Read–write mechanisms of H2A ubiquitination by Polycomb repressive complex 1

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One such modification, histone H2A lysine 119 monoubiquitination (H2AK119Ub), needs to be re-established by the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) E3 ligase to restore the silent Polycomb domain2,3. However, the exact mechanism behind this restoration remains unknown. Here, combining cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and functional approaches, we characterize the read–write mechanism of the non-canonical PRC1-containing RYBP (ncPRC1RYBP). This mechanism, which functions as a positive-feedback loop in epigenetic regulation4,5, emphasizes the pivotal role of ncPRC1RYBP in restoring H2AK119Ub. We observe an asymmetrical binding of ncPRC1RYBP to H2AK119Ub nucleosomes, guided in part by the N-terminal zinc-finger domain of RYBP binding to residual H2AK119Ub on nascent chromatin. This recognition positions the RING domains of RING1B and BMI1 on the unmodified nucleosome side, enabling recruitment of the E2 enzyme to ubiquitinate H2AK119 within the same nucleosome (intra-nucleosome read–write) or across nucleosomes (inter-nucleosome read–write). Collectively, our findings provide key structural and mechanistic insights into the dynamic interplay of epigenetic regulation, highlighting the significance of ncPRC1RYBP in H2AK119Ub restoration to sustain repressive chromatin domains. 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One such modification, histone H2A lysine 119 monoubiquitination (H2AK119Ub), needs to be re-established by the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) E3 ligase to restore the silent Polycomb domain2,3. However, the exact mechanism behind this restoration remains unknown. Here, combining cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and functional approaches, we characterize the read–write mechanism of the non-canonical PRC1-containing RYBP (ncPRC1RYBP). This mechanism, which functions as a positive-feedback loop in epigenetic regulation4,5, emphasizes the pivotal role of ncPRC1RYBP in restoring H2AK119Ub. We observe an asymmetrical binding of ncPRC1RYBP to H2AK119Ub nucleosomes, guided in part by the N-terminal zinc-finger domain of RYBP binding to residual H2AK119Ub on nascent chromatin. This recognition positions the RING domains of RING1B and BMI1 on the unmodified nucleosome side, enabling recruitment of the E2 enzyme to ubiquitinate H2AK119 within the same nucleosome (intra-nucleosome read–write) or across nucleosomes (inter-nucleosome read–write). Collectively, our findings provide key structural and mechanistic insights into the dynamic interplay of epigenetic regulation, highlighting the significance of ncPRC1RYBP in H2AK119Ub restoration to sustain repressive chromatin domains. Cryo-electron microscopy and biochemical studies elucidate the read–write mechanisms of non-canonical PRC1-containing RYBP in histone H2A lysine 119 monoubiquitination and their roles in maintaining epigenetic inheritance."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1476-4687"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Nature"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-11-13"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="7"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2024 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08183-5"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08183-5"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08183-5.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08183-5"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Nature"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Nature"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1476-4687"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Read–write mechanisms of H2A ubiquitination by Polycomb repressive complex 1"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/11/13"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="7"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08183-5"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1038/s41586-024-08183-5"/> <meta name="size" content="264030"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1038/s41586-024-08183-5"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08183-5&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Epigenetic inheritance of silent chromatin domains is fundamental to cellular memory during embryogenesis, but it must overcome the dilution of repressive histone modifications during DNA replication1. 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This recognition positions the RING domains of RING1B and BMI1 on the unmodified nucleosome side, enabling recruitment of the E2 enzyme to ubiquitinate H2AK119 within the same nucleosome (intra-nucleosome read–write) or across nucleosomes (inter-nucleosome read–write). Collectively, our findings provide key structural and mechanistic insights into the dynamic interplay of epigenetic regulation, highlighting the significance of ncPRC1RYBP in H2AK119Ub restoration to sustain repressive chromatin domains. 