CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"> <title>FEATURE: Options for ocean-based carbon dioxide removal</title> <meta name="description" content="Search and filter all the latest news, prices and analysis for carbon offset markets from Quantum Commodity Intelligence. "> <style>@CHARSET "UTF-8";h1{font-size:30px;color:#333}.mySubTitle,.SubTitle{font:normal normal normal 40px/47px Cambria;display:grid;grid-template-columns:auto 1fr;margin-bottom:8px;margin-top:8px}.mySubTitle:after,.SubTitle:after{content:"";display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #09C;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:5px}.mySubTitleOrange:after{border-bottom:1px solid #D99624}.mySubTitleGreen:after{border-bottom:1px solid #1B6F40}.mySubTitlePurple:after{border-bottom:1px solid #639}.mySubTitleGrey:after{border-bottom:1px solid #D8D8D8}.myBlueText{color:#09c}.myBlueUnderline{border-bottom:2px solid #069}.myOrangeUnderline{border-bottom:2px solid #D99624}.myGreenUnderline{border-bottom:2px solid #1B6F40}.myPurpleUnderline{border-bottom:2px solid #639}.myRedUnderline{border-bottom:2px solid #D92515}.myPinkUnerline{border-bottom:2px solid #FF66CC}.SubTitle2{font-size:20px;margin:.5em 0}.clear{clear:both}.myTitle{font-size:1.5em}h1.myTitle{color:#0000FF}p.myTitle{color:#00FFFF}ul.myBlueList li::marker{color:#069}ul.myOrangeList li::marker{color:#F60}ul.myGreenList li::marker{color:#390}body.BETinyMCEBody{background:#FFF}dl{box-shadow:0px 3px 6px #00000029}dl dt:first-child{border-top:none}dt{font-weight:600;font-size:22px;margin-top:10px;background:#F7E9D8;padding:3px 10px}dd{margin:0;padding-left:30px;padding-bottom:30px;padding-top:10px;background:#FFF;border-bottom:1px solid #98989866}html{height:100%}body{min-height:100%;background:#FFF;background:#FFF7ED;padding:0;margin:0;font-family:'Open Sans', sans-serif;font-size:18px;color:#000}input,select,button{font-family:'Open Sans', sans-serif;font-size:inherit}*,*:after,*:before{box-sizing:border-box}a{color:#09c}main img{max-width:100%;height:auto}@font-face{font-family:'icomoon';src:url("/css/icomoon/fonts/icomoon.eot?vdqaxs");src:url("/css/icomoon/fonts/icomoon.eot?vdqaxs#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("/css/icomoon/fonts/icomoon.ttf?vdqaxs") format("truetype"),url("/css/icomoon/fonts/icomoon.woff?vdqaxs") format("woff"),url("/css/icomoon/fonts/icomoon.svg?vdqaxs#icomoon") format("svg");font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;font-display:block}.icon-before:before,.icon-after:after,.icon{font-family:'Material Icons';font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;font-size:24px;display:inline-block;line-height:1;text-transform:none;letter-spacing:normal;word-wrap:normal;white-space:nowrap;direction:ltr;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;font-feature-settings:'liga';max-width:1em;overflow:hidden}.icon.im{font-family:'icomoon' !important;speak:never;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;line-height:1;letter-spacing:0;-webkit-font-feature-settings:"liga";-moz-font-feature-settings:"liga=1";-moz-font-feature-settings:"liga";-ms-font-feature-settings:"liga" 1;font-feature-settings:"liga";-webkit-font-variant-ligatures:discretionary-ligatures;font-variant-ligatures:discretionary-ligatures;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}.icon.md-18{font-size:18px}.icon.md-24{font-size:24px}.icon.md-36{font-size:36px}.icon.md-48{font-size:48px}.icon.md-dark{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.54)}.icon.md-dark.md-inactive{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.26)}.icon.md-light{color:#fff}.icon.md-light.md-inactive{color:rgba(255,255,255,0.3)}.ENER{--product-color: #E20000}.BIOF{--product-color: #DF9412}.CARB{--product-color: #02703F}.AMON{--product-color: #4863BE}.HYDR{--product-color: #FF66CC}.skin-body{display:flex;flex-flow:column;min-height:100vh;justify-content:flex-start}.wrap{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1400px;width:100%;margin:0 auto;padding:0 20px}.box-shadow{box-shadow:0px 6px 10px #0000004D}.skin-body>header{background:#FFF;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:4}.TopBgrLine{width:100%;height:15px;background:transparent linear-gradient(180deg, #000 0%, #54545400 100%) 0% 0% no-repeat padding-box;opacity:0.1}.shadow-line{box-shadow:0px 6px 10px #0000007A}.skin-header{display:grid;grid-template-columns:230px 1fr 170px;grid-gap:10px;align-items:center}.LogoImg{width:100%;height:auto}.h-middle{justify-self:center}.h-product:empty{display:none}.h-product{display:flex;grid-gap:20px;align-items:center;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:400;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:20px}.h-product a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.h-product a:hover,.h-product a.selected{color:var(--product-color)}.h-s-nav{align-self:start;justify-self:end;line-height:1}.h-s-nav .not-log{font-size:14px;color:#09c}.h-s-nav .not-log a{text-decoration:none}.h-s-nav .not-log a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.h-nav{grid-column:1/4;align-self:end;justify-self:center;display:grid;grid-template-columns:25px repeat(4, 1fr);grid-gap:10px}.h-nav .dropdown-container{min-width:200px;width:max-content}.h-nav .menu-item{min-width:max-content;display:inline-block;border-bottom:2px solid #FFF}.h-nav .menu-item:hover{border-bottom-color:#09c}.h-nav .menu-item a{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.h-nav .menu-item .dropdown-container a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.dropdown{position:relative}.dropdown-title{cursor:pointer}.dropdown-container{display:none;background:#FFF;padding:8px;box-shadow:0px 6px 10px #0000007A;width:fit-content;top:22px;left:0px;max-height:calc(100vh - 120px);overflow:auto;border-top:2px solid #09c;z-index:3;width:300px;line-height:1.8;border-bottom-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-left-radius:3px}.dropdown.open .dropdown-container{display:block;position:absolute}.dropdown-title:after{content:"expand_more";font-size:.8em}.dropdown.open>.dropdown-title:after{content:"expand_less"}.h-nav .menu-item .dropdown-container details>div{padding-left:18px}.h-nav .menu-item .dropdown-container details>summary::marker{color:#09c}body{--header-height:90px}.MainSkin .h-nav{display:none}@media (max-width: 1023px){.h-nav .dropdown.menu-item-51 .dropdown-container{left:-113px}.h-s-nav{align-self:center}.skin-header{grid-template-columns:150px 1fr}.h-middle{grid-column:1/3;grid-row:2}body{--header-height:147px}}@media (max-width: 500px){.h-product{grid-gap:10px;font-size:16px}}@media (max-width: 400px){.h-nav .menu-item{font-size:14px}.h-product{font-size:14px;grid-gap:5px}}.skin-main{margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:30px}.skin-main nav.inner-nav{font-size:14px}.skin-main nav.inner-nav label,.skin-main nav.inner-nav a{border:1px solid #069;border-radius:3px;background:#FFF;margin-right:16px;margin-bottom:16px;padding:.2em .5em;display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer}.skin-main nav.inner-nav label:hover,.skin-main nav.inner-nav a:hover,.skin-main nav.inner-nav label.selected,.skin-main nav.inner-nav a.selected{color:#FFF;background:#069}.skin-main nav.inner-nav a.selected{font-weight:bold}.skin-footer{background:#036;color:#FFFFFFBB;font-size:12px;padding-top:40px;margin-top:auto}.skin-footer a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.skin-footer a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.footer-nav{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit, 200px);justify-content:center;grid-gap:30px}.footer-nav-col{border-left:1px solid #FFFFFF44;line-height:1.7;padding-left:30px}.footer-nav-col-item{padding-bottom:16px}.footer-nav-title{font-size:16px;font-weight:bold}.skin-footer .copy-right{margin-top:2em;border-top:1px solid #FFFFFF44;color:#FFFFFF77;text-align:center;padding:2em 10px}.skin-footer .copy-right a{white-space:nowrap}.static-page{max-width:800px}.cid3 .static-page{max-width:800px}.static-page-body{background:#FFF;box-shadow:0px 3px 6px #00000029;padding:0 20px;border:1px solid #E0E0E0;border-radius:3px}.PageBar{line-height:1}.PageBarInfo{float:right;display:inline-flex;height:30px;margin-bottom:10px;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.PageBar a,.PageBar span{display:inline-flex;width:30px;height:30px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-right:10px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;border-radius:3px;border:1px solid #C5C5C5;text-decoration:none}.PageBar a:hover{color:#999;background:#fff}.PageBar span{color:#09c;background:#fff;font-weight:bold}.heartbeat{-webkit-animation:heartbeat 1.5s ease-in-out infinite both;animation:heartbeat 1.5s ease-in-out infinite both}@-webkit-keyframes heartbeat{from{-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);-webkit-transform-origin:center center;transform-origin:center center;-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-out;animation-timing-function:ease-out}10%{-webkit-transform:scale(0.91);transform:scale(0.91);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-timing-function:ease-in}17%{-webkit-transform:scale(0.98);transform:scale(0.98);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-out;animation-timing-function:ease-out}33%{-webkit-transform:scale(0.87);transform:scale(0.87);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-timing-function:ease-in}45%{-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-out;animation-timing-function:ease-out}}@keyframes heartbeat{from{-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);-webkit-transform-origin:center center;transform-origin:center center;-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-out;animation-timing-function:ease-out}10%{-webkit-transform:scale(0.91);transform:scale(0.91);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-timing-function:ease-in}17%{-webkit-transform:scale(0.98);transform:scale(0.98);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-out;animation-timing-function:ease-out}33%{-webkit-transform:scale(0.87);transform:scale(0.87);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-timing-function:ease-in}45%{-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-out;animation-timing-function:ease-out}}.Errors{color:#F00}.ProfileCircle{display:inline-block;border-radius:50%;background:#09C;color:#FFF;width:2.2em;line-height:2.2em;text-align:center;font-size:30px;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none}.trial-button{border:1px solid #069;border-radius:3px;background:#FFF;margin-right:16px;margin-bottom:16px;padding:.2em .5em;display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:14px}.subscribe-button{border:1px solid #069;border-radius:3px;background:#FFF;margin-bottom:.5em;padding:.5em;display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;line-height:1;font-weight:600}@keyframes