CINXE.COM
Manufactura - Wikipedia, a enciclopedia libre
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="gl" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Manufactura - Wikipedia, a enciclopedia libre</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )glwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","xaneiro","febreiro","marzo","abril","maio","xuño","xullo","agosto","setembro","outubro","novembro","decembro"],"wgRequestId":"f9d4fbb3-eba3-4770-a7f7-9165e1c418a2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Manufactura","wgTitle":"Manufactura","wgCurRevisionId":6875710,"wgRevisionId":6875710,"wgArticleId":69047,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Industria"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"gl","wgPageContentLanguage":"gl","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Manufactura","wgRelevantArticleId":69047,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"gl", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"gl"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q187939","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.gadget.PortalClass":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user" :"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=gl&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=gl&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=gl&modules=ext.gadget.PortalClass%2Ccharinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=gl&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tesla_auto_bots.jpg/1200px-Tesla_auto_bots.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="839"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tesla_auto_bots.jpg/800px-Tesla_auto_bots.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="559"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tesla_auto_bots.jpg/640px-Tesla_auto_bots.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="447"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Manufactura - Wikipedia, a enciclopedia libre"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//gl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufactura"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Editar" href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (gl)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//gl.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufactura"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.gl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Fonte Atom de novas de Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Cambios_recentes&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Manufactura rootpage-Manufactura skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Saltar ao contido</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">agochar</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegación </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visitar a páxina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal_da_comunidade" title="Información acerca do proxecto, do que pode facer e dos lugares onde atopar as cousas"><span>Portal da comunidade</span></a></li><li id="n-A-Taberna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:A_Taberna"><span>A Taberna</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Actualidade" title="Información acerca de acontecementos de actualidade"><span>Actualidade</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Cambios_recentes" title="A lista de modificacións recentes no wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Cambios recentes</span></a></li><li id="n-Artigos-de-calidade" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artigos_de_calidade"><span>Artigos de calidade</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Ao_chou" title="Cargar unha páxina ao chou [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Páxina ao chou</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Axuda" title="O lugar para informarse"><span>Axuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="a Wikipedia en galego" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-gl.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Procurar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Procurar neste wiki [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Procura</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Procurar en Wikipedia" aria-label="Procurar en Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Procurar neste wiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Procurar"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Procurar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Ferramentas persoais"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Cambia a aparencia do tamaño da fonte, o ancho e a cor da páxina" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparencia" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparencia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_gl.wikipedia.org&uselang=gl" class=""><span>Doazóns</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_unha_conta&returnto=Manufactura" title="É recomendable que cree unha conta e acceda ao sistema, se ben non é obrigatorio" class=""><span>Crear unha conta</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Iniciar_sesi%C3%B3n&returnto=Manufactura" title="É recomendable que se rexistre, se ben non é obrigatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Acceder ao sistema</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Máis opcións" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas persoais" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas persoais</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú de usuario" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_gl.wikipedia.org&uselang=gl"><span>Doazóns</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_unha_conta&returnto=Manufactura" title="É recomendable que cree unha conta e acceda ao sistema, se ben non é obrigatorio"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear unha conta</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Iniciar_sesi%C3%B3n&returnto=Manufactura" title="É recomendable que se rexistre, se ben non é obrigatorio [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Acceder ao sistema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Páxinas para os editores sen a sesión iniciada <a href="/wiki/Axuda:Introduci%C3%B3n" aria-label="Máis información sobre a edición"><span>máis información</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:As_mi%C3%B1as_contribuci%C3%B3ns" title="Unha lista das modificacións feitas desde este enderezo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucións</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:A_mi%C3%B1a_conversa" title="Conversa acerca de edicións feitas desde este enderezo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Conversa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contidos" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contidos</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">agochar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inicio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Variedades_do_termo_manufactura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variedades_do_termo_manufactura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Variedades do termo <i>manufactura</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variedades_do_termo_manufactura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia_e_desenvolvemento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia_e_desenvolvemento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia e desenvolvemento</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia_e_desenvolvemento-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección "Historia e desenvolvemento"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia_e_desenvolvemento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoria_e_historia_antiga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoria_e_historia_antiga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistoria e historia antiga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoria_e_historia_antiga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idade_Media_e_Moderna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idade_Media_e_Moderna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Idade Media e Moderna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idade_Media_e_Moderna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primeira_e_segunda_revolución_industrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primeira_e_segunda_revolución_industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Primeira e segunda revolución industrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primeira_e_segunda_revolución_industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufactura_moderna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufactura_moderna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Manufactura moderna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufactura_moderna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Política_industrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Política_industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Política industrial</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Política_industrial-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección "Política industrial"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Política_industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economía_da_produción" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economía_da_produción"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economía da produción</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economía_da_produción-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finanzas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finanzas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Finanzas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finanzas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seguridade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seguridade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Seguridade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seguridade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufactura_e_investimento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufactura_e_investimento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Manufactura e investimento</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufactura_e_investimento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principais_países_produtores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principais_países_produtores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Principais países produtores</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principais_países_produtores-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección "Principais países produtores"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principais_países_produtores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lista_de_países_por_produción_manufactureira" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lista_de_países_por_produción_manufactureira"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lista de países por produción manufactureira</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lista_de_países_por_produción_manufactureira-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Véxase_tamén" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Véxase_tamén"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Véxase tamén</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección "Véxase tamén"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outros_artigos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outros_artigos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Outros artigos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outros_artigos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligazóns_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligazóns_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ligazóns externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligazóns_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manufactura</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artigo noutra lingua. Dispoñible en 92 linguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Ааглых – abkhazo" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ааглых" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhazo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nywerheid" title="Nywerheid – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nywerheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie" title="Industrie – alemán suízo" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Industrie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemán suízo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabricaci%C3%B3n" title="Fabricación – aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fabricación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="تصنيع – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصنيع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%87" title="صناعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صناعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="উদ্যোগ – assamés" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উদ্যোগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufactura" title="Manufactura – asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manufactura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="उद्योग – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="उद्योग" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddi_istehsal" title="Maddi istehsal – acerbaixano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maddi istehsal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="acerbaixano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D2%93%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Сәнәғәт етештереүе – baxkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәнәғәт етештереүе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gam%C4%97n%C4%97ms" title="Gamėnėms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gamėnėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Прамысловая вытворчасць – belaruso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прамысловая вытворчасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belaruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Прамысловая вытворчасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прамысловая вытворчасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Преработваща промишленост – búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Преработваща промишленост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8" title="উৎপাদন – bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উৎপাদন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michererezh" title="Michererezh – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Michererezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufaktura" title="Manufaktura – bosníaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Manufaktura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabricaci%C3%B3" title="Fabricació – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fabricació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDroba" title="Výroba – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výroba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweithgynhyrchu" title="Gweithgynhyrchu – galés" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweithgynhyrchu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrikation" title="Fabrikation – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fabrikation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verarbeitendes_Gewerbe" title="Verarbeitendes Gewerbe – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verarbeitendes Gewerbe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AE" title="Παραγωγή – grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραγωγή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Manufacturing" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrikado" title="Fabrikado – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fabrikado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufactura" title="Manufactura – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manufactura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6tlev_t%C3%B6%C3%B6stus" title="Töötlev tööstus – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Töötlev tööstus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrikazioa" title="Fabrikazioa – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fabrikazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_(%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA)" title="تولید (صنعت) – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تولید (صنعت)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuotantotekniikka" title="Tuotantotekniikka – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuotantotekniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugumatua" title="Gugumatua – fixiano" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Gugumatua" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fixiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie_manufacturi%C3%A8re" title="Industrie