commander there ordered Lafayette to report to his father-in-law's regiment in <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>. De Broglie hoped to become a military and political leader in America, and he met Lafayette in Bordeaux and convinced him that the government actually wanted him to go. This was not true, though there was considerable public support for Lafayette in Paris, where the American cause was popular. Lafayette wanted to believe it, and pretended to comply with the order to report to Marseilles, going only a few kilometres east before turning around and returning to his ship. <i>Victoire</i> set sail out of <a href="/wiki/Pauillac" title="Pauillac">Pauillac</a> on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Gironde_estuary" title="Gironde estuary">Gironde</a> on 25 March 1777. However, Lafayette was not on board in order to avoid being identified by British spies or the French Crown; the vessel moored in <a href="/wiki/Pasaia" title="Pasaia">Pasaia</a> on the Basque coast, and was supplied with 5,000 rifles and ammunition from the factories in <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>. He joined the <i>Victoire</i>, departing to America on 26 April 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two-month journey to the New World was marked by seasickness and boredom.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship's captain Lebourcier<sup id="cite_ref-Demerliac_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demerliac-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intended to stop in the West Indies to sell cargo, but Lafayette was fearful of arrest, so he bought the cargo to avoid docking at the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook_17_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook_17-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He landed on North Island near <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_South_Carolina" title="Georgetown, South Carolina">Georgetown, South Carolina</a> on 13 June 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allies_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allies-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France in the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_meeting_of_Washington_and_Lafayette,_Currier_and_Ives_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/First_meeting_of_Washington_and_Lafayette%2C_Currier_and_Ives_1876.jpg/220px-First_meeting_of_Washington_and_Lafayette%2C_Currier_and_Ives_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/First_meeting_of_Washington_and_Lafayette%2C_Currier_and_Ives_1876.jpg/330px-First_meeting_of_Washington_and_Lafayette%2C_Currier_and_Ives_1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/First_meeting_of_Washington_and_Lafayette%2C_Currier_and_Ives_1876.jpg/440px-First_meeting_of_Washington_and_Lafayette%2C_Currier_and_Ives_1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the Marquis de Lafayette first meeting <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> on 5 August 1777 by <a href="/wiki/Currier_and_Ives" title="Currier and Ives">Currier and Ives</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Upon his arrival, Lafayette met Major <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Huger_(American_Revolution)" title="Benjamin Huger (American Revolution)">Benjamin Huger</a>, a wealthy landowner, and stayed with him for two weeks before departing for the revolutionary capital of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>, convened in Philadelphia, had been overwhelmed by French officers recruited by Deane, many of whom could not speak English or lacked military experience. Lafayette had learned some English en route and became fluent within a year of his arrival, and his Masonic membership opened many doors in Philadelphia. After Lafayette offered to serve without pay, Congress commissioned him a major general on 31 July 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette's advocates included the recently arrived American envoy to France, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, who by letter urged Congress to accommodate the young Frenchman.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, commander in chief of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, came to Philadelphia to brief Congress on military affairs. Lafayette met him at a dinner on 5 August 1777; according to Leepson, "the two men bonded almost immediately." Washington was impressed by the young man's enthusiasm and was inclined to think well of a fellow Mason; Lafayette was simply in awe of the commanding general.<sup id="cite_ref-g33_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g33-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Washington took the Frenchman to view his military camp; when Washington expressed embarrassment at its state and that of the troops, Lafayette responded, "I am here to learn, not to teach."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a member of Washington's staff, although confusion existed regarding his status. Congress regarded his commission as honorary, while he considered himself a full-fledged commander who would be given control of a division when Washington deemed him prepared.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington told Lafayette that a division would not be possible as he was of foreign birth, but that he would be happy to hold him in confidence as "friend and father".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brandywine,_Valley_Forge,_and_Albany"><span id="Brandywine.2C_Valley_Forge.2C_and_Albany"></span>Brandywine, Valley Forge, and Albany</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woundedatbrandywine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Woundedatbrandywine.jpg/220px-Woundedatbrandywine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Woundedatbrandywine.jpg/330px-Woundedatbrandywine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Woundedatbrandywine.jpg/440px-Woundedatbrandywine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6117" data-file-height="4360" /></a><figcaption>Lafayette wounded at the Battle of Brandywine</figcaption></figure> <p>Lafayette first saw combat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chadds_Ford_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Chadds Ford Township, Pennsylvania">Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania</a>, on 11 September 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British commander <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">Sir William Howe</a> made plans to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">occupy Philadelphia</a> by moving troops south by ship to <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> rather than approaching the city through the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Bay" title="Delaware Bay">Delaware Bay</a>, which there was a heavy Continental Army presence, and then bringing British troops over land to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the British outflanked the Americans, Washington sent Lafayette to join General <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a>. Upon his arrival, Lafayette went with the Third Pennsylvania Brigade, under Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Conway" title="Thomas Conway">Thomas Conway</a>, and attempted to rally the unit to face the attack. British and <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessian</a> troops continued to advance with their superior numbers, and Lafayette was shot in the leg. During the American retreat, Lafayette rallied the troops, allowing a more orderly pullback, before being treated for his wound.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the battle, Washington cited him for "bravery and military ardour" and recommended him for the command of a division in a letter to Congress, which was hastily evacuating, as the British occupied Philadelphia later that month.<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette returned to the field in November after two months of recuperation in the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> settlement of <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>, and received command of the division previously led by Major General <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stephen" title="Adam Stephen">Adam Stephen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He assisted General <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a> in reconnaissance of British positions in New Jersey; with 300 soldiers, he <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gloucester_(1777)" title="Battle of Gloucester (1777)">defeated a numerically superior Hessian force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_County,_New_Jersey" title="Gloucester County, New Jersey">Gloucester</a>, on 24 November 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg/220px-Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg/330px-Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg/440px-Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3362" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>John Ward Dunsmore's 1907 depiction of Lafayette (right) and Washington at <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lafayette stayed at Washington's encampment at <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a> in the winter of 1777–78, and shared the hardship of his troops.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_War" title="Board of War">Board of War</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a>, asked Lafayette to prepare an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%9391)" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Quebec (1763–91)">Quebec</a> from Albany, New York. When Lafayette arrived in Albany, he found too few men to mount an invasion. He wrote to Washington of the situation, and made plans to return to Valley Forge. Before departing, he recruited the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneida tribe">Oneida tribe</a> to the American side. The Oneida referred to Lafayette as <i>Kayewla</i> (fearsome horseman).<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Valley Forge, he criticized the board's decision to attempt an invasion of Quebec in winter. The Continental Congress agreed, and Gates left the board.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, treaties signed by America and France were made public in March 1778, and France formally recognized American independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Liberty_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barren_Hill,_Monmouth,_and_Rhode_Island"><span id="Barren_Hill.2C_Monmouth.2C_and_Rhode_Island"></span>Barren Hill, Monmouth, and Rhode Island</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barren_Hill" title="Battle of Barren Hill">Battle of Barren Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Battle of Rhode Island</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barren-hill-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Barren-hill-map.jpg/220px-Barren-hill-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Barren-hill-map.jpg/330px-Barren-hill-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Barren-hill-map.jpg/440px-Barren-hill-map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6217" data-file-height="4715" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barren_Hill" title="Battle of Barren Hill">Battle of Barren Hill</a> by Michel Capitaine du Chesnoy, aide-de-camp to Lafayette</figcaption></figure> <p>Faced with the prospect of French intervention, the British sought to concentrate their land and naval forces in New York City,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they began to evacuate Philadelphia in May 1778. Washington dispatched Lafayette with a 2,200-man force on 18 May to reconnoiter near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barren_Hill" title="Battle of Barren Hill">Barren Hill</a>, Pennsylvania. The next day, the British heard that he had made camp nearby and sent 5,000 men to capture him. General Howe led a further 6,000 soldiers on 20 May and ordered an attack on his left flank. The flank scattered, and Lafayette organized a retreat while the British remained indecisive. To feign numerical superiority, Lafayette ordered men to appear from the woods on an outcropping (now <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Hill,_Pennsylvania" title="Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania">Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania</a>) and to fire upon the British periodically.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His troops simultaneously escaped via a sunken road,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was then able to cross Matson's Ford with the remainder of his force.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monmouth-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Monmouth-map.jpg/220px-Monmouth-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="435" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Monmouth-map.jpg/330px-Monmouth-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Monmouth-map.jpg/440px-Monmouth-map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4765" data-file-height="9412" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a> by Michel Capitaine du Chesnoy, aide-de-camp to Lafayette</figcaption></figure> <p>The British then marched from Philadelphia toward New York. The Continental Army followed and finally attacked at <a href="/wiki/Freehold_Borough,_New_Jersey" title="Freehold Borough, New Jersey">Monmouth Courthouse</a><sup id="cite_ref-Liberty_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in central New Jersey. Washington appointed General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a> to lead the attacking force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a>, and Lee moved against the British flank on 28 June. However, he gave conflicting orders soon after fighting began, causing chaos in the American ranks. Lafayette sent a message to Washington to urge him to the front; upon his arrival, he found Lee's men in retreat. Washington relieved Lee, took command, and rallied the American force. After suffering significant casualties at Monmouth, the British withdrew in the night and successfully reached New York.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French fleet arrived at Delaware Bay on 8 July 1778 under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hector,_comte_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing">d'Estaing</a>, with whom General Washington planned to attack <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, the other major British base in the north. Lafayette and General Greene were sent with a 3,000-man force to participate in the attack. Lafayette wanted to control a joint Franco-American force but was rebuffed by the admiral. On 9 August, the American land force attacked the British without consulting d'Estaing. The Americans asked d'Estaing to place his ships in <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Bay" title="Narragansett Bay">Narragansett Bay</a>, but he refused and sought to defeat the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Adopted_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adopted-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fighting was inconclusive as a storm scattered and damaged both fleets.<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhode-island-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rhode-island-map.jpg/300px-Rhode-island-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rhode-island-map.jpg/450px-Rhode-island-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rhode-island-map.jpg/600px-Rhode-island-map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6230" data-file-height="4705" /></a><figcaption>A 1778 French military map showing the positions of generals Lafayette and Sullivan around Narragansett Bay on 30 August</figcaption></figure> <p>D'Estaing moved his ships north to Boston for repairs, where it faced an angry demonstration from Bostonians who considered the French departure from Newport to be a desertion. <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> and Lafayette were dispatched to calm the situation, and Lafayette then returned to Rhode Island to prepare the retreat made necessary by d'Estaing's departure. For these actions, he was cited by the Continental Congress for "gallantry, skill, and prudence".<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wanted to expand the war to fight the British elsewhere in America and even in Europe under the French flag, but he found little interest in his proposals. In October 1778, he requested permission from Washington and Congress to go home on leave. They agreed, with Congress voting to give him a ceremonial sword to be presented to him in France. His departure was delayed by illness, and he sailed for France in January 1779.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_France">Return to France</h3></div> <p>Lafayette reached Paris in February 1779 where he was placed under house arrest for eight days for disobeying the king by going to America.<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was merely face-saving by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>; Lafayette was given a hero's welcome and was soon invited to hunt with the king.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American envoy was ill, so Benjamin Franklin's grandson <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Franklin" title="William Temple Franklin">William Temple Franklin</a> presented Lafayette with the gold-encrusted sword commissioned by the Continental Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette pushed for an <a href="/wiki/Armada_of_1779" title="Armada of 1779">invasion of Britain</a>, with himself to have a major command in the French forces. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700-1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700-1808)">Spain</a> was now France's ally against Britain and sent ships to the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> in support. The Spanish ships did not arrive until August 1779 and were met by a faster squadron of British ships that the combined French and Spanish fleet could not catch. In September, the invasion was abandoned, and Lafayette turned his hopes toward returning to America.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1779, Adrienne gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Georges_Washington_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Washington Lafayette">Georges Washington Lafayette</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg/220px-Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg/330px-Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg/440px-Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>French frigate <i>Hermione</i> that brought Lafayette to America in 1780</figcaption></figure> <p>Lafayette worked with Benjamin Franklin to secure the promise of 6,000 soldiers to be sent to America, commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Rochambeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau">Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette would resume his position as a major general of American forces, serving as liaison between Rochambeau and Washington, who would be in command of both nations' forces. In March 1780, he departed from <a href="/wiki/Rochefort_(Charente-Maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochefort (Charente-Maritime)">Rochefort</a> for America aboard the frigate <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Hermione_(1779)" title="French frigate Hermione (1779)"><i>Hermione</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arriving in Boston on 27 April 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_voyage_to_America">Second voyage to America</h3></div> <p>On his return, Lafayette found the American cause at a low ebb, rocked by several military defeats, especially in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette was greeted in Boston with enthusiasm, seen as "a knight in shining armor from the chivalric past, come to save the nation".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He journeyed southwest and on 10 May 1780 had a joyous reunion with Washington at <a href="/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey" title="Morristown, New Jersey">Morristown, New Jersey</a>. The general and his officers were delighted to hear that the large French force promised to Lafayette would be coming to their aid.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington, aware of Lafayette's popularity, had him write (with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> to correct his spelling) to state officials to urge them to provide more troops and provisions to the Continental Army.