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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Fabian Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabian_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Episcopal_Church_Socialist_League_and_Church_League_for_Industrial_Democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopal_Church_Socialist_League_and_Church_League_for_Industrial_Democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3.1 Episcopal Church Socialist League and Church League for Industrial Democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopal_Church_Socialist_League_and_Church_League_for_Industrial_Democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 Christian anarchism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.5 Christian communism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.6 Christian democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.7 Liberation theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 In Catholicism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Catholicism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Catholicism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Calvinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Calvinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 In Calvinism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Calvinism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Calvinism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Calvinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Wales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In Methodism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Christian_socialist_people_and_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Christian_socialist_people_and_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notable Christian socialist people and groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Christian_socialist_people_and_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Christian socialism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اشتراكية مسيحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اشتراكية مسيحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Хрысціянскі сацыялізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хрысціянскі сацыялізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialisme_cristi%C3%A0" title="Socialisme cristià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Socialisme cristià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99es%C5%A5ansk%C3%BD_socialismus" title="Křesťanský socialismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křesťanský socialismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristensocialisme" title="Kristensocialisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kristensocialisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlicher_Sozialismus" title="Christlicher Sozialismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christlicher Sozialismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismo_cristiano" title="Socialismo cristiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Socialismo cristiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristana_socialismo" title="Kristana socialismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristana socialismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristau-sozialismo" title="Kristau-sozialismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristau-sozialismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianisme_social" title="Christianisme social – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christianisme social" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristensosjalisme" title="Kristensosjalisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kristensosjalisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90_%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="기독교 사회주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기독교 사회주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Քրիստոնեական սոցիալիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստոնեական սոցիալիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="ईसाई समाजवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईसाई समाजवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anski_socijalizam" title="Kršćanski socijalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kršćanski socijalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialisme_Kristen" title="Sosialisme Kristen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sosialisme Kristen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismo_cristiano" title="Socialismo cristiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Socialismo cristiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נצרות סוציאליסטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נצרות סוציאליסטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Христиан социализмі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Христиан социализмі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Христиандык социализм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Христиандык социализм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismus_Christianus" title="Socialismus Christianus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Socialismus Christianus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krik%C5%A1%C4%8Dioni%C5%A1kas_socializmas" title="Krikščioniškas socializmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krikščioniškas socializmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszt%C3%A9nyszocializmus" title="Keresztényszocializmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keresztényszocializmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christensocialisme" title="Christensocialisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christensocialisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="キリスト教社会主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリスト教社会主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristelig_sosialisme" title="Kristelig sosialisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kristelig sosialisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socjalizm_chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84ski" title="Socjalizm chrześcijański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Socjalizm chrześcijański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismo_crist%C3%A3o" title="Socialismo cristão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Socialismo cristão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Христианский социализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианский социализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kres%C5%A5ansk%C3%BD_socializmus" title="Kresťanský socializmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kresťanský socializmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хришћански социјализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хришћански социјализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristillinen_sosialismi" title="Kristillinen sosialismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristillinen sosialismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_socialism" title="Kristen socialism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristen socialism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristiyan_sosyalizmi" title="Hristiyan sosyalizmi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hristiyan sosyalizmi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:160%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Political concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_communism" title="Catholic communism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_liberation_theology" title="Latin American liberation theology">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_theology" title="Dalit theology">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_the_Middle_East#Palestinian_liberation_theology" title="Political theology in the Middle East">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_theology" title="Postcolonial theology">Postcolonial theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms doctrine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arrupe" title="Pedro Arrupe">Arrupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Boer" title="Roland Boer">Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lder_C%C3%A2mara" title="Hélder Câmara">Câmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Cone" title="James H. Cone">Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanos_Dimakos" title="Germanos Dimakos">Dimakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Everard_(Digger)" title="William Everard (Digger)">Everard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">Guterres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart" title="David Bentley Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Johnson" title="Hewlett Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._D._Maurice" title="F. D. Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotino_Rhodakanaty" title="Plotino Rhodakanaty">Rhodakanaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl" title="Sophie Scholl">Scholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothee_S%C3%B6lle" title="Dorothee Sölle">Sölle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(bishop)" title="William Temple (bishop)">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Torres_Restrepo" title="Camilo Torres Restrepo">Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Wilson_(Irish_Catholic_priest)" title="Des Wilson (Irish Catholic priest)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrard_Winstanley" title="Gerrard Winstanley">Winstanley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major writings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6:24" title="Matthew 6:24">Matthew 6:24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">Cleansing of the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_rich_young_man" title="Jesus and the rich young man">Jesus and the rich young man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_2" title="Acts 2">Acts 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theology_of_Liberation" title="A Theology of Liberation">A Theology of Liberation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker" title="Catholic Worker">Catholic Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialist_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Socialist Party (Hungary)">Christian Socialist Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_for_Socialism" title="Christians for Socialism">Christians for Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_on_the_Left" title="Christians on the Left">Christians on the Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_du_socialisme_chr%C3%A9tien" title="Parti du socialisme chrétien">Parti du socialisme chrétien</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_teachings_of_the_papacy" title="Social teachings of the papacy">Social teachings of the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism_and_socialism" title="Catholicism and socialism">Catholicism and socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Social gospel">Social gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_economics" title="Sabbath economics">Sabbath economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnia_sunt_communia" title="Omnia sunt communia">Omnia sunt communia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_socialism_sidebar" title="Template:Christian socialism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_socialism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christian socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Christian socialism is a <a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> that blends <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, endorsing <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">socialist economics</a> on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Many Christian socialists believe <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Idolatrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatrous">idolatrous</a> and rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">greed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech2000677–678-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Christian socialists identify the cause of <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequality</a> to be the greed that they associate with capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech2000677–678-2">[2]</a> Christian socialism became a major movement in the United Kingdom beginning in the 19th century. The Christian Socialist Movement, known as <a href="/wiki/Christians_on_the_Left" title="Christians on the Left">Christians on the Left</a> since 2013, is one formal group,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech2000677–678-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2012-4">[4]</a> as well as a faction of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, socialism is a "social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources. According to the socialist view, individuals do not live or work isolated, but live in cooperation with one another. Furthermore, everything that people produce is in some sense a social product, and everyone who contributes to the production of a good is entitled to a share in it. Society as a whole, therefore, should own or at least control property for the benefit of all its members. ... Early Christian communities also practised the sharing of goods and labour, a simple form of socialism subsequently followed in certain forms of <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>. Several monastic orders continue these practices today."