manufacturière – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Industrie manufacturière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yndustry" title="Yndustry – frisón occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yndustry" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisón occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apo" title="Apo – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masana%27anta" title="Masana'anta – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Masana'anta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8" title="ייצור – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ייצור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="विनिर्माण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विनिर्माण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utpaadan" title="Utpaadan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Utpaadan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufaktura" title="Manufaktura – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Manufaktura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endistri" title="Endistri – crioulo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Endistri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioulo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termel%C3%A9s" title="Termelés – húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Termelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արտադրություն – armenio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արտադրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria" title="Industria – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Industria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemanufakturan" title="Pemanufakturan – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemanufakturan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framlei%C3%B0sla" title="Framleiðsla – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Framleiðsla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attivit%C3%A0_manifatturiera" title="Attività manifatturiera – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attività manifatturiera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E6%A5%AD" title="製造業 – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="製造業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifakchrin" title="Manifakchrin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Manifakchrin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indhustri" title="Indhustri – xavanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Indhustri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="xavanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="დამმუშავებელი მრეწველობა – xeorxiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დამმუშავებელი მრეწველობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81" title="Өндіріс – kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өндіріс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%A1%B0%EC%97%85" title="제조업 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제조업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AE%C5%9Fesaz%C3%AE" title="Pîşesazî – kurdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pîşesazî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askorra" title="Askorra – córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Askorra" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrica_(ratio)" title="Fabrica (ratio) – latín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fabrica (ratio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie" title="Industrie – luxemburgués" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Industrie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamyba" title="Gamyba – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gamyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABgatave" title="Pīgatave – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Pīgatave" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apstr%C4%81des_r%C5%ABpniec%C4%ABba" title="Apstrādes rūpniecība – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apstrādes rūpniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengilangan" title="Pengilangan – malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengilangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ထုတ်လုပ်မှု – birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထုတ်လုပ်မှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrikatschoon" title="Fabrikatschoon – baixo alemán" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fabrikatschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="म्यानुफ्याकचरिङ – nepalí" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="म्यानुफ्याकचरिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabricage" title="Fabricage – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fabricage" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriteknikk" title="Industriteknikk – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Industriteknikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_manufacturiera" title="Industria manufacturiera – occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Industria manufacturiera" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸਨਅਤ – panxabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਨਅਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panxabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przetw%C3%B3rstwo_przemys%C5%82owe" title="Przetwórstwo przemysłowe – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przetwórstwo przemysłowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="صنعت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صنعت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%BAstria_manufatureira" title="Indústria manufatureira – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Indústria manufatureira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makikamay" title="Makikamay – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Makikamay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrica%C8%9Bie" title="Fabricație – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fabricație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Материальное производство – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Материальное производство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proizvodnja" title="Proizvodnja – serbocroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proizvodnja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manufacturing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proizvodnja" title="Proizvodnja – esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Proizvodnja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodhimi" title="Prodhimi – albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Prodhimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Производња – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Производња" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillverkning" title="Tillverkning – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tillverkning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utengenezaji" title="Utengenezaji – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utengenezaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="உற்பத்தி – támil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உற்பத்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="támil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="อุตสาหกรรมการผลิต – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุตสาหกรรมการผลิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagmamanupaktura" title="Pagmamanupaktura – tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagmamanupaktura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0malat" title="İmalat – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İmalat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Матеріальне виробництво – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Матеріальне виробництво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%A3n_xu%E1%BA%A5t_ch%E1%BA%BF_t%E1%BA%A1o" title="Sản xuất chế tạo – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sản xuất chế tạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0%E4%B8%9A" title="制造业 – chinés wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="制造业" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinés wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פאבריקאציע – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאבריקאציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0%E4%B8%9A" title="制造业 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="制造业" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8-ch%C5%8D-gia%CC%8Dp" title="Chè-chō-gia̍p – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chè-chō-gia̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E6%A5%AD" title="製造業 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="製造業" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187939#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar as ligazóns interlingüísticas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar as ligazóns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espazos de nomes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Manufactura" title="Ver o contido da páxina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Conversa:Manufactura" rel="discussion" title="Conversa acerca do contido desta páxina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Conversa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar a variante de lingua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">galego</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistas"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Manufactura"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta páxina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit" title="Editar o código fonte desta páxina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar a fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=history" title="Versións anteriores desta páxina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver o historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas das páxinas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">agochar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Máis opcións" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accións </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Manufactura"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta páxina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit" title="Editar o código fonte desta páxina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar a fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=history"><span>Ver o historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Xeral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1xinas_que_ligan_con_esta/Manufactura" title="Lista de todas as páxinas do wiki que ligan cara a aquí [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páxinas que ligan con esta</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Cambios_relacionados/Manufactura" rel="nofollow" title="Cambios recentes nas páxinas ligadas desde esta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Cambios relacionados</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1xinas_especiais" title="Lista de todas as páxinas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páxinas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&oldid=6875710" title="Ligazón permanente a esta versión desta páxina"><span>Ligazón permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=info" title="Máis información sobre esta páxina"><span>Información da páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Cita&page=Manufactura&id=6875710&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Información sobre como citar esta páxina"><span>Citar esta páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FManufactura"><span>Xerar URL acurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FManufactura"><span>Descargar o código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Manufactura"><span>Crear un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Manufactura&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descargar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&printable=yes" title="Versión para imprimir da páxina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versión para imprimir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros proxectos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manufacturing" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187939" title="Ligazón ao elemento conectado no repositorio de datos [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento de Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas das páxinas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">agochar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Na Galipedia, a Wikipedia en galego.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Tesla_auto_bots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tesla_auto_bots.jpg/220px-Tesla_auto_bots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tesla_auto_bots.jpg/330px-Tesla_auto_bots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tesla_auto_bots.jpg/440px-Tesla_auto_bots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="3564" /></a><figcaption>Fabricación dun <a href="/wiki/Autom%C3%B3bil" title="Automóbil">automóbil</a> por <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Manufactura</b> (do <a href="/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina">latín</a> <i>manus</i> 'man' e <i>factura</i> 'feitura') ou <b>fabricación</b> é a creación ou <a href="/wiki/Produci%C3%B3n_(econom%C3%ADa)" title="Produción (economía)">produción</a> de <a href="/wiki/Ben_econ%C3%B3mico" title="Ben económico">bens</a> coa axuda de <a href="/wiki/Traballo_(sociolox%C3%ADa)" title="Traballo (socioloxía)">man de obra</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1quina" title="Máquina">maquinarias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferramenta" title="Ferramenta">ferramentas</a> procesos <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química">químicos</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Biolox%C3%ADa" title="Bioloxía">biolóxicos</a>. É a esencia do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sector_secundario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sector secundario (a páxina aínda non existe)">sector secundario</a> da <a href="/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa" title="Economía">economía</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> O termo pode referirse a unha serie de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comportamento_humano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comportamento humano (a páxina aínda non existe)">actividades humanas</a>, dende a <a href="/wiki/Artesan%C3%ADa" title="Artesanía">artesanía</a> ata <a href="/w/index.php?title=Equipos_de_telecomunicaci%C3%B3ns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equipos de telecomunicacións (a páxina aínda non existe)">alta tecnoloxía</a>, pero aplícase máis comunmente ao <a href="/wiki/Dese%C3%B1o_industrial" title="Deseño industrial">deseño industrial</a> , na que as <a href="/wiki/Materia_prima" title="Materia prima">materias primas</a> do <a href="/wiki/Sector_primario" title="Sector primario">sector primario</a> se transforman en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produtos_acabados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produtos acabados (a páxina aínda non existe)">produtos acabados</a> a grande escala. Estes produtos pódense vender a outros fabricantes para a produción doutros produtos máis complexos (como <a href="/wiki/Aeronave" title="Aeronave">aeronaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrodom%C3%A9stico" title="Electrodoméstico">electrodomésticos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobiliario" title="Mobiliario">mobles</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Equipamiento_deportivo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equipamiento deportivo (a páxina aínda non existe)">equipos deportivos</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Autom%C3%B3bil" title="Automóbil">automóbiles</a>), ou distribuído a través da <a href="/wiki/Sector_terciario" title="Sector terciario">industria terciaria</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usuario_final&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usuario final (a páxina aínda non existe)">usuarios finais</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumidor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consumidor (a páxina aínda non existe)">consumidores</a> (normalmente a través de <a href="/wiki/Grosista" title="Grosista">grosistas</a> (comerciantes por xunto), que á súa vez venden a <a href="/wiki/Retallista" title="Retallista">vendedores polo miúdo</a>, quen á súa vez os venden a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cliente (a páxina aínda non existe)">clientes</a> individuais). </p><p>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enxe%C3%B1ar%C3%ADa_de_manufactura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enxeñaría de manufactura (a páxina aínda non existe)">enxeñaría