opacity_0_50{0%{opacity:0}50%{opacity:1}}.web-widget-popup-wrap{display:inline-block;position:relative;line-height:2.2em}.web-widget-popup{display:none;position:absolute;right:-2px;top:42px;background:#fff;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.2);box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);text-align:left;animation:opacity_0_50 .5s;max-width:304px;width:260px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.8em;z-index:1}.web-widget-popup.opened{display:block}.web-widget-popup .arw1{width:0;height:0;display:block;position:absolute;top:-9px;right:10px;border:8px solid transparent;border-top-width:0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.2)}.web-widget-popup .arw1 .arw2{width:0;height:0;display:block;position:absolute;top:1px;left:-8px;border:8px solid transparent;border-top-width:0;border-bottom-color:#fff}.web-widget-popup-content{padding:16px;overflow:hidden}.usr-web-widget-popup .usr-info{text-align:right;vertical-align:top;margin-left:20px}.news-block{margin-bottom:1em}.news-block a{text-decoration:none}.news-block a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.news-img{position:relative;align-self:start}.news-img:before{content:"";display:block;padding-bottom:calc(100% / (var(--aspect-ratio, 16/9)))}.news-img img{width:100%;height:100%;aspect-ratio:var(--aspect-ratio, 16/9);object-fit:cover;border-radius:3px;vertical-align:bottom;position:absolute;top:0}.news-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.3}.news-title a{color:#000;font-weight:bold}.news-title a:visited{color:#666}.news-commodity:empty{display:none}.news-commodity{color:#069;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom}.news-commodity a{display:inline-block;qborder-radius:3px;padding:0px 3px;margin-top:12px;border-bottom:2px solid var(--tag-color)}.news-commodity a:hover{text-decoration:none;border-bottom-color:#888;qtext-decoration-color:var(--tag-color)}.news-commodity .com-5{--tag-color:#069}.news-commodity .com-6{--tag-color:#F60}.news-commodity .com-30{--tag-color:#390}.news-commodity .com-29{--tag-color:#639}.news-commodity .com-31{--tag-color:#C03}.news-commodity .com-73{--tag-color:#0CF}.news-commodity .com-107{--tag-color:#4863BE}.news-location:empty{display:none}.news-location{color:#069;font-size:14px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom}.news-location a{display:inline-block;padding:0px 3px;margin-top:12px;border-bottom:2px solid var(--tag-color)}.news-location a:hover{text-decoration:none;border-bottom-color:#888}.news-location .loc-35{--tag-color:#603}.news-location .loc-3{--tag-color:#066}.news-date{margin-top:6px;color:#607D8B;font-size:12px;font-weight:600}.news-date:before{font-size:16px;vertical-align:bottom;color:#607D8B}.news-date.d:before{content:"event_note"}.news-date.h:before{content:"schedule"}.news-date.m:before{content:"schedule"}.news-description{margin-top:1em;font-size:16px;max-width:700px;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:3;overflow:hidden}.news-list1 .news-description{-webkit-line-clamp:2}.news-share{qborder-top:1px solid #ccc;margin-top:3px;max-width:700px;text-align:right}.news-share a{cursor:pointer;margin-right:16px}.news-share a:hover{text-decoration:none}.news-share .icon{vertical-align:bottom;font-size:18px}.news-list-latest{font-size:14px;background:#FFF;box-shadow:0px 3px 6px #00000029;border:1px solid #E7E7E7;border-radius:3px;padding:15px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit, minmax(245px, 1fr));grid-gap:10px}.news-list-latest .news-block{padding:0;box-shadow:none}.news-list1 .news-block{display:grid;grid-template-columns:250px 1fr;grid-gap:10px;background:#FFFFFF99;box-shadow:0px 3px 6px #00000029;padding:10px;border-radius:3px}.news-list2{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit, minmax(245px, 1fr));grid-gap:20px}.news-list2 .news-img{margin-bottom:6px}.news-list2 .news-title{min-height:2.6em}.news-list3{background:#FFF;padding:20px;padding-bottom:0px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit, minmax(430px, 1fr));grid-gap:20px;margin-bottom:20px;box-shadow:0px 3px 6px #00000029;border:1px solid #E0E0E0;border-radius:3px}.news-list3 .news-commodity{display:none}.news-list3 .news-block{display:grid;grid-template-columns:140px 1fr;grid-gap:20px}.news-list4{background:#FFF;padding:20px;padding-bottom:0px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit, minmax(330px, 1fr));grid-gap:20px;margin-bottom:20px;box-shadow:0px 3px 6px #00000029;border:1px solid #E0E0E0;border-radius:3px}.news-list4 .news-title{font-size:14px}.news-list4 .news-commodity{display:none}.news-list4 .news-block{display:grid;grid-template-columns:120px 1fr;grid-gap:20px}.news-list5{background:#FFF;padding:20px;padding-bottom:0px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit, minmax(240px, 1fr));grid-gap:20px;margin-bottom:20px;box-shadow:0px 3px 6px #00000029;border:1px solid #E0E0E0;border-radius:3px}.news-list5 .news-title{font-size:16px}.news-list5 .news-description{font-size:14px}.news-list5 .news-block .news-img{display:none}@media (max-width: 549px){.news-list1 .news-img,.news-list2 .news-img,.news-list3 .news-img{margin-bottom:10px}.news-list1 .news-block,.news-list3 .news-block{display:block}.news-list3{display:block}}@media (max-width: 424px){.news-list4{display:block}.news-list4 .news-block{display:block}}@media print{.ArticleView .skin-body{min-height:1%}.ArticleView