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bore fruit in the coming months, as Lafayette awaited the arrival of the French fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when the fleet arrived, there were fewer men and supplies than expected, and Rochambeau decided to wait for reinforcements before seeking battle with the British. This was unsatisfactory to Lafayette, who proposed grandiose schemes for the taking of New York City and other areas, and Rochambeau briefly refused to receive Lafayette until the young man apologized. Washington counseled the marquis to be patient.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That summer Washington placed Lafayette in charge of a division of troops. The marquis spent lavishly on his command, which patrolled <a href="/wiki/North_Jersey" title="North Jersey">North Jersey</a> and adjacent <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> state. Lafayette saw no significant action, and in November, Washington disbanded the division, sending the soldiers back to their state regiments. The war continued badly for the Americans, with most battles in the south going against them, and General <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> abandoning them for the British side.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette spent the first part of the winter of 1780–81 in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> elected him its first foreign member. Congress asked him to return to France to lobby for more men and supplies, but Lafayette refused, sending letters instead.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Continental victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Battle of Cowpens</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">Province of South Carolina</a>, in January 1781, Washington ordered Lafayette to re-form his force in Philadelphia and go south to the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> to link up with troops commanded by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">Baron von Steuben</a>. The combined force was to try to trap British forces commanded by Benedict Arnold, with French ships preventing his escape by sea. If Lafayette was successful, Arnold was to be summarily hanged. British command of the seas prevented the plan, though Lafayette and a small part of his force was able to reach von Steuben in <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown, Virginia</a>. Von Steuben sent a plan to Washington, proposing to use land forces and French ships to trap the main British force under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a>. When he received no new orders from Washington, Lafayette began to move his troops north toward Philadelphia, only to be ordered to Virginia to assume military command there. An outraged Lafayette assumed he was being abandoned in a backwater while decisive battles took place elsewhere, and objected to his orders in vain. He also sent letters to <a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar,_Chevalier_de_la_Luzerne" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne-César, Chevalier de la Luzerne">the Chevalier de la Luzerne</a>, French ambassador in Philadelphia, describing how ill-supplied his troops were. As Lafayette hoped, la Luzerne sent his letter on to France with a recommendation of massive French aid, which, after being approved by the king, would play a crucial part in the battles to come. Washington, fearing a letter might be captured by the British, could not tell Lafayette that he planned to trap Cornwallis in a decisive campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virginia_and_Yorktown">Virginia and Yorktown</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Yorktown_1875.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Yorktown_1875.png/300px-Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Yorktown_1875.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Yorktown_1875.png/450px-Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Yorktown_1875.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Yorktown_1875.png/600px-Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Yorktown_1875.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>A map of key sites in the Battle of Yorktown</figcaption></figure> <p>Lafayette evaded Cornwallis' attempts to capture him in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines_153_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines_153-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1781, Cornwallis received orders from London to proceed to the Chesapeake Bay and to oversee construction of a port, in preparation for an overland attack on Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines_153_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines_153-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the British column traveled, Lafayette sent small squads that would appear unexpectedly, attacking the <a href="/wiki/Rearguard" title="Rearguard">rearguard</a> or foraging parties, and giving the impression that his forces were larger than they were.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 July, the British left <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a> and prepared to cross the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a>. Cornwallis sent only an advance guard to the south side of the river, hiding many of his other troops in the forest on the north side, hoping to ambush Lafayette. On 6 July, Lafayette ordered General "Mad" <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a> to strike British troops on the north side with roughly 800 soldiers. Wayne found himself vastly outnumbered, and, instead of retreating, led a bayonet charge. The charge bought time for the Americans, and the British did not pursue. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Green_Spring" title="Battle of Green Spring">Battle of Green Spring</a> was a victory for Cornwallis, but the American army was bolstered by the display of courage by the men.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines_153_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines_153-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook_53_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook_53-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By August, Cornwallis had established the British at Yorktown, and Lafayette took up position on <a href="/wiki/Malvern_Hill" title="Malvern Hill">Malvern Hill</a>, stationing artillery surrounding the British, who were close to the <a href="/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)" title="York River (Virginia)">York River</a>, and who had orders to construct fortifications to protect the British ships in <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>. Lafayette's containment trapped the British when the French fleet arrived and won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Virginia_Capes" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Virginia Capes">Battle of the Virginia Capes</a>, depriving Cornwallis of naval protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Liberty_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 September 1781, Washington's forces joined Lafayette's. On 28 September, with the French fleet blockading the British, the combined forces laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">siege to Yorktown</a>. On 14 October, Lafayette's 400 men on the American right took <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a> 9 after <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>'s forces had charged Redoubt 10 in hand-to-hand combat. These two redoubts were key to breaking the British defenses.<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook_53_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook_53-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a failed British counter-attack, Cornwallis surrendered on 19 October 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hero_of_two_worlds">Hero of two worlds</h2></div> <p>Yorktown was the last major land battle of the American Revolution, but the British still held several major port cities. Lafayette wanted to lead expeditions to capture them, but Washington felt that he would be more useful seeking additional naval support from France. Congress appointed him its advisor to America's envoys in Europe, Benjamin Franklin in Paris, <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> in Madrid, and <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> in The Hague, instructing them "to communicate and agree on everything with him". Congress also sent Louis XVI an official letter of commendation on the marquis's behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette left Boston for France on 18 December 1781 where he was welcomed as a hero, and he was received at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> on 22 January 1782. He witnessed the birth of his daughter, whom he named Marie-Antoinette Virginie upon Thomas Jefferson's recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was promoted to <i><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chal_de_camp" title="Maréchal de camp">maréchal de camp</a></i>, skipping numerous ranks,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was made a Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Louis" title="Order of Saint Louis">Order of Saint Louis</a>. He worked on a combined French and Spanish expedition against the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> in 1782, as no formal peace treaty had yet been signed. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed between Great Britain and the United States in 1783, which made the expedition unnecessary; Lafayette took part in those negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette worked with Jefferson to establish trade agreements between the United States and France which aimed to reduce America's debt to France.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_the_Blacks" title="Society of the Friends of the Blacks">Society of the Friends of the Blacks</a>, a French abolitionist group which advocated for the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> and equal rights for <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a>. He urged the emancipation of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">American slaves</a> and their establishment as tenant farmers in a 1783 letter to Washington, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">who was a slave owner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kam34_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kam34-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington declined to free his slaves, though he expressed interest in the young man's ideas, and Lafayette purchased three <a href="/wiki/Slave_plantation" title="Slave plantation">slave plantations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> to house the project.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Mount_Vernon,_1784_by_Rossiter_and_Mignot,_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Mount_Vernon%2C_1784_by_Rossiter_and_Mignot%2C_1859.jpg/220px-Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Mount_Vernon%2C_1784_by_Rossiter_and_Mignot%2C_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Mount_Vernon%2C_1784_by_Rossiter_and_Mignot%2C_1859.jpg/330px-Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Mount_Vernon%2C_1784_by_Rossiter_and_Mignot%2C_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Mount_Vernon%2C_1784_by_Rossiter_and_Mignot%2C_1859.jpg/440px-Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Mount_Vernon%2C_1784_by_Rossiter_and_Mignot%2C_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3774" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption><i>Lafayette and Washington at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a>, 1784</i>, 1859 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prichard_Rossiter" title="Thomas Prichard Rossiter">Thomas Prichard Rossiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_R%C3%A9my_Mignot" title="Louis Rémy Mignot">Louis Rémy Mignot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lafayette visited America in 1784–1785 where he enjoyed an enthusiastic welcome, visiting all the states. The trip included a visit to Washington's farm at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> on 17 August. He addressed the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> where he called for "liberty of all mankind" and urged the abolition of slavery,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he urged the Pennsylvania Legislature to help form a federal union (the states were then bound by the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>). He visited the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley" title="Mohawk Valley">Mohawk Valley</a> in New York to participate in peace negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, some of whom he had met in 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, a portrait of Washington from the city of Boston, and a bust from the state of Virginia. Maryland's legislature honored him by making him and his male heirs "natural born Citizens" of the state, which made him a natural-born citizen of the United States after the 1789 ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-speare_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speare-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cornell_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gottschalk1950_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gottschalk1950-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-folliard_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folliard-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette later boasted that he had become an American citizen before the concept of French citizenship existed.<sup id="cite_ref-twoworlds_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twoworlds-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Virginia also granted him citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-Officer,_p._171_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Officer,_p._171-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gottschalk1950_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gottschalk1950-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette made the <i>Hôtel de La Fayette</i> in Paris's <i>rue de Bourbon</i> an important meeting place for Americans there. Benjamin Franklin, John and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Livingston_Jay" title="Sarah Livingston Jay">Sarah Jay</a>, and John and <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a> met there every Monday and dined in company with Lafayette's family and the liberal nobility, including <a href="/wiki/Stanislas_Marie_Adelaide,_comte_de_Clermont-Tonnerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislas Marie Adelaide, comte de Clermont-Tonnerre">Clermont-Tonnerre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette continued to work on lowering trade barriers in France to American goods, and on assisting Franklin and Jefferson in seeking treaties of amity and commerce with European nations. He also sought to correct the injustices that <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> in France had endured since the revocation of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> a century before.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_Revolution">French Revolution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assembly_of_Notables_and_Estates-General">Assembly of Notables and Estates-General</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Notables" title="Assembly of Notables">Assembly of Notables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates-General of 1789">Estates-General of 1789</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3657" data-file-height="4636" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>", proposed to the Estates-General by Lafayette</figcaption></figure> <p>On 29 December 1786, King Louis XVI called an <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Notables" title="Assembly of Notables">Assembly of Notables</a>, in response to <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">France's fiscal crisis</a>. The king appointed Lafayette to the body, which convened on 22 February 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In speeches, Lafayette decried those with connections at court who had profited from advance knowledge of government land purchases; he advocated reform.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He called for a "truly national assembly", which represented the whole of France.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the king chose to summon an <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Estates General</a>, to convene in 1789. Lafayette was elected as a representative of the nobility (the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Second Estate</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Riom" title="Riom">Riom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Estates General, traditionally, cast one vote for each of the three Estates: clergy, nobility, and commons, meaning the much larger commons was generally outvoted.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Estates General convened on 5 May 1789; debate began on whether the delegates should vote by head or by Estate. If by Estate, then the nobility and clergy would be able to outvote the commons; if by head, then the larger Third Estate could dominate. Before the meeting, as a member of the "Committee of Thirty", Lafayette agitated for voting by head, rather than estate.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He could not get a majority of his own Estate to agree, but the clergy was willing to join with the commons, and on the 17th, the group declared itself the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loyalist response was to lock out the group, including Lafayette, while those who had not supported the Assembly met inside. This action led to the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a>, where the excluded members swore not to separate until a constitution was established.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assembly continued to meet, and on 11 July 1789, Lafayette presented a draft of the "<a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>" to the Assembly, written by himself in consultation with Jefferson.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerson_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerson-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, after the dismissal of Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a> (who was seen as a reformer), lawyer <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a> assembled between 700 and 1000 armed insurgents. The king had the royal army under the <a href="/wiki/Victor-Fran%C3%A7ois,_2nd_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie">duc de Broglie</a> surround Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 July, the fortress known as the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Bastille was stormed</a> by the insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-D112_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D112-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Guard,_Versailles,_and_Day_of_Daggers"><span id="National_Guard.2C_Versailles.2C_and_Day_of_Daggers"></span>National Guard, Versailles, and Day of Daggers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Fayette_and_Marie_Antoinette_6th_october_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/La_Fayette_and_Marie_Antoinette_6th_october_1789.jpg/220px-La_Fayette_and_Marie_Antoinette_6th_october_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/La_Fayette_and_Marie_Antoinette_6th_october_1789.jpg/330px-La_Fayette_and_Marie_Antoinette_6th_october_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/La_Fayette_and_Marie_Antoinette_6th_october_1789.jpg/440px-La_Fayette_and_Marie_Antoinette_6th_october_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Lafayette at the balcony of Versailles with <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafayette_sabre-IMG_0755_0770-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lafayette_sabre-IMG_0755_0770-black.jpg/220px-Lafayette_sabre-IMG_0755_0770-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lafayette_sabre-IMG_0755_0770-black.jpg/330px-Lafayette_sabre-IMG_0755_0770-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lafayette_sabre-IMG_0755_0770-black.jpg/440px-Lafayette_sabre-IMG_0755_0770-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Lafayette's saber as general of the Garde nationale, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Armée">Musée de l'Armée</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 July, Lafayette was acclaimed commander-in-chief of the Parisian <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a>, an armed force established to maintain order under the control of the Assembly military service as well as policing, traffic control, sanitization, lighting, among other matters of local administration.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette proposed the name and the symbol of the group: a blue, white, and red cockade. This combined the red and blue colors of the city of Paris with the royal white, and originated the French tricolor.