<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> believe in strict adherence to biblical principles and church discipline, and practices <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> of nearly all property, resembling a form of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> to secular observers. In the words of historians Max Stanton and Rod Janzen, the Hutterites "established in their communities a rigorous system of Ordnungen, which were codes of rules and regulations that governed all aspects of life and ensured a unified perspective. As an economic system, <a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a> was attractive to many of the peasants who supported social revolution in sixteenth century central Europe", such as the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> came to view <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> as <a href="/wiki/Proto-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-communists">proto-communists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Other earlier figures viewed as Christian socialists include the 19th-century writers <a href="/wiki/F._D._Maurice" title="F. D. Maurice">F. D. Maurice</a> (The Kingdom of Christ, 1838),<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2012-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm_Forbes_Ludlow" title="John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow">John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow</a> (The Christian Socialist, 1850),<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2012-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adin_Ballou" title="Adin Ballou">Adin Ballou</a> (Practical Christian Socialism, 1854),<a href="#cite_note-Sartwell_2018-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hughes" title="Thomas Hughes">Thomas Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tom_Brown%27s_School_Days" title="Tom Brown's School Days">Tom Brown's School Days</a>, 1857),<a href="#cite_note-Norman_2002_p._91-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a>, 1862),<a href="#cite_note-MacCarthy_1994-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Water-Babies,_A_Fairy_Tale_for_a_Land_Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby">The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby</a>, 1863),<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2012-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_James_Furnivall" title="Frederick James Furnivall">Frederick James Furnivall</a> (co-creator of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2007-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Francis Bellamy</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> minister and the author of the <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance" title="Pledge of Allegiance">Pledge of Allegiance</a> in the United States).<a href="#cite_note-Dorn_2017-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_age">Biblical age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biblical age">edit</a>]</div> Elements that would form the basis of Christian socialism are found in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testaments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198819-14">[14]</a> They include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2015:1–5&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 15:1–5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2018:7&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 18:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2058:2–7&version=nrsv">Isaiah 58:2–7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%202:14&version=nrsv">James 2:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%205:1–6&version=nrsv">James 5:1–6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Job%2031:16–25:28&version=nrsv">Job 31:16–25, 28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2011:10–11&version=nrsv">John 11:10–11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2025:35–38&version=nrsv">Leviticus 25: 35–38</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%204:18&version=nrsv">Luke 4:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%206:24&version=nrsv">Matthew 6:24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2019:23–24&version=nrsv">Matthew 19:23–24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2025:40–46&version=nrsv">Matthew 25:40–46</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Proverbs%2028:3–28&version=nrsv">Proverbs 28:3–28</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Proverbs%2031:9&version=nrsv">Proverbs 31:9</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Testament">Old Testament</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old Testament">edit</a>]</div> The Old Testament had divided perspectives on the issue of poverty. One part of the Biblical tradition held that poverty was judgment of God upon the wicked while viewing prosperity as a reward for the good, stating in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Proverbs%2013:25&version=nrsv">Proverbs 13:25</a> that "[t]he righteous have enough to satisfy their appetite, but the belly of the wicked is empty."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198820-16">[16]</a> There are other sections that instruct generosity to the have-nots of society. <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a> instructs followers to treat neighbours equally and to be generous to have-nots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198819–21-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">You shall not oppress your neighbour ... but you shall love your neighbour as yourself: I am the Lord.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198821-18">[18]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 19:13, 18</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For the Lord your God is God of gods and Lord of lords, the great God, mighty and awesome, who shows no partiality and accepts no bribes. He defends the cause of the fatherless and the widow, and loves the foreigner residing among you, giving them food and clothing. And you are to love those who are foreigners, for you yourselves were foreigners in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort1988-19">[19]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 10:17–19</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When you reap in your harvest in the field, and have forgotten a sheaf in the field, you shall not go back to get it. ... When you beat your olive trees, you shall not go over the boughs again. ... When you gather the grapes of your vineyard, you shall not glean it afterward; it shall be for the sojourner, the fatherless and the widow. You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt; therefore I command you to do this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198819-14">[14]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Deuteronomy 24:19–22</cite></div></blockquote> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> include many references to <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> for the poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198822-20">[20]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Give justice to the weak and the fatherless; maintain the right of the afflicted and the destitute. Rescue the weak and the needy; deliver them from the hand of the wicked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198822-20">[20]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Psalms 82 (81): 3, 4</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Blessed is the man who fears the Lord, who greatly delights in his commandments! ... He has distributed freely, he has given to the poor; his righteousness endures forever; his horn is exalted in honour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198822-20">[20]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Psalms 112 (111): 1, 9</cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a> emphasizes the need for justice and righteousness that is described as conduct that emphasizes love for those who are poor and to oppose oppression and injustice towards the poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198823-21">[21]</a> The prophet <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, to whom is attributed the first thirty-nine chapters of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> known as Proto-Isaiah, followed upon Amos' themes of justice and righteousness involving the poor as necessary for followers of God, denouncing those who do not do these things.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198823-21">[21]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Even though you make many prayers, I will not listen; your hands are full of blood. ... [C]ease to do evil, learn to do good; seek justice, correct oppression; defend the fatherless, plead for the widow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198823-21">[21]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Isaiah 1:15–17</cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Book of Sirach</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">deuterocanonical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">biblical apocrypha</a> books of the Old Testament, denounces the pursuit of wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198828-22">[22]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He who loves gold will not be justified, and he who pursues money will be led astray by it. Many have come to ruin because of gold, and their destruction has met them face to face. It is a stumbling block to those who are devoted to it, and every fool will be taken captive by it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198828-22">[22]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sirach 31: 5–7</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New Testament">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Paolo_Pannini_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Giovanni_Paolo_Pannini_001.jpg/400px-Giovanni_Paolo_Pannini_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Giovanni_Paolo_Pannini_001.jpg/600px-Giovanni_Paolo_Pannini_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Giovanni_Paolo_Pannini_001.jpg/800px-Giovanni_Paolo_Pannini_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>Jesus Expels the Moneylenders from the Temple by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Pannini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Paolo Pannini">Giovanni Paolo Pannini</a>, 1750</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachings of Jesus">teachings of Jesus</a> are frequently described as socialist, especially by Christian socialists, such as <a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%204:32&version=nrsv">Acts 4:32</a> records that in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> "[n]o one claimed that any of their possessions was their own"; this pattern, which helped Christians survive after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">siege of Jerusalem</a>, was taken seriously for several centuries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero20175-24">[24]</a> and was an important factor in the rise of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>. While it would later disappear from <a href="/wiki/Church_history" title="Church history">church history</a> except within <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>, it experienced a revival since the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Christian socialism was one of the founding threads of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> in the United Kingdom and is said to begin with the uprising of <a href="/wiki/Wat_Tyler" title="Wat Tyler">Wat Tyler</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Ball_(priest)" title="John Ball (priest)">John Ball</a> in the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In the New Testament, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> identifies himself with the hungry, the poor, the sick, and the prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198831-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_25:31%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew 25:31–46">Matthew 25:31–46</a> is a major component of Christianity and is considered the cornerstone of Christian socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198831-27">[27]</a> Another key statement in the New Testament that is an important component of Christian socialism is Luke 10:25–37 that follows the statement "You shall love your neighbour as yourself" with the question "And who is my neighbour?" In the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan" title="Parable of the Good Samaritan">Parable of the Good Samaritan</a>. Jesus gives the response that the neighbour includes anyone in need, even people we might be expected to shun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198832-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> claim descension from different <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes of Israel">Tribes of Israel</a>, which had faced a schism prior to the events described in the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourgel20161-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrown198917-30">[30]</a> This schism led to interethnic and interreligious conflict between the two groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198832-28">[28]</a> Luke 6:20–21 shows Jesus narrating the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a>. It reads: "Blessed are you poor, for yours is the kingdom of God. Blessed are you that hunger now, for you shall be satisfied."