header{display:none}.ArticleView header .h-nav{display:none}.ArticleView header .h-s-nav{display:none}.ArticleView footer{display:none}.ArticleView .section-title{display:none}.ArticleView .news-share{display:none}.ArticleView .news-latest{display:none}.ArticleView .news-related{display:none}}.news-view-page{display:flex}@media (max-width: 950px){.news-view-page{display:block}}.news-view-page article.news-block{padding-top:0;box-shadow:none;background:transparent}.news-view-page article.news-block .news-title h1{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:10px;font-size:50px;line-height:1.1}@media (max-width: 950px){.news-view-page article.news-block .news-title h1{font-size:30px}}.news-view-page article.news-block .news-description,.news-view-page article.news-block .news-body{max-width:700px;font-size:18px}.news-view-page article.news-block .news-body img{max-width:100%;height:auto}.article-col{order:2;flex:1 1 800px}.news-latest{flex:0 0 285px;order:1;margin-right:20px}.news-latest>p{font:italic normal normal 40px/47px Cambria;margin-bottom:10px} /*# sourceMappingURL=7a938c3279a06b1f33c714320039edbf.css.map */</style> <script> if(top!=self){top.location=self.location} !function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t.addEventListener(e,function(){o(n)})}function o(t){c[t].l=1,c[t].r.forEach(function(e){e(t)})}function i(t){var e=0,n=null,r={then:function(t){n=t,this.r()},r:function(r){e>0||(t=t.filter(function(t){return c[t].l?0:t!=r}),0==t.length&&(e=2,n()))}};return t=t.filter(function(t){var e=c[t];return e.l?0:(e.r.push(r.r),e.ld(),1)}),r}function l(t,n,o){return o||(o=[]),n&&r(n,"load",t),c[t]={l:0,r:[],ld:function(){!this.l&&n&&i(o).then(function(){e.head.appendChild(n)})}},n}if(!t[n]){String.prototype.jqEscape=function(){return this.replace(/([:.\[\]])/g,"\\$1")},Element.prototype.matches||(Element.prototype.matches=Element.prototype.msMatchesSelector||Element.prototype.webkitMatchesSelector),Element.prototype.closest||(Element.prototype.closest=function(t){var e=this;if(!document.documentElement.contains(e))return null;do{if(e.matches(t))return e;e=e.parentElement||e.parentNode}while(null!==e);return null}),window.NodeList&&!NodeList.prototype.forEach&&(NodeList.prototype.forEach=function(t,e){e=e||window;for(var n=0;n<this.length;n++)t.call(e,this[n],n,this)});var c={};t[n]={defer:function(t,e){i(e).then(t)},addJS:function(t,n,r){var o=e.createElement("script");return o.src=n,o.async=!0,l(t,o,r)},addCSS:function(t,n,r){var o=e.createElement("link");return o.rel="stylesheet",o.href=n,l(t,o,r)}},l("ready"),l("load"),r(t,"DOMContentLoaded","ready"),r(t,"load","load")}}(window,document,"ITTI"); ITTI.addJS('jq','/oss/jquery/jquery-1.11.1.min.js',[]); ITTI.addJS('jqcookie','/oss/jquery/jquery.cookie.min.js',['jq']); ITTI.addCSS('jquiCSS','/oss/jquery/jquery-ui-1.11.1.redmond/jquery-ui.min.css',['ready']); ITTI.addJS('jqui','/oss/jquery/jquery-ui-1.11.1.redmond/jquery-ui.min.js',['jq', 'jquiCSS']); ITTI.addJS('jqTimePicker','/oss/jquery/jquery.datetimepicker-1.5/jquery-ui-timepicker-addon.js',['jqui']); ITTI.addCSS('chosenCSS','/js/chosen_v1.8.7/chosen.min.css',['ready']); ITTI.addJS('chosen','/js/chosen_v1.8.7/chosen.jquery.min.js',['jq', 'chosenCSS']); function ajaxInnerHTML(el, url){ var xmlHttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); xmlHttp.onload=function(){ el.innerHTML = this.responseText; el.querySelectorAll('script').forEach(function(i){window.setTimeout(eval, 0, i.textContent);}); }; xmlHttp.open("GET", url, true); xmlHttp.send(null); } function PopUpDiv(PopupId){ let jsWidget = document.getElementById(PopupId+'-box'); let isOpened = jsWidget.classList.contains('opened'); document.querySelector('#'+PopupId).addEventListener('click', function(e){ e.preventDefault(); jsWidget.classList.toggle('opened'); isOpened = !isOpened; return false; }); window.addEventListener('click', function(e){ if(isOpened && (!jsWidget.parentElement.contains(e.target))){ jsWidget.classList.remove('opened'); isOpened = false; } }); } ITTI.defer(function(){ document.querySelectorAll('img[data-src]').forEach(function(i){i.setAttribute('src', i.getAttribute('data-src'))}); document.querySelectorAll('*[data-innerHtml-url]').forEach(function(i){ajaxInnerHTML(i, i.getAttribute('data-innerHtml-url'))}); },['ready']); </script> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,600;0,700;0,800;1,300;1,400;1,600;1,700;1,800&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-VEQZB3KN3X"></script><script> window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[]; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('set', {"client_fe_status":"NONE","product_group":"CARB","dimension3":"CARB"}); gtag('config', 'G-VEQZB3KN3X', {"client_fe_status":"NONE","product_group":"CARB","dimension3":"CARB"}); </script><script> </script> <meta property="og:image" content="/i/qci_logo_sq_300x300.png"><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.qcintel.com/carbon/article/feature-options-for-ocean-based-carbon-dioxide-removal-26557.html"/><script async src="/templates/Articles/sharebuttons.js?v=1"></script> </head> <body class="CARBSkin ArticleView CARB cid113"> <div class="skin-body"> <header id="header" class="shadow-line" style="background: #FFF;"> <div class="TopBgrLine"></div> <div class="skin-header wrap"> <div class="h-logo"> <a href="/"><img src="/i/qci_logo_grey.svg" width="230" height="66" class="LogoImg" title="Quantum Commodity