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itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-32 u-clearfix" id="content" data-component="article-container" data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2024-11-13">13 November 2024</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Read–write mechanisms of H2A ubiquitination by Polycomb repressive complex 1</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Victoria_God_nez-L_pez-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Victoria_God_nez-L_pez-Aff1" data-author-search="López, Victoria Godínez">Victoria Godínez López</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Marco_Igor-Valencia_S_nchez-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Marco_Igor-Valencia_S_nchez-Aff1" data-author-search="Valencia-Sánchez, Marco Igor">Marco Igor Valencia-Sánchez</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7199-4546"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-7199-4546</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Stephen-Abini_Agbomson-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Stephen-Abini_Agbomson-Aff1" data-author-search="Abini-Agbomson, Stephen">Stephen Abini-Agbomson</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0148-6498"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-0148-6498</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jonathan_F_-Thomas-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Jonathan_F_-Thomas-Aff1" data-author-search="Thomas, Jonathan F.">Jonathan F. Thomas</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Rachel-Lee-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Rachel-Lee-Aff1" data-author-search="Lee, Rachel">Rachel Lee</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2501-5973"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-2501-5973</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Pablo-Ioannes-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Pablo-Ioannes-Aff1" data-author-search="De Ioannes, Pablo">Pablo De Ioannes</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1944-3912"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-1944-3912</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Brian_A_-Sosa-Aff1-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Brian_A_-Sosa-Aff1-Aff3" data-author-search="Sosa, Brian A.">Brian A. Sosa</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#nAff3">nAff3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jean_Paul-Armache-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Jean_Paul-Armache-Aff2" data-author-search="Armache, Jean-Paul">Jean-Paul Armache</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9195-2282"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-9195-2282</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 9 authors for this article" title="Show all 9 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Karim_Jean-Armache-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Karim_Jean-Armache-Aff1" data-author-search="Armache, Karim-Jean" data-corresp-id="c1">Karim-Jean Armache<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0890-9513"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-0890-9513</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a> (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2024</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">3989 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">3 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/cryoelectron-microscopy" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Cryoelectron microscopy</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/gene-silencing" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Gene silencing</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Epigenetic inheritance of silent chromatin domains is fundamental to cellular memory during embryogenesis, but it must overcome the dilution of repressive histone modifications during DNA replication<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Stewart-Morgan, K. R., Petryk, N. & Groth, A. Chromatin replication and epigenetic cell memory. Nat. Cell Biol. 22, 361–371 (2020)." href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d144353398e396">1</a></sup>. One such modification, histone H2A lysine 119 monoubiquitination (H2AK119Ub), needs to be re-established by the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) E3 ligase to restore the silent Polycomb domain<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Flury, V. et al. Recycling of modified H2A-H2B provides short-term memory of chromatin states. Cell 186, 1050–1065.e19 (2023)." href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d144353398e400">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Wang, H. et al. Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in Polycomb silencing. Nature 431, 873–878 (2004)." href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d144353398e403">3</a></sup>. However, the exact mechanism behind this restoration remains unknown. Here, combining cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and functional approaches, we characterize the read–write mechanism of the non-canonical PRC1-containing RYBP (ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup>). This mechanism, which functions as a positive-feedback loop in epigenetic regulation<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Reinberg, D. & Vales, L. D. Chromatin domains rich in inheritance. Science 361, 33–34 (2018)." href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d144353398e409">4</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Zhao, J. et al. RYBP/YAF2–PRC1 complexes and histone H1-dependent chromatin compaction mediate propagation of H2AK119Ub1 during cell division. Nat. Cell Biol. 22, 439–452 (2020)." href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d144353398e412">5</a></sup>, emphasizes the pivotal role of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> in restoring H2AK119Ub. We observe an asymmetrical binding of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> to H2AK119Ub nucleosomes, guided in part by the N-terminal zinc-finger domain of RYBP binding to residual H2AK119Ub on nascent chromatin. This recognition positions the RING domains of RING1B and BMI1 on the unmodified nucleosome side, enabling recruitment of the E2 enzyme to ubiquitinate H2AK119 within the same nucleosome (intra-nucleosome read–write) or across nucleosomes (inter-nucleosome read–write). Collectively, our findings provide key structural and mechanistic insights into the dynamic interplay of epigenetic regulation, highlighting the significance of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> in H2AK119Ub restoration to sustain repressive chromatin domains.