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198837-31">[31]</a> Christian socialists cite <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a>, the brother of Jesus, who criticizes the rich intensely and in strong language in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198841–42-32">[32]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Come now, you rich, weep and howl for the miseries that are coming upon you. Your riches have rotted and your garments are moth-eaten. Your gold and silver have rusted, and their rust will be evidence against you and will eat your flesh like fire. You have laid up for treasure for the last days. Behold, the wages of the labourers who mowed your fields, which you have kept back by fraud, cry out; and the cries of the harvesters have reached the ears of the Lord of hosts. You have lived on the earth in luxury and in pleasure; you have fattened your hearts in a day of slaughter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198841–42-32">[32]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>James 5:1–6</cite></div></blockquote> During the New Testament period and beyond, there is evidence that many Christian communities practised forms of sharing, redistribution, and communism. Some of the Bible verses that inspired the communal economic arrangements of the <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> are found in the book of <a href="/wiki/The_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Acts">the Acts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero2017-33">[33]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">All the believers were together and had everything in common. Selling their possessions and goods, they gave to anyone as he had need.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Acts 2, 44–45</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">All the believers were one in heart and mind. No one claimed that any of his possessions were his own, but they shared everything they had.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Acts 4, 32</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There were no needy persons among them. For from time to time those who owned lands or houses sold them, brought the money from their sales and put it at the apostles' feet, and it was distributed to anyone as he had need.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Acts 4, 34–35</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_Fathers_age">Church Fathers age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Church Fathers age">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Father</a> of the Eastern monks who became <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Caesarea">Bishop of Caesarea</a>, established a complex (later called <a href="/wiki/Basileias" title="Basileias">Basileias</a>) around the church and monastery that included hostels, almshouses, and hospitals for infectious diseases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198843-34">[34]</a> During the great famine of 368, Basil denounced against profiteers and the indifferent rich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198843-34">[34]</a> Basil wrote a <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Rich_Fool" title="Parable of the Rich Fool">Parable of the Rich Fool</a> in which he states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Who is the covetous man? One for whom plenty is not enough. Who is the defrauder? One who takes away what belongs to everyone. And are not you covetous, are you not a defrauder, when you keep for private use what you were given for distribution? When some one strips a man of his clothes we call him a thief. And one who might clothe the naked and does not—should not he be given the same name? The bread in your hoard belongs to the hungry; the cloak in your wardrobe belongs to the naked; the shoes you let rot belong to the barefoot; the money in your vaults belongs to the destitute. All you might help and do not—to all these you are doing wrong."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198843–44-35">[35]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> declared his reasons for his attitude towards the rich and position of attitude towards wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198845-36">[36]</a> He said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"I am often reproached for continually attacking the rich. Yes, because the rich are continually attacking the poor. But those I attack are not the rich as such, only those who misuse their wealth. I point out constantly that those I accuse are not the rich, but the rapacious; wealth is one thing, covetousness another. Learn to distinguish."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort198845-36">[36]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early modern period">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and the period of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> (1642–1660), the <a href="/wiki/Diggers" title="Diggers">Diggers</a> espoused a political and economic theory rooted in Christianity that bears a strong resemblance to modern socialism,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> particularly its <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> strains.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Some scholars believe the <a href="/wiki/Munster_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Munster Rebellion">Munster Rebellion</a> may have formed an early socialist state.<a href="#cite_note-Twentieth_Century_1896_p._35-PA4-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_to_present">19th century to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century to present">edit</a>]</div> In "Religion and the Rise of Socialism", historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Hobsbawn">Eric Hobsbawn</a> argued that the "modern working-class socialist movement has developed an overwhelmingly secular, indeed often militantly anti-religious ideology." At the same time, he and other historians cited examples where this was not the case, particularly Britain in the 19th and 20th centuries, where <a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a> and Stephen Yo said a form of <a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">ethical socialism</a> dominated the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>. A prominent example of Christian socialism, or socialist Christianity, was <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a>, a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> in Britain, who said he learnt his "Socialism in the New Testament", where he said he found what he described as his "chief inspiration". Those socialists argued that socialism was the embodiment of the <a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachings of Jesus">teachings of Jesus</a>, and that it would also rescue the church from <a href="/wiki/Mammon" title="Mammon">Mammon</a>, which they said caused it to have lost its way and become corrupt by siding with the rich and powerful against the poor. According to this view, socialism was not anti-religion but was opposed to those who would use it to support capitalism and the status quo.<a href="#cite_note-Knox_1988-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a> is credited with setting the groundwork for Christian socialism in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Connolly, who wrote a story for the Christian socialist journal Labour Prophet,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> said: "It is not Socialism but Capitalism that is opposed to religion ... when the organised Socialist working class tramples upon the Capitalist Class it will not be trampling on a pillar of God's Church but upon a blasphemous defiler of the Sanctuary, it will be rescuing the faith from the impious vermin who make it noisome to the really religious men and women."<a href="#cite_note-Knox_1988-43">[43]</a> In France, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a> began to characterize his philosophy as Christian socialism in the 1820s and 1830s. A variety of socialist perspectives emerged in 19th-century Britain, beginning with <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward R. Norman">Edward R. Norman</a> identifies what he describes as the three "immediate intellectual sources" for mid-century Christian socialism: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arnold" title="Thomas Arnold">Thomas Arnold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The United States also has a Christian socialist tradition.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In Utah, it developed and flourished in the first part of the 20th century, playing an important part in the development and expression of radicalism. Part of a larger, nationwide movement in many American Protestant churches, <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism_in_Utah" title="Christian socialism in Utah">Christian socialism in Utah</a> was particularly strong, and dedicated Christian socialist ministers, such as <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> bishop <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Spencer_Spalding" title="Franklin Spencer Spalding">Franklin Spencer Spalding</a> of Utah and <a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a> minister <a href="/wiki/Myron_W._Reed" title="Myron W. Reed">Myron W. Reed</a> in the American West,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman2007-50">[50]</a> were fierce advocates for the miners laboring in the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_Ruskin">John Ruskin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: John Ruskin">edit</a>]</div> The influential <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> art critic <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> expounded theories about social justice in <a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a> (1860). In it, he stated four goals that might be called socialist even though Ruskin did not use the term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuskin1872xi–xiii-53">[53]</a> <ol><li>"[T]raining schools for youth, established at government cost."</li> <li>In connection with these schools, the government should establish "manufactories and workshops, for the production and sale of every necessary of life."</li> <li>All unemployed people should be "set to work" or trained for work if needed or forced to work if necessary.</li> <li>"[F]or the old and destitute, comfort and home should be provided."</li></ol> Although Norman says Ruskin was not "an authentic Socialist in any of its various nineteenth-century meanings", as his only real contact with the Christian socialists came through the <a href="/wiki/Working_Men%27s_College" title="Working Men's College">Working Men's College</a>, he influenced later socialist thinking, especially the artist <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1987122,_132-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artists">Artists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Artists">edit</a>]</div> The painters of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a> were influenced and sponsored by Ruskin.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Morris was a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_League_(UK,_1885)" title="Socialist League (UK, 1885)">Socialist League</a> founded in December 1884.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fabian_Society">Fabian Society</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fabian Society">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> was founded in 1884, with <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Webb">Sydney Webb</a> being among its leading members. The Fabians influenced members of the <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a> and were important in the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom">history of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Episcopal_Church_Socialist_League_and_Church_League_for_Industrial_Democracy">Episcopal Church Socialist League and Church League for Industrial Democracy</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Episcopal Church Socialist League and Church League for Industrial Democracy">edit</a>]</div> Founded by <a href="/wiki/Vida_Dutton_Scudder" title="Vida Dutton Scudder">Vida Dutton Scudder</a> in 1911,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> herself influenced by the Fabian Society, the Episcopal Church Socialist League and its successor, the Church League for Industrial Democracy, sought to ally Christian doctrine with the plight of the working class as a part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Social_gospel_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Social gospel movement">social gospel movement</a> that was taking hold of many urban churches across the United States in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Rossinow_2005-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In the November 1914 issue of The Christian Socialist, Spalding stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Christian Church exists for the sole purpose of saving the human race. So far she has failed, but I think that Socialism shows her how she may succeed. It insists that men cannot be made right until the material conditions be made right. Although man cannot live by bread alone, he must have bread. Therefore, the Church must destroy a system of society which inevitably creates and perpetuates unequal and unfair conditions of life. These unequal and unfair conditions have been created by competition. Therefore competition must cease and cooperation take its place."