Intelligence" alt="Quantum Commodity Intelligence"></a> </div> <div class="h-middle"> <div class="h-product"><a href="/energy/" class="ENER">Oil</a><a href="/biofuels/" class="BIOF">Biofuels</a><a href="/carbon/" class="CARB selected">Carbon</a><a href="/ammonia/" class="AMON">Ammonia</a><a href="/hydrogen/" class="HYDR">Hydrogen</a></div> <div class="h-nav"> <a href="/carbon/search/" title="Search News"><span class="icon">search</span></a> <div class="menu-item dropdown"> <div class="dropdown-title icon-after">News</div> <div class="dropdown-container"> <a href="/carbon/latest-news/">Latest News</a><br><div><a href="/carbon/carbon-market-commentaries-news/">Market Commentaries</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/insights/">Insights</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/policy-news/">Policy</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/market-news/">Market</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/company-news/">Company</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-item dropdown"> <div class="dropdown-title icon-after">Prices</div> <div class="dropdown-container"> <a href="/carbon/all-prices/">All Assessments</a><br><details open><summary><a href="/carbon/all-vcm-offsets/">All VCM Offsets</a></summary><div><div><a href="/carbon/standardised-offsets-prices/">Exchange Based</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/nature-based-offsets-prices/">Secondary REDD+</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/primary-redd-prices/">Primary REDD+</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/nature-based-removals-prices/">Nature Based Removals</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/improved-forest-management-prices/">IFM</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/biochar-prices/">Biochar</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/renewable-energy-offsets-prices/">Renewable Energy</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/energy-efficiency-offsets-prices/">Clean聽Cookstoves</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/industrial-gas-projects-prices/">Industrial Gas Projects</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/methane-prices/">Methane</a></div></div></details><details open><summary><a href="/carbon/compliance-markets/">All Compliance聽Markets</a></summary><div><div><a href="/carbon/corsia-price/">Corsia</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/accu-price/">ACCU</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/nzu-prices/">NZU</a></div></div></details><hr><div><a href="/carbon/discontinued-carbon-prices/">Discontinued Assessments</a></div><hr><div><a href="/api-feed/">API Feed</a></div><hr><div><a href="/assessments-publishing-schedule/">Publishing Schedule</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-item"><a href="/carbon/data/">Data</a></div> <div class="menu-item" style="width:86px;"><a href="/carbon/my-prices/">Analyser</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="h-s-nav"style="text-align: right;"> <span class="not-log" style=""> <a href="/client/login-step2/">Sign in</a> | <a href="/client/register/?product=CARB">Register</a> </span> </div> </div> </header> <script> ITTI.defer(function(){ let openedMenu; function closeOpened(e){ if (openedMenu && (!openedMenu.contains(e.target)) ) { openedMenu.classList.remove('open'); } }; document.querySelectorAll('.h-nav .dropdown').forEach(function(e){ var h = e.querySelector('.dropdown > .dropdown-title'); var m = e.querySelector('.dropdown > .dropdown-container'); h.addEventListener('click',function(ev){ closeOpened(ev); if(e.classList.contains('open')){ e.classList.remove('open'); openedMenu = null; } else { e.classList.add('open'); openedMenu = e; } }); }); window.addEventListener('click',closeOpened); let InnerNav = document.querySelectorAll('nav.inner-nav > *'); InnerNav.forEach(function(el){ el.addEventListener('click',function(ev){ InnerNav.forEach(el=>{ el.classList.remove('selected'); document.querySelectorAll(el.getAttribute('selector')).forEach(el=>el.classList.remove('selected')); }); el.classList.add('selected'); document.querySelectorAll(el.getAttribute('selector')).forEach(el=>el.classList.add('selected')); }); }); },['ready']); </script> <main class="skin-main"> <div class="wrap news-view-page"> <section class="article-col"> <article class="news-block" data-url="/carbon/article/feature-options-for-ocean-based-carbon-dioxide-removal-26557.html" data-title="FEATURE: Options for ocean-based carbon dioxide removal"> <div class="news-title"><h1>FEATURE: Options for ocean-based carbon dioxide removal</h1></div> <div class="news-location"></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">4 Jul 2024</div> <div class="news-body"><p>Quantum Commodity Intelligence – The UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that the need for carbon dioxide removals (CDR) technologies is "unavoidable" if the world is to meet the Paris Agreement's climate goals.</p> <p>A lot of the focus on CDR is on land-based approaches, be they nature-based or geo-engineering, such as direct air capture, but the ocean is perceived by many as offering the greatest potential for carbon sequestration, not least because of its size.</p> <p>Possible approaches to marine CDR (mCDR) are wide ranging, with differing risks and challenges. Here Quantum outlines a few of the main activities that could be utilised to sequester carbon in the world's oceans.