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-024-08183-5" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div 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class="u-display-none"> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1: The structure of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> on singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome reveals an asymmetric mode of binding.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="309"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2: Two distinct acidic patch interactions and ubiquitin binding stabilize the ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> complex on the nucleosome, suggesting an intra-nucleosome read–write mechanism.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="216"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3: Structural and biochemical characterization of the intra-nucleosome read–write mechanism by ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup>.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig3_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="238"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4: The structure of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> on H2AK119Ub dinucleosome offers insights into inter-nucleosome read–write mechanism.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig4_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig4_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="219" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div 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class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24153-1?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1038/s41467-021-24153-1">Dissecting regulatory pathways for transcription recovery following DNA damage reveals a non-canonical function of the histone chaperone HIRA </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">22 June 2021</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732404081, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div> <section data-title="Data availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="data-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability">Data availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>The cryo-EM maps have been deposited in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank (EMDB) with the following accession codes: <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46728">EMDB-46728</a> for the overall map of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome (map 1), <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46729">EMDB-46729</a> for map with the best-resolved NZF of RYBP of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome (map 2), <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46730">EMDB-46730</a> for map with the best-resolved RING1B–BMI1 of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome (map 3) and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46731">EMDB-46731</a> the composite map of maps 1, 2 and 3 (map 14). <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46732">EMDB-46732</a> for ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to doubly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome (map 4). <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46822">EMDB-46822</a> for ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> Δlinker mutant bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome (map 5) and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46823">EMDB-46823</a> for ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to unmodified nucleosome (map 6). <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46733">EMDB-46733</a> for the overall map of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to symmetric H2AK119Ub dinucleosome (map 7), <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46734">EMDB-46734</a> for map focused on RYBP–ubiquitin of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to symmetric H2AK119Ub dinucleosome (map 8), and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46735">EMDB-46735</a> for map focused on RING1B–BMI1 of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to symmetric H2AK119Ub dinucleosome (map 9). <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46771">EMDB-46771</a> for the overall map of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to H2AK119Ub–H1.4 chromatosome (map 10). <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46736">EMDB-46736</a> for the overall map of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to asymmetric-H2AK119Ub dinucleosome (map 11), <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46737">EMDB-46737</a> for map focused on RYBP–ubiquitin of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to asymmetric-H2AK119Ub dinucleosome (map 12), and <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMDB-46738">EMDB-46738</a> for map focused on RING1B–BMI1 of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to asymmetric-H2AK119Ub dinucleosome (map 13). The atomic coordinates for the structures have been deposited in the PDB with the accession code <a href="https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb9DBY/pdb">9DBY</a> for ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to the singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome, <a href="https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb9DDE/pdb">9DDE</a> for the ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to chromatosome, <a href="https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb9DG3/pdb">9DG3</a> for the RYBP ∆linker mutant bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome and <a href="https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb9DGG/pdb">9DGG</a> for the ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to the unmodified nucleosome. Plasmid reagents are available upon request. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#Sec42">Source data</a> are provided with this paper.</p> </div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Stewart-Morgan, K. R., Petryk, N. & Groth, A. Chromatin replication and epigenetic cell memory. <i>Nat. 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Narlikar, B. Al-Sady and members of the Armache laboratory for helpful suggestions and discussions; W. Rice, B. Wang and K. Huihui for helping with data collection at NYU Langone Health’s Cryo-Electron Microscopy Laboratory, as well as the NYU Microscopy Laboratory; colleagues and staff at Simons Electron Microscopy Center at the New York Structural Biology Center for their support in the data collection; and the HPC Core at NYU Langone Health for computer access and support. Work in the Armache laboratory is supported by grants from the Mark Foundation for Cancer Research and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01GM115882 and R01CA266978).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><span class="c-article-author-information__subtitle u-visually-hidden" id="author-notes">Author notes</span><ol class="c-article-author-information__list"><li class="c-article-author-information__item" id="nAff3"><p class="c-article-author-information__authors-list">Brian A. Sosa</p><p class="js-present-address">Present address: MOMA Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA</p></li></ol><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Victoria Godínez López, Marco Igor Valencia-Sánchez, Stephen Abini-Agbomson, Jonathan F. Thomas, Rachel Lee, Pablo De Ioannes, Brian A. Sosa & Karim-Jean Armache</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jean-Paul Armache</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Victoria_God_nez-L_pez-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Victoria Godínez López</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Victoria%20God%C3%ADnez%20L%C3%B3pez" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Victoria%20God%C3%ADnez%20L%C3%B3pez" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Victoria%20God%C3%ADnez%20L%C3%B3pez%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Marco_Igor-Valencia_S_nchez-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Marco Igor Valencia-Sánchez</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Marco%20Igor%20Valencia-S%C3%A1nchez" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Marco%20Igor%20Valencia-S%C3%A1nchez" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Marco%20Igor%20Valencia-S%C3%A1nchez%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Stephen-Abini_Agbomson-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Stephen Abini-Agbomson</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Stephen%20Abini-Agbomson" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Stephen%20Abini-Agbomson" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Stephen%20Abini-Agbomson%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Jonathan_F_-Thomas-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Jonathan F. 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V.G.L. conducted the biochemical and structural experiments. J.F.T., S.-A.A., R.L., B.A.S. and P.D.I. generated various reagents. J.-P.A., M.I.V.-S. and V.G. contributed to cryo-EM data analysis. V.G., M.I.V.-S. and K.-J.A. interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript with input from all authors.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:karim-jean.armache@nyulangone.org">Karim-Jean Armache</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar2">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Peer review"><div class="c-article-section" id="peer-review-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="peer-review">Peer review</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="peer-review-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Peer review information</h3> <p><i>Nature</i> thanks Rob Klose and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p><b>Publisher’s note</b> Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Extended data figures and tables"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec40-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec40">Extended data figures and tables</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec40-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig5"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 1 the nzf domain and r-fingers " href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5/figures/5" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig5_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 1 The NZF domain and R-fingers of RYBP and YAF2 are highly conserved.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic representation of the RYBP domains (top) and sequence of human RYBP (bottom) highlighting the position of key residues. Positively charged lysines are represented in the linker as boxes. The linker region, present in RYBP but absent in YAF2 is denoted as “RYBP-specific region”. (<b>b</b>) Bar diagram of RYBP, the mutants used in this work and the paralog YAF2. (<b>c</b>) Multiple sequence alignment of RYBP and its paralog YAF2. The NZF domain is shaded in blue, highlighting in dark blue the cysteines that coordinate the Zinc atom. The dark blue rectangle marks the residues T31/F32 that interact with Ub, and the residues of R-finger that interact with the acidic patch are shown in yellow. The linker connecting the NZF domain with the C-terminal domain is shown in green. The C-terminal domain of RYBP/YAF2 (not visible in structures presented here), which interacts with the RING1B RAWL domain is shown in cyan, with residues that interact with RING1B highlighted. The structure visible in our maps is shown as solid lines and disordered regions in dashed lines above the sequence.