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman200711–12-61">[61]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_anarchism">Christian anarchism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Christian anarchism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg/220px-2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg/330px-2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg/440px-2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4031" data-file-height="4838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Masses" title="The Masses">The Masses</a>, 1917 political cartoon by socialist cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Art_Young" title="Art Young">Art Young</a></figcaption></figure> Although anarchists have traditionally been skeptical of or vehemently opposed to <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> some anarchists have provided religious interpretations and approaches to anarchism, including the idea that glorification of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> is a form of sinful <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian anarchists">Christian anarchists</a> say anarchism is inherent in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> that it is grounded in the belief that there is only one source of authority to which Christians are ultimately answerable—the authority of God as embodied in the teachings of Jesus. It therefore rejects the idea that human governments have ultimate authority over human societies. Christian anarchists denounce the state, believing it is violent, deceitful, and idolatrous when glorified.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The foundation of Christian anarchism is a rejection of violence, with <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a> regarded as a key text. Tolstoy sought to separate <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Christianity">Russian Orthodox Christianity</a>—which was merged with the state—from what he believed was the true message of Jesus as contained in the Gospels, specifically in the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>. Tolstoy takes the <a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian pacifist">Christian pacifist</a> viewpoint that all governments who wage war, and churches who in turn support those governments, are an affront to the Christian principles of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">nonresistance</a>. Although Tolstoy never used Christian anarchism in The Kingdom of God Is Within You, reviews of this book following its publication in 1894 appear to have coined the term.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Christian anarchists hold that the Reign of God is the proper expression of the relationship between God and humanity. Under the Reign of God, human relationships would be characterized by divided authority, <a href="/wiki/Servant_leadership" title="Servant leadership">servant leadership</a>, and universal compassion—not by the hierarchical, authoritarian structures that are normally attributed to religious social order.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Most Christian anarchists are <a href="/wiki/Pacifists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifists">pacifists</a> who reject war and the use of violence.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> More than any other Bible source, the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> is used as the basis for Christian anarchism.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God Is Within You is often regarded as a key text for modern Christian anarchism.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Critics of Christian anarchism include both Christians and anarchists. Christians often cite <a href="/wiki/Romans_13" title="Romans 13">Romans 13</a> as evidence that the state should be obeyed,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Secular_anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular anarchists">secular anarchists</a> do not believe in any authority including God as per the slogan "<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">no gods, no masters</a>".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Christian anarchists often believe Romans 13 is taken out of context,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> emphasizing that <a href="/wiki/Revelation_13" title="Revelation 13">Revelation 13</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_13" title="Isaiah 13">Isaiah 13</a>, among other passages, are needed to fully understand Romans 13 text.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_communism">Christian communism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christian communism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">religious communism</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and the view that the teachings of Jesus compel <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> to support communism as the ideal <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social system</a>. While there is no universal agreement on the exact date when Christian communism was founded, Christian communists say that evidence from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> suggests that the first Christians, including the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> as described in the Acts, established their own communist society in the years following Jesus' death and resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Advocates of Christian communism, including other communists, such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>, argue that it was taught by Jesus and practised by the apostles themselves.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This is generally agreed by historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero20175-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The link was highlighted in one of Marx's early writings, which stated that "[a]s Christ is the intermediary unto whom man unburdens all his divinity, all his religious bonds, so the state is the mediator unto which he transfers all his Godlessness, all his human liberty."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_democracy">Christian democracy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Christian democracy">edit</a>]</div> The political movement of <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a> espouses some values of Christian socialism in the form of <a href="/wiki/Economic_justice" title="Economic justice">economic justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>. It opposes an <a href="/wiki/Individualist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist">individualist</a> worldview and approves <a href="/wiki/State_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="State intervention">state intervention</a> in the economy in defence of human dignity. Because of its close association with Catholicism, Christian democracy differs from Christian socialism by its emphasis on traditional church and <a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a>, its defence of private property, and by its opposition to excessive state intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-81">[81]</a> Salvatore Talamo, a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Thomistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Thomistic">neo-Thomistic</a> sociologist and Catholic social theorist, when distinguishing between the conservative and Christian democratic views on labour issues, used Christian Socialists for the latter; most Christian democrats avoid using socialism, which is occasionally mainly used by conservatives who attempt to discredit their Christian democratic opponents by using a word with Marxist connotations.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Christian democratic parties under various names were formed in Europe and Latin America after World War II. Some, such as in Germany and Italy, became a major political force.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberation_theology">Liberation theology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Liberation theology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a> is a synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socio-economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economic">socio-economic</a> analyses that emphasizes "social concern for the poor and political liberation for oppressed peoples",<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> as well as "the oppressed and maimed and blind and lame", and bring the "good news to the poor".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Beginning in the 1960s after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> it became the political <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_liberation_theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American liberation theologians">Latin American liberation theologians</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Boff" title="Leonardo Boff">Leonardo Boff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> like <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Segundo" title="Juan Luis Segundo">Juan Luis Segundo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Sobrino" title="Jon Sobrino">Jon Sobrino</a>, who popularized the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Preferential_option_for_the_poor" class="mw-redirect" title="Preferential option for the poor">preferential option for the poor</a>". This expression was used first by Jesuit Father General <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arrupe" title="Pedro Arrupe">Pedro Arrupe</a> in 1968, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Synod_of_Catholic_Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="World Synod of Catholic Bishops">World Synod of Catholic Bishops</a> in 1971 chose as its theme "<a href="/wiki/Justice_in_the_World" title="Justice in the World">Justice in the World</a>" for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Ordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" title="Second Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">Second Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The Latin American context produced evangelical advocates of liberation theology, such as <a href="/wiki/Rubem_Alves" title="Rubem Alves">Rubem Alves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M%C3%ADguez_Bonino" title="José Míguez Bonino">José Míguez Bonino</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._Ren%C3%A9_Padilla" class="mw-redirect" title="C. René Padilla">C. René Padilla</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> who called for <a href="/wiki/Integral_mission" title="Integral mission">integral mission</a> in the 1970s, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">social responsibility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Theologies of liberation have developed in other parts of the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">black theology</a> in the United States and South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_liberation_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian liberation theology">Palestinian liberation theology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dalit_theology" title="Dalit theology">Dalit theology</a> in India,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology">Minjung theology</a> in South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Catholicism">In Catholicism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In Catholicism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_and_socialism" title="Catholicism and socialism">Catholicism and socialism</a></div> Communism and socialism have been condemned by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. Many of these popes, Leo XIII and Pius XI in particular, have also condemned unregulated capitalism. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> condemned both ideologies, while distinguishing them from <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>, which he praised. The views of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> on the issue have also been called into question, with some arguing he holds socialist or communist views, while others argue he does not.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Pope Francis has denied accusations of him being a communist, including by <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> calling them a "misinterpretation" of his views. In 2016, Francis criticized <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> ideology as wrong but praised communists for "[thinking] like Christians".<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2016-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skojec_2016-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> criticized socialism in his works <a href="/wiki/Nostis_et_nobiscum" title="Nostis et nobiscum">Nostis et nobiscum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quanta_cura" title="Quanta cura">Quanta cura</a>. In his 1849 work Nostis et nobiscum, he referred to communism and socialism as "wicked theories" that confuse people with what he called "perverted teachings".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In his 1864 work Quanta cura, he referred to communism and socialism as a "fatal error".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Communism was later further criticized in the 1878 <a href="/wiki/Papal_encyclical" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal encyclical">papal encyclical</a> <a href="/wiki/Quod_apostolici_muneris" title="Quod apostolici muneris">Quod apostolici muneris</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>, as he believed that it led to state domination over the freedom of the individual and quelled proper religious worship, inherently turning the top hierarchical power over to the state instead of God. Leo said in this work that socialists steal "the very Gospel itself with a view to deceive more easily the unwary ... [and] distort it so as to suit their own purposes."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In the words of academic Catherine Ruth Pakaluk, who refers to the reigns of Pope Pius IX to Pope Pius XII (1850–1950) as the Leonine era, "socialism and communism appear so often in the papal texts of the Leonine era, and with such importance, that they might be described as central foils over and against which the Church is defined and refined over time."