</p> <p><strong>Ocean alkalinity enhancement</strong></p> <p>Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE), as the name suggests, is a mCDR approach that involves adding alkaline materials to the sea or through electrochemical systems to speed up the ocean's natural carbon sink process. Basically, increasing the alkalinity in the ocean transforms dissolved inorganic carbon dioxide (CO2) in the seawater into bicarbonates and/or carbonates. These converted materials can store the CO2 for thousands of years thus providing stable storage.</p> <p>The chemical process occurs naturally over time in the ocean through the weathering of rocks and resulting addition of alkaline materials into the sea, which in turn causes the ocean to absorb more CO2 from the air to restore equilibrium. OAE activities aim to accelerate this process, thus absorbing and storing more CO2.</p> <p>There are a number of ways to add alkalinity to the ocean, according to US-based non-profit Ocean Visions.</p> <p>"These include spreading finely ground alkaline substances over the open ocean, depositing alkaline sand or gravel on beaches or coastal flats, and reacting seawater with alkaline minerals inside reactors before releasing the modified seawater back into the ocean," it said.</p> <p>Last month, carbon registry Isometric unveiled what it said is the first standard for OAE, with Canada-based Planetary Technologies the first project developer signed up to utilise it.</p> <p>The 'Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement from Coastal Outfalls' protocol was certified on May 31. "The guiding principle for this protocol is to provide a high level of scientific rigor and safety guardrails for early stage OAE trials and deployments, while also balancing operational feasibility and leaving flexibility for innovation," according to the protocol's text. </p> <p>Isometric will review the protocol at least every two years "and/or when there is an update to scientific published literature which would affect net CO2e removal quantification or the monitoring and modeling guidelines" in the protocol".</p> <p>Other companies in this space include California-based Equatic, which uses an electrochemical process to change the alkalinity of seawater. It, in effect, uses electrochemical reactors, with lots of tanks, plumbing and piping, that suck in millions of gallons of seawater and pass it through an electrically charged mesh to increase its pH.</p> <p>This induces a series of chemical reactions, including combining dissolved CO2 in the water, and CO2 in the air, with calcium and magnesium. The two elements trap CO2, becoming calcium and magnesium carbonates – materials found in chalk and seashells – while hydrogen is simultaneously produced as a by-product. The seawater then flows back into the ocean as does the carbonate slurry it creates.</p> <p><strong>Ocean fertilisation</strong></p> <p>Ocean fertilisation involves approaches that boost the growth in the ocean of phytoplankton, which remove CO2 from the atmosphere through the natural process of photosynthesis and then are transferred to the deep ocean. However, it does not include activities that are the result of conventional aquaculture, mariculture or through the creation of artificial reefs, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).</p> <p>Phytoplankton growth can be enhanced by adding nutrients to the sea, such as iron, phosphorus and nitrogen. Ocean iron fertilisation was put forward as a possible approach to generate carbon credits under the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism more than a decade ago. But companies, such as Climos, were ultimately unsuccessful back then. Other approaches include 'artificial upwelling', which involves pumping cooler, nutrient-rich waters from the deep ocean to stimulate phytoplankton growth,</p> <p>The EPA says that for ocean fertilisation to mitigate climate change, three processes need to happen. First, the process "must lead to increased growth of phytoplankton, consolidating carbon and nutrients together into organic material".</p> <p>In the next stage organic material from the phytoplankton bloom has to be transferred into the deep ocean "so that it does not simply get recycled near the surface, releasing its captured carbon back to the atmosphere". Finally, the transfer to the deep ocean "must result in a subsequent transfer of carbon from the atmosphere into the surface ocean".</p> <p><strong>Biomass sinking</strong></p> <p>This technique is the sequestration of CO2 in marine or land-based plants and then depositing them in the deep ocean. There are some similarities between this and ocean fertilisation in terms of the processes involved.</p> <p>US company Running Tide, which announced last month it is ceasing operations mainly due to a lack of funding, aimed to foster carbon capture and removal by deploying floating buoys containing limestone and algae, which are then sunk into the deep ocean. The limestone compound is said to boost the ocean's alkalinity and the algae (biomass) grows and captures more carbon. Once the buoys are close to the ocean floor, gravity and water pressure hold the biomass in place to store the carbon in the ocean. Other approaches could involve seaweed farming that is then sunk to the sea bed.