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerson_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerson-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-D112_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D112-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He faced a difficult task as head of the Guard; the king and many loyalists considered him and his supporters to be little better than revolutionaries, whereas many commoners felt that he was helping the king to keep power via this position. </p><p>The National Assembly approved the Declaration on 26 August,<sup id="cite_ref-L132_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L132-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the king rejected it on 2 October.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days later, a Parisian crowd led by women fishmongers <a href="/wiki/The_March_on_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="The March on Versailles">marched to Versailles</a> in response to the scarcity of bread. Members of the National Guard followed the march, with Lafayette reluctantly leading them. At Versailles, the king accepted the Assembly's votes on the Declaration, but refused requests to go to Paris, and the crowd broke into the palace at dawn. Lafayette took the royal family onto the palace balcony and attempted to restore order,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Revolution_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the crowd insisted that the king and his family move to Paris and the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clary_392_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clary_392-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king came onto the balcony and the crowd started chanting <i>"Vive le Roi!"</i> <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> then appeared with her children, but she was told to send the children back in. She returned alone and people shouted to shoot her, but she stood her ground and no one opened fire. Lafayette kissed her hand, leading to cheers from the crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette would later initiate an investigation within the National Assembly on the now declared <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">October Days</a>, which led to the production of the Procédure Criminelle by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Charles_Chabroud" title="Jean-Baptiste-Charles Chabroud">Jean-Baptiste-Charles Chabroud</a>, a 688-page document accumulating evidence and analysis on the exact events and procedures of the March on Versailles, hoping to condemn those inciting the mob (in his mind being <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Duc d'Orléans</a>). However, the National Assembly thought condemning two significant revolutionaries would hurt the progress and public reception of the revolutionary administration.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serment_de_La_Fayette_IMG_2376.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Serment_de_La_Fayette_IMG_2376.JPG/220px-Serment_de_La_Fayette_IMG_2376.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Serment_de_La_Fayette_IMG_2376.JPG/330px-Serment_de_La_Fayette_IMG_2376.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Serment_de_La_Fayette_IMG_2376.JPG/440px-Serment_de_La_Fayette_IMG_2376.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3522" data-file-height="4494" /></a><figcaption><i>The oath of Lafayette at the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i>, 14 July 1790; French School, 18th century at <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Musée de la Révolution française</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As leader of the National Guard, Lafayette attempted to maintain order and steer a middle ground, even as the radicals gained increasing influence.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and Paris' mayor <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a> instituted a political club on 12 May 1790 called the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of 1789">Society of 1789</a> whose intention was to provide balance to the influence of the radical <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette helped organize and lead the assembly at the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a> on 14 July 1790 where he, alongside the National Guard and the king, took the civic oath on the <a href="/wiki/Champs_de_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Champs de Mars">Champs de Mars</a> on 14 July 1790 vowing to "be ever faithful to the nation, to the law, and to the king; to support with our utmost power the constitution decreed by the National Assembly, and accepted by the king."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eyes of the royalist factions, Lafayette took a large risk holding a largely undisciplined group at the Champs de Mars in fear for the safety of the king, whereas for Jacobins this solidified in their eyes Lafayette's royalist tendencies and an encouragement of the common people's support of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_du_Motier_Marquis_de_Lafayette.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gilbert_du_Motier_Marquis_de_Lafayette.PNG/220px-Gilbert_du_Motier_Marquis_de_Lafayette.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gilbert_du_Motier_Marquis_de_Lafayette.PNG/330px-Gilbert_du_Motier_Marquis_de_Lafayette.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gilbert_du_Motier_Marquis_de_Lafayette.PNG/440px-Gilbert_du_Motier_Marquis_de_Lafayette.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Lafayette as a lieutenant general in 1791, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Court" title="Joseph-Désiré Court">Joseph-Désiré Court</a> (1834)</figcaption></figure> <p>Lafayette continued to work for order in the coming months. He and part of the National Guard left the Tuileries on 28 February 1791 to handle a conflict in Vincennes, and hundreds of armed nobles arrived at the Tuileries to defend the king while he was gone. However, there were rumors that these nobles had come to take the king away and place him at the head of a counter-revolution. Lafayette quickly returned to the Tuileries and disarmed the nobles after a brief standoff. The event came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Daggers" title="Day of Daggers">Day of Daggers</a>, and it boosted Lafayette's popularity with the French people for his quick actions to protect the king.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the royal family were increasingly prisoners in their palace.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Guard disobeyed Lafayette on 18 April and prevented the king from leaving for <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">Saint-Cloud</a> where he planned to attend Mass.<sup id="cite_ref-D112_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D112-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_to_Varennes">Flight to Varennes</h3></div> <p>A plot known as the <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> almost enabled the king to escape from France on 20 June 1791. The king and queen had escaped from the Tuileries Palace, essentially under the watch of Lafayette and the National Guard. Being notified of their escape, Lafayette sent the Guard out in a multitude of directions in order to retrieve the escapee monarchs. Five days later, Lafayette and the National Guard led the royal carriage back into Paris amidst a crowding mob calling for the heads of the monarchs as well as Lafayette.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette had been responsible for the royal family's custody as leader of the National Guard, and he was thus blamed by extremists such as <a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a>, declaring in a speech directed towards Lafayette "You swore that the king would not leave. Either you sold out your country or you are stupid for having made a promise for a person whom you could not trust…. France can be free without you."<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was further called a traitor to the people by <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These accusations made Lafayette appear a royalist, damaged his reputation in the eyes of the public,<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook_100_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook_100-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and strengthened the hands of the Jacobins and other radicals in opposition to him. He continued to urge the constitutional rule of law, but he was drowned out by the mob and its leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Champs_de_Mars_massacre">Champs de Mars massacre</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafayette_fires_on_the_Cordeliers_Club.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lafayette_fires_on_the_Cordeliers_Club.jpeg/260px-Lafayette_fires_on_the_Cordeliers_Club.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lafayette_fires_on_the_Cordeliers_Club.jpeg/390px-Lafayette_fires_on_the_Cordeliers_Club.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lafayette_fires_on_the_Cordeliers_Club.jpeg/520px-Lafayette_fires_on_the_Cordeliers_Club.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> with Lafayette ordering his troops to fire on the protesters</figcaption></figure> <p>Lafayette's public standing continued to decline through the latter half of 1791. The radical <a href="/wiki/Cordelier" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordelier">Cordeliers</a> organized an event at the Champ de Mars on 17 July to gather signatures on a petition to the National Assembly that it either abolish the monarchy or allow its fate to be decided in a referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-Andress,_p._51_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andress,_p._51-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assembled crowd was estimated to be anywhere from 10,000 to 50,000 people. The protesters, finding two men hiding under an altar at the event, accused of being either spies or of potentially planting explosives, eventually hung the men from lampposts and placed their heads on the ends of pikes. Lafayette rode into the Champ de Mars at the head of his troops to restore order, but they were met with the throwing of stones from the crowd. Indeed, an assassination attempt was made on Lafayette, however the gunman's pistol misfired at close range. The soldiers began to first fire above the crowd in order to intimidate and disperse them, which only led to retaliation and eventually the death of two volunteer chasseurs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Guard was ordered to <a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">fire on the crowd</a>, wounding and killing an unknown number of people. Accounts from those close to Lafayette claim that around ten citizens were killed in the event, whereas other accounts propose fifty-four, and the sensational newspaper publisher <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a> claimed over four hundred bodies had been disposed of into the river later that night.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martial law was declared, and the leaders of the mob fled and went into hiding, such as Danton and Marat. Lafayette's reputation among many political clubs decreased dramatically, especially with articles in the press, such as the <i>Revolutions de Paris</i> describing the event at the Champ de Mars as "Men, Women, and Children were massacred on the altar of the nation on the Field of the Federation".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after the massacre, a crowd of rioters attacked Lafayette's home and attempted to harm his wife. The Assembly finalized a constitution in September, and Lafayette resigned from the National Guard in early October, with a semblance of constitutional law restored.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_and_exile">Conflict and exile</h3></div> <p>Lafayette returned to his home province of Auvergne in October 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-A61_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A61-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France declared <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">war on Austria</a> on 20 April 1792, and preparations to invade the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a> (today's Belgium) began. Lafayette, who had been promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> on 30 June 1791, received command of one of the three armies, the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Centre" title="Army of the Centre">Army of the Centre</a>, based at Metz, on 14 December 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette did his best to mold inductees and National Guardsmen into a cohesive fighting force, but found that many of his troops were Jacobin sympathizers and hated their superior officers. On 23 April 1792, Robespierre demanded that Lafayette step down. This emotion was common in the army, as demonstrated after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marquain" title="Battle of Marquain">Battle of Marquain</a>, when the routed French troops dragged their commander <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9obald_Dillon" title="Théobald Dillon">Théobald Dillon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, where he was torn to pieces by the mob. One of the army commanders, Rochambeau, resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette, along with the third commander, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Luckner" title="Nicolas Luckner">Nicolas Luckner</a>, asked the Assembly to begin peace talks, concerned at what might happen if the troops saw another battle.<sup id="cite_ref-A72_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A72-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1792, Lafayette criticized the growing influence of the radicals through a letter to the Assembly from his field post,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ended his letter by calling for their parties to be "closed down by force".<sup id="cite_ref-A72_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A72-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He misjudged his timing, for the radicals were in full control in Paris. Lafayette went there, and on 28 June delivered a fiery speech before the Assembly denouncing the Jacobins and other radical groups. He was instead accused of deserting his troops. Lafayette called for volunteers to counteract the Jacobins; when only a few people showed up, he understood the public mood and hastily left Paris. Robespierre called him a traitor and the mob burned him in effigy.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was transferred to command of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_North_(France)" title="Army of the North (France)">Army of the North</a> on 12 July 1792. </p><p>The 25 July <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a>, which warned that Paris would be destroyed by the Austrians and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussians</a> if the king was harmed, led to the downfall of Lafayette, and of the royal family. A mob attacked the Tuileries on 10 August, and the king and queen were imprisoned at the Assembly, then taken to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple (Paris)">Temple</a>. The Assembly abolished the monarchy—the king and queen would be beheaded in the coming months. On 14 August, the minister of justice, Danton, put out a warrant for Lafayette's arrest. Hoping to travel to the United States, Lafayette entered the Austrian Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prisoner">Prisoner</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Joseph_Paul_Yves_Roch_Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Marie_Joseph_Paul_Yves_Roch_Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_Marquis_de_Lafayette_from_NPG.jpg/220px-Marie_Joseph_Paul_Yves_Roch_Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_Marquis_de_Lafayette_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Marie_Joseph_Paul_Yves_Roch_Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_Marquis_de_Lafayette_from_NPG.jpg/330px-Marie_Joseph_Paul_Yves_Roch_Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_Marquis_de_Lafayette_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Marie_Joseph_Paul_Yves_Roch_Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_Marquis_de_Lafayette_from_NPG.jpg/440px-Marie_Joseph_Paul_Yves_Roch_Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_Marquis_de_Lafayette_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3089" /></a><figcaption>Lafayette in prison</figcaption></figure> <p>Lafayette was taken prisoner by the Austrians near <a href="/wiki/Rochefort,_Belgium" title="Rochefort, Belgium">Rochefort</a> when another former French officer, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Xavier_Bureau_de_Pusy" title="Jean-Xavier Bureau de Pusy">Jean-Xavier Bureau de Pusy</a>, asked for rights of transit through Austrian territory on behalf of a group of French officers. This was initially granted, as it had been for others fleeing France, but was revoked when the famous Lafayette was recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">Frederick William II of Prussia</a>, Austria's ally against France, had once received Lafayette, but that was before the French Revolution—the king now saw him as a dangerous fomenter of rebellion, to be interned to prevent him from overthrowing other monarchies.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette was held at <a href="/wiki/Nivelles" title="Nivelles">Nivelles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then transferred to <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> where a coalition <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tribunal">military tribunal</a> declared him, de Pusy, and two others to be prisoners of state for their roles in the Revolution. The tribunal ordered them held until a restored French king could render final judgment on them.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 September 1792, pursuant to the tribunal's order, the prisoners were transferred to Prussian custody. The party traveled to the Prussian fortress-city of <a href="/wiki/Wesel" title="Wesel">Wesel</a>, where the Frenchmen remained in verminous individual cells in the <a href="/wiki/Wesel_citadel" title="Wesel citadel">central citadel</a> from 19 September to 22 December 1792. When victorious French revolutionary troops began to threaten the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, King Frederick William II transferred the prisoners east to the citadel at <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, where they remained an entire year, from 4 January 1793 to 4 January 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frederick William decided that he could gain little by continuing to battle the unexpectedly successful French forces, and that there were easier pickings for his army in the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. Accordingly, he stopped armed hostilities with the Republic and turned the state prisoners back over to his erstwhile coalition partner, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> Austrian monarch <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Lafayette and his companions were initially sent to Neisse (today <a href="/wiki/Nysa,_Poland" title="Nysa, Poland">Nysa, Poland</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. On 17 May 1794, they were taken across the Austrian border, where a military unit was waiting to receive them. The next day, the Austrians delivered their captives to a barracks-prison, formerly a college of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, in the fortress-city of Olmütz, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette, when captured, had tried to use the American citizenship he had been granted to secure his release, and contacted <a href="/wiki/William_Short_(American_ambassador)" title="William Short (American ambassador)">William Short</a>, United States minister in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Short and other U.S. envoys very much wanted to succor Lafayette for his services to their country, they knew that his status as a French officer took precedence over any claim to American citizenship. Washington, who was by then president, had instructed the envoys to avoid actions that entangled the country in European affairs,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the U.S. did not have diplomatic relations with either Prussia or Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They did send money for the use of Lafayette, and for his wife, whom the French had imprisoned. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> Jefferson found a loophole allowing Lafayette to be paid, with interest, for his services as a major general from 1777 to 1783. An act was rushed through <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and signed by President Washington. These funds allowed both Lafayettes privileges in their captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more direct means of aiding the former general was an escape attempt sponsored by Alexander Hamilton's sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Schuyler_Church" title="Angelica Schuyler Church">Angelica Schuyler Church</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/John_Barker_Church" title="John Barker Church">John Barker Church</a>, a British Member of Parliament who had served in the Continental Army. They hired as agent a young <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanoverian</a> physician, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bollman" title="Eric Bollman">Justus Erich Bollmann</a>, who acquired an assistant, a South Carolinian medical student named <a href="/wiki/Francis_Kinloch_Huger" title="Francis Kinloch Huger">Francis Kinloch Huger</a>. This was the son of Benjamin Huger, whom Lafayette had stayed with upon his first arrival in America. With their help, Lafayette managed to escape from an escorted carriage drive in the countryside outside Olmütz, but he lost his way and was recaptured.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prison_reunion_of_Lafayette_with_his_wife_and_daughters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Prison_reunion_of_Lafayette_with_his_wife_and_daughters.jpg/170px-Prison_reunion_of_Lafayette_with_his_wife_and_daughters.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Prison_reunion_of_Lafayette_with_his_wife_and_daughters.jpg/255px-Prison_reunion_of_Lafayette_with_his_wife_and_daughters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Prison_reunion_of_Lafayette_with_his_wife_and_daughters.jpg/340px-Prison_reunion_of_Lafayette_with_his_wife_and_daughters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Early 19th-century depiction of Lafayette's prison reunion with his wife and daughters</figcaption></figure> <p>Once Adrienne was released from prison in France, she, with the help of U.S. Minister to France <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, obtained passports for her and her daughters from Connecticut, which had granted the entire Lafayette family citizenship. Her son Georges Washington had been smuggled out of France and taken to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adrienne and her two daughters journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> for an audience with Emperor Francis, who granted permission for the three women to live with Lafayette in captivity. Lafayette, who had endured harsh solitary confinement since his escape attempt a year before, was astounded when soldiers opened his prison door to usher in his wife and daughters on 15 October 1795. The family spent the next two years in confinement together.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through diplomacy, the press, and personal appeals, Lafayette's sympathizers on both sides of the Atlantic made their influence felt, most importantly on the post-<a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> French government. A young, victorious general, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> Bonaparte, negotiated the release of the state prisoners at Olmütz, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a>. Lafayette's captivity of over five years thus came to an end. The Lafayette family and their comrades in captivity left Olmütz under Austrian escort early on the morning of 19 September 1797, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxon</a> border north of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, and were officially turned over to the American consul in Hamburg on 4 October.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Hamburg, Lafayette sent a note of thanks to General Bonaparte. The French government, the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a>, was unwilling to have Lafayette return unless he swore allegiance, which he was not willing to do, as he believed it had come to power by unconstitutional means. As revenge, it had his remaining properties sold, leaving him a pauper. The family, soon joined by Georges Washington, who had returned from America, recuperated on a property near Hamburg belonging to Adrienne's aunt. Due to <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">conflict between the United States and France</a>, Lafayette could not go to America as he had hoped, making him a man without a country.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau-de-la-grange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chateau-de-la-grange.jpg/220px-Chateau-de-la-grange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chateau-de-la-grange.jpg/330px-Chateau-de-la-grange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chateau-de-la-grange.jpg/440px-Chateau-de-la-grange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Château de la Grange-Bléneau</figcaption></figure> <p>Adrienne was able to go to Paris, and attempted to secure her husband's repatriation, flattering Bonaparte, who had returned to France after more victories. After Bonaparte's <i>coup d'état</i> of <a href="/wiki/18_Brumaire" class="mw-redirect" title="18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a> (9 November 1799), Lafayette used the confusion caused by the change of regime to slip into France with a passport in the name of "Motier". Bonaparte expressed rage, but Adrienne was convinced he was simply posing, and proposed to him that Lafayette would pledge his support, then would retire from public life to a property she had reclaimed, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Grange-Bl%C3%A9neau" title="Château de la Grange-Bléneau">La Grange</a>. France's new ruler allowed Lafayette to remain, though originally without citizenship and subject to summary arrest if he engaged in politics, with the promise of eventual restoration of civil rights. Lafayette remained quietly at La Grange, and when Bonaparte held a memorial service in Paris for Washington, who had died in December 1799, Lafayette, though he had expected to be asked to deliver the eulogy, was not invited, nor was his name mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retreat_from_politics">Retreat from politics</h2></div> <p>Bonaparte restored Lafayette's citizenship on 1 March 1800 and he was able to recover some of his properties. After <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Marengo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="First Consul">First Consul</a> offered him the post of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_France_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of France to the United States">French minister to the United States</a>, but Lafayette declined, saying he was too attached to America to act in relation to it as a foreign envoy. In 1802, he was part of the tiny minority that voted no in the <a href="/wiki/1802_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1802 French constitutional referendum">referendum</a> that made Bonaparte consul for life.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A seat in the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_conservateur" title="Sénat conservateur">Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Legion of Honor</a> were repeatedly offered by Bonaparte, but Lafayette again declined— though stating that he would gladly have accepted the honours from a democratic government.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1804, Bonaparte was <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">crowned</a> the Emperor Napoleon after a <a href="/wiki/1804_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1804 French constitutional referendum">plebiscite</a> in which Lafayette did not participate. The retired general remained relatively quiet, although he made <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a> addresses.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, President Jefferson asked him if he would be interested in the governorship, but Lafayette declined, citing personal problems and his desire to work for liberty in France.<sup id="cite_ref-twoworlds_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twoworlds-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a trip to Auvergne in 1807, Adrienne became ill, suffering from complications stemming from her time in prison. She became delirious but recovered enough on Christmas Eve to gather the family around her bed and to say to Lafayette: "<i>Je suis toute à vous</i>" ("I am all yours").<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years after her death, Lafayette mostly remained quietly at La Grange, as Napoleon's power in Europe waxed and then waned. Many influential people and members of the public visited him, especially Americans. He wrote many letters, especially to Jefferson, and exchanged gifts as he had once done with Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bourbon_restoration">Bourbon restoration</h2></div> <p>In 1814, the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Coalition">coalition</a> that opposed Napoleon invaded France and restored the monarchy; the comte de <a href="/wiki/County_of_Provence" title="County of Provence">Provence</a> (brother of the executed Louis XVI) took the throne as <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>. Lafayette was received by the new king, but the staunch republican opposed the new, highly restrictive franchise for the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a> that granted the vote to only 90,000 men in a nation of 25 million. Lafayette did not stand for election in 1814, remaining at La Grange.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was discontent in France among demobilized soldiers and others. Napoleon had been exiled only as far as <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, an island in the Tuscan archipelago; seeing an opportunity, he landed at <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a> on 1 March 1815 with a few hundred followers. Frenchmen flocked to his banner, and he took Paris later that month, causing Louis to flee to <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>. Lafayette refused Napoleon's call to serve in the new government,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but accepted election to the new <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(France)" title="Chamber of Representatives (France)">Chamber of Representatives</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1815" title="Charter of 1815">Charter of 1815</a>. There, after Napoleon's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, Lafayette called for his abdication. Responding to the emperor's brother <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien</a>, Lafayette argued: </p> <blockquote><p>By what right do you dare accuse the nation of  ... want of perseverance in the emperor's interest? The nation has followed him on the fields of Italy, across the sands of Egypt and the plains of Germany, across the frozen deserts of Russia.  ... The nation has followed him in fifty battles, in his defeats and in his victories, and in doing so we have to mourn the blood of three million Frenchmen.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 22 June 1815, four days after Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated. Lafayette arranged for the former emperor's passage to America, but the British prevented this, and Napoleon ended his days on the island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chamber of Representatives, before it dissolved, appointed Lafayette to a peace commission that was ignored by the victorious allies who occupied much of France, with the Prussians taking over La Grange as a headquarters. Once the Prussians left in late 1815, Lafayette returned to his house, a private citizen again.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette's homes, both in Paris and at La Grange, were open to any Americans who wished to meet the hero of their Revolution, and to many other people besides. Among those whom Irish novelist <a href="/wiki/Sydney,_Lady_Morgan" title="Sydney, Lady Morgan">Sydney, Lady Morgan</a> met at table during her month-long stay at La Grange in 1818 were the Dutch painter <a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Ary Scheffer</a> and the historian <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Thierry" title="Augustin Thierry">Augustin Thierry</a>, who sat alongside American tourists. Others who visited included philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>, American scholar <a href="/wiki/George_Ticknor" title="George Ticknor">George Ticknor</a>, and writer <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanny Wright">Fanny Wright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first decade of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>, Lafayette lent his support to a number of conspiracies in France and other European countries, all of which came to nothing. He was involved in the various <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Charbonnier</a> plots, and agreed to go to the city of <a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a>, where there was a garrison of French troops, and assume a major role in the revolutionary government. Warned that the royal government had found out about the conspiracy, he turned back on the road to Belfort, avoiding overt involvement. More successfully, he supported the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Revolution">Greek Revolution</a> beginning in 1821, and by letter attempted to persuade American officials to ally with the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis' government considered arresting both Lafayette and Georges Washington, who was also involved in the Greek efforts, but were wary of the political ramifications if they did. Lafayette remained a member of the restored Chamber of Deputies until 1823, when new plural voting rules helped defeat his bid for re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grand_tour_of_the_United_States">Grand tour of the United States</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visit_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_to_the_United_States" title="Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States">Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafayette-scheffer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lafayette-scheffer.jpg/170px-Lafayette-scheffer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lafayette-scheffer.jpg/255px-Lafayette-scheffer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lafayette-scheffer.jpg/340px-Lafayette-scheffer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1894" /></a><figcaption>1824 portrait by Ary Scheffer, now housed in the U.S. House of Representatives</figcaption></figure> <p>President James Monroe and Congress invited Lafayette to visit the United States in 1824, in part to celebrate the nation's upcoming 50th anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-Allies_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allies-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monroe intended to have Lafayette travel on an American warship, but Lafayette felt that having such a vessel as transport was undemocratic and booked passage on the merchant packet <a href="/wiki/Cadmus_(1818_ship)" title="Cadmus (1818 ship)"><i>Cadmus</i></a>. Louis XVIII did not approve of the trip and had troops disperse the crowd that gathered at <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> to see him off.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Welcoming_Parade_of_1824_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lafayette Welcoming Parade of 1824 (New York)">Lafayette arrived at New York</a> on 15 August 1824, accompanied by his son Georges Washington and his secretary <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Levasseur" title="Auguste Levasseur">Auguste Levasseur</a>. He was greeted by a group of Revolutionary War veterans who had fought alongside him many years before. New York erupted for four continuous days and nights of celebration. He then departed for what he thought would be a restful trip to Boston but instead found the route lined by cheering citizens, with welcomes organized in every town along the way. According to Unger, "It was a mystical experience they would relate to their heirs through generations to come. Lafayette had materialized from a distant age, the last leader and hero at the nation's defining moment. They knew they and the world would never see his kind again."<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New York, Boston, and <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Welcoming_Parade_of_1824_(Philadelphia)" title="Lafayette Welcoming Parade of 1824 (Philadelphia)">Philadelphia</a> did their best to outdo one another in the celebrations honoring Lafayette. Philadelphia renovated the Old State House (today <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a>) which might otherwise have been torn down, because they needed a location for a reception for him. Until that point, it had not been usual in the United States to build monuments, but Lafayette's visit set off a wave of construction—usually with him laying the cornerstone himself, in his capacity as mason. The arts benefited by his visit, as well, as many cities commissioned portraits for their civic buildings, and the likenesses were seen on innumerable souvenirs. Lafayette had intended to visit only the original 13 states during a four-month visit, but the stay stretched to 16 months as he visited all 24 states.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloves_MET_DT435.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gloves_MET_DT435.jpg/220px-Gloves_MET_DT435.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gloves_MET_DT435.jpg/330px-Gloves_MET_DT435.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gloves_MET_DT435.jpg/440px-Gloves_MET_DT435.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption>Gloves portraying Lafayette, possibly commemorating his visit to the United States in 1824</figcaption></figure> <p>The towns and cities that he visited gave him enthusiastic welcomes, including <a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina" title="Fayetteville, North Carolina">Fayetteville, North Carolina</a>, the first city named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-Clary_443_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clary_443-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited the capital in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington City</a>, and was surprised by the simple clothing worn by President Monroe and the lack of any guards around the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. He went to Mount Vernon in Virginia as he had 40 years before, this time viewing Washington's grave. He was at Yorktown on 19 October 1824 for the anniversary of Cornwallis's surrender, then journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> to meet with his old friend Jefferson—and Jefferson's successor <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, who arrived unexpectedly. He had also dined with 89-year-old <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, the other living former president, at <a href="/wiki/Peacefield" title="Peacefield">Peacefield</a>, his home near Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the roads becoming impassable, Lafayette stayed in Washington City for the winter of 1824–25, and thus was there for the climax of the hotly contested <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 election</a> in which no presidential candidate was able to secure a majority of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>, throwing the decision to the House of Representatives. On 9 February 1825, the House selected Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> as president; that evening, runner-up General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> shook hands with Adams at the White House as Lafayette looked on.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1825, Lafayette began to tour the southern and western states.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general pattern of the trip was that he would be escorted between cities by the state militia, and he would enter each town through specially constructed arches to be welcomed by local politicians or dignitaries, all eager to be seen with him. There would be special events, visits to battlefields and historic sites, celebratory dinners, and time set aside for the public to meet the legendary hero of the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-visit_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visit-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Brandywine_1831_OldNavyDays.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USS_Brandywine_1831_OldNavyDays.jpg/220px-USS_Brandywine_1831_OldNavyDays.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USS_Brandywine_1831_OldNavyDays.jpg/330px-USS_Brandywine_1831_OldNavyDays.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USS_Brandywine_1831_OldNavyDays.jpg/440px-USS_Brandywine_1831_OldNavyDays.