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig6"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 2 cryo-em analysis of the ncprc" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5/figures/6" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig6_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 2 Cryo-EM analysis of the ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to doubly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome.F.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>(<b>a</b>) Raw cryo-EM images of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> complex bound to doubly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome with selected particles of the complex in blue circles. (<b>b</b>) Representative 2D class averages were calculated from the final subset of particles. (<b>c</b>) FSC plot of the 3.41 Å ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to doubly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome complex, between two independently refined half maps (measured at FSC = 0.143). (<b>d</b>) 3D-FSC plot of the 3.41 Å ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to doubly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome complex, between two independently refined half maps (measured at FSC <b>=</b> 0.143). (<b>e</b>) Two representative views of the 3D reconstruction of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to doubly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome complex (Map 4). (<b>f</b>) Euler angle distribution of assignment of particles used to generate the final 3D reconstruction at 3.41 Å. The length of every cylinder is proportional to the number of particles assigned to the specific orientation. (<b>g</b>) Local resolution heat map for the reconstruction of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> complex bound to the doubly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig7"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 3 cryo-em analysis of the ncprc" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5/figures/7" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig7_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 3 Cryo-EM analysis of the ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome complex.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>(<b>a</b>) Raw cryo-EM images of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> complex bound to the singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome. with selected particles of the complex in blue circles. (<b>b</b>) Representative 2D class averages were calculated from the final subset of particles (Map 1). (<b>c</b>) FSC plot between two independently refined half maps (measured at FSC = 0.143) of the 2.80 Å ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome complex. (<b>d</b>) 3D-FSC plot of the 2.80 Å ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome complex between two independently refined half maps. (<b>e</b>) Two representative views of the 3D reconstruction of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> complex bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome (Map 1). (<b>f</b>) Euler angle distribution of assignment of particles used to generate the final 3D reconstruction of the 2.80 Å complex. The length of every cylinder is proportional to the number of particles assigned to the specific orientation. (<b>g</b>) Local resolution heat map for the reconstruction of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> complex bound to the singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig8"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 4 close-up of the cryo-em map a" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5/figures/8" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig8_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 4 Close-up of the cryo-EM map and interfaces in ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> complex bound to the singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Selected views of the model fit to the cryo-EM maps for the structure are shown. <b>(a)</b> RING1B:acidic patch interactions (<b><i>left</i></b>) and cryo-EM map in the region (<b><i>right</i></b>). <b>(b)</b> NZF of RYBP:acidic patch interactions (<b><i>left</i></b>) and cryo-EM map in the region (<b><i>right</i></b>). <b>(c)</b> NZF of RYBP:Ub interface (<b><i>left</i></b>) and cryo-EM map in the region (<b><i>right</i></b>). <b>(d)</b> BMI1:histones H3,H4 and H2B interface (<b><i>left</i></b>) and cryo-EM map in the region (<b><i>right</i></b>).</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig9"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 5 cryo-em analysis of the ncprc" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5/figures/9" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig9_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 5 Cryo-EM analysis of the ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to doubly modified H2AK119Ub chromatosome.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>(a)</b> Raw cryo-EM images of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to doubly modified H2AK119Ub chromatosome with selected particles of the complex in blue circles. <b>(b)</b> Representative 2D class averages were calculated from the final subset of particles. <b>(c)</b> FSC plot of the 3.20 Å ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to doubly modified H2AK119Ub chromatosome complex between two independently refined half maps (measured at FSC = 0.143). <b>(d)</b> 3D-FSC plot of the 3.20 Å ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to doubly modified H2AK119Ub chromatosome complex between two independently refined half maps (measured at FSC = 0.143). <b>(e)</b> Two representative views of the 3D reconstruction of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to doubly modified H2AK119Ub chromatosome (Map 10). <b>(f)</b> Euler angle distribution of assignment of particles used to generate the final 3D reconstruction of the 3.20 Å complex. The length of every cylinder is proportional to the number of particles assigned to the specific orientation. <b>(g)</b> Local resolution heat map of the reconstruction of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to doubly modified H2AK119Ub chromatosome.