</p> <p>Germany-based CDR marketplace and verification services provider Carbonfuture has warned projects that use land-based biomass for ocean sinking "face an additional hurdle of ensuring that the biomass sourcing is done sustainably and does not represent significant competition with existing terrestrial biomass use and doesn't lead to land use practice changes".</p> <p>Another company in this space is Israel-based Rewind, which in May published a carbon protocol to oversee its work. The proposed framework, called Marine Terrestrial Biomass Storage, is the result of two years of work and was open for public consultation until June 20.</p> <p>Rewind sinks large volumes of biomass at the bottom of the Black Sea, one of the world's deepest, and claims the CDRs as carbon credits. The process occurs naturally as rivers carry a lot of biomass to the bottom of the sea, where organic matter does not degrade because there is little oxygen present, but Rewind says biomass carbon removal and storage or BiCRS can accelerate the process.</p> <p><strong>Direct ocean removal</strong></p> <p>Direct ocean removal (DOC) is a technique that, as the name suggests, removes CO2 from seawater resulting in the water absorbing more of the gas from the atmosphere.</p> <p>A pioneer of the approach is US start-up Captura, which has raised more than $45 million to help commercialise and scale DOC. Captura's DOC technology enhances the ocean's natural CO2 absorption process but does not increase CO2 levels in the sea. It uses renewable energy and electrodialysis technology to capture CO2 from seawater, which allows the CO2-depleted seawater to absorb the same quantity of CO2 from the air that was originally removed.</p> <p><strong>'Blue' carbon</strong></p> <p>A range of so-called 'blue carbon' approaches are already well advanced, particularly mangrove restoration, but also tidal salt marshes and seagrass meadows. CO2 is 'fixed' in the roots of these plants and marine sediments for thousands of years. </p> <p>Major carbon standards, such as US-based Verra and Switzerland-based Gold Standard, already have or are developing methodologies for blue carbon projects. And in Japan there is a scheme for generating J-Blue Credits managed by the Japan Blue Economy Technology Research Association.</p></div> <div class="news-share"> <a onclick="return shareInTwitter(this)" title="Share in X"><span class="icon im">twitter-x</span></a> <a onclick="return shareInLinkedIn(this)" title="Share in LinkedIn"><span class="icon im">linkedin</span></a> <a onclick="return shareInMail(this)" title="Share by email"><span class="icon">send</span></a> <a onclick="return printArticle(this)" title="Print"><span class="icon">print</span></a> </div> </article> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context":"http://schema.org", "@type":"NewsArticle", "mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.qcintel.com/carbon/article/feature-options-for-ocean-based-carbon-dioxide-removal-26557.html"}, "headline":"FEATURE: Options for ocean-based carbon dioxide removal", "image":"https://www.qcintel.com/cache/i/4499dcdec556e46d6008bff782ffac99_280x210c_iStock-467367026.jpg", "datePublished":"2024-07-04T09:43:26+01:00", "dateModified":"2024-07-04T12:43:26+01:00", "author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Quantum Commodity Intelligence"}, "publisher":{"name":"Quantum Commodity Intelligence","@type":"Organization","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.qcintel.com/i/qci_logo_grey.png"}}, "description":"The UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that the need for carbon dioxide removals (CDR) technologies is...", "isAccessibleForFree": "True", "hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"True","cssSelector":".news-body"} } </script> </section> <aside class="news-latest"> <div class="SubTitle">Headlines</div> <div class="news-list-latest"> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/analysis-would-australia-s-opposition-alter-the-accu-scheme-36245.html">ANALYSIS: Would Australia's opposition alter the ACCU scheme?</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32,33" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before h">2h ago</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/chad-to-step-up-action-against-charcoal-production-36234.html">Chad to step up action against charcoal production</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/climate-action-reserve-picks-verra-veteran-as-new-head-36232.html">Climate Action Reserve picks Verra veteran as new head</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/researchers-call-on-global-leaders-to-recognise-biodiversity-leak-36228.html">Researchers call on global leaders to recognise 'biodiversity leak'</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/us-study-questions-focus-of-cdr-buying-compensation-36229.html">US study questions focus of CDR buying, compensation</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/weekly-vcm-project-gold-standard-lists-large-number-of-projects-36230.html">Weekly VCM Project: Gold Standard lists large number of projects</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/swiss-registry-to-seek-views-on-new-construction-carbon-standard-36222.html">Swiss registry to seek views on new construction carbon standard</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/katingan-redd-credits-in-demand-delta-blue-interest-picks-up-36206.html">Katingan REDD+ credits in demand; Delta Blue interest picks