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>USS <i>Brandywine</i>, the ship that returned Lafayette to France after his 1824–1825 tour of the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Lafayette visited General Jackson at his home <a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. He was traveling up the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> by steamboat when the vessel sank beneath him, and he was put in a lifeboat by his son and secretary, then taken to the Kentucky shore and rescued by another steamboat that was going in the other direction. Its captain insisted on turning around, however, and taking Lafayette to <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>. From there, he went generally northeast, viewing <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a> and taking the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> to Albany, considered a modern marvel. He laid the cornerstone of the <a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Monument" title="Bunker Hill Monument">Bunker Hill Monument</a> in Massachusetts in June 1825 after hearing an oration by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>. He also took some soil from Bunker Hill to be sprinkled on his grave.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Bunker Hill, Lafayette went to Maine and Vermont, thus visiting all of the states. He met again with John Adams, then went back to New York and then to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, where he laid the cornerstone for its public library. He celebrated his 68th birthday on 6 September at a reception with President John Quincy Adams at the White House, and departed the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took gifts with him, besides the soil to be placed on his grave. Congress had voted him $200,000 (equal to $5,385,882 today) in gratitude for his services to the country at President Monroe's request,<sup id="cite_ref-L164_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L164-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with a large tract of public lands in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to France aboard a ship that was originally called the <i>Susquehanna</i> but was renamed the <a href="/wiki/USS_Brandywine_(1825)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Brandywine (1825)">USS <i>Brandywine</i></a> in honor of the battle where he shed his blood for the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-L164_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L164-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution_of_1830">Revolution of 1830</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Fayette_et_Louis-Philippe_-_31_juillet_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/La_Fayette_et_Louis-Philippe_-_31_juillet_1830.jpg/170px-La_Fayette_et_Louis-Philippe_-_31_juillet_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/La_Fayette_et_Louis-Philippe_-_31_juillet_1830.jpg/255px-La_Fayette_et_Louis-Philippe_-_31_juillet_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/La_Fayette_et_Louis-Philippe_-_31_juillet_1830.jpg/340px-La_Fayette_et_Louis-Philippe_-_31_juillet_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Lafayette and duc d'Orléans on balcony of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville, Paris</a>, 31 July 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>When Lafayette arrived in France, Louis XVIII had been dead about a year and <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> was on the throne. As king, Charles intended to restore the absolute rule of the monarch, and his decrees had already prompted protest by the time Lafayette arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette was the most prominent of those who opposed the king. In the <a href="/wiki/1827_French_legislative_election" title="1827 French legislative election">elections of 1827</a>, the 70-year-old Lafayette was elected to the Chamber of Deputies again. Unhappy at the outcome, Charles dissolved the Chamber, and ordered a new election: Lafayette again won his seat.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette remained outspoken against Charles' restrictions on civil liberties and the newly introduced censorship of the press. He made fiery speeches in the Chamber, denouncing the new decrees and advocating American-style representative government. He hosted dinners at La Grange, for Americans, Frenchmen, and others; all came to hear his speeches on politics, freedom, rights, and liberty. He was popular enough that Charles felt he could not be safely arrested, but Charles' spies were thorough: one government agent noted "his [Lafayette's] seditious toasts  ... in honor of American liberty".<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 July 1830, the king signed the <a href="/wiki/Ordinances_of_Saint-Cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinances of Saint-Cloud">Ordinances of Saint-Cloud</a>, removing the franchise from the middle class and dissolving the Chamber of Deputies. The decrees were published the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 July, Parisians erected barricades throughout the city, and riots erupted.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In defiance, the Chamber continued to meet. When Lafayette, who was at La Grange, heard what was going on, he raced into the city, and was acclaimed as a leader of the revolution. When his fellow deputies were indecisive, Lafayette went to the barricades, and soon the royalist troops were routed. Fearful that the excesses of the 1789 revolution were about to be repeated, deputies made Lafayette head of a restored National Guard, and charged him with keeping order. The Chamber was willing to proclaim him as ruler, but he refused a grant of power he deemed unconstitutional. He also refused to deal with Charles, who abdicated on 2 August. Many young revolutionaries sought a republic, but Lafayette felt this would lead to civil war, and chose to offer the throne to the duc d'Orleans, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe">Louis-Philippe</a>, who had lived in America and had far more of a common touch than did Charles. Lafayette secured the agreement of Louis-Philippe, who accepted the throne, to various reforms. The general remained as commander of the National Guard. This did not last long—the brief concord at the king's accession soon faded, and the conservative majority in the Chamber voted to abolish Lafayette's National Guard post on 24 December 1830. Lafayette went back into retirement, expressing his willingness to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mort_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Lafayette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mort_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Lafayette.jpg/220px-Mort_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Lafayette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mort_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Lafayette.jpg/330px-Mort_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Lafayette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mort_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Lafayette.jpg/440px-Mort_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Lafayette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3417" data-file-height="2249" /></a><figcaption><i>Mort du général Lafayette</i> by Gondelfinger, 1834</figcaption></figure> <p>Lafayette grew increasingly disillusioned with Louis-Phillippe, who backtracked on reforms and denied his promises to make them. The retired general angrily broke with his king, a breach which widened when the government used force to suppress a strike in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>. Lafayette used his seat in the Chamber to promote liberal proposals, and his neighbors elected him mayor of the village of La Grange and to the council of the <i>département</i> of <a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Marne" title="Seine-et-Marne">Seine-et-Marne</a> in 1831. The following year, he served as a pallbearer and spoke at the funeral of General <a href="/wiki/Jean_Maximilien_Lamarque" title="Jean Maximilien Lamarque">Jean Maximilien Lamarque</a>, another opponent of Louis-Phillippe. He pleaded for calm, but there were riots in the streets and a barricade was erected at the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</a>. The king forcefully crushed this <a href="/wiki/June_Rebellion" title="June Rebellion">June Rebellion</a>, to Lafayette's outrage. He returned to La Grange until the Chamber met in November 1832, when he condemned Louis-Phillippe for introducing censorship, as Charles X had.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A9pulture_la_Fayette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/S%C3%A9pulture_la_Fayette.jpg/220px-S%C3%A9pulture_la_Fayette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/S%C3%A9pulture_la_Fayette.jpg/330px-S%C3%A9pulture_la_Fayette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/S%C3%A9pulture_la_Fayette.jpg/440px-S%C3%A9pulture_la_Fayette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Lafayette in the <a href="/wiki/Picpus_Cemetery" title="Picpus Cemetery">Picpus Cemetery</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Lafayette spoke publicly for the last time in the Chamber of Deputies on 3 January 1834. The next month, he collapsed at a funeral from pneumonia. He recovered, but the following May was wet, and he became bedridden after being caught in a thunderstorm.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died at age 76 on 20 May 1834 at 6 rue d'Anjou-Saint-Honoré in Paris (now 8 rue d'Anjou in the <a href="/wiki/8th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="8th arrondissement of Paris">8th arrondissement of Paris</a>). He was buried next to his wife at the <a href="/wiki/Picpus_Cemetery" title="Picpus Cemetery">Picpus Cemetery</a> under soil from Bunker Hill, which his son Georges Washington sprinkled upon him.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boston_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boston-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Louis-Philippe ordered a military funeral in order to keep the public from attending, and crowds formed to protest their exclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Clary_443_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clary_443-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, President Jackson ordered that Lafayette receive the same memorial honors that had been bestowed on Washington at his death in December 1799. Both Houses of Congress were draped in black bunting for 30 days, and members wore mourning badges. Congress urged Americans to follow similar mourning practices. Later that year, former president John Quincy Adams gave a eulogy of Lafayette that lasted three hours, calling him "high on the list of the pure and disinterested benefactors of mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2></div> <p>Lafayette was a firm believer in a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. He believed that traditional and revolutionary ideals could be melded together by having a democratic National Assembly work with a monarch, as France always had. His close relationships to American Founding Fathers such as <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and Thomas Jefferson gave him an opportunity to witness the implementation of a democratic system. His views on potential government structures for France were directly influenced by the American form of government, which was in turn influenced by the British form of government. For example, Lafayette believed in a bicameral legislature, as the United States had. The Jacobins detested the idea of a monarchy in France, which led the National Assembly to vote against it. This idea contributed to his fall from favor, especially when <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a> took power.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette was the author of the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> in 1789 and a staunch opponent of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work never specifically mentioned slavery, but he made his position clear on the controversial topic through letters addressed to friends and colleagues such as Washington and Jefferson. He proposed that slaves not be owned but rather work as free tenants on the land of <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">plantation owners</a>, and he bought three slave plantations in Cayenne in 1785 and 1786 to put his ideas into practice, ordering that none of the 70 slaves on the plantations to be bought or sold. He never freed his slaves, and when the French authorities confiscated his properties in 1795, the 63 remaining slaves on the three plantations were sold by colonial officials in Cayenne.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent his lifetime as an abolitionist, proposing that slaves be emancipated slowly as he recognized the crucial role that slavery played in many economies. Lafayette hoped that his ideas would be adopted by Washington to free slaves in the United States and spread from there. Washington eventually began implementing those practices on his own plantation in Mount Vernon, but he continued to own slaves until the day he died.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Clarkson_(mayor)" title="Matthew Clarkson (mayor)">Matthew Clarkson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Philadelphia" title="Mayor of Philadelphia">mayor of Philadelphia</a>, Lafayette wrote, "I would never have drawn my sword in the cause of America, if I could have conceived that thereby I was founding a land of Slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Honors_and_memorials_to_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Honors and memorials to the Marquis de Lafayette">Honors and memorials to the Marquis de Lafayette</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise-Ad%C3%A9one_Drolling_dite_Madame_Joubert_-_Portrait_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Lafayette_dans_le_parc_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Grange-Bl%C3%A9neau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Louise-Ad%C3%A9one_Drolling_dite_Madame_Joubert_-_Portrait_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Lafayette_dans_le_parc_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Grange-Bl%C3%A9neau.jpg/220px-Louise-Ad%C3%A9one_Drolling_dite_Madame_Joubert_-_Portrait_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Lafayette_dans_le_parc_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Grange-Bl%C3%A9neau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Louise-Ad%C3%A9one_Drolling_dite_Madame_Joubert_-_Portrait_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Lafayette_dans_le_parc_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Grange-Bl%C3%A9neau.jpg/330px-Louise-Ad%C3%A9one_Drolling_dite_Madame_Joubert_-_Portrait_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Lafayette_dans_le_parc_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Grange-Bl%C3%A9neau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Louise-Ad%C3%A9one_Drolling_dite_Madame_Joubert_-_Portrait_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Lafayette_dans_le_parc_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Grange-Bl%C3%A9neau.jpg/440px-Louise-Ad%C3%A9one_Drolling_dite_Madame_Joubert_-_Portrait_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Lafayette_dans_le_parc_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Grange-Bl%C3%A9neau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7740" data-file-height="9536" /></a><figcaption><i>Lafayette in the Park of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Grange-Bl%C3%A9neau" title="Château de la Grange-Bléneau">Château de la Grange-Bléneau</a></i>, 1830, by <a href="/wiki/Louise-Ad%C3%A9one_Dr%C3%B6lling" title="Louise-Adéone Drölling">Louise-Adéone Drölling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'armée">Musée de l'armée</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout his life, Lafayette was an exponent of the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, especially on human rights and <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civic nationalism</a>, and his views were taken very seriously by intellectuals and others on both sides of the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His image in the United States was derived from his "disinterestedness" in fighting without pay for the freedom of a country that was not his own.<sup id="cite_ref-L9_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L9-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> praised him for "foregoing the pleasures of Enjoyment of domestick Life and exposing himself to the Hardship and Dangers" of war when he fought "in the glorious cause of freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-L9_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L9-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was shared by many contemporaries, establishing an image of Lafayette seeking to advance the freedom of all mankind rather than the interests of just one nation.<sup id="cite_ref-L9_209-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L9-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the French Revolution, Americans viewed him as an advocate for American ideals, seeking to transport them from New World to Old. This was reinforced by his position as surrogate son and disciple of George Washington, who was deemed the Father of His Country and the embodiment of American ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novelist <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a> befriended Lafayette during his time in Paris in the 1820s. He admired his patrician liberalism and eulogized him as a man who "dedicated youth, person, and fortune to the principles of liberty."<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette became an American icon in part because he was not associated with any particular region of the country; he was of foreign birth, did not live in America, and had fought in New England, the mid-Atlantic states, and the South, making him a unifying figure.<sup id="cite_ref-Loveland,_p._16_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loveland,_p._16-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His role in the French Revolution enhanced this popularity, as Americans saw him steering a middle course. Americans were naturally sympathetic to a republican cause, but also remembered Louis XVI as an early friend of the United States. When Lafayette fell from power in 1792, Americans tended to blame factionalism for the ouster of a man who was above such things in their eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?73835-1/lafayette-two-worlds"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Lloyd Kramer on <i>Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Identities in an Age of Revolutions</i>, 15 September 1996</a>, C-SPAN</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1824, Lafayette returned to the United States at a time when Americans were questioning the success of the republic in view of the disastrous economic <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a> and the sectional conflict resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette's hosts considered him a judge of how successful independence had become.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to cultural historian Lloyd Kramer, Lafayette "provided foreign confirmations of the self-image that shaped America's national identity in the early nineteenth century and that has remained a dominant theme in the national ideology ever since: the belief that America's Founding Fathers, institutions, and freedom created the most democratic, egalitarian, and prosperous society in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Chinard" title="Gilbert Chinard">Gilbert Chinard</a> wrote in 1936: "Lafayette became a legendary figure and a symbol so early in his life, and successive generations have so willingly accepted the myth, that any attempt to deprive the young hero of his republican halo will probably be considered as little short of iconoclastic and sacrilegious."<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That legend has been used politically; the name and image of Lafayette were repeatedly invoked in 1917 to gain popular support for America's entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, culminating with <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stanton" title="Charles E. Stanton">Charles E. Stanton</a>'s famous statement "Lafayette, we are here". This occurred at some cost to Lafayette's image in America; veterans returned from the front singing "We've paid our debt to Lafayette, who the hell do we owe now?"<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Anne C. Loveland, "Lafayette no longer served as a national hero-symbol" by the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, however, Congress voted to grant him honorary citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lafayette's reputation in France is more problematic. Thomas Gaines notes that the response to Lafayette's death was far more muted in France than in America, and suggested that this may have been because Lafayette was the last surviving hero of America's only revolution, whereas the changes in the French government had been far more chaotic.