de manufactura</a> é o campo da enxeñería que deseña e optimiza o <b>proceso de fabricación</b>, ou os pasos polos que as materias primas se transforman nun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produto_final&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produto final (a páxina aínda non existe)">produto final</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> O proceso de fabricación comeza co <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dese%C3%B1o_do_produto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deseño do produto (a páxina aínda non existe)">deseño do produto</a> e a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_materiais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de materiais (a páxina aínda non existe)">especificación dos materiais</a>. Estes materiais son entón modificados a través da fabricación para converterse no produto desexado. Tamén involucra procesos de elaboración de produtos semimanufacturados. </p><p>A fabricación moderna inclúe todos os procesos intermedios implicados na produción e integración dos compoñentes dun produto. Algunhas industrias, como os fabricantes de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabricaci%C3%B3n_de_circuitos_integrados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabricación de circuitos integrados (a páxina aínda non existe)">semicondutores</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabricaci%C3%B3n_de_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabricación de metal (a páxina aínda non existe)">aceiro</a>, usan no seu lugar o termo <b>fabricación</b>. </p><p>O sector manufacturero está estreitamente relacionado coas industrias da <a href="/wiki/Enxe%C3%B1ar%C3%ADa" title="Enxeñaría">enxeñaría</a> e do <a href="/wiki/Dese%C3%B1o_industrial" title="Deseño industrial">deseño industrial</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variedades_do_termo_manufactura">Variedades do termo <i>manufactura</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar a sección: «Variedades do termo manufactura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Variedades do termo manufactura"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inicialmente a manufactura significa unha etapa do desenvolvemento do capitalismo na que a produción era a man, é dicir, produción dos obxectos sen intervención das máquinas; nesta forma de produción a diferenza do taller artesanal, o obxecto non é producido por unha soa persoa, senón por un grupo delas, cada unha das cales executa unha ou outra operación, o que conduce a un rápido incremento da produtividade do traballo, en comparación co artesán. </p><p>O termo pode referirse a unha variedade enorme da actividade humana, da <a href="/wiki/Artesan%C3%ADa" title="Artesanía">artesanía</a> á <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_tecnolox%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alta tecnoloxía (a páxina aínda non existe)">alta tecnoloxía</a>, pero é máis comunmente aplicado á produción industrial, na cal as materias primas son transformadas en bens terminados a grande escala e coa utilización de <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1quina" title="Máquina">máquinas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa" title="Enerxía">fontes de enerxía</a> máis aló do simple <a href="/wiki/Traballo_(sociolox%C3%ADa)" title="Traballo (socioloxía)">traballo do home</a>. </p><p>No <a href="/wiki/Antigo_R%C3%A9xime" title="Antigo Réxime">Antigo Réxime</a>, a denominación <i>manufactura</i>, e especificamente as <a href="/wiki/Manufactura_real" title="Manufactura real">manufacturas reais</a>, opoñíase na práctica tanto ás instalacións propias dos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taller (a páxina aínda non existe)">talleres</a> <a href="/wiki/Gremio" title="Gremio">gremiais</a> como ás primeiras <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1brica" title="Fábrica">fábricas</a> (que foron o ámbito onde se desenvolveu a <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Industrial" title="Revolución Industrial">revolución industrial</a>). </p><p>A <i>manufactura</i> no sentido de <i>fabricación</i> prodúcese baixo todos os tipos de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_econ%C3%B3mico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema económico (a páxina aínda non existe)">sistemas económicos</a>, e é unha actividade tan propia do ser humano que o define como especie, sendo os restos de <a href="/wiki/Fonte_arqueol%C3%B3xica" title="Fonte arqueolóxica">cultura material</a> do <a href="/wiki/Paleol%C3%ADtico" title="Paleolítico">Paleolítico</a>, os primeiros testemuños da presenza humana sobre a terra, ao ser máis resistentes incluso que os restos anatómicos. </p><p>No sistema económico <a href="/wiki/Capitalismo" title="Capitalismo">capitalista</a>, a fabricación diríxese, a través do <a href="/wiki/Mercado_libre" title="Mercado libre">mercado libre</a> e a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Libre_empresa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libre empresa (a páxina aínda non existe)">libre empresa</a>, cara á <a href="/wiki/Produci%C3%B3n_en_cadea" title="Produción en cadea">fabricación en serie</a> de produtos para a venda a un mercado masivo de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumidor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consumidor (a páxina aínda non existe)">consumidores</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociedade_de_consumo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociedade de consumo (a páxina aínda non existe)">sociedade de consumo</a>). Nos países do denominado <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialismo_real&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialismo real (a páxina aínda non existe)">socialismo real</a>, que pretendían a construción dun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modo_de_produci%C3%B3n_socialista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modo de produción socialista (a páxina aínda non existe)">modo de produción socialista</a>, a fabricación estaba dirixida por unha axencia estatal (<a href="/wiki/Planificaci%C3%B3n" title="Planificación">planificación</a>), e privilexiábase a <a href="/wiki/Industria_pesada" title="Industria pesada">industria pesada</a> sobre a de bens de consumo. Nas economías modernas, a fabricación discorre baixo algún grao de regulación gobernamental. </p><p>A fabricación moderna inclúe todos os procesos intermedios requiridos para a produción e a integración dos compoñentes dun produto. O sector industrial está estreitamente relacionado coa enxeñería e o <a href="/wiki/Dese%C3%B1o_industrial" title="Deseño industrial">deseño industrial</a>. </p><p>O proceso pode ser manual (orixe do termo) ou coa utilización de <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1quina" title="Máquina">máquinas</a>. Aínda que a produción artesanal formou parte da <a href="/wiki/Humanidade" title="Humanidade">humanidade</a> desde fai moito tempo (desde a <a href="/wiki/Idade_Media" title="Idade Media">Idade Media</a>), pénsase que a manufactura moderna xorde ao redor de <a href="/wiki/1780" title="1780">1780</a> coa revolución industrial británica, expandíndose a partir de entón a toda a <a href="/wiki/Europa_continental" title="Europa continental">Europa continental</a>, logo a <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_do_Norte" title="América do Norte">Norteamérica</a> e finalmente ao resto do mundo. Para obter maior volume de produción é aplicada a técnica da división do traballo, onde cada traballador executa só unha pequena porción da tarefa. Así, especialízase e economiza movementos, o que vai repercutir nunha maior velocidade de produción. </p><p>A fabricación prodúcese baixo todos os tipos de sistemas económicos. Nunha economía <a href="/wiki/Capitalismo" title="Capitalismo">capitalista</a>, a fabricación diríxese polo xeral cara á <a href="/wiki/Produci%C3%B3n_en_cadea" title="Produción en cadea">fabricación en serie</a> de produtos para a venda a consumidores cunha ganancia. Nunha economía <a href="/wiki/Comunismo" title="Comunismo">colectivista</a>, a fabricación está frecuentemente dirixida por unha axencia estatal. Nas economías modernas, a fabricación discorre baixo algún grao de regulación gobernamental. </p><p>A manufactura converteuse nunha porción inmensa da <a href="/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa" title="Economía">economía</a> do mundo moderno. Segundo algúns economistas, a fabricación é un sector que produce riqueza nunha economía, mentres que o <a href="/wiki/Sector_servizos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sector servizos">sector servizos</a> tende a ser o consumo da riqueza <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia_e_desenvolvemento">Historia e desenvolvemento</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar a sección: «Historia e desenvolvemento»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Historia e desenvolvemento"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoria_e_historia_antiga">Prehistoria e historia antiga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar a sección: «Prehistoria e historia antiga»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Prehistoria e historia antiga"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Véxase tamén</i><i>:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industria_l%C3%ADtica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industria lítica (a páxina aínda non existe)">Industria lítica</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Stone_Core_for_Making_Blades_-_Boqer_Tachtit,_Negev,_circa_40000_BP_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stone_Core_for_Making_Blades_-_Boqer_Tachtit%2C_Negev%2C_circa_40000_BP_%28detail%29.jpg/170px-Stone_Core_for_Making_Blades_-_Boqer_Tachtit%2C_Negev%2C_circa_40000_BP_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stone_Core_for_Making_Blades_-_Boqer_Tachtit%2C_Negev%2C_circa_40000_BP_%28detail%29.jpg/255px-Stone_Core_for_Making_Blades_-_Boqer_Tachtit%2C_Negev%2C_circa_40000_BP_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stone_Core_for_Making_Blades_-_Boqer_Tachtit%2C_Negev%2C_circa_40000_BP_%28detail%29.jpg/340px-Stone_Core_for_Making_Blades_-_Boqer_Tachtit%2C_Negev%2C_circa_40000_BP_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3924" data-file-height="2787" /></a><figcaption>Núcleo de pedra de sílex para facer follas, preto do 40000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antes_do_presente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antes do presente (a páxina aínda non existe)">BP</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Os antepasados humanos han fabricado obxectos con pedra e outras ferramentas desde moito antes da aparición do <i><a href="/wiki/Ser_humano" title="Ser humano">Homo sapiens</a></i> fai aproximadamente 200.000 anos.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Os primeiros métodos de fabricación de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferramenta_de_pedra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferramenta de pedra (a páxina aínda non existe)">ferramentas de pedra</a>, coñecida como a "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Industria_l%C3%ADtica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industria lítica (a páxina aínda non existe)">industria</a>" <a href="/wiki/Olduvaiense" class="mw-redirect" title="Olduvaiense">olduvaiense</a>, remóntase a fai polo menos 2,3 millóns de anos,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> coas primeiras probas directas do uso de ferramentas que se atopan na <a href="/wiki/Etiop%C3%ADa" title="Etiopía">Etiopía</a> no <a href="/wiki/Gran_Val_do_Rift" title="Gran Val do Rift">Gran Val do Rift</a>, que se remonta a fai 2,5 millóns de anos.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Para fabricar unha ferramenta de pedra, un "<a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_l%C3%ADtico" title="Núcleo lítico">núcleo</a>" de pedra dura con propiedades específicas de descamación (como o <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADlex" title="Sílex">sílex</a>) foi golpeado cun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percusor_(talla_l%C3%ADtica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percusor (talla lítica) (a páxina aínda non existe)">percusor</a>. Esta descamación producia bordos afiados que se podían utilizar como ferramentas, principalmente en forma de <a href="/wiki/Chopper" title="Chopper">chopper</a> ou <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rascador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rascador (a páxina aínda non existe)">rascador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ea_archaeology_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea_archaeology-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Estas ferramentas axudaron en gran medida aos primeiros humanos no seu estilo de vida <a href="/wiki/Caza-recolecci%C3%B3n" title="Caza-recolección">cazadora-recolledora</a> para formar outras ferramentas a partir de materiais máis brandos como o <a href="/wiki/%C3%93so" title="Óso">óso</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">madeira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> No <a href="/wiki/Paleol%C3%ADtico_medio" title="Paleolítico medio">Paleolítico medio</a>, fai aproximadamente 300 000 anos, viuse a introdución da <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9cnica_de_n%C3%BAcleo_preparado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Técnica de núcleo preparado (a páxina aínda non existe)">técnica de núcleo preparado</a>, onde se poderían formar rapidamente varias follas a partir dunha pedra dun só núcleo.<sup id="cite_ref-ea_archaeology_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea_archaeology-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Talla_l%C3%ADtica" title="Talla lítica">descamación a presión</a>, no que se podía usar un punzón de madeira, óso ou <a href="/wiki/Corno" title="Corno">corno</a> para dar forma moi fina a unha pedra, desenvolveuse durante o <a href="/wiki/Paleol%C3%ADtico_superior" title="Paleolítico superior">Paleolítico superior</a>, que comezou hai aproximadamente 40.000 anos.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Durante o <a href="/wiki/Neol%C3%ADtico" title="Neolítico">Neolítico</a>, as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferramenta_de_pedra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferramenta de pedra (a páxina aínda non existe)">ferramentas de pedra</a> pulcras fabricáronse a partir de varias rochas duras como o <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADlex" title="Sílex">sílex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xade" title="Xade">xade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xade%C3%ADta" title="Xadeíta">xadeíta</a>, e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xisto_verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xisto verde (a páxina aínda non existe)">xisto verde</a>. Os eixos pulcros utilizáronse xunto a outras ferramentas de pedra, incluídas as <a href="/wiki/Punta_l%C3%ADtica" title="Punta lítica">puntas</a>, coitelos e rascadores, así como ferramentas fabricadas con materiais orgánicos como a madeira, o óso e o corno.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Sword_bronze_age_(2nd_version).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sword_bronze_age_%282nd_version%29.jpg/170px-Sword_bronze_age_%282nd_version%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sword_bronze_age_%282nd_version%29.jpg/255px-Sword_bronze_age_%282nd_version%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sword_bronze_age_%282nd_version%29.jpg/340px-Sword_bronze_age_%282nd_version%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Unha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espadas_da_Idade_do_Bronce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espadas da Idade do Bronce (a páxina aínda non existe)">Espada da Idade do Bronce</a> ou unha espada de puñal</figcaption></figure> <p>Crese que a <a href="/wiki/Ferro_fundido" title="Ferro fundido">fundición</a> do cobre orixinouse cando a tecnoloxía cerámica dos <a href="/wiki/Forno" title="Forno">fornos</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiln&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiln (a páxina aínda non existe)">Kiln</a>) permitiu temperaturas bastante altas.<sup id="cite_ref-Tylecote_1992_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tylecote_1992-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> A concentración de varios elementos, como o <a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nico" title="Arsénico">arsénico</a>, aumenta coa profundidade dos xacementos de cobre e a fundición destes minerais produce <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronce_arsenical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronce arsenical (a páxina aínda non existe)">bronce arsenical</a>, que pode endurecerse o suficiente como para ser adecuado para a fabricación de ferramentas.