up</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32,33" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/icroa-gives-conditional-nod-to-french-removal-standard-ormex-36218.html">ICROA gives conditional nod to French removal standard Ormex</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/s-korean-state-firm-tenders-for-forest-carbon-business-models-36211.html">S Korean state firm tenders for forest carbon business models</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/wwf-calls-on-european-lawmakers-to-improve-cdr-policy-36214.html">WWF calls on European lawmakers to improve CDR policy</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32,33" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/japan-s-bywill-partners-with-local-banks-on-j-credit-projects-36210.html">Japan's ByWill partners with local banks on J-Credit projects</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/accus-jump-on-low-supply-signal-nzus-trend-down-36192.html">ACCUs jump on low supply signal; NZUs trend down</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32,33" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/france-may-allow-secondary-trading-in-carbon-scheme-sources-36207.html">France may allow secondary trading in carbon scheme: sources</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32,33" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/north-american-forestry-offset-developers-merge-36195.html">North American forestry offset developers merge</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/uk-city-council-to-sell-carbon-credits-to-insulate-homes-36191.html">UK city council to sell carbon credits to insulate homes</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/indonesia-eyes-four-sectors-for-inclusion-in-mandatory-ets-36196.html">Indonesia eyes four sectors for inclusion in mandatory ETS </a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/thai-province-opens-carbon-credits-centre-for-farmers-reports-36190.html">Thai province opens carbon credits centre for farmers: reports</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/lower-than-expected-accus-exit-from-govt-delivery-contracts-36186.html">Lower-than-expected ACCUs exit from govt. delivery contracts</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,33" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> <div class="news-block"> <div class="news-title"><a href="/carbon/article/japan-updates-10-j-credit-methods-adds-new-rules-for-projects-36176.html">Japan updates 10 J-Credit methods, adds new rules for projects</a></div> <div class="news-commodity"><a class="com-29" href="/carbon/search/?commodity=29,32,33" rel="nofollow">GHG</a></div> <div class="news-date icon-before d">14 Feb 2025</div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </main> <footer class="skin-footer"> <div class="footer-nav wrap"> <div class="footer-nav-col"> <div class="footer-nav-col-item"> <div class="footer-nav-title"><a href="/about-us/">About Us</a></div></div><div class="footer-nav-col-item"> <div class="footer-nav-title"><a href="/contacts/">Contact Us</a></div></div><div class="footer-nav-col-item"> <div class="footer-nav-title"><a href="/join-us/">Join Us</a></div></div><div class="footer-nav-col-item"> <div class="footer-nav-title"><a href="/price-assessment-methodology/">Methodology</a></div></div><div class="footer-nav-col-item"> <div class="footer-nav-title"><a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a></div></div><div class="footer-nav-col-item"> <div class="footer-nav-title"><a href="/api-feed/">API Feed</a></div></div> </div> <div class="footer-nav-col"> <div class="footer-nav-col-item"> <div class="footer-nav-title"><a href="/carbon/latest-news/">Latest News</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/carbon-market-commentaries-news/">Market Commentaries</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/insights/">Insights</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/policy-news/">Policy</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/market-news/">Market</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/company-news/">Company</a></div></div> </div> <div class="footer-nav-col"> <div class="footer-nav-col-item"> <div class="footer-nav-title"><a href="/carbon/all-prices/">Price Assessments</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/all-vcm-offsets/">All VCM Offsets</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/compliance-markets/">All Compliance聽Markets</a></div><div><a href="/carbon/discontinued-carbon-prices/">Discontinued Assessments</a></div><div><a href="/api-feed/">API Feed</a></div><div><a href="/assessments-publishing-schedule/">Publishing Schedule</a></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="copy-right wrap">漏 2025 Quantum Commodity Intelligence Ltd., all rights reserved | <a href="/terms-of-use/">Terms of Use</a> | <a href="/privacy-policy/">Privacy</a> | <a href="/cookies/">Cookies</a> | <a href="/policies/">Policies</a> </div> </footer> </div> <script> (function(ss,ex){ window.ldfdr=window.ldfdr||function(){(ldfdr._q=ldfdr._q||[]).push([].slice.call(arguments));}; (function(d,s){ fs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; function ce(src){ var cs=d.createElement(s); cs.src=src; setTimeout(function(){fs.parentNode.insertBefore(cs,fs)},1); }; ce('https://sc.lfeeder.com/lftracker_v1_'+ss+(ex?'_'+ex:'')+'.js'); })(document,'script'); })('lYNOR8xq6Zv7WQJZ'); </script> </body> </html>