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafayette's roles created a more nuanced picture of him in French historiography, especially in the French Revolution. 19th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a> describes him as a "mediocre idol", lifted by the mob far beyond what his talents deserved.<sup id="cite_ref-K5_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K5-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tulard" title="Jean Tulard">Jean Tulard</a>, Jean-François Fayard, and Alfred Fierro note Napoleon's deathbed comment about Lafayette in their <i>Histoire et dictionnaire de la Révolution française</i>; he stated that "the king would still be sitting on his throne" if Napoleon had Lafayette's place during the French Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They deemed Lafayette "an empty-headed political dwarf" and "one of the people most responsible for the destruction of the French monarchy".<sup id="cite_ref-G440_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G440-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaines disagreed and noted that liberal and <a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist historians</a> have also dissented from that view.<sup id="cite_ref-G440_224-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G440-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lloyd Kramer related 57 percent of the French deemed Lafayette the figure from the Revolution whom they most admired, in a survey taken just before the Revolution's bicentennial in 1989. Lafayette "clearly had more French supporters in the early 1990s than he could muster in the early 1790s".<sup id="cite_ref-K5_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K5-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marc Leepson concluded his study of Lafayette's life: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Marquis de Lafayette was far from perfect. He was sometimes vain, naive, immature, and egocentric. But he consistently stuck to his ideals, even when doing so endangered his life and fortune. Those ideals proved to be the founding principles of two of the world's most enduring nations, the United States and France. That is a legacy that few military leaders, politicians, or statesmen can match.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafayette_dollar_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1899 Lafayette silver dollar, designed by Charles E. Barber, honors Lafayette and George Washington"><img alt="The 1899 Lafayette silver dollar, designed by Charles E. Barber, honors Lafayette and George Washington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lafayette_dollar_obverse.jpg/120px-Lafayette_dollar_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lafayette_dollar_obverse.jpg/180px-Lafayette_dollar_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lafayette_dollar_obverse.jpg/240px-Lafayette_dollar_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1899 <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_dollar" title="Lafayette dollar">Lafayette silver dollar</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Barber" title="Charles E. Barber">Charles E. Barber</a>, honors Lafayette and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafayette_stamp_3c_1952_issue.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="175th anniversary of Lafayette's arrival in America in 1777, 1952 issue"><img alt="175th anniversary of Lafayette's arrival in America in 1777, 1952 issue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lafayette_stamp_3c_1952_issue.JPG/120px-Lafayette_stamp_3c_1952_issue.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lafayette_stamp_3c_1952_issue.JPG/180px-Lafayette_stamp_3c_1952_issue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lafayette_stamp_3c_1952_issue.JPG/240px-Lafayette_stamp_3c_1952_issue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">175th anniversary of Lafayette's arrival in America in 1777, 1952 issue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Fayette_1957_Issue-3c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="200th anniversary of the birth of Lafayette, 1957 issue"><img alt="200th anniversary of the birth of Lafayette, 1957 issue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/La_Fayette_1957_Issue-3c.jpg/79px-La_Fayette_1957_Issue-3c.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/La_Fayette_1957_Issue-3c.jpg/118px-La_Fayette_1957_Issue-3c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/La_Fayette_1957_Issue-3c.jpg/158px-La_Fayette_1957_Issue-3c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="967" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">200th anniversary of the birth of Lafayette, 1957 issue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafayette_13c_1977_issue.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="200th anniversary of Lafayette's arrival, 1977 issue as part of the Bicentennial Series"><img alt="200th anniversary of Lafayette's arrival, 1977 issue as part of the Bicentennial Series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lafayette_13c_1977_issue.JPG/96px-Lafayette_13c_1977_issue.JPG" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lafayette_13c_1977_issue.JPG/144px-Lafayette_13c_1977_issue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lafayette_13c_1977_issue.JPG/192px-Lafayette_13c_1977_issue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="994" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">200th anniversary of Lafayette's arrival, 1977 issue as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bicentennial_Series" title="Bicentennial Series">Bicentennial Series</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette">List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaFayette_Motors" title="LaFayette Motors">LaFayette Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Hermione_(2014)" title="French frigate Hermione (2014)"><i>Hermione</i></a> (2014), a replica of the <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Hermione_(1779)" title="French frigate Hermione (1779)"><i>Hermione</i></a> of 1779, currently in service</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Two_Worlds:_The_Marquis_de_Lafayette_in_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution">Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution</a></i>, a 2021 biography</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-spelling-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spelling_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spelling_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">His full name is rarely used; instead he is often referred to as the <i>Marquis de La Fayette</i> or <i>Lafayette</i>. Only the one-word spelling is used in the United States. In France, the original two-word spelling is usually used. Biographer <a href="/wiki/Louis_R._Gottschalk" title="Louis R. Gottschalk">Louis R. Gottschalk</a> says that Lafayette spelled his name both <i>Lafayette</i> and <i>La Fayette</i>. Other historians differ on the spelling of Lafayette's name: <i>Lafayette</i>, <i>La Fayette</i>, and <i>LaFayette</i>. Contemporaries often used <i>La Fayette</i>, similar to his ancestor, the novelist <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_La_Fayette" title="Madame de La Fayette">Madame de La Fayette</a>; however, his immediate family wrote <i>Lafayette</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i> article contained a facsimile and transcript of the Maryland act: " An Act to naturalize Major General the Marquis de la Fayette and his Heirs Male Forever. ... Be it enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">General Assembly of Maryland</a>—that the Marquis de la Fayette and his Heirs male forever shall be and they and each of them are hereby deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Citizens of this State and shall henceforth be instilled to all the Immunities, Rights and Privileges of natural born Citizens thereof, they and every one of them conforming to the Constitution and Laws of this State in the Enjoyment and Exercise of such Immunities, Rights and Privileges."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bollman and Huger were captured and received short sentences, after which they were released, becoming international celebrities for their attempt to free Lafayette. See Lane, p. 218. They journeyed to America where they met with Washington and briefed him on conditions at Olmütz. See Unger, loc. 7031.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-carlier-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carlier_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlier Jeannie, Lafayette, Héros des deux Mondes, Payot, 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottschalk, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adopted-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adopted_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adopted_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, pp. 7, 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Officer,_p._171-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Officer,_p._171_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Officer,_p._171_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Officer, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liberty-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liberty_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liberty_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liberty_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liberty_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-u383-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-u383_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-u383_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clary_13-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clary_13_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clary_13_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, pp. 11–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gott-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gott_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gott_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gott_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottschalk, pp. 3–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 425</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lane, pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 491–506</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lane, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 565–581</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Marquis de Lafayette" The George Washington Presidential Library at Mt. Vernon <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/marquis-de-lafayette?gad_source=1#note1">https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/marquis-de-lafayette?gad_source=1#note1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James R. Gaines, Liberty and Glory: Washington, Lafayette, and Their Revolutions (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007), 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 581–598</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 604–682</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, pp. 709–740</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holbrook-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holbrook_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demerliac-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Demerliac_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demerliac_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Demerliac, p. 190 no 1887</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMurga2020" class="citation web cs1">Murga, Aitziber (3 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noticiasdegipuzkoa.eus/gipuzkoa/oarsoaldea/2017/04/30/siguiendo-estela-marques-lafayette/495335.html">"Siguiendo la estela del marqués de Lafayette"</a>. <i>Noticias de Gipuzkoa</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Noticias+de+Gipuzkoa&rft.atitle=Siguiendo+la+estela+del+marqu%C3%A9s+de+Lafayette&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft.aulast=Murga&rft.aufirst=Aitziber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noticiasdegipuzkoa.eus%2Fgipuzkoa%2Foarsoaldea%2F2017%2F04%2F30%2Fsiguiendo-estela-marques-lafayette%2F495335.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/eu/motier-mario-pablo-jose-roque-ibo-gilbert-de/ar-101077/">"Motier, Mario Pablo José Roque Ibo Gilbert de"</a>. <i>Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Au%C3%B1amendi+Eusko+Entziklopedia&rft.atitle=Motier%2C+Mario+Pablo+Jos%C3%A9+Roque+Ibo+Gilbert+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus%2Feu%2Fmotier-mario-pablo-jose-roque-ibo-gilbert-de%2Far-101077%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holbrook_17-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook_17_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holbrook-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, pp. 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allies-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allies_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allies_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glathaar, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cloquet, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 864, 1023–1053</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 940–955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g33-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g33_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-11-02-0004">"From Geo. Washington to Benj. Harrison, August 19, 1777"</a>. National Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Geo.+Washington+to+Benj.+Harrison%2C+August+19%2C+1777&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FWashington%2F03-11-02-0004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grizzard, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cloquet, p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, pp. 276, 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 1827</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, pp. 140, 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, pp. 28, 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, pp. 89–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 62–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 67–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cloquet, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 2583</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 74–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 2670</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 2685</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 2730</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 77–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 78–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 82–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 2982–3011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 3033–3134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaines_153-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaines_153_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaines_153_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaines_153_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines, pp. 153–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 3430</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holbrook_53-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook_53_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook_53_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 3526–3585</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, pp. 330–338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 3714–3730</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, p. 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuckerman, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 3824–3840</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kam34-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kam34_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaminsky, pp. 34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 120–121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschfeld, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines, pp. 201–202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-speare-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-speare_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speare, Morris Edmund <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E00EFDE1F3BEE3ABC4F53DFBF668382609EDE">"Lafayette, Citizen of America"</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, 7 September 1919.<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornell-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cornell_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornell, Douglas B. 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Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2002, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines, pp. 345, 346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holbrook_100-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook_100_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 6188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andress,_p._51-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andress,_p._51_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andress, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 2014, pp. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 2014, pp. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, W. E. <i>Lafayette</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lafayette&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, pp. 6207–6238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A61-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A61_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andress, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadwell, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 146–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A72-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A72_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A72_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andress, pp. 72–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadwell, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 150–151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 151–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spalding, pp. 1–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spalding, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 6458</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spalding, pp. 16–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spalding, pp. 21–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spalding, pp. 26–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 6460–6475</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spalding, pp. 32–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 6553</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spalding, pp. 34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 6649</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spalding, pp. 66–69, 84–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, p. 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, p. 418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spalding, pp. 140–156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spalding, pp. 173–227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7151–7309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7309–7403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7403–7435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7539</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, p. 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, p. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, p. 438</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, pp. 7603–7633</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7664–7695</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7695–7720</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines, p. 427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7737</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7737–7753</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramer, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramer, pp. 100–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7791–7819</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7839</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7840–7868</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7913–7937</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clary_443-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clary_443_184-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clary_443_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, pp. 443, 444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7904–7968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7961–7990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-visit-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-visit_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramer, pp. 190–191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 8006–8038</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 8008–8069</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L164-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L164_191-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L164_191-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 7982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 8089</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gleeson, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, pp. 166–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Death-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Death_197-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Death_197-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, pp. 443–445, 447, 448</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 8117–8295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, loc. 9301–9393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payan, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boston-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boston_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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Philadelphia: H T Kealing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colored+Americans+in+the+Wars+of+1776+and+1812&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=H+T+Kealing&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Nell&rft.aufirst=William+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F59344%2Fpg59344-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramer, pp. 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L9-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L9_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L9_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L9_209-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Loveland, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loveland, pp. 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWilliams1972" class="citation book cs1">McWilliams, John P. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicaljustice0000mcwi"><i>Political Justice in a Republic: James Fenimore Cooper's America</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicaljustice0000mcwi/page/41">41</a>& 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520021754" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520021754"><bdi>978-0520021754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Justice+in+a+Republic%3A+James+Fenimore+Cooper%27s+America&rft.pages=41%26+147&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0520021754&rft.aulast=McWilliams&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticaljustice0000mcwi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loveland,_p._16-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loveland,_p._16_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loveland, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loveland, pp. 21–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loveland, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loveland, pp. 36–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramer, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinard1936" class="citation journal cs1">Chinard, Gilbert (June 1936). "<i>Lafayette Comes to America</i> by Louis Gottschalk". <i>Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F468441">10.1086/468441</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1880955">1880955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Lafayette+Comes+to+America+by+Louis+Gottschalk&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=218&rft.date=1936-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F468441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1880955%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chinard&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loveland, pp. 154–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loveland, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/30/us/us-honors-an-old-friend.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%221%22%3A%22RI%3A7%22%7D">"U.S. honors an old friend"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 30 July 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+honors+an+old+friend&rft.date=2002-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F07%2F30%2Fus%2Fus-honors-an-old-friend.html%3Fmodule%3DSearch%26mabReward%3Drelbias%253Ar%252C%257B%25221%2522%253A%2522RI%253A7%2522%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines, p. 447</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K5-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K5_222-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-K5_222-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramer, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines, pp. 349, 440</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G440-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G440_224-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G440_224-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines, p. 440</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leepson, p. 176</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Adams, William Howard (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parisyearsofthom00adam"><i>The Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-8261-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-8261-6"><bdi>978-0-3000-8261-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Years+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-3000-8261-6&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=William+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparisyearsofthom00adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAn_Officer_in_the_Late_Army1858" class="citation book cs1">An Officer in the Late Army (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acompletehistor00armygoog"><i>A Complete History of the Marquis de Lafayette: Major-General in the American Army in the War of the Revolution</i></a>. J. & H. Miller.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+History+of+the+Marquis+de+Lafayette%3A+Major-General+in+the+American+Army+in+the+War+of+the+Revolution&rft.pub=J.+%26+H.+Miller&rft.date=1858&rft.au=An+Officer+in+the+Late+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facompletehistor00armygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClary2007" class="citation book cs1">Clary, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_IWAQAAIAAJ"><i>Adopted Son: Washington, Lafayette, and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution</i></a>. Bantam Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5538-0435-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5538-0435-5"><bdi>978-0-5538-0435-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adopted+Son%3A+Washington%2C+Lafayette%2C+and+the+Friendship+that+Saved+the+Revolution&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-5538-0435-5&rft.aulast=Clary&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_IWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloquetIsaiah_Townsend1835" class="citation book cs1">Cloquet, Jules; Isaiah Townsend (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recollectionspr03cloqgoog"><i>Recollections of the Private Life of General Lafayette</i></a>. Baldwin and Cradock. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/563092384">563092384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+the+Private+Life+of+General+Lafayette&rft.pub=Baldwin+and+Cradock&rft.date=1835&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F563092384&rft.aulast=Cloquet&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft.au=Isaiah+Townsend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecollectionspr03cloqgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1907" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Mary MacDermot (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madamedelafayet00crawgoog"><i>Madame de Lafayette and Her Family</i></a>. J. Pot & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/648890">648890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madame+de+Lafayette+and+Her+Family&rft.pub=J.+Pot+%26+Co&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F648890&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Mary+MacDermot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmadamedelafayet00crawgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowdyPatrice_Courcelle2004" class="citation book cs1">Crowdy, Terry; Patrice Courcelle (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmGRjaOASgC"><i>French Revolutionary Infantry 1789–1802</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8417-6660-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8417-6660-7"><bdi>978-1-8417-6660-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Revolutionary+Infantry+1789%E2%80%931802&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-8417-6660-7&rft.aulast=Crowdy&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Patrice+Courcelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUAmGRjaOASgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemerliac2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Demerliac, Alain (2004). <i>La Marine de Louis XVI: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1774 à 1792</i> (in French). Éditions Ancre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9063-8123-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-9063-8123-3"><bdi>2-9063-8123-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Marine+de+Louis+XVI%3A+Nomenclature+des+Navires+Fran%C3%A7ais+de+1774+%C3%A0+1792&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ancre&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-9063-8123-3&rft.aulast=Demerliac&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle1990" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NnwjAQAAIAAJ"><i>Oxford history of the French Revolution</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-5221-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-5221-2"><bdi>978-0-1928-5221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+history+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-1928-5221-2&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNnwjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiske1902" class="citation book cs1">Fiske, John (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essayshistorical01fiskrich"><i>Essays, Historical, and Literary: Scenes and characters in American History</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1087895">1087895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays%2C+Historical%2C+and+Literary%3A+Scenes+and+characters+in+American+History&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1087895&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessayshistorical01fiskrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaines2007" class="citation book cs1">Gaines, James R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gOD2fRZcqJQC"><i>For Liberty and Glory: Washington, La Fayette, and Their Revolutions</i></a>. W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3930-6138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3930-6138-3"><bdi>978-0-3930-6138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Liberty+and+Glory%3A+Washington%2C+La+Fayette%2C+and+Their+Revolutions&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-3930-6138-3&rft.aulast=Gaines&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgOD2fRZcqJQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerson1976" class="citation book cs1">Gerson, Noel B. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1igAAAAMAAJ"><i>Statue in Search of a Pedestal: a Biography of the Marquis de La Fayette</i></a>. Dodd, Mead & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3960-7341-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3960-7341-3"><bdi>978-0-3960-7341-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statue+in+Search+of+a+Pedestal%3A+a+Biography+of+the+Marquis+de+La+Fayette&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-3960-7341-3&rft.aulast=Gerson&rft.aufirst=Noel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn1igAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottschalk1939" class="citation book cs1">Gottschalk, Louis (1939). <i>Lady-in-waiting; the Romance of Lafayette and Aglaé de Hunolstein</i>. Johns Hopkins Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/513579">513579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lady-in-waiting%3B+the+Romance+of+Lafayette+and+Agla%C3%A9+de+Hunolstein&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F513579&rft.aulast=Gottschalk&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottschalk1950" class="citation book cs1">Gottschalk, Louis (1950). <i>Lafayette: Between the American and the French Revolution (1783–1789)</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/284579">284579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lafayette%3A+Between+the+American+and+the+French+Revolution+%281783%E2%80%931789%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F284579&rft.aulast=Gottschalk&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottschalk,_Louis2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_R._Gottschalk" title="Louis R. Gottschalk">Gottschalk, Louis</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xYUQ-Rpt284C"><i>Lafayette Comes to America</i></a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2793-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2793-7"><bdi>978-1-4067-2793-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1077678">1077678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lafayette+Comes+to+America&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1077678&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-2793-7&rft.au=Gottschalk%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxYUQ-Rpt284C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1911" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Francis Vinton (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awcpAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Revolutionary War and the Military History of the United States</i></a>. Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-8008-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-8008-9"><bdi>978-0-7222-8008-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/952029">952029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolutionary+War+and+the+Military+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F952029&rft.isbn=978-0-7222-8008-9&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Francis+Vinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DawcpAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrizzard2002" class="citation book cs1">Grizzard, Frank (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RioTGCygpT8C"><i>George Washington: Biographical Companion</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5760-7082-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5760-7082-6"><bdi>978-1-5760-7082-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+Biographical+Companion&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-5760-7082-6&rft.aulast=Grizzard&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRioTGCygpT8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschfeld1997" class="citation book cs1">Hirschfeld, Fritz (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewashington00hirs"><i>George Washington and Slavery – A Documentary Portrayal</i></a></span>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1135-4"><bdi>978-0-8262-1135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+Slavery+%E2%80%93+A+Documentary+Portrayal&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1135-4&rft.aulast=Hirschfeld&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington00hirs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbrook1977" class="citation book cs1">Holbrook, Sabra (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lafayettemaninmi0000holb"><i>Lafayette, Man in the Middle</i></a></span>. Atheneum Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6893-0585-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6893-0585-6"><bdi>978-0-6893-0585-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lafayette%2C+Man+in+the+Middle&rft.pub=Atheneum+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-6893-0585-6&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Sabra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flafayettemaninmi0000holb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminsky2005" class="citation book cs1">Kaminsky, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3SDQgfxsCIC"><i>A Necessary Evil?: Slavery and the Debate of the Constitution</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9456-1233-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9456-1233-9"><bdi>978-0-9456-1233-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Necessary+Evil%3F%3A+Slavery+and+the+Debate+of+the+Constitution&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9456-1233-9&rft.aulast=Kaminsky&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3SDQgfxsCIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1996" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Lloyd (1996). <i>Lafayette in Two Worlds</i>. The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2258-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2258-2"><bdi>0-8078-2258-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lafayette+in+Two+Worlds&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8078-2258-2&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Fayette_Villaume_Ducoudray_Holstein1824" class="citation book cs1">La Fayette Villaume Ducoudray Holstein, Henri (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofgilbert00duco"><i>Memoirs of Gilbert Motier La Fayette</i></a>. Charles Wiley. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/85790544">85790544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Gilbert+Motier+La+Fayette&rft.pub=Charles+Wiley&rft.date=1824&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F85790544&rft.aulast=La+Fayette+Villaume+Ducoudray+Holstein&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsofgilbert00duco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_La_FuyeÉmile_Albert_Babeau1956" class="citation book cs1">de La Fuye, Maurice; Émile Albert Babeau (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qENAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette</i></a>. Thomas Yoseloff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-5555-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-5555-3"><bdi>978-0-8010-5555-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostle+of+Liberty%3A+A+Life+of+Lafayette&rft.pub=Thomas+Yoseloff&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-5555-3&rft.aulast=de+La+Fuye&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=%C3%89mile+Albert+Babeau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7qENAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2003" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Jason (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalmadamedel0000lane"><i>General and Madame de Lafayette</i></a> (Kindle ed.). Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5897-9018-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5897-9018-6"><bdi>978-1-5897-9018-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+and+Madame+de+Lafayette&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-5897-9018-6&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralmadamedel0000lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeepson2011" class="citation book cs1">Leepson, Marc (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marcleepson.com/"><i>Lafayette:Lessons in Leadership from the Idealist General</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2301-0504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2301-0504-1"><bdi>978-0-2301-0504-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lafayette%3ALessons+in+Leadership+from+the+Idealist+General&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-2301-0504-1&rft.aulast=Leepson&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarcleepson.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevasseur2006" class="citation book cs1">Levasseur, August (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lafayetteinamerica.com/"><i>Lafayette in America</i></a>. Alan Hoffman. Lafayette Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9787-2240-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9787-2240-1"><bdi>978-0-9787-2240-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lafayette+in+America&rft.pub=Lafayette+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9787-2240-1&rft.aulast=Levasseur&rft.aufirst=August&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lafayetteinamerica.