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In his 1891 encyclical <a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a>, Pope Leo XIII said that socialism acts against natural injustice and destroys the home. He wrote that materialist socialism "must be utterly rejected" by Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Leo XIII strongly criticized capitalism. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Eamon Duffy</a>, it was revolutionary in that, as recounted by theologian Paul Misner, up until that point, the Vatican was allied with reactionary institutions and monarchies, and it was the first major statement of the old institutions to discuss the realities of 19th-century society and endorse the working class's grievances. In the words of Duffy, "For the successor of Pio Nono to say these things ... was truly revolutionary. Leo's attack on unrestriced capitalism, his insistence on the duty of state intervention on behalf of the worker, his assertion of the right to a living wage and the rights of organised labour, changed the terms of all future Catholic discussions on social questions, and gave weight and authority to more adventurous advocates of Social Catholicism."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Many Catholics and non-Catholics used the Christian socialists label for those who wanted to put Rerum novarum into practice. The <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Saint_Columbanus" title="Knights of Saint Columbanus">Knights of Saint Columbanus</a> can trace its origins back to Rerum novarum. The <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> in Ireland and the United States traces its origins back to Roman Catholicism and the 1891 encyclical Rerum novarum and the various subsequent encyclicals it spawned.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinyai_2019-115">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Starry_Plough_(flag)" title="Starry Plough (flag)">Starry Plough</a>, a symbol associated with socialism in Ireland, was designed with an explicit reference to Catholicism in mind.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The right to association, such as the creation of and involvement in <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Co-operatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operatives">co-operatives</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> are regarded as a core part of Roman Catholic social teaching.<a href="#cite_note-Sinyai_2019-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> In 1901, Leo XIII in his encyclical <a href="/wiki/Graves_de_communi_re" title="Graves de communi re">Graves de communi re</a> referred to socialism as a "harvest of misery".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In 1910, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> criticized socialism in his Apostolic letter <a href="/wiki/Notre_charge_apostolique" title="Notre charge apostolique">Notre charge apostolique</a>, predicting that the rise of socialism will be "a tumultuous agitation".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> wrote his encyclical, <a href="/wiki/Ad_beatissimi_Apostolorum" title="Ad beatissimi Apostolorum">Ad beatissimi Apostolorum</a>, which reaffirmed the anti-socialist stance of the Catholic Church, calling on Catholics to remember "the errors of Socialism and of similar doctrines", as taught by his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> wrote his work <a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a>, wherein Pius described the major dangers for human freedom and dignity arising from unrestrained <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> communism.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Pius XI called upon true socialism to distance itself from totalitarian communism as a matter of clarity and also as a matter of principle. Communists were accused of attempting to overthrow all existing civil society. It was argued that Christian socialism, if allied to communism, was deemed to be an <a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">oxymoron</a> because of this.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> At the time, Pius XI famously wrote: "Religious socialism, Christian socialism, are contradictory terms; no one can be at the same time a good Catholic and a true socialist."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Some prominent Catholic socialists existed during Pope Pius XI's era, including the American anarchist <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a> who advocated for <a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">distributism</a> and the Irish priest <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Flanagan" title="Michael O'Flanagan">Michael O'Flanagan</a> who was suspended for his political beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In 1931, it was clarified that a Catholic was free to vote for the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, the British affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Later in 1937, Pius XI rejected atheistic communism in an <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> entitled <a href="/wiki/Divini_Redemptoris" title="Divini Redemptoris">Divini Redemptoris</a> as "a system full of errors and sophisms", with a "pseudo-ideal of justice, equality, and fraternity" and "a certain false mysticism",<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> and contrasted it with a humane society (civitas humana).<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Decree_against_Communism" title="Decree against Communism">Decree against Communism</a>, which declared Catholics who professed communist doctrine to be <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">excommunicated</a> as apostates from the Christian faith.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In 1952, when referring to socialism, Pius XII stated: "The Church will fight this battle to the end, for it is a question of supreme values: the dignity of man and the salvation of souls."<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In 1959, on the question of whether Catholics could "associate themselves with the communists and support them with their course of action", a response from the Holy Office under <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> replied: "No."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> On 15 May 1961, John XXIII promulgated the encyclical <a href="/wiki/Mater_et_magistra" title="Mater et magistra">Mater et magistra</a>, which reaffirmed the Church's anti-socialist stances. John XXIII wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Pope Pius XI further emphasized the fundamental opposition between Communism and Christianity, and made it clear that no Catholic could subscribe even to moderate Socialism. The reason is that Socialism is founded on a doctrine of human society which is bounded by time and takes no account of any objective other than that of material well-being. Since, therefore, it proposes a form of social organization which aims solely at production, it places too severe a restraint on human liberty, at the same time flouting the true notion of social authority."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></blockquote> Nonetheless, Pope John XXIII helped the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> party to cooperate with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a>, as part of the Catholic open up to the left.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In Chile, many Catholics supported the democratic president <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a>, and a group of Catholic priests and faithful founded the group <a href="/wiki/Christians_for_Socialism" title="Christians for Socialism">Christians for Socialism</a>, which supported the president and argued that socialism is closer to Catholic values than capitalism. In a meeting organized by the group in April 1972 attended by over 400 Catholic priests and nuns, the participants issued a declaration calling for official Catholic support for socialism, argued that Christians are obliged to involve themselves in the revolutionary process, and called for class struggle.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The group also cited the words of Chilean papal prelate <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Silva_Henr%C3%ADquez" title="Raúl Silva Henríquez">Raúl Silva Henríquez</a>, who stated: "There are more of the Gospel's values in socialism than there are in capitalism."<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In May 1971, Chilean bishops released a pastoral letter "The Gospel, Politics, and Socialisms" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Evangelio, politica, y socialismos), which stated that while the Catholic Church could not endorse a specific political ideology, socialism is not incompatible with Catholic teaching and might be seen as a direct application of Catholic principles. At the same time, Chilean bishops warned that Catholics must reject variants of socialism that are based on atheism or a materialistic view of history, as these were elements incompatible with the teaching of the Church.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Apostolic Letter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octogesima_adveniens" title="Octogesima adveniens">Octogesima adveniens</a>. About Christians and socialism, he wrote: "Too often Christians attracted by socialism tend to idealize it in terms which, apart from anything else, are very general: a will for justice, solidarity and equality. They refuse to recognize the limitations of the historical socialist movements, which remain conditioned by the ideologies from which they originated."<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Pope John Paul II criticized socialism in his 1991 encyclical <a href="/wiki/Centesimus_annus" title="Centesimus annus">Centesimus annus</a>. He wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The fundamental error of socialism is anthropological in nature. Socialism considers the individual person simply as an element, a molecule within the social organism, so that the good of the individual is completely subordinated to the functioning of the socio-economic mechanism. Socialism likewise maintains that the good of the individual can be realized without reference to his free choice, to the unique and exclusive responsibility which he exercises in the face of good or evil. Man is thus reduced to a series of social relationships, and the concept of the person as the autonomous subject of moral decision disappears, the very subject whose decisions build the social order. From this mistaken conception of the person there arise both a distortion of law, which defines the sphere of the exercise of freedom, and an opposition to private property. A person who is deprived of something he can call 'his own', and of the possibility of earning a living through his own initiative, comes to depend on the social machine and on those who control it. This makes it much more difficult for him to recognize his dignity as a person, and hinders progress towards the building up of an authentic human community."<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></blockquote> The 1992 <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, also promulgated by Pope John Paul II, condemns socialism as an atheistic ideology. Paragraph 2425 states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Church has rejected the totalitarian and atheistic ideologies associated in modem times with 'communism' or 'socialism.' She has likewise refused to accept, in the practice of 'capitalism,' individualism and the absolute primacy of the law of the marketplace over human labor. Regulating the economy solely by centralized planning perverts the basis of social bonds; regulating it solely by the law of the marketplace fails social justice, for 'there are many human needs which cannot be satisfied by the market.' Reasonable regulation of the marketplace and economic initiatives, in keeping with a just hierarchy of values and a view to the common good, is to be commended."<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> In 2004, Joseph Ratzinger, the future <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, addressed the Italian Senate, declaring that "[i]n many respects democratic socialism was and is close to Catholic social doctrine; in any case, it contributed toward the formation of a social consciousness."<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In 2005, Benedict XVI in his encyclical <a href="/wiki/Deus_caritas_est" title="Deus caritas est">Deus caritas est</a> stated: "We do not need a State which regulates and controls everything, but a State which, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, generously acknowledges and supports initiatives arising from the different social forces and combines spontaneity with closeness to those in need. The Church is one of those living forces. ... In the end, the claim that just social structures would make works of charity superfluous masks a materialist conception of man ... a conviction that demeans man and ultimately disregards all that is specifically human."<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 2007, Benedict XVI criticized <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> in his encyclical <a href="/wiki/Spe_salvi" title="Spe salvi">Spe salvi</a>, stating that "[w]ith the victory of the revolution, though, Marx's fundamental error also became evident. He showed precisely how to overthrow the existing order, but he did not say how matters should proceed thereafter. ... He forgot that freedom always remains also freedom for evil. He thought that once the economy had been put right, everything would automatically be put right. His real error is materialism: man, in fact, is not merely the product of economic conditions, and it is not possible to redeem him purely from the outside by creating a favourable economic environment."