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig10"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 6 cryo-em analysis of the ncprc" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5/figures/10" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig10_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 6 Cryo-EM analysis of the ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> ∆linker mutant bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>(a)</b> Raw cryo-EM images of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> ∆linker mutant bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome with selected particles of the complex in blue circles. <b>(b)</b> Representative 2D class averages were calculated from the final subset of particles. <b>(c)</b> FSC plot of the 3.46 Å ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> ∆linker mutant bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome complex between two independently refined half maps (measured at FSC = 0.143). <b>(d)</b> 3D-FSC plot of the 3.46 Å ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> ∆linker mutant bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome complex between two independently refined half maps (measured at FSC = 0.143). <b>(e)</b> Two representative views of the 3D reconstruction of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> ∆linker mutant bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome complex (Map 5). <b>(f)</b> Euler angle distribution of assignment of particles used to generate the final 3D reconstruction of the 3.46 Å complex. The length of every cylinder is proportional to the number of particles assigned to the specific orientation. <b>(g)</b> Local resolution heat map of the reconstruction of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> complex ∆linker mutant bound to singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig11"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 7 quantitative fluorescent in v" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5/figures/11" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig11_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 7 Quantitative fluorescent in vitro E3-ligase activity assays.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>(a)</b> Fluorescently-labeled ubiquitin was made by covalent fluorescein labeling of Cyso-Ub (ubiquitin with cysteine added at the N-terminus). The activity of ncPRC1 was tested with the wt Ubiquitin, Cyso-Ub, and CysoUb-fluorescein. The assay was monitored with the fluorescein channel (<i>top</i>) in the ChemiDoc, as well as with Coomassie staining (<i>bottom</i>). <b>(b)</b> Controls for ubiquitination: reactions in absence of ATP (lane 1), ubiquitin (lane 2) or RING1B/BMI1 (lane 3) do not show ubiquitination compared with lanes 4 and 5 where RING1B/BMI1 and ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> are included. <b>(c)</b> Normalization curve for H2AK119Ub quantification. Multiple concentrations of Cyso-Ub were loaded in the gel representing the total amount of nucleosome in molarity. Consecutive dilutions were done to generate the curve. Each point was done in triplicate (n = 3) and monitored in the fluorescein channel in the ChemiDoc with 0.1 s of exposure. <b>(d-f)</b> Time course of E3-ligase activity assay with the catalytic core (RING1B/BMI1) and ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> on <b>(</b><b>d</b><b>)</b> unmodified nucleosome <b>(e)</b> asymmetric H2AK119Ub dinucleosome and <b>(f)</b> hybrid unmodified/H2AK119Ub 12 N nucleosome array show the increase of H2AK119Ub over time. Data are mean ± s.d. from n = 3 independent experiments.</p><p><a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#MOESM3">Source Data</a></p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig12"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 8 fluorescent quantitative in v" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5/figures/12" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig12_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 8 Fluorescent quantitative in vitro E3-ligase activity assays and fluorescent polarization binding assays.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>(<b>a-c</b>) Time course E3-ligase activity assays of ncPRC1 complexes on different substrates. Each point was monitored in the fluorescein channel in the ChemiDoc with 0.1 s of exposure. The Fluorescein signal was adjusted and normalized to the normalization plot (Extended Data Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#Fig11">7</a>). (<b>a</b>) Time course of E3-ligase activity assay for the acidic patch mutant (R47A/R53A) on unmodified (left) and singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome (right). (<b>b</b>) Time course of E3-ligase activity assay for the RYBP linker mutants and YAF2 on unmodified (left) and singly modified H2AK119Ub nucleosome (right). (<b>c</b>) Time course E3-ligase activity assays for the ncPRC1 enzymes on asymmetric dinucleosome (left) and hybrid unmodified/H2AK119Ub 12 N nucleosome array which has 3:1 unmodified and H2AK119Ub octamer (right). (<b>d</b>) Fluorescence polarization binding assays of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup>, RYBP alone, and RYBP K/A linker (K75-134A) mutant alone with the unmodified, fluorescently-labeled nucleosome. Data are mean ± s.d. from n = 3 independent experiments except for the ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> R47A/R53A on dinucleosome substrate n = 1 (c).