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoveland1971" class="citation book cs1">Loveland, Anne (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r5uqsO1KQ5YC"><i>Emblem of Liberty: The Image of Lafayette in the American Mind</i></a>. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2462-8"><bdi>978-0-8071-2462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emblem+of+Liberty%3A+The+Image+of+Lafayette+in+the+American+Mind&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-2462-8&rft.aulast=Loveland&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr5uqsO1KQ5YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Martin, David (2003). <i>The Philadelphia Campaign</i>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3068-1258-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3068-1258-3"><bdi>978-0-3068-1258-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philadelphia+Campaign&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-3068-1258-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurois1961" class="citation book cs1">Maurois, André (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adriennelifeofma0000maur"><i>Adrienne, the Life of the Marquise de La Fayette</i></a></span>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2302836">2302836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adrienne%2C+the+Life+of+the+Marquise+de+La+Fayette&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2302836&rft.aulast=Maurois&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadriennelifeofma0000maur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bHIFAAAAQAAJ"><i>Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette</i></a>. Vol. 3. Saunders and Otley. 1837. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10278752">10278752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs%2C+Correspondence+and+Manuscripts+of+General+Lafayette&rft.pub=Saunders+and+Otley&rft.date=1837&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10278752&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHIFAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1888" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Gouverneur (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/diarylettersmorris01morrrich/diarylettersmorris01morrrich_djvu.txt"><i>The Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris</i></a>. Vol. I. Anne Cary Morris. C. Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/833557418">833557418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+and+Letters+of+Gouverneur+Morris&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1888&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F833557418&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Gouverneur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdiarylettersmorris01morrrich%2Fdiarylettersmorris01morrrich_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeely2008" class="citation book cs1">Neely, Sylvia (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00neel"><i>A Concise History of the French Revolution</i></a></span>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3411-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-3411-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3411-7&rft.aulast=Neely&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00neel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2006" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Dave Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVGh9_7UKgoC"><i>George Washington and Benedict Arnold: A Tale of Two Patriots</i></a>. Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5969-8020-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5969-8020-4"><bdi>978-1-5969-8020-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+Benedict+Arnold%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Patriots&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-5969-8020-4&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Dave+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVGh9_7UKgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayan2002" class="citation book cs1">Payan, Gregory (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cV454kuJiHMC"><i>Marquis de Lafayette:French Hero of the American Revolution</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-5733-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-5733-0"><bdi>978-0-8239-5733-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marquis+de+Lafayette%3AFrench+Hero+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-5733-0&rft.aulast=Payan&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcV454kuJiHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalding2010" class="citation book cs1">Spalding, Paul S. (2010). <i>Lafayette: Prisoner of State</i>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5700-3911-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5700-3911-9"><bdi>978-1-5700-3911-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lafayette%3A+Prisoner+of+State&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-5700-3911-9&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiersFrederic_Shoberl1846" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers, M. A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Shoberl" title="Frederic Shoberl">Frederic Shoberl</a> (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJUaAAAAYAAJ"><i>The History of the French Revolution</i></a>. Vol. 1 (3 ed.). Richard Bentley. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2949605">2949605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley&rft.date=1846&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2949605&rft.aulast=Thiers&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=Frederic+Shoberl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJJUaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTower1894" class="citation book cs1">Tower, Charlemagne (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marquisdelafaye00towegoog"><i>The Marquis de La Fayette in the American Revolution</i></a>. J.B. Lippincott Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-5998-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-5998-7"><bdi>978-0-8369-5998-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/527765">527765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marquis+de+La+Fayette+in+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott+Company&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F527765&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-5998-7&rft.aulast=Tower&rft.aufirst=Charlemagne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarquisdelafaye00towegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerman1889" class="citation book cs1">Tuckerman, Bayard (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifegenerallafa02tuckgoog"><i>Life of General Lafayette: With a Critical Estimate of His Character and Public Acts</i></a>. Dodd, Mead. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1899420">1899420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+General+Lafayette%3A+With+a+Critical+Estimate+of+His+Character+and+Public+Acts&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1899420&rft.aulast=Tuckerman&rft.aufirst=Bayard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifegenerallafa02tuckgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2002" class="citation book cs1">Unger, Harlow Giles (2002). <i>Lafayette</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4713-9432-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4713-9432-7"><bdi>978-0-4713-9432-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lafayette&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-4713-9432-7&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Harlow+Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1959" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Constance (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/madamedelafayett006987mbp/madamedelafayett006987mbp_djvu.txt"><i>Madame de Lafayette</i></a>. Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/373722">373722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madame+de+Lafayette&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rhinehart%2C+and+Winston&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F373722&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmadamedelafayett006987mbp%2Fmadamedelafayett006987mbp_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1957" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Esmond (October 1957). "Lafayette: Hero of two worlds". <i>History Today</i>. <b>7</b> (10): 653–661.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Lafayette%3A+Hero+of+two+worlds&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=653-661&rft.date=1957-10&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Esmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Auricchio, Laura. <i>The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered</i> (Vintage, 2014). Print.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Vowell" title="Sarah Vowell">Vowell, Sarah</a>. <i>Lafayette in the Somewhat United States</i> (Riverhead, 2015). Print.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClary2007" class="citation book cs1">Clary, David A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Hu6Ch9EbEYC"><i>Adopted Son: Washington, Lafayette, and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution</i></a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5539-0342-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5539-0342-3"><bdi>978-0-5539-0342-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adopted+Son%3A+Washington%2C+Lafayette%2C+and+the+Friendship+that+Saved+the+Revolution&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-5539-0342-3&rft.aulast=Clary&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Hu6Ch9EbEYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+du+Motier%2C+Marquis+de+Lafayette" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Motier%2C%20Gilbert%20du%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Motier%2C%20Gilbert%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Motier%2C%20G%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gilbert%20du%20Motier%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gilbert%20d%2E%20Motier%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G%2E%20d%2E%20Motier%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Motier%2C%20Gilbert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gilbert%20Motier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gilbert%20du%20Motier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gilbert%20d%2E%20Motier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20d%2E%20Motier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20du%20Motier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Motier%2C%20Gilbert%20du%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Motier%2C%20Gilbert%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Motier%2C%20G%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Motier%2C%20G%2E%20du%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gilbert%20Motier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Motier%2C%20Gilbert%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gilbert%20du%20Motier%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gilbert%20d%2E%20Motier%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G%2E%20d%2E%20Motier%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gilbert%20Motier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gilbert%20du%20Motier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gilbert%20d%2E%20Motier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G%2E%20d%2E%20Motier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Motier%2C%20Gilbert%20du%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Motier%2C%20Gilbert%20d%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gilbert%20Motier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Motier%2C%20Gilbert%22%29%20OR%20%28%221757-1834%22%20AND%20Motier%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cincinnatidefrance.fr/">Société des Cincinnati de France</a>, site of the French Society of the Cincinnati</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyhistory.org/web/default.php?section=exhibits_collections&page=exhibit_detail&id=2917008">French Founding Father at the</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006105011/https://www.nyhistory.org/web/default.php?section=exhibits_collections&page=exhibit_detail&id=2917008">Archived</a> 6 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/lafayette/exhibition/english/introduction/index.html">The Cornell University Library Lafayette Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clevelandmemory.org/Lafayette/index.shtml">The Marquis de Lafayette collection, Cleveland State University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910023129/http://www.clevelandmemory.org/lafayette/index.shtml">Archived</a> 10 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224132905/http://ww2.lafayette.edu/~library/special/marquis/MarquisFindAids/manuscriptcollection.htm">Lafayette College, The Marquis de Lafayette Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.loc.gov/db/search/xq/searchMfer02.xq?_id=loc.mss.eadmss.ms997004&_faSection=overview&_faSubsection=did&_dmdid=">Marquis de Lafayette Collection, Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magazineamerica22stevgoog">Martha Joanna Lamb, Lafayette letters from prison, <i>The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries</i>, pp. 353–376</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LafayetteTriumphant">"Lafayette Triumphant: His 1824–1825 Tour and Reception in the United States"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/kislak.74193.1"><i>Thomas Jefferson Letter</i></a>, 30 November 1813 From the Collections at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1593">Lafayette Family papers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland Libraries</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/100px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/150px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/200px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3657" data-file-height="4636" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Hermione_(1779)" title="French frigate Hermione (1779)">French frigate <i>Hermione</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gloucester_(1777)" title="Battle of Gloucester (1777)">Battle of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barren_Hill" title="Battle of Barren Hill">Battle of Barren Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Battle of Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Green_Spring" title="Battle of Green Spring">Battle of Green Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Notables" title="Assembly of Notables">Assembly of Notables</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Estates General of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Society of 1789</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Daggers" title="Day of Daggers">Day of Daggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> (1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visit_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_to_the_United_States" title="Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States">1824–25 Grand Tour of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Welcoming_Parade_of_1824_(New_York_City)" title="Lafayette Welcoming Parade of 1824 (New York City)">New York City parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Welcoming_Parade_of_1824_(Philadelphia)" title="Lafayette Welcoming Parade of 1824 (Philadelphia)">Philadelphia parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Brandywine" title="USS Brandywine">USS <i>Brandywine</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chavaniac" title="Château de Chavaniac">Château de Chavaniac</a> (birthplace and home)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Grange-Bl%C3%A9neau" title="Château de la Grange-Bléneau">Château de la Grange-Bléneau</a> (home and museum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Land_Grant" title="Lafayette Land Grant">Lafayette Land Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picpus_Cemetery" title="Picpus Cemetery">Picpus Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Honors_and_memorials_to_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Honors and memorials to the Marquis de Lafayette">Honors and<br />memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette">List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina" title="Fayetteville, North Carolina">Fayetteville, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lafayette" title="Fort Lafayette">Fort Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Hill,_Pennsylvania" title="Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania">Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_College" title="Lafayette College">Lafayette College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_(New_York_City)" title="Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette (New York City)">New York City statue</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaFayette_Fountain" title="LaFayette Fountain">LaFayette Fountain</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C." title="Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette (Washington, D.C.)">1891 statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square_Historic_District,_Washington,_D.C." title="Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Square Historic District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_dollar" title="Lafayette dollar">Lafayette dollar</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lafayette" title="Mount Lafayette">Mount Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Memorial" title="Lafayette Memorial">Lafayette Memorial</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_(Lafayette_College)" title="Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette (Lafayette College)">Lafayette College statue</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_(Los_Angeles)" title="Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette (Los Angeles)">Los Angeles statue</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Escadrille" title="Lafayette Escadrille">Lafayette Escadrille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Lafayette" title="USS Lafayette">USS <i>Lafayette</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette_(Morse)" title="Marquis de Lafayette (Morse)">1825 Samuel Morse painting</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lafayette_(We_Hear_You_Calling)" title="Lafayette (We Hear You Calling)">Lafayette (We Hear You Calling)</a>" (1918 song)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Fayette_(film)" title="La Fayette (film)">La Fayette</a></i> (1961 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_(film)" title="Valley Forge (film)">Valley Forge</a></i> (1975 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_(film)" title="La Révolution française (film)">La Révolution française</a></i> (1989 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_in_Paris" title="Jefferson in Paris">Jefferson in Paris</a></i> (1995 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty!" title="Liberty!">Liberty!</a></i> (1997 documentary miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids">Liberty's Kids</a></i> (2002 television series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a></i> (2015 musical, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">2020 film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_in_the_Somewhat_United_States" title="Lafayette in the Somewhat United States">Lafayette in the Somewhat United States</a></i> (2015 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Two_Worlds:_The_Marquis_de_Lafayette_in_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution">Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution</a></i> (2021 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Franklin (miniseries)">Franklin</a></i> (2024 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Lafayette family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_de_La_Fayette" title="Adrienne de La Fayette">Adrienne de La Fayette</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Washington_de_La_Fayette" title="Georges Washington de La Fayette">Georges Washington de La Fayette</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_La_Fayette" title="Michel du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette">Michel du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette</a> (father)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lafayette" title="Order of Lafayette">Order of Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary citizenship of the United States">Honorary U.S. citizenship</a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural 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href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French 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