<sup id="cite_ref-Tylecote_1992_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tylecote_1992-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/wiki/Bronce" title="Bronce">bronce</a> é unha <a href="/wiki/Aliaxe" title="Aliaxe">aliaxe</a> de <a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre">cobre</a> con <a href="/wiki/Esta%C3%B1o" title="Estaño">estaño</a>; este último, que se atopa relativamente en poucos xacementos a nivel mundial, provocou que pasase moito tempo antes de que o bronce real de lata se xeneralizase. Durante a <a href="/wiki/Idade_de_Bronce" title="Idade de Bronce">Idade de bronce</a>, o bronce supuxo un gran avance sobre a pedra como material para fabricar ferramentas, tanto polas súas propiedades mecánicas como a resistencia e a ductilidade como porque se podía fundir en moldes para fabricar obxectos con formas intricadas. O bronce avanzou significativamente na tecnoloxía da construción naval con mellores ferramentas e claves de bronce, que substituíu o antigo método de enganchar táboas do casco con cordón tecido a través de buracos furados.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Idade_de_Ferro" title="Idade de Ferro">Idade de ferro</a> defínese convencionalmente pola fabricación xeneralizada de armas e ferramentas que utilizan ferro e aceiro no canto de bronce.<sup id="cite_ref-waldbaum_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldbaum-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> A fundición de ferro é máis difícil que a fundición de estaño e cobre, posto que o ferro fundido require un traballo en quente e só se pode fundir en fornos especialmente deseñados. Non se coñece o lugar e o momento do descubrimento da fundición de ferro, en parte pola dificultade de distinguir o metal extraído de minerais que conteñen níquel do ferro meteorítico traballado en quente.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durante o crecemento das civilizacións antigas, moitas tecnoloxías antigas resultaron dos adiantos na fabricación. Diversas das seis <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_simple" title="Máquina simple">máquinas simples clásicas</a> inventáronse en <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Atribuíuse aos mesopotámicos a invención da <a href="/wiki/Roda" title="Roda">roda</a>. O mecanismo do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torno_(f%C3%ADsica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torno (física) (a páxina aínda non existe)">torno</a> apareceu por primeira vez co <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torno_de_oleiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torno de oleiro (a páxina aínda non existe)">torno de oleiro</a>, inventado na Mesopotamia (actual <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>) durante o V milenio a. C.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/wiki/Papel" title="Papel">papel</a> exipcio feito de <a href="/wiki/Papiro" title="Papiro">papiros</a>, así como o <a href="/wiki/Barro" title="Barro">barro</a>, producíronse e exportaron en masa en toda a conca mediterránea. As primeiras técnicas de construción utilizadas polos antigos exipcios facían uso de ladrillos compostos principalmente de arxila, area, limo e outros minerais.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idade_Media_e_Moderna">Idade Media e Moderna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar a sección: «Idade Media e Moderna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Idade Media e Moderna"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Stocking_Frame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stocking_Frame.jpg/170px-Stocking_Frame.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stocking_Frame.jpg/255px-Stocking_Frame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stocking_Frame.jpg/340px-Stocking_Frame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Máquina de calcetar no Museo Framework Knitters en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruddington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruddington (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ruddington</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Idade_Media" title="Idade Media">Idade Media</a> foi testemuña de novos inventos, innovacións nas formas de xestionar os medios de produción tradicionais e crecemento económico. A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabricaci%C3%B3n_de_papel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabricación de papel (a páxina aínda non existe)">fabricación de papel</a>, unha tecnoloxía chinesa do <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_II" title="Século II">século II</a>, levouse a <a href="/wiki/Oriente_Medio" title="Oriente Medio">Oriente Medio</a> cando un grupo de fabricantes de papel chineses foron capturados no <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_VIII" title="Século VIII">século VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> A tecnoloxía da fabricación de papel espallouse en Europa trala <a href="/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_musulm%C3%A1_da_Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica" title="Invasión musulmá da Península Ibérica">conquista omeia de Hispania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> No <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XII" title="Século XII">século XII</a> estableceuse unha fábrica de papel en Sicilia. En Europa, a fibra que se utilizaba para fabricar pasta para facer papel obtíñase de trapos de liño e algodón. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynn_Townsend_White_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynn Townsend White Jr. (a páxina aínda non existe)">Lynn Townsend White Jr.</a> atribuíu á roda xiratoria o aumento da oferta de trapos, o que provocou o papel barato, que foi un factor no desenvolvemento da impresión.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> Debido ao auxe dos canóns, o <a href="/wiki/Alto_forno" title="Alto forno">alto forno</a> fíxose un uso xeneralizado en Francia a mediados de século XV. O alto forno xa se utilizaba na China desde o <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_-IV" title="Século -IV">século IV a.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tylecote_1992_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tylecote_1992-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1quina_de_tricotar_medias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Máquina de tricotar medias (a páxina aínda non existe)">máquina de tricotar medias</a>, que foi inventada en 1598, aumentou o número de tecedoras por minuto de 100 a 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primeira_e_segunda_revolución_industrial"><span id="Primeira_e_segunda_revoluci.C3.B3n_industrial"></span>Primeira e segunda revolución industrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar a sección: «Primeira e segunda revolución industrial»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Primeira e segunda revolución industrial"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigos principais</i><i>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Industrial" title="Revolución Industrial">Revolución Industrial</a> e <a href="/wiki/Segunda_revoluci%C3%B3n_industrial" title="Segunda revolución industrial">Segunda revolución industrial</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg/170px-Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg/255px-Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg/340px-Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption>Un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tear_Roberts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tear Roberts (a páxina aínda non existe)">tear Roberts</a> nunha fábrica de tecidos de 1835</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Industrial" title="Revolución Industrial">Revolución Industrial</a> foi a transición a novos procesos de fabricación en Europa e nos Estados Unidos desde 1760 ata a década de 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Esta transición incluíu o paso de <a href="/wiki/Artesan%C3%ADa" title="Artesanía">métodos de produción manual</a> a <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1quina" title="Máquina">máquinas</a>, novos procesos na <a href="/wiki/Industria_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Industria química">industria química</a> e na produción de <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">ferro</a>, o uso crecente da <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_vapor" title="Máquina de vapor">máquina de vapor</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa_hidr%C3%A1ulica" title="Enerxía hidráulica">enerxía hidráulica</a>, o desenvolvemento de <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1quina_ferramenta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Máquina ferramenta (a páxina aínda non existe)">máquinas ferramenta</a> e o ascenso do [factory system|sistema fabril]] <a href="/wiki/Mecanizaci%C3%B3n" title="Mecanización">mecanizado</a>. A Revolución Industrial tamén provocou un aumento sen precedentes da taxa de crecemento demográfico. O <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9xtil" title="Téxtil">téxtil</a> foi a industria dominante da Revolución Industrial en termos de ocupación, valor de produción e investimento de <a href="/wiki/Capital_(econom%C3%ADa)" title="Capital (economía)">capital</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Industria_t%C3%A9xtil" title="Industria téxtil">industria téxtil</a> tamén foi a primeira en utilizar métodos de produción modernos.<sup id="cite_ref-David_S._Landas_1969_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_S._Landas_1969-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:40</sup> A <a href="/wiki/Industrializaci%C3%B3n" title="Industrialización">industrialización</a> rápida empezou por primeira vez en Gran Bretaña, empezando pola fiación mecanizada na década de 1780,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> con altas taxas de crecemento da enerxía de <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a> e da produción de ferro despois de 1800. A <a href="/wiki/Industria_t%C3%A9xtil" title="Industria téxtil">produción téxtil mecanizada</a> estendeuse dende Gran Bretaña ata a Europa continental e os Estados Unidos a principios do século XIX, con importantes centro de téxtil, ferro e <a href="/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón">carbón</a> emerxentes en <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9lxica" title="Bélxica">Bélxica</a> e os Estados Unidos e máis tarde o téxtil en Francia.<sup id="cite_ref-David_S._Landas_1969_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_S._Landas_1969-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Entre finais da década de 1830 e principios da de 1840 produciuse unha recesión económica cando a adopción das primeiras innovacións da Revolución Industrial, como a fiación e o tecido mecanizados, diminuíron e os seus mercados colapsaron. As innovacións desenvolvéronse a finais do período, como a crecente adopción de locomotoras, barcos de vapor a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sopro_quente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sopro quente (a páxina aínda non existe)">fundición de ferro quente</a> e as novas tecnoloxías, como o <a href="/wiki/Tel%C3%A9grafo_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Telégrafo eléctrico">telégrafo eléctrico</a>, amplamente introducido nas décadas de 1840 e 1850, non eran o suficientemente poderosos como para impulsar altas taxas de crecemento. O rápido crecemento económico comezou a producirse despois de 1870, derivado dun novo conxunto de innovacións que se chamou a <a href="/wiki/Segunda_revoluci%C3%B3n_industrial" title="Segunda revolución industrial">segunda revolución industrial</a>. Estas innovacións incluíron novos <a href="/wiki/Proceso_de_Bessemer" title="Proceso de Bessemer">procesos de fabricación de aceiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Produci%C3%B3n_en_cadea" title="Produción en cadea">produción en masa e en cadea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rede_el%C3%A9ctrica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rede eléctrica (a páxina aínda non existe)">redes eléctricas</a>, a fabricación a grande escala de máquinas-ferramenta e o uso de maquinaria cada vez máis avanzadas nas fábricas de vapor.<sup id="cite_ref-David_S._Landas_1969_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_S._Landas_1969-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Elias_Howe_Sewing_Machine_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Elias_Howe_Sewing_Machine_1846.jpg/170px-Elias_Howe_Sewing_Machine_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Elias_Howe_Sewing_Machine_1846.jpg/255px-Elias_Howe_Sewing_Machine_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Elias_Howe_Sewing_Machine_1846.jpg/340px-Elias_Howe_Sewing_Machine_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="971" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_coser" title="Máquina de coser">Máquina de coser</a> de <a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a> (1846)</figcaption></figure> <p>Aproveitando as melloras na investigación de materiais e as bombas de baleiro, as <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1mpada_incandescente" title="Lámpada incandescente">lámpadas eléctricas</a> fixéronse prácticas para o seu uso xeral a finais da década de 1870. Este invento tivo un profundo efecto no lugar de traballo porque as fábricas agora podían ter traballadores de segunda e terceira quenda.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> A produción de calzado mecanizouse a mediados do século XIX.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> A produción en masa de <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_coser" title="Máquina de coser">máquinas de coser</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maquinaria_agr%C3%ADcola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maquinaria agrícola (a páxina aínda non existe)">maquinaria agrícola</a> como as segadoras produciuse a mediados do século XIX.<sup id="cite_ref-hounshell-1984_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hounshell-1984-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Bicicleta" title="Bicicleta">bicicletas</a> producíronse en masa a partir da década de 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-hounshell-1984_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hounshell-1984-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> As fábricas de vapor xeneralizáronse, aínda que a conversión de auga en vapor produciuse en Inglaterra antes que nos EE.<span class="nowrap"> </span>UU..<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufactura_moderna">Manufactura moderna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar a sección: «Manufactura moderna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Manufactura moderna"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg/170px-Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg/255px-Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg/340px-Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4345" data-file-height="3498" /></a><figcaption>A planta de montaxe da Bell Aircraft Corporation en 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Electrificaci%C3%B3n" title="Electrificación">electrificación</a> das fábricas, que comezara gradualmente na década de 1890 despois da introdución do práctico <a href="/wiki/Motor_de_corrente_continua" title="Motor de corrente continua">motor de corrente continua</a> e do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motor_de_corrente_alterna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motor de corrente alterna (a páxina aínda non existe)">motor de corrente alterna</a>, foi máis rápida entre 1900 e 1930, coa axuda do establecemento. dos servizos eléctricos con estacións centrais e a baixada dos prezos da electricidade entre 1914 e 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Jerome_1934_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jerome_1934-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Os motores eléctricos permitían unha maior flexibilidade na fabricación e requirían menos mantemento que os eixos e as correas da liña. Moitas fábricas experimentaron un aumento do 30% na produción só en pasar a motores eléctricos. A electrificación permitiu a produción masiva moderna e o maior impacto da produción masiva temperá produciuse na fabricación de produtos cotiáns, por exemplo os <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irm%C3%A1ns_Ball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irmáns Ball (a páxina aínda non existe)">irmáns Ball</a>, cara ao 1900, electrificaron a súa planta de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarro (a páxina aínda non existe)">tarros</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ball_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ball Corporation (a páxina aínda non existe)">Glass Manufacturing Company</a>, en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muncie,_Indiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muncie, Indiana (a páxina aínda non existe)">Muncie, Indiana</a>, EE.<span class="nowrap"> </span>UU.. O novo proceso automatizado utilizaba máquinas de soprado de vidro para substituír 210 sopletes e axudantes de vidro artesáns. Usábase un pequeno camión eléctrico para manipular 150 ducias de botellas á vez, onde anteriormente un camión traía 6 ducias. Os mesturadores eléctricos substituíron os homes que a través de pas manipulaban area e outros ingredientes que se introducían ao forno de vidro. Un guindastre aéreo eléctrico substituíu 36 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xornaleiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xornaleiro (a páxina aínda non existe)">xornaleiros</a> para mover cargas pesadas en toda a fábrica.