<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> has been viewed as having some sympathy to socialist causes, with his frequent <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">criticism of capitalism</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>. In 2016, Francis said that the world economy is "[f]undamental terrorism, against all of Humanity",<a href="#cite_note-Knight2016-148">[148]</a> and that "[i]f anything, it is the communists who think like Christians. Christ spoke of a society where the poor, the weak and the marginalized have the right to decide."<a href="#cite_note-Skojec_2016-106">[106]</a> When later questioned on whether or not he is a <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a>, Francis responded: "As for whether or not I'm a communist: I am sure that I have not said anything more than what the Church's social doctrine teaches ... maybe the impression of being a little more 'of the left' has been given, but that would be a misinterpretation."<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2016-105">[105]</a> In 2013, he said: "The ideology of Marxism is wrong. But I have met many Marxists in my life who are good people, so I don't feel offended."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Movements like <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a> argue for the compatibility of socialism and Catholicism; they have been rejected by Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a>, a practicing Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> since 2017, is the immediate past president of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Calvinism">In Calvinism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In Calvinism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> In Australia, the academic <a href="/wiki/Roland_Boer" title="Roland Boer">Roland Boer</a> has attempted to synthesize Calvinism and Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In a 2010 interview, he stated that "it became clear to me that within Christianity there is a strong tradition of political and theological radicalism, which I continued to explore personally. Reformed or Calvinist theology did not seem to sit easily with that interest, so I spent many a long year rejecting that tradition, only to realise later that Calvin himself was torn between the radical potential of elements in the Bible and his own conservative preferences."<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> In France, the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, the Christianisme Social (Social Christianity) movement emerged in the 1870s from the preaching of <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Fallot" title="Tommy Fallot">Tommy Fallot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Early on, the movement focused on such issues as illiteracy and alcoholism amongst the poor.<a href="#cite_note-France_Culture_2010-156">[156]</a> After the First World War, Social Christianity moved in two directions — towards pacifism and towards ecumenism. Within the movement emerged conscientious objectors, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Martin_(pacifist)" title="Jacques Martin (pacifist)">Jacques Martin</a>, Philo Vernier, and Henri Roser, economists pursuing policies that reflected cooperation and solidarity, such as Bernard Lavergne and Georges Lasserre, and theologians like <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ricoeur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ricoeur">Paul Ricoeur</a>. One of the pastors in the movement, Jacques Kaltenbach, was also to have a formative influence on <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Trocm%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="André Trocmé">André Trocmé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalamet2013-157">[157]</a> Under the Vichy regime, which had seen the emergence of other forms of witness, particularly the support of internees in the camps and aiding Jews to escape, the movement was reborn to tackle the problems of a changing world. It expressed a Christian socialism, more or less in line with the beginning of a new political left. Political activism was very broad and included the denunciation of torture, East–West debate on European integration and taking a stance on the process of decolonization. It facilitated meetings between employers, managers, and trade unionists to discern a new economic order. After the events of <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a>, Calvinism in France became much more left-wing in its orientation.<a href="#cite_note-Wells_1988-158">[158]</a> One doctrinal text produced in the 1960s, Church and Authorities, was described as Marxist in its orientation.<a href="#cite_note-Wells_1988-158">[158]</a> Churches now seized for themselves the political and social issues to tackle, such as nuclear power and justice for the Third World. In the early 2000s, the Social Christianity movement temporarily discontinued and its journal Other Times ceased to be published.<a href="#cite_note-France_Culture_2010-156">[156]</a> The movement was relaunched on 10 June 2010 with a petition signed by over 240 people,<a href="#cite_note-France_Culture_2010-156">[156]</a> and now maintains an active presence with its own website.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Economically, most Calvinists have supported capitalism and have been in the vanguard of promoting free-market capitalism, and have produced many of France's leading entrepreneurs.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_1998-160">[160]</a> With regard to politics and social issues, they are socialists.<a href="#cite_note-Wells_1988-158">[158]</a> Three of France's post-war prime ministers have been Calvinists, despite <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> only making up two percent of the population. Two of these prime ministers have been socialists.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_1998-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wales">Wales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Wales">edit</a>]</div> In Wales, <a href="/wiki/Calvinistic_Methodism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistic Methodism">Calvinistic Methodism</a> is the largest non-conformist religion. Its beginnings may be traced to <a href="/wiki/Griffith_Jones_(Llanddowror)" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffith Jones (Llanddowror)">Griffith Jones</a> (1684–1761), of Llanddowror, <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a>, whose sympathy for the poor led him to set on foot a system of circulating charity schools for the education of children. Until the 19th century, the prevailing thought amongst Welsh non-conformists was that "it would be wiser if the churches limited their activities to those of the altar and not to meddle at all with the state and social questions." This stemmed partly from the traditional nonconformist belief in the separation of church and state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlwyd20153-161">[161]</a> In his influential sermon Y Ddwy Alwedigaeth (The Two Vocations), <a href="/wiki/Emrys_ap_Iwan" title="Emrys ap Iwan">Emrys ap Iwan</a> challenged this passive pietism. He wrote: "We must not think, like the old Methodists, Puritans and some Catholics, that we can only seek Godliness outside our earthly vocation." He condemned those Christians who limited godliness to directly religious matters such as Sabbath observance and personal devotion. He declared that all earthly things, including language and culture, have some kind of divine origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlwyd20154-162">[162]</a> Many of the founders of the Welsh nationalist social-democratic party, <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a>, were also Calvinists, including <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Daniel" title="John Edward Daniel">John Edward Daniel</a>. Daniel was the theologian credited for bringing <a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">neo-orthodoxy</a> to Wales. Daniel argued that God did not create man as an isolated individual but as a social being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlwyd20154-162">[162]</a> The second generation of Plaid Cymru leaders included <a href="/wiki/R._Tudur_Jones" title="R. Tudur Jones">R. Tudur Jones</a>. His political stance, combined with Calvinist doctrine, created an integrated vision that was significant to the religious life of Christian Wales in the later half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsBainesLynch2008-163">[163]</a> Jones argued that the "state should be a servant, to preserve order and to allow men to live the good life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlwyd20155-164">[164]</a> The Calvinist tradition in Plaid Cymru influenced its non-violent approach. According to Rhys Llwyd, "[t]he ideal is no fist violence, no verbal violence, and no heart violence. ... Christians ... point to the New Testament example of Jesus Christ clearing the temple. Here there is no suggestion of violence against people; rather the tables are turned as a symbolic act. The life and teaching of Jesus Christ were seen as the foundations of nonviolent direct action [for Plaid Cymru members] ... loving their enemies on the one hand, but not compromising on what they saw as an issue of moral rightness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlwyd20156-165">[165]</a> Plaid Cymru continues to see itself as very much part of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian pacifist">Christian pacifist</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlwyd20157-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Methodism">In Methodism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In Methodism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Many prominent <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">British Methodists</a> have been proponents of socialism, including <a href="/wiki/Donald_Soper" title="Donald Soper">Donald Soper</a> (a Methodist minister and Labour politician), whose <a href="/wiki/West_London_Methodist_Mission" title="West London Methodist Mission">West London Methodist Mission</a> reached out to the poor.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Methodists were prominent in the early <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> in Britain and the socialist <a href="/wiki/British_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Labour Party">British Labour Party</a> is said to "owe more to Methodism than Marx".<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Christian_socialist_people_and_groups">Notable Christian socialist people and groups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notable Christian socialist people and groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_socialists" title="Category:Christian socialists">Christian socialists</a></div> Notable followers of Christian socialism include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Archer_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="John Archer (New Zealand politician)">John Archer</a>, New Zealand politician. He was a former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Christchurch" title="Mayor of Christchurch">mayor of Christchurch</a> and president of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand Labour Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adin_Ballou" title="Adin Ballou">Adin Ballou</a>, American proponent of <a href="/wiki/Christian_nonresistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian nonresistance">Christian nonresistance</a>. He was a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian anarchist">Christian anarchist</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Sartwell_2018-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Francis Bellamy</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> minister. He was the original author of the <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance" title="Pledge of Allegiance">Pledge of Allegiance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dorn_2017-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>, British politician. He was a parliamentarian and campaigner for Britain's <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dwight_Porter_Bliss" title="William Dwight Porter Bliss">William Dwight Porter Bliss</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> priest. He was also a writer, editor, and socialist activist.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a>, Russian priest, philosopher, and economist. He was a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Christian">Russian Orthodox Christian</a> theologian.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lder_C%C3%A2mara" title="Hélder Câmara">Hélder Câmara</a>, Brazilian bishop. A self-identified socialist, he was part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Olinda_e_Recife" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Olinda e Recife">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Olinda e Recife</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a>. He linked socialism and the teachings of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Dearmer" title="Percy Dearmer">Percy Dearmer</a>, English priest and liturgist. He was a lifelong socialist.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Tommy Douglas</a>, Canadian politician and Baptist minister. He was the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Saskatchewan" title="Premier of Saskatchewan">premier of Saskatchewan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Howard_Dunham" title="Marion Howard Dunham">Marion Howard Dunham</a>, American teacher, activist, and suffragist. She was corresponding secretary of the Women's National Socialist Union.<a href="#cite_note-TheComrade-1903-178">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_James_Furnivall" title="Frederick James Furnivall">Frederick James Furnivall</a>, English philologist. He is one of the co-creators of the <a href="/wiki/New_English_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="New English Dictionary">New English Dictionary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2007-12">[12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Gardiner" title="Barry Gardiner">Barry Gardiner</a>, British politician and member of the Labour Party. He identifies as a Christian democratic socialist.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart" title="David Bentley Hart">David Bentley Hart</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> philosophical theologian. He identifies with the European Christian socialist tradition.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hughes" title="Thomas Hughes">Thomas Hughes</a>, English lawyer and judge. He was also a politician and author within the Victorian era.<a href="#cite_note-Norman_2002_p._91-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Johnson" title="Hewlett Johnson">Hewlett Johnson</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> priest. The author of The Socialist Sixth of the World (1939) and Soviet Russia Since the War (1947), he was known as "The Red <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Canterbury" title="Dean of Canterbury">Dean of Canterbury</a>".<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, American Baptist minister. He was also a civil rights activist.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a>, English university professor, social reformer, historian, novelist, and poet, who was a <a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">broad church</a> priest of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. He is a founder of Christian socialism.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2012-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Leech" title="Kenneth Leech">Kenneth Leech</a>, English Anglican priest and theologian. He is one of the founders of the Jubilee Group, a network of Christian socialists.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a>, Scottish politician and trade unionist. He was one of the founders of Britain's Labour Party and Christian socialist movement.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm_Forbes_Ludlow" title="John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow">John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow</a>, Anglo-Indian barrister. He led the Christian socialist movement and founded its newspaper of the same name.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2012-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._D._Maurice" title="F. D. Maurice">F. D. Maurice</a>, English Anglican theologian. He was also a prolific author and one of the founders of Christian socialism.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2012-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Nash" title="Walter Nash">Walter Nash</a>, New Zealand politician. He is a former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a> and leader of the New Zealand Labour Party.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_W._Reed" title="Myron W. Reed">Myron W. Reed</a>, American lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a> minister, and political activist. He was a leading voice of the <a href="/wiki/Social_gospel_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Social gospel movement">social gospel movement</a> in the American West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman2007-50">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a>, Australian politician. He is a former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a> and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, English writer and philosopher of the Victorian era. His work had a profound effect and was reprinted by the Christian socialist founders of the <a href="/wiki/Working_Men%27s_College" title="Working Men's College">Working Men's College</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MacCarthy_1994-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Sjarifuddin" title="Amir Sjarifuddin">Amir Sjarifuddin</a>, Indonesian political activist. He was the second <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indonesia" title="Prime Minister of Indonesia">Prime Minister of Indonesia</a> from 1947 until 1948 and was implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a> of 1948.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, Chinese revolutionary and first president of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Provisional Government of the Republic of China</a>. Sun was a lifelong Christian<a href="#cite_note-v769-193">[193]</a> who posited socialism as the ideal method for modernizing and re-strengthening China's economy.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a>, English philosopher. He is identified as an <a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical socialist">ethical socialist</a> who believed Christianity was the basis of a new morality that secular expression in <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Tetsu Katayama</a>, Japanese politician. He is a former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party" title="Japan Socialist Party">Japan Socialist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a>, South African theologian. He was the former <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Archbishop_of_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town">Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay1988236-200">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Ward" title="Harry F. Ward">Harry F. Ward</a>, English-born American <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> minister. He was also a political activist who identified himself with the Christian socialist movement.<a href="#cite_note-Rossinow_2005-59">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Prokhanov" title="Ivan Prokhanov">Ivan Prokhanov</a>, Russian, Soviet, and <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">émigré</a> religious figure, <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>, preacher, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>.</li></ul> Notable Christian socialist groups and parties include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_People%27s_Front_of_Peru" title="Agricultural People's Front of Peru">Agricultural People's Front of Peru</a> (Peru)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Greece)" title="Christian Democracy (Greece)">Christian Democracy</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_on_the_Left" title="Christians on the Left">Christians on the Left</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Christian Social Party (Netherlands)">Christian Social Party</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Switzerland)" title="Christian Social Party (Switzerland)">Christian Social Party</a> (Switzerland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Left" title="Citizen Left">Citizen Left</a> (Chile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a> factions (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> factions (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Christian_Socialists" title="League of Christian Socialists">League of Christian Socialists</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a> (Nicaragua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Sillon" title="Le Sillon">Le Sillon</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic Party</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republic_League" title="Young Republic League">Young Republic League</a> (France)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> In Britain, Christian socialism is viewed positively by many different backgrounds, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, particularly Anglo-Catholic Ritualism.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> It is viewed critically by some socialists,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> who reject it as <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialism</a> and for its methodology, and by some religious figures and popes,<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> who rejected socialism's compatibility with Christianity due to its perceived atheism and materialism. <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed Protestant">Continental Reformed Protestant</a> pastor Henri Nick defended it, saying: "It is not socialism that I would criticise, but atheism falsely called social."<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Anglo-Catholic Christian socialism was part of Catholic polemic against perceived Protestant individualism and puritanism, which led many anti-Ritualist Protestants to associate Catholicism and socialism.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haddon_Spurgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Haddon Spurgeon">Charles Haddon Spurgeon</a>, an English <a href="/wiki/Particular_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular Baptist">Particular Baptist</a> preacher, was critical of socialist doctrines, and warned that those who seek socialism "may soon have too much of it". Specifically, he regarded collectivist Christianity as inferior to faith on an individual level. He said: "I would not have you exchange the gold of individual Christianity for the base metal of Christian Socialism."<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Fallot" title="Tommy Fallot">Tommy Fallot</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> pastor, argued: "Socialism has drawn a good deal of its program from the Gospel. It seeks to build a society on the pillars of justice, something the Gospel seeks to do as well. In that regard, a condemnation of socialism would represent a condemnation of the Gospel and the prophets."<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Views of Christian socialism generally depend on the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a>. While Christian leftists argue that Jesus would prioritize the poor and migrant's rights over opposition to abortion, Christian rightists argue he would be against wealth redistribution, illegal immigrants, abortion, and same-sex marriage.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> The conservative view is reflected by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Reed" title="Lawrence Reed">Lawrence Reed</a>, president emeritus of the <a href="/wiki/American_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="American libertarian">American libertarian</a>-leaning <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReed2015-210">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservative">American conservative</a> and evangelical Christian <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Moore_Jr." title="Johnnie Moore Jr.">Johnnie Moore Jr.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Fischer" title="Bryan Fischer">Bryan Fischer</a>, an <a href="/wiki/American_traditionalist_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="American traditionalist conservative">American traditionalist conservative</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">American Family Association</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian fundamentalist">Christian fundamentalist</a> organization.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Opposing this view on the right is <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Letts" title="Quentin Letts">Quentin Letts</a>, who said, "Jesus preached fairness — you could almost call him a Lefty".<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/48px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/64px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Catholic Church and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism_and_socialism" title="Catholicism and socialism">Catholicism and socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialist_Fellowship" title="Christian Socialist Fellowship">Christian Socialist Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Christian views on poverty and wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party" title="Japan Socialist Party">Japan Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_rich_young_man" title="Jesus and the rich young man">Jesus and the rich young man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Church" title="Labour Church">Labour Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnia_sunt_communia" title="Omnia sunt communia">Omnia sunt communia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_capitalism" title="Religious views on capitalism">Religious views on capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Self_Patriotic_Movement" title="Three-Self Patriotic Movement">Three-Self Patriotic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_communism" title="Catholic communism">Catholic communism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Anthony Alan John (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3001797/1/200514195_Mar2016.pdf">"Christian Socialism as a Political Ideology"</a> (PDF). University of Liverpool Repository. University of Liverpool. p. 5. Retrieved 16 January 2023. <q>Firstly, Christian Socialists based their socialism mainly on the Bible, church teaching and the sacraments, to a far greater extent than any other sources. Secondly, Christian Socialists called for a revolution but were committed to democratic methods, suggesting a synthesis between revolutionary and democratic socialism. In practice this can be sketched out as a three-stage process: first, persuading people of the deficiencies of capitalism and the need for socialism; second, the election of a Labour government / the persuasion of other politicians to adopt socialism; third, the establishment of socialism, brought about by a socialist government and population. Thirdly, Christian Socialists sought to create a society of co-operation and collectivism, equality, democracy and peace ... the concept at the core of Christian Socialism is brotherhood, based on the idea of the universal Fatherhood of God, and that other key concepts – co-operation, equality and democracy – are derived from this. In seeking co-operation, equality and democracy Christian Socialism is not necessarily distinct from other forms of socialism, but it is distinct in drawing upon Christian theology as a basis for these concepts as well as the language to describe a future socialist society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Liverpool+Repository&rft.atitle=Christian+Socialism+as+a+Political+Ideology&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2016-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Alan+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivrepository.liverpool.ac.uk%2F3001797%2F1%2F200514195_Mar2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech2000677–678-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech2000677–678_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech2000677–678_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech2000677–678_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeech2000">Leech 2000</a>, pp. 677–678. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIlhenny2015" class="citation book cs1">McIlhenny, Ryan C., ed. (16 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-4438-7705-3">Render unto God: Christianity and Capitalism in Crisis</a> (hardbook ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7705-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7705-3"><bdi>978-1-4438-7705-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Render+unto+God%3A+Christianity+and+Capitalism+in+Crisis&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=hardbook&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-7705-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgescholars.com%2Fproduct%2F978-1-4438-7705-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt_2012-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_2012_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_2012_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_2012_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_2012_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_2012_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_2012_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_2012_4-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmidt, Alvin J., ed. (2012) [2011]. "Christian Socialism". The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. <a href="/wiki/Chichester,_West_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichester, West Sussex">Chichester, West Sussex</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470670606.wbecc0289">10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405157629" title="Special:BookSources/9781405157629"><bdi>9781405157629</bdi></a>. <q>Although Frederick Denison Maurice's father was a Unitarian clergyman, Maurice later joined the Church of England, and in 1834 he became one of its ordained clergy. He was appalled by the widespread poverty, the misery of child labor, and the economic plight of the poor and working class in the 1830s and 1840s. Similar to his acquaintance, John Malcolm Ludlow, he believed that socialism would ameliorate England's socio-economic problems of the economically oppressed. But neither Maurice nor Ludlow wanted socialism, divorced from Christian principles. Socialism, in their opinion, needed the guidance of Christian values. Thus, Maurice coined the term 'Christian socialism' in 1848, as he launched the Christian Socialist Movement. He had another close associate in Charles Kingsley, also an avid proponent of Christian socialism. In 1850, a periodical, The Christian Socialist, was created with Ludlow as editor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Socialism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christian+Civilization&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470670606.wbecc0289&rft.isbn=9781405157629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutledge1994" class="citation cs2">Routledge, Paul (22 May 1994), "Labour revives faith in Christian Socialism", The Independent on Sunday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+on+Sunday&rft.atitle=Labour+revives+faith+in+Christian+Socialism&rft.date=1994-05-22&rft.aulast=Routledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurian2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kurian, Thomas, ed. 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Not Inclosing any part into any particular hand, but all as one man, working together, and feeding together as Sons of one Father, members of one Family; not one Lording over another, but all looking upon each other, as equals in the Creation; ... .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Levellers+Standard+Advanced%3A+Or%2C+the+State+of+Community+Opened%2C+and+Presented+to+the+Sons+of+Men&rft.edition=Renascence&rft.pub=R.+S.+Bear&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Winstanley&rft.aufirst=Gerrard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsbank.uoregon.edu%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F1794%2F863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmpson2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Empson, Martin (5 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isj.org.uk/a-common-treasury-for-all/">"A common treasury for all: Gerrard Winstanley's vision of utopia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Socialism_(magazine)" title="International Socialism (magazine)">International Socialism</a>. No. 154. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007013718/https://isj.org.uk/a-common-treasury-for-all/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2021. 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(2001). Encyclopedia of European Social History: From 1350 to 2000. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80577-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80577-4"><bdi>0-684-80577-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Social+History%3A+From+1350+to+2000&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-684-80577-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2009" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Heather M., ed. (2009). 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Irish America. 1 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204142031/https://irishamerica.com/2019/03/long-lost-james-connolly-play-may-be-found/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+America&rft.atitle=Long-Lost+James+Connolly+Play+May+Be+Found&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firishamerica.com%2F2019%2F03%2Flong-lost-james-connolly-play-may-be-found%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2002" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Edward (2002) [1987]. The Victorian Christian Socialists (paperback ed.). 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Retrieved 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Christian+Anarchist+Critique+of+Violence%3A+From+Turning+the+Other+Cheek+to+a+Rejection+of+the+State&rft.pub=Political+Studies+Association&rft.date=2010-03&rft.aulast=Christoyannopoulos&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psa.ac.uk%2Fjournals%2Fpdf%2F5%2F2010%2F1338_1226.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoyannopoulos2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Christoyannopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Christoyannopoulos">Christoyannopoulos, Alexandre</a> (2010). Christian Anarchism: A Political Commentary on the Gospel. Exeter: Imprint Academic. pp. 43–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Anarchism%3A+A+Political+Commentary+on+the+Gospel&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Christoyannopoulos&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoyannopoulos2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Christoyannopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Christoyannopoulos">Christoyannopoulos, Alexandre</a> (2010). Christian Anarchism: A Political Commentary on the Gospel. Exeter: Imprint Academic. pp. 19, 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Anarchism%3A+A+Political+Commentary+on+the+Gospel&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pages=19%2C+208&rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Christoyannopoulos&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoyannopoulos2011" class="citation web cs1">Christoyannopoulos, Alexandre (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/ni/2011/05/was_jesus_an_anarchist.html">"Was Jesus an anarchist?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Retrieved 16 January 2023. <q>The two passages that are most frequently brought up as 'clear evidence' ... to respect civil authorities and to honour secular governments as those whom God has placed in authority ... are Romans 13 and 'render unto Caesar'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Jesus+an+anarchist%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft.aulast=Christoyannopoulos&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fni%2F2011%2F05%2Fwas_jesus_an_anarchist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexis-Baker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Alexis-Baker, Nekeisha (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utopianmag.com/archives/embracing-god-and-rejecting-masters">"Embracing God and Rejecting Masters: On Christianity, Anarchism and the State"</a>. The Utopian. 5. <q>The anarchist position on God can be summed up in the popular slogan, 'No God and no masters'. ... If God is indeed a tyrant as Bakunin asserts then the abolition of God and religion are necessary parts of what it means to be anarchist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Utopian&rft.atitle=Embracing+God+and+Rejecting+Masters%3A+On+Christianity%2C+Anarchism+and+the+State&rft.volume=5&rft.date=2006-10&rft.aulast=Alexis-Baker&rft.aufirst=Nekeisha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utopianmag.com%2Farchives%2Fembracing-god-and-rejecting-masters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2010" class="citation web cs1">Craig, Kevin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romans13.com">"Romans 13: The Most Disastrously Misinterpreted Scripture in the History of the Human Race"</a>. Romans13. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romans13&rft.atitle=Romans+13%3A+The+Most+Disastrously+Misinterpreted+Scripture+in+the+History+of+the+Human+Race&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromans13.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vftonline.org/xmaspiracy/5/Romans13/unlucky13.htm">"'Unlucky 13': Romans 13, Revelation 13, and Isaiah 13... and why the State does not want you to read them together"</a>. VFT Online. 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VFT+Online&rft.atitle=%27Unlucky+13%27%3A+Romans+13%2C+Revelation+13%2C+and+Isaiah+13...+and+why+the+State+does+not+want+you+to+read+them+together&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvftonline.org%2Fxmaspiracy%2F5%2FRomans13%2Funlucky13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Acts 2:44, 4:32–37; 5:1–12. Other verses are Matthew 5:1–12, 6:24, Luke 3:11, 16:11, 2 Corinthians 8:13–15 and James 5:3. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKautsky1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky, Karl</a> (1953) [1908]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1908/christ/ch10.htm#s3">"IV.II. The Christian Idea of the Messiah. Jesus as a Rebel."</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1908/christ/index.htm">Foundations of Christianity</a>. Russell and Russell. <q>Christianity was the expression of class conflict in Antiquity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV.II.+The+Christian+Idea+of+the+Messiah.+Jesus+as+a+Rebel.&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Russell+and+Russell&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Kautsky&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fkautsky%2F1908%2Fchrist%2Fch10.htm%23s3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBang2001" class="citation book cs1">Bang, Gustav (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/others/crises_bang.pdf">Crises in European History</a> (PDF). Translated by Petersen, Arnold. <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a>. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crises+in+European+History&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Socialist+Labor+Party+of+America&rft.date=2001-03&rft.aulast=Bang&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slp.org%2Fpdf%2Fothers%2Fcrises_bang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansford2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Lansford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Lansford (page does not exist)">Lansford, Tom</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MjjTt-TITcUC&q=apostles+communist&pg=PA24">"History of Communism"</a>. Communism. Political Systems of the World. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761426288" title="Special:BookSources/9780761426288"><bdi>9780761426288</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Communism&rft.btitle=Communism.+Political+Systems+of+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780761426288&rft.aulast=Lansford&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjjTt-TITcUC%26q%3Dapostles%2Bcommunist%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Mises1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises, Ludwig</a> (1981) [1951]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GXi4MQQs3IC&q=apostles+communist+acts&pg=PA424">"Christianity and Socialism"</a>. Socialism. New