</p><p><a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#MOESM3">Source Data</a></p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig13"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 9 cryo-em analysis of the ncprc" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5/figures/13" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig13_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 9 Cryo-EM analysis of the ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to symmetric H2AK119Ub dinucleosome complex.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>(<b>a</b>) Raw cryo-EM images of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to symmetric H2AK119Ub dinucleosome complex with selected particles of the complex in blue circles. (<b>b</b>) Representative 2D class averages calculated from the final subset of particles. (<b>c-e</b>) Two representative views of the 3D reconstruction of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to symmetric H2AK119Ub dinucleosome complex. (<b>c</b>) Overall, 11.81 Å cryo-EM map showing the architecture of the dinucleosome (Map 7); (<b>d</b>) Cryo-EM map at 4.69 Å focused on RING1B/BMI1 nucleosome (Map 9) (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#MOESM1">S12</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#MOESM1">S14</a>); (<b>e</b>) Cryo-EM map at 4.24 Å focused on the RYBP/Ub nucleosome (Map 8) (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#MOESM1">S12</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#MOESM1">S14</a>). (<b>f-h</b>) Euler angle distribution of assignment of particles used to generate the final 3D reconstruction of the complex corresponding to the reconstructions shown in <b>c-e</b>. The length of every cylinder is proportional to the number of particles assigned to the specific orientation. (<b>i-k</b>) FSC plots of the ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to H2AK119Ub symmetric dinucleosome complex for the cryo-EM maps shown in <b>c-e</b>, the FSC plots are calculated between the two independently refined half maps (measured at FSC = 0.143).</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig14"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 10 cryo-em analysis of the ncpr" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5/figures/14" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_Fig14_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 10 Cryo-EM analysis of the ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to asymmetric H2AK119Ub dinucleosome complex.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>(<b>a</b>) Raw cryo-EM images of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to asymmetric H2AK119Ub dinucleosome complex with selected particles of the complex in blue circles. (<b>b</b>) Representative 2D class averages calculated from the final subset of particles. (<b>c-e</b>) Two representative views of the 3D reconstruction of ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to asymmetric H2AK119Ub dinucleosome complex. (<b>c</b>) Overall 7.91 Å cryo-EM map showing the architecture of the dinucleosome (Map 11); (<b>d</b>) cryo-EM map at 3.61 Å focused on RING1B/BMI1 nucleosome (Map 13) (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#MOESM1">S13</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#MOESM1">S15</a>); (<b>e</b>) cryo-EM map at 6.19 Å focused on the RYBP/Ub nucleosome (Map 12) (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#MOESM1">S13</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5#MOESM1">S15</a>). (<b>f-h</b>) Euler angle distribution of assignment of particles used to generate the final 3D reconstruction of the complex corresponding to the reconstructions shown in <b>c-e</b>. The length of every cylinder is proportional to the number of particles assigned to the specific orientation. (<b>i-k</b>) FSC plots of the ncPRC1<sup>RYBP</sup> bound to asymmetric H2AK119Ub dinucleosome complex for the cryo-EM maps shown in <b>c-e</b>, the FSC plots are calculated between the two independently refined half maps (measured at FSC = 0.143).</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item"><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Extended Data Table 1 Cryo-EM data collection, refinement, and validation statistics of PRC1<sup>RYBP</sup>-bound to different substrates</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/s41586-024-08183-5/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec41-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec41">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec41-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Supplementary Figs. 1–16 and Supplementary Tables 1–3.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM2"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="reporting summary" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_MOESM2_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Reporting Summary</a></h3></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Source data"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec42-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec42">Source data</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec42-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM3"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="source data figs. 1, 3 and 4 and source data exten" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08183-5/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8183_MOESM3_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Source Data Figs. 1, 3 and 4 and Source Data Extended Data Figs. 7 and 8</a></h3></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p>Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); 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