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A produción en masa fíxose popular a finais da década de 1910 e de 1920 pola <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> de Henry Ford,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> que introduciu os motores eléctricos na entón coñecida técnica de produción en cadea ou secuencial. Ford tamén comprou ou deseñou e construíu máquinas ferramenta e accesorios para usos especiais, por exemplo eixos múltiplos de <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">prensas de trade</a> que podería perforar todos os buracos dun lado dun bloque de motor nunha operación e un cabezal múltiple de <a href="/wiki/Fresadora" title="Fresadora">fresadora</a> que poderían mecanizar simultaneamente 15 bloques de motor suxeitados nun só dispositivo. Todas estas máquinas ferramenta dispoñíanse sistematicamente no fluxo de produción e algunhas tiñan carros especiais para facer rodar compoñentes pesados en posición de mecanizado. A produción do modelo <a href="/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T">Ford T</a> utilizaba 32 000 máquinas ferramenta.<sup id="cite_ref-Hounshell1984p288_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hounshell1984p288-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg/170px-Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg/255px-Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg/340px-Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ford_T" title="Ford T">Ford T</a> con este modelo introduciuse a produción de <a href="/wiki/Autom%C3%B3bil" title="Automóbil">automóbiles</a> en cadea, popularizando a adquisición dos automóbiles.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produci%C3%B3n_axustada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produción axustada (a páxina aínda non existe)">produción axustada</a> (tamén coñecida como fabricación xusto-a-tempo) é un método de produción dirixido principalmente a reducir os tempos dentro do sistema de produción, así como os tempos de resposta dos provedores os clientes, desenvolveuse en <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> no Xapón dos anos trinta.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shingo_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shingo-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> Foi introducido en Australia na década de 1950 pola British Motor Corporation (Australia) na planta de Victoria Park en Sidney, de onde a idea posteriormente emigrou a Toyota.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> As noticias estendéronse nos países occidentais desde Xapón en 1977 en dous artigos en inglés: un facía referencia á metodoloxía como o "sistema Ohno", por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiichi_Ohno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiichi Ohno (a páxina aínda non existe)">Taiichi Ohno</a>, quen foi fundamental no seu desenvolvemento dentro de Toyota.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> O outro artigo, publicado por autores de Toyota nunha revista internacional, proporcionaba detalles adicionais.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Finalmente, esta e outras <a href="/wiki/Publicidade" title="Publicidade">publicidades</a> e outras puxeronse en funcionamento en 1980 e despois multiplicándose rapidamente en toda a industria dos Estados Unidos e outros países.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Política_industrial"><span id="Pol.C3.ADtica_industrial"></span>Política industrial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar a sección: «Política industrial»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Política industrial"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigo principal</i><i>:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol%C3%ADtica_industrial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Política industrial (a páxina aínda non existe)">Política industrial</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economía_da_produción"><span id="Econom.C3.ADa_da_produci.C3.B3n"></span>Economía da produción</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar a sección: «Economía da produción»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Economía da produción"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tecnolox%C3%ADas_emerxentes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tecnoloxías emerxentes (a páxina aínda non existe)">tecnoloxías emerxentes</a> ofreceron novos métodos de crecemento nas oportunidades de emprego avanzadas na fabricación, por exemplo no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rust Belt (a páxina aínda non existe)">Cinto de fabricación</a> nos <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> A fabricación proporciona un importante apoio material á <a href="/wiki/Infraestrutura" title="Infraestrutura">infraestrutura</a> nacional e tamén á <a href="/wiki/Forzas_armadas" title="Forzas armadas">defensa nacional</a>. </p><p>Por outra banda, a maioría dos procesos de fabricación poden implicar importantes custos sociais e ambientais. Os custos de limpeza dos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Residuos_perigosos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Residuos perigosos (a páxina aínda non existe)">residuos perigosos</a>, por exemplo, poden superar os beneficios dun produto que o crea. Os materiais perigosos poden expoñer aos <a href="/wiki/Traballadores" class="mw-redirect" title="Traballadores">traballadores</a> a riscos para a saúde. Estes custos son agora ben coñecidos e estase tratando de afrontalos mellorando a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eficiencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eficiencia (a páxina aínda non existe)">eficiencia</a>, reducindo os residuos, usando a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simbiose_industrial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simbiose industrial (a páxina aínda non existe)">simbiose industrial</a> e eliminando os produtos químicos nocivos.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os custos negativos de fabricación tamén se poden abordar legalmente. Os países desenvolvidos regulan a actividade manufactureira con <a href="/wiki/Dereito_laboral" title="Dereito laboral">leis laborais</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol%C3%ADtica_ambiental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Política ambiental (a páxina aínda non existe)">ambientais</a>. En todo o mundo, os fabricantes poden estar suxeitos a normativas e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecotaxa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecotaxa (a páxina aínda non existe)">impostos pola contaminación</a> para compensar os <a href="/wiki/Impacto_ambiental" title="Impacto ambiental">custos ambientais das actividades de fabricación</a>. Os <a href="/wiki/Sindicato" title="Sindicato">sindicatos obreiros</a> e os <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guilda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guilda (a páxina aínda non existe)">gremios de artesanía</a> xogaron un papel histórico na negociación dos dereitos e salarios dos traballadores.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> É posible que as leis medioambientais e as proteccións laborais que están dispoñibles nos países desenvolvidos non estean dispoñibles nos <a href="/wiki/Terceiro_mundo" class="mw-redirect" title="Terceiro mundo">terceiro mundo</a>. A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tort (a páxina aínda non existe)">lei de agravios</a> e a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsabilidade_do_produto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Responsabilidade do produto (a páxina aínda non existe)">responsabilidade do produto</a> impoñen custos adicionais de fabricación. Estas son dinámicas significativas no proceso en curso, acontecido durante as últimas décadas, de industrias baseadas na manufactura que trasladan as súas operacións a economías do "mundo en desenvolvemento" onde os custos de produción son significativamente máis baixos que nas economías do "mundo desenvolvido". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finanzas">Finanzas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar a sección: «Finanzas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Finanzas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Desde unha perspectiva financeira, o obxectivo da industria manufactureira é principalmente lograr <a href="/w/index.php?title=An%C3%A1lise_custo-beneficio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Análise custo-beneficio (a páxina aínda non existe)">beneficios de custo</a> por unidade producida, o que á súa vez leva a reducións de custos nos prezos dos produtos para o mercado cara aos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cliente (a páxina aínda non existe)">clientes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> Esta relativa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduci%C3%B3n_de_custos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redución de custos (a páxina aínda non existe)">redución de custos</a> cara ao mercado, é como as empresas de fabricación aseguran os seus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marxe_de_beneficio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marxe de beneficio (a páxina aínda non existe)">marxes de beneficio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seguridade">Seguridade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editar a sección: «Seguridade»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Seguridade"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fabricación ten desafíos únicos de saúde e seguridade e foi recoñecida polo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Instituto_Nacional_para_a_Seguridade_e_Sa%C3%BAde_Ocupacional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Instituto Nacional para a Seguridade e Saúde Ocupacional (a páxina aínda non existe)">Instituto Nacional para a Seguridade e Saúde Ocupacional</a> (NIOSH) como un sector industrial prioritario na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Axenda_Nacional_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Ocupacional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axenda Nacional de Investigación Ocupacional (a páxina aínda non existe)">Axenda Nacional de Investigación Ocupacional</a> (NORA) para identificar e brindar intervención estratexias en materia de seguridade e saúde no traballo.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufactura_e_investimento">Manufactura e investimento</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editar a sección: «Manufactura e investimento»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Manufactura e investimento"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:KapaAuslUSABRDEngl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/KapaAuslUSABRDEngl.png/170px-KapaAuslUSABRDEngl.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/KapaAuslUSABRDEngl.png/255px-KapaAuslUSABRDEngl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/KapaAuslUSABRDEngl.png/340px-KapaAuslUSABRDEngl.png 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Utilización da capacidade da fabricación na <a href="/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña">RFA</a> e nos EUA</figcaption></figure> <p>As enquisas e análises de tendencias e problemas na fabricación e o investimento en todo o mundo céntranse en cousas como: </p> <ul><li>A natureza e as fontes das considerables variacións que se producen a nivel transnacional nos niveis de fabricación e o crecemento económico-industrial máis amplo;</li> <li>Competitividade; e</li> <li>Atractivo para investidores directos estranxeiros.</li></ul> <p>Ademais das visións xerais, os investigadores examinaron as características e os factores que afectan a determinados aspectos clave do desenvolvemento da fabricación. Compararon a produción e o investimento nunha serie de países occidentais e non occidentais e presentaron casos prácticos de crecemento e rendemento en importantes industrias individuais e sectores económicos de mercado.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O 26 de xuño de 2009, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Immelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Immelt (a páxina aínda non existe)">Jeff Immelt</a>, director xeral de <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, pediu que os Estados Unidos aumentase o emprego da súa base manufactureira ata o 20% da man de obra, comentando que os Estados Unidos subcontratou demasiado nalgunhas áreas e xa non pode depender do sector financeiro e do gasto dos consumidores para impulsar a demanda.<sup id="cite_ref-Immelt_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immelt-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> Ademais, aínda que a industria manufactureira estadounidense funciona ben en comparación co resto da economía dos Estados Unidos, os estudos mostran que funciona mal en comparación coa industria manufactureira doutros países con salarios altos.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> Un total de 3,2 millóns de empregos-un de cada seis postos de traballo no sector manufactureiro dos Estados Unidos- desapareceron entre 2000 e 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> No Reino Unido a organización de fabricantes dirixiu solicitudes para que a economía británica se reequilibre para depender menos dos servizos financeiros e promoveu activamente a axenda de fabricación. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principais_países_produtores"><span id="Principais_pa.C3.ADses_produtores"></span>Principais países produtores</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Editar a sección: «Principais países produtores»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Principais países produtores"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Segundo a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organizaci%C3%B3n_das_Naci%C3%B3ns_Unidas_para_o_Desenvolvemento_Industrial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organización das Nacións Unidas para o Desenvolvemento Industrial (a páxina aínda non existe)">Organización das Nacións Unidas para o Desenvolvemento Industrial</a> (UNIDO), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabricaci%C3%B3n_na_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabricación na China (a páxina aínda non existe)">China</a> foi o principal fabricante mundial por produción de 2019, producindo o 28,7% da produción total da produción mundial, seguida de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabricaci%C3%B3n_en_Estados_Unidos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabricación en Estados Unidos (a páxina aínda non existe)">Estados Unidos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabricaci%C3%B3n_en_Xap%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabricación en Xapón (a páxina aínda non existe)">Xapón</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabricaci%C3%B3n_en_Alema%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabricación en Alemaña (a páxina aínda non existe)">Alemaña</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabricaci%C3%B3n_na_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabricación na India (a páxina aínda non existe)"> India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www2.deloitte.com_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www2.deloitte.com-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UNIDO tamén publica un Índice de Desempeño Industrial Competitivo (CIP), que mide a capacidade da fabricación competitiva de diferentes nacións. O Índice CIP combina a produción bruta da produción dunha nación con outros factores como a capacidade de alta tecnoloxía e o impacto da nación na economía mundial. Alemaña encabezou o Índice CIP de 2020, seguida da China, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabricaci%C3%B3n_en_Corea_do_Sur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabricación en Corea do Sur (a páxina aínda non existe)">Corea do Sur</a>, os Estados Unidos e o Xapón.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lista_de_países_por_produción_manufactureira"><span id="Lista_de_pa.C3.ADses_por_produci.C3.B3n_manufactureira"></span>Lista de países por produción manufactureira</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Editar a sección: «Lista de países por produción manufactureira»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Lista de países por produción manufactureira"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estes son os primeiros 50 países segundo o valor total da produción manufactureira en dólares estadounidenses para o seu ano detallado segundo o <a href="/wiki/Banco_Mundial" title="Banco Mundial">Banco Mundial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Posto </th> <th scope="col">País ou rexión </th> <th scope="col">Millóns de $US </th> <th scope="col">Ano </th></tr> <tr style="fuente-weight:bold; background:#f0f0f0"> <td></td> <td><span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Producto_bruto_mundial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Producto bruto mundial (a páxina aínda non existe)">Mundo</a></i></td> <td>13 739 251</td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_da_China" title="República Popular da China">China</a></td> <td>3 853 808</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos de América</a></td> <td>2 341 847</td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Xap%C3%B3n" title="Xapón">Xapón</a></td> <td>1 027 967</td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña">Alemaña</a></td> <td>678 292</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Corea_do_Sur" title="Corea do Sur">Corea do Sur</a></td> <td>406 756</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>339 983</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></td> <td>280 436</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></td> <td>241 715</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido">Reino Unido</a></td> <td>227 144</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>210 396</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></td> <td>196 649</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" title="México">México</a></td> <td>185 080</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá">Canadá</a></td> <td>159 724</td> <td>2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda">Irlanda</a></td> <td>153 311</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a" title="España">España</a></td> <td>143 052</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a></td> <td>141 149</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía">Turquía</a></td> <td>135 596</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%ADza" title="Suíza">Suíza</a></td> <td>133 766</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tailandia" title="Tailandia">Tailandia</a></td> <td>126 596</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Países Baixos">Países Baixos</a></td> <td>99 940</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia">Polonia</a></td> <td>99 146</td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a></td> <td>90 774</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>76 123</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaisia" title="Malaisia">Malaisia</a></td> <td>75 101</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur">Singapur</a></td> <td>69 820</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>67 881</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Suecia" title="Suecia">Suecia</a></td> <td>67 146</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas">Filipinas</a></td> <td>63 883</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9lxica" title="Bélxica">Bélxica</a></td> <td>63 226</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Exipto" title="Exipto">Exipto</a></td> <td>58 790</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td> <td>58 237</td> <td>2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladés</a></td> <td>57 283</td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nixeria" title="Nixeria">Nixeria</a></td> <td>54 760</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" title="República Checa">República Checa</a></td> <td>53 189</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arxentina" title="Arxentina">Arxentina</a></td> <td>53 094</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Porto_Rico" title="Porto Rico">Porto Rico</a></td> <td>49 757</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dinamarca" title="Dinamarca">Dinamarca</a></td> <td>47 762</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>45 273</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> <td>42 906</td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alxeria" title="Alxeria">Alxeria</a></td> <td>40 796</td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú">Perú</a></td> <td>38 404</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán">Irán</a></td> <td>38 174</td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a></td> <td>37 520</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Emiratos_%C3%81rabes_Unidos" title="Emiratos Árabes Unidos">Emiratos Árabes Unidos</a></td> <td>36 727</td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sur%C3%A1frica" title="Suráfrica">Suráfrica</a></td> <td>34 804</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Paquistán">Paquistán</a></td> <td>30 452</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td>29 894</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú">Perú</a></td> <td>29 701</td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungr%C3%ADa" title="Hungría">Hungría</a></td> <td>27 956</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>27 408</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Notas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kenton, Will. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117184723/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/manufacturing.asp">"Manufacturing"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/manufacturing.asp">o orixinal</a> o 17 de novembro de 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Manufacturing&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.aulast=Kenton&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fm%2Fmanufacturing.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627014637/https://mime.oregonstate.edu/what-do-manufacturing-engineers-do">"What Do Manufacturing Engineers Do?"</a>. Oregon State University. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mime.oregonstate.edu/what-do-manufacturing-engineers-do">o orixinal</a> o 27 de xuño de 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.btitle=What+Do+Manufacturing+Engineers+Do%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmime.oregonstate.edu%2Fwhat-do-manufacturing-engineers-do&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Friedman, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219013752/http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2002/no_light_at_the_end_of_the_tunnel">"No Light at the End of the Tunnel"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. New America Foundation. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2002/no_light_at_the_end_of_the_tunnel">o orixinal</a> o 19/12/2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 19/11/2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=No+Light+at+the+End+of+the+Tunnel&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newamerica.net%2Fpublications%2Farticles%2F2002%2Fno_light_at_the_end_of_the_tunnel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Joseph, Keith (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.margaretthatcher.org/commentary/displaydocument.asp?docid=110796">"Monetarism Is Not Enough"</a>. <i>Center for Policy Studies</i>. Margaret Thatcher Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Monetarism+Is+Not+Enough&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Policy+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.margaretthatcher.org%2Fcommentary%2Fdisplaydocument.asp%3Fdocid%3D110796&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501000000*/http://anthropology.si.edu/humanorigins/ha/sap.htm">"Human Ancestors Hall: Homo sapiens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Smithsoniano" title="Instituto Smithsoniano">Instituto Smithsoniano</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.btitle=Human+Ancestors+Hall%3A+Homo+sapiens&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Instituto+Smithsoniano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090501000000%2A%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fanthropology.si.edu%2Fhumanorigins%2Fha%2Fsap.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/336555.stm">"Ancient 'tool factory' uncovered"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 de maio de 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Ancient+%27tool+factory%27+uncovered&rft.chron=6+de+maio+de+1999&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F336555.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Heinzelin, Jean de; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (abril de 1999). "Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids". <i><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></i> <b>284</b> (5414): 625?629. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...284..625D">1999Sci...284..625D</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10213682">10213682</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.284.5414.625">10.1126/science.284.5414.625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Environment+and+Behavior+of+2.5-Million-Year-Old+Bouri+Hominids&rft.au=Beyene%2C+Y&rft.au=Clark%2C+JD&rft.au=Hart%2C+W&rft.au=Renne%2C+P&rft.au=Vrba%2C+E&rft.au=White%2C+T&rft.au=Woldegabriel%2C+G&rft.aufirst=Jean+de&rft.aulast=Heinzelin&rft.chron=abril+de+1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5414&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=625%3F629&rft.volume=284&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...284..625D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.284.5414.625&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10213682&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ea_archaeology-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ea_archaeology_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ea_archaeology_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Burke, Ariane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080521022936/http://ea.grolier.com/cgi-bin/article?assetid=0019880-04">"Archaeology"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Americana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia Americana (a páxina aínda non existe)">Encyclopedia Americana</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ea.grolier.com/cgi-bin/article?assetid=0019880-04">o orixinal</a> o 21 de maio de 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.au=Burke%2C+Ariane&rft.btitle=Archaeology&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fea.grolier.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle%3Fassetid%3D0019880-04&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Plummer, Thomas (2004). "Flaked Stones and Old Bones: Biological and Cultural Evolution at the Dawn of Technology". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yearbook_of_Physical_Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yearbook of Physical Anthropology (a páxina aínda non existe)">Yearbook of Physical Anthropology</a>). Suppl 39 (47): 118–64. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15605391">15605391</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.20157">10.1002/ajpa.20157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Flaked+Stones+and+Old+Bones%3A+Biological+and+Cultural+Evolution+at+the+Dawn+of+Technology&rft.au=Plummer%2C+Thomas&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=47&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.pages=118-64&rft.volume=Suppl+39&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.20157&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15605391&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Haviland, William A. (2004). <i>Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Thomson_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Thomson Corporation (a páxina aínda non existe)">The Thomson Corporation</a>. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-534-62487-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-534-62487-3">978-0-534-62487-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.au=Haviland%2C+William+A.&rft.btitle=Cultural+Anthropology%3A+The+Human+Challenge&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-534-62487-3&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=The+Thomson+Corporation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tóth, Zsuzsanna (2012). "The First Neolithic Sites in Central/South-East European Transect, Volume III: The Körös Culture in Eastern Hungary". En Anders, Alexandra; Siklósi, Zsuzsanna. <i>Bone, Antler, and Tusk tools of the Early Neolithic Körös Culture</i>. Oxford: BAR International Serías 2334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=The+First+Neolithic+Sites+in+Central%2FSouth-East+European+Transect%2C+Volume+III%3A+The+K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s+Culture+in+Eastern+Hungary&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rft.aulast=T%C3%B3th&rft.btitle=Bone%2C+Antler%2C+and+Tusk+tools+of+the+Early+Neolithic+K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s+Culture&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=BAR+International+Ser%C3as+2334&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tylecote_1992-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tylecote_1992_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tylecote_1992_12-1">12,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tylecote_1992_12-2">12,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Merson, John (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers"><i>The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World</i></a>. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-87951-397-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-87951-397-9">978-0-87951-397-9</a>A companion to the PBS Series "The Genius That Was China"</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Merson&rft.btitle=The+Genius+That+Was+China%3A+East+and+West+in+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87951-397-9&rft.pages=69&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeniusthatwaschi0000mers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Paine, Lincoln (2013). <i>The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World</i>. New York: Random House, LLC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.btitle=The+Sea+and+Civilization%3A+A+Maritime+History+of+the+World&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+LLC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waldbaum-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-waldbaum_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Waldbaum, Jane C. <i>From Bronce to Iron</i>. Göteburg: Paul Astöms Förlag (1978): 56–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Photos, E. (1989). "The Question of Meteoritic versus Smelted Nickel-Rich Iron: Archaeological Evidence and Experimental Results". <i>World Archaeology</i> <b>20</b> (3): 403–421. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/124562">124562</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1989.9980081">10.1080/00438243.1989.9980081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+Meteoritic+versus+Smelted+Nickel-Rich+Iron%3A+Archaeological+Evidence+and+Experimental+Results&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.aulast=Photos&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.pages=403-421&rft.volume=20&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F124562&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1989.9980081&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). <i>Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eisenbrauns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eisenbrauns (a páxina aínda non existe)">Eisenbrauns</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9781575060422" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9781575060422">9781575060422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger+Stuart&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Materials+and+Industries%3A+The+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781575060422&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">D.T. Potts (2012). <i>A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East</i>. p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.au=D.T.+Potts&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=285&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerzy Trzciñski , Malgorzata Zaremba , Sawomir Rzepka , Fabian Welc , and Tomasz Szczepañski. "Preliminary Report on Engineering Properties and Environmental Resistance of Ancient Mud Bricks from Tell El-retaba Archaeological Site in the Nile Delta," <i>Studia Quarternaria</i> 33, no. 1 (2016): 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191735516.timeline.0001">"Timeline: 8th century"</a>. <i>Oxford reference</i> (HistoryWorld)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+8th+century&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+reference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191735516.timeline.0001&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">de Safita, Neathery (xullo de 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822144311/http://users.stlcc.edu/nfuller/paper/">"A Brief History Of Paper."</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.stlcc.edu/nfuller/paper/">o orixinal</a> o 22 de agosto de 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=Neathery&rft.aulast=de+Safita&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+Of+Paper.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.stlcc.edu%2Fnfuller%2Fpaper%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Marchetti, Cesare (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0040162579900088">"A Postmortem Technology Assessment of the Spinning Wheel: The Last 1000 Years, Technological Forecasting and Social Change"</a> <b>13</b>: 91–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=A+Postmortem+Technology+Assessment+of+the+Spinning+Wheel%3A+The+Last+1000+Years%2C+Technological+Forecasting+and+Social+Change&rft.aufirst=Cesare&rft.aulast=Marchetti&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=article&rft.pages=91-93&rft.volume=13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2F0040162579900088&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Merson, John (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers"><i>The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World</i></a>. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-87951-397-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-87951-397-9">978-0-87951-397-9</a>A companion to the PBS Series "The Genius That Was China"</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Merson&rft.btitle=The+Genius+That+Was+China%3A+East+and+West+in+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87951-397-9&rft.pages=69&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeniusthatwaschi0000mers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rosen, William (2012). <i>The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention</i>. University Of Chicago Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-226-72634-2" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-226-72634-2">978-0-226-72634-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.btitle=The+Most+Powerful+Idea+in+the+World%3A+A+Story+of+Steam%2C+Industry+and+Invention&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-226-72634-2&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="https://www.erih.net" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erih.net/how-it-started/industrial-history-of-european-countries">"Industrial History of European Countries"</a>. <i>European Route of Industrial Heritage</i>. Council of Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 11 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Industrial+History+of+European+Countries&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Route+of+Industrial+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erih.net%2Fhow-it-started%2Findustrial-history-of-european-countries&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_S._Landas_1969-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-David_S._Landas_1969_25-0">25,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-David_S._Landas_1969_25-1">25,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-David_S._Landas_1969_25-2">25,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Landas, David S. (1969). <i>The Unbound Prometheus</i>. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-521-09418-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-521-09418-4">978-0-521-09418-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.aulast=Landas&rft.btitle=The+Unbound+Prometheus&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09418-4&rft.pub=Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gupta, Bishnupriya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/papers/broadberry-gupta.pdf">"Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600?1850"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Institute of Social History</i>. Department of Economics, University of Warwick<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Cotton+Textiles+and+the+Great+Divergence%3A+Lancashire%2C+India+and+Shifting+Competitive+Advantage%2C+1600%3F1850&rft.aufirst=Bishnupriya&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Institute+of+Social+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iisg.nl%2Fhpw%2Fpapers%2Fbroadberry-gupta.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Taylor, George Rogers (1951). <i>The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-87332-101-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-87332-101-3">978-0-87332-101-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=George+Rogers&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.btitle=The+Transportation+Revolution%2C+1815%931860&rft.date=1951&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87332-101-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x-ejaaaaiaaj">"English and American Tool Builders"</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/16011753">16011753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Wickham&rft.aulast=Roe&rft.btitle=English+and+American+Tool+Builders&rft.date=1916&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx-ejaaaaiaaj&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F16011753&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (<a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/27024075">27024075</a>); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (<a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-917914-73-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-917914-73-7">978-0-917914-73-7</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hunter, Louis C. (1985). <i>A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730?1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power</i>. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=Louis+C.&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Industrial+Power+in+the+United+States%2C+1730%3F1930%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Steam+Power&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=18&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nye, David E. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electrifyingamer0000nyed"><i>Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology</i></a>. Cambridge, MA, USA and London, England: The MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.btitle=Electrifying+America%3A+Social+Meanings+of+a+New+Technology&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+USA+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectrifyingamer0000nyed&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thomson, Ross (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathtomechanized00thom"><i>The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-8078-1867-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-8078-1867-1">978-0-8078-1867-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Mechanized+Shoe+Production+in+the+United+States&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1867-1&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathtomechanized00thom&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hounshell-1984-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hounshell-1984_32-0">32,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hounshell-1984_32-1">32,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_A._Hounshell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David A. Hounshell (a páxina aínda non existe)">Hounshell, David A.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/from-the-american-system-to-mass-production-1800-1932-the-development-of-manufacturing-technology-in-the-united-states/oclc/1104810110">"From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States"</a>. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-8018-2975-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-8018-2975-8">978-0-8018-2975-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/83016269">83016269</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1104810110">1104810110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.aulast=Hounshell&rft.btitle=From+the+American+System+to+Mass+Production%2C+1800%931932%3A+The+Development+of+Manufacturing+Technology+in+the+United+States&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=unknown&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2975-8&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Ffrom-the-american-system-to-mass-production-1800-1932-the-development-of-manufacturing-technology-in-the-united-states%2Foclc%2F1104810110&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F83016269&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1104810110&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hunter, Louis C. (1985). <i>A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power</i>. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=Louis+C.&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Industrial+Power+in+the+United+States%2C+1730%931930%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Steam+Power&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerome_1934-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jerome_1934_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jerome, Harry (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mechanizationini0000harr"><i>Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research</i></a>. p. xxviii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.aulast=Jerome&rft.btitle=Mechanization+in+Industry%2C+National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft.date=1934&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=xxviii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmechanizationini0000harr&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nye, David E. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electrifyingamer0000nyed"><i>Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: <a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIT Press (a páxina aínda non existe)">MIT Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electrifyingamer0000nyed/page/14">14</a>, 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.btitle=Electrifying+America%3A+Social+Meanings+of+a+New+Technology&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=14%2C+15&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectrifyingamer0000nyed&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHounshell1984">Hounshell 1984</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hounshell1984p288-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hounshell1984p288_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHounshell1984">Hounshell 1984</a>, p. 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ohno, Taiichi (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toyotaproduction0000onot"><i>Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-915299-14-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-915299-14-0">978-0-915299-14-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=Taiichi&rft.aulast=Ohno&rft.btitle=Toyota+Production+System%3A+Beyond+Large-Scale+Production&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-915299-14-0&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoyotaproduction0000onot&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shingo-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shingo_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shingo, Shigeo. 1985. <i>A Revolution in Manufacturing: The SMED System</i>. Stamford, Connecticut: Productivity Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904201027/https://portal.engineersaustralia.org.au/system/files/engineering-heritage-australia/nomination-title/BMC_Plant_Nomination.pdf">"Site of BMC/Leyland Australia Manufacturing Plant: Nomination as an Historic Engineering Marker"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. The Institution of Engineers, Australia. 30 September 1999. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.engineersaustralia.org.au/system/files/engineering-heritage-australia/nomination-title/bmc_plant_nomination.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 04 de setembro de 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.btitle=Site+of+BMC%2FLeyland+Australia+Manufacturing+Plant%3A+Nomination+as+an+Historic+Engineering+Marker&rft.date=1999-09-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Institution+of+Engineers%2C+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.engineersaustralia.org.au%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fengineering-heritage-australia%2Fnomination-title%2Fbmc_plant_nomination.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashburn, A., 1977. Toyota's "famous Ohno system", <i>American Machinist</i>, July, 120–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sugimori, Y.; Kusunoki, K.; Cho, F.; Uchikawa, S. (1977). "Toyota Production System and Kanban System: Materialization of Just-in-time and Respect-for-human System". <i>2016 Impact Factor 2.325 International Journal of Production Research</i> <b>15</b> (6): 553–564. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7543">0020-7543</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00207547708943149">10.1080/00207547708943149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Toyota+Production+System+and+Kanban+System%3A+Materialization+of+Just-in-time+and+Respect-for-human+System&rft.au=Cho%2C+F.&rft.au=Kusunoki%2C+K.&rft.au=Uchikawa%2C+S.&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.aulast=Sugimori&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0020-7543&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=2016+Impact+Factor+2.325+International+Journal+of+Production+Research&rft.pages=553-564&rft.volume=15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00207547708943149&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309053843/https://www.ame.org/sites/default/files/target_articles/01-17-3-Founding_AME.pdf">"The Founding of the Association for Manufacturing Excellence: Summarized at a Meeting of its Founders, February 2, 2001"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Target</i> (Association for Manufacturing Excellence) <b>17</b> (3): 23–24. 2001. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ame.org/sites/default/files/target_articles/01-17-3-founding_ame.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 09 de marzo de 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 11 de agosto de 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=The+Founding+of+the+Association+for+Manufacturing+Excellence%3A+Summarized+at+a+Meeting+of+its+Founders%2C+February+2%2C+2001&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Target&rft.pages=23-24&rft.volume=17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ame.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ftarget_articles%2F01-17-3-founding_ame.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coalcampusa.com/rustbelt/rustbelt.htm">"Rust Belt"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 12 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.btitle=Rust+Belt&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coalcampusa.com%2Frustbelt%2Frustbelt.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/governments-agree-landmark-decisions-protect-people-and-planet">"Governments agree landmark decisions to protect people and planet from hazardous chemicals and waste, including plastic waste"</a>. <i>UN Environment</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. 2019-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">2021-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Governments+agree+landmark+decisions+to+protect+people+and+planet+from+hazardous+chemicals+and+waste%2C+including+plastic+waste&rft.date=2019-05-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fnews-and-stories%2Fpress-release%2Fgovernments-agree-landmark-decisions-protect-people-and-planet&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lombardi, D. Rachel; Laybourn, Peter (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00444.x">"Redefining Industrial Symbiosis"</a>. <i>Journal of Industrial Ecology</i> <b>16</b> (1): 28–37. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1530-9290.2011.00444.x">10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00444.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Redefining+Industrial+Symbiosis&rft.au=Laybourn%2C+Peter&rft.aufirst=D.+Rachel&rft.aulast=Lombardi&rft.date=2012-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.pages=28-37&rft.volume=16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1530-9290.2011.00444.x&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1530-9290.2011.00444.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bakliwal, V.K. (March 18, 2011). <i>Production and Operation Management</i>. Pinnacle Technology, 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9788189472733" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9788189472733">9788189472733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=V.K.&rft.aulast=Bakliwal&rft.btitle=Production+and+Operation+Management&rft.date=2011-03-18&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9788189472733&rft.pub=Pinnacle+Technology%2C+2011&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Young, Julie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520060438/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/unitcost.asp">"Unit Cost Definition"</a>. <i>investopedia.com</i>. Investopedia. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/unitcost.asp">o orixinal</a> o 20 de maio de 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 12 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Unit+Cost+Definition&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.aulast=Young&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=investopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fu%2Funitcost.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Spence, Michael (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305234525/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1911463">"Cost Reduction, Competition, and Industry Performance"</a>. <i>Econometrica</i> (Econometrica - Journal of the Economic Society, Vol. 52, No. 1 (Jan., 1984)) <b>52</b> (1): 101–121. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1911463">1911463</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1911463">10.2307/1911463</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1911463">o orixinal</a> o March 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 12 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Cost+Reduction%2C+Competition%2C+and+Industry+Performance&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Econometrica&rft.pages=101-121&rft.volume=52&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1911463&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1911463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1911463&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403174921/https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/manuf/default.html">"Manufacturing Program | NORA | CDC"</a>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. 11 de febreiro de 2019. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/manuf/default.html">o orixinal</a> o 3 de abril de 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 12 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Manufacturing+Program+%7C+NORA+%7C+CDC&rft.chron=11+de+febreiro+de+2019&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnora%2Fcouncils%2Fmanuf%2Fdefault.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618084046/https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/manuf/researchagenda.html">"National Occupational Research Agenda for Manufacturing | NIOSH | CDC"</a>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. 4 de febreiro de 2019. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/manuf/researchagenda.html">o orixinal</a> o 18 de xuño de 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 12 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=National+Occupational+Research+Agenda+for+Manufacturing+%7C+NIOSH+%7C+CDC&rft.chron=4+de+febreiro+de+2019&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnora%2Fcouncils%2Fmanuf%2Fresearchagenda.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Manufacturing & Investment Around The World: An International Survey Of Factors Affecting Growth & Performance</i>, ISR Publications/Google Books, revised second edition, 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-906321-25-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-906321-25-6">978-0-906321-25-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Research, Industrial Systems (20 de maio de 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401100940/https://books.google.com/books?id=4H07TL4rvyYC"><i>Manufacturing and Investment Around the World: An International Survey of Factors Affecting Growth and Performance</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-906321-25-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-906321-25-6">978-0-906321-25-6</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4H07TL4rvyYC">o orixinal</a> o April 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 12 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.aufirst=Industrial+Systems&rft.aulast=Research&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+and+Investment+Around+the+World%3A+An+International+Survey+of+Factors+Affecting+Growth+and+Performance&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-906321-25-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4H07TL4rvyYC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Immelt-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Immelt_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, David and Soyoung Kim (26 de xuño de 2009).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/feedarticle/8578904">GE's Immelt says U.S. economy needs industrial renewal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611181851/http://www.theguardian.com/business/feedarticle/8578904">Arquivado</a> 2015-06-11 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. <i>UK Guardian</i>. Consultado o 28 de xuño de 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/2/22%20manufacturing%20helper%20krueger%20wial/0222_manufacturing_helper_krueger_wial">Brookings Institution, <i>Why Does Manufacturing Matter? Which Manufacturing Matters?</i>, February 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008093333/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/2/22%20manufacturing%20helper%20krueger%20wial/0222_manufacturing_helper_krueger_wial">Arquivado</a> 2012-10-08 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-04-20-4155011268_x.htm">Factory jobs: 3 million lost since 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314204351/https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-04-20-4155011268_x.htm">Arquivado</a> 2012-03-14 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". USATODAY.com. 20 de abril de 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005095041/https://stat.unido.org/cip/?_ga=2.165931005.250164366.1633426210-602870229.1633426210">"UNIDO Statistics Data Portal"</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.unido.org/cip/?_ga=2.165931005.250164366.1633426210-602870229.1633426210">o orixinal</a> o 5 de outubro de 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 11 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.btitle=UNIDO+Statistics+Data+Portal&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.unido.org%2Fcip%2F%3F_ga%3D2.165931005.250164366.1633426210-602870229.1633426210&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www2.deloitte.com-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-www2.deloitte.com_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304232728/https://globalupside.com/top-10-manufacturing-countries-in-the-world/">"Leading Manufacturing Nations"</a>. 15 de xullo de 2021. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalupside.com/top-10-manufacturing-countries-in-the-world/">o orixinal</a> o 4 de marzo de 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 11 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.btitle=Leading+Manufacturing+Nations&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalupside.com%2Ftop-10-manufacturing-countries-in-the-world%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406093836/https://www.unido.org/news/unidos-competitive-industrial-performance-index-2020-country-profiles-published">"UNIDO's Competitive Industrial Performance Index 2020: Country Profiles published | UNIDO"</a>. <i>www.unido.org</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unido.org/news/unidos-competitive-industrial-performance-index-2020-country-profiles-published">o orixinal</a> o 6 de abril de 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 11 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=UNIDO%27s+Competitive+Industrial+Performance+Index+2020%3A+Country+Profiles+published+%7C+UNIDO&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unido.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unido.org%2Fnews%2Funidos-competitive-industrial-performance-index-2020-country-profiles-published&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110161808/https://stat.unido.org/content/publications/competitive-industrial-performance-index-2020%253a-country-profiles">"Competitive Industrial Performance Index 2020: Country Profiles ( Report)"</a>. <i>stat.unido.org</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.unido.org/content/publications/competitive-industrial-performance-index-2020%253a-country-profiles">o orixinal</a> o January 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 11 de agosto do 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.atitle=Competitive+Industrial+Performance+Index+2020%3A+Country+Profiles+%28+Report%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.unido.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.unido.org%2Fcontent%2Fpublications%2Fcompetitive-industrial-performance-index-2020%25253a-country-profiles&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/nv.ind.manf.cd?most_recent_value_desc=true">"Manufacturing, value added (current US$)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Banco_Mundial" title="Banco Mundial">World Bank</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AManufactura&rft.btitle=Manufacturing%2C+value+added+%28current+US%24%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2Fnv.ind.manf.cd%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=15" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Véxase tamén"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outros_artigos">Outros artigos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Editar a sección: «Outros artigos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=16" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Outros artigos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manufactura_real" title="Manufactura real">Manufactura real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procesos_industriais" title="Procesos industriais">Procesos industriais</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligazóns_externas"><span id="Ligaz.C3.B3ns_externas"></span>Ligazóns externas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Editar a sección: «Ligazóns externas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&action=edit&section=17" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Ligazóns externas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119095041/http://manufacturing.stanford.edu/">How Everyday Things Are Made</a>: video presentación</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121223115538/http://www.eef.org.uk/default.htm">EEF, the manufacturers' organisation – industry group representing uk manufacturers </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/el/msid/infotest/digital-thread-manufacturing.cfm">Enabling the Digital Thread for Smart Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metalworkingsuppliers.com/mw/manufacturing-history/,">Evidences of Metal Manufacturing History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/manuf/default.html">Manufacturing Sector</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Occupational_Research_Agenda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Occupational Research Agenda (a páxina aínda non existe)">National Occupational Research Agenda</a>, USA, 2018.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_de_autoridades" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Control_de_autoridades" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Axuda:Control_de_autoridades" title="Axuda:Control de autoridades">Control de autoridades</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187939" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q187939">Q187939</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300077527">300077527</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_Central_de_Florencia" title="Biblioteca Nacional Central de Florencia">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=5610">5610</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX551573">XX551573</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Francia" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Francia">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124265053">124265053</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/manufacturing">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4127067-8">4127067-8</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.jstor.org/topic/manufacturing-processes">manufacturing-processes</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97001369">sh97001369</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MAG: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/175700187">175700187</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" title="Biblioteca Nacional da República Checa">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116698">ph116698</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_t%C3%A9cnica_nacional_de_Praga" title="Biblioteca técnica nacional de Praga">PSH</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psh.techlib.cz/skos/PSH1290">1290</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Identificadores" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Identificadores" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;">Identificadores</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D066192">D066192</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/J01.576.655">J01.576.655</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Unified_Medical_Language_System" title="Unified Medical Language System">UMLS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncim-stage.nci.nih.gov/ncimbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Metathesaurus&code=C0682029">C0682029</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5bf5768c4b‐tlkpd Cached time: 20241102211711 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.711 seconds Real time usage: 1.007 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6589/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 115319/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6210/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 71895/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.330/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7837955/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 15/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 807.846 1 -total 34.63% 279.728 1 Modelo:Listaref 28.46% 229.922 50 Modelo:Bandeira2 27.35% 220.912 1 Modelo:Control_de_autoridades 8.04% 64.911 19 Modelo:Cite_book 7.42% 59.935 10 Modelo:Cite_web 3.62% 29.246 8 Modelo:Cita_web 3.53% 28.547 8 Modelo:Cite_journal 3.17% 25.603 50 Modelo:Bandeira_icona-país 3.11% 25.109 1 Modelo:Country_data_India --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key glwiki:pcache:idhash:69047-0!canonical and timestamp 20241102211711 and revision id 6875710. Rendering was triggered because: unknown --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Traído desde «<a dir="ltr" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&oldid=6875710">https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&oldid=6875710</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categor%C3%ADas" title="Especial:Categorías">Categoría</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Industria" title="Categoría:Industria">Industria</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> A última edición desta páxina foi o 29 de outubro de 2024 ás 18:06.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Todo o texto está dispoñible baixo a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">licenza Creative Commons recoñecemento compartir igual 4.0</a>; pódense aplicar termos adicionais. Consulte os <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/gl">termos de uso</a> para obter máis información.<br />Wikipedia® é unha marca rexistrada da <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, unha organización sen fins lucrativos.<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Normas de protección de datos</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Acerca_de">Acerca de Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advertencia_xeral">Advertencias</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Código de conduta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Desenvolvedores</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/gl.wikipedia.org">Estatísticas</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declaración de cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//gl.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manufactura&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Vista móbil</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65496f48b4-wvgt7","wgBackendResponseTime":166,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.711","walltime":"1.007","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6589,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":115319,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6210,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":71895,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":15,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 807.846 1 -total"," 34.63% 279.728 1 Modelo:Listaref"," 28.46% 229.922 50 Modelo:Bandeira2"," 27.35% 220.912 1 Modelo:Control_de_autoridades"," 8.04% 64.911 19 Modelo:Cite_book"," 7.42% 59.935 10 Modelo:Cite_web"," 3.62% 29.246 8 Modelo:Cita_web"," 3.53% 28.547 8 Modelo:Cite_journal"," 3.17% 25.603 50 Modelo:Bandeira_icona-país"," 3.11% 25.109 1 Modelo:Country_data_India"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.330","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7837955,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-5bf5768c4b-tlkpd","timestamp":"20241102211711","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Manufactura","url":"https:\/\/gl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manufactura","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q187939","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q187939","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Colaboradores dos proxectos da Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-11-19T20:37:23Z","dateModified":"2024-10-29T18:06:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/57\/Tesla_auto_bots.jpg","headline":"actividade industrial que produce bens para a venda mediante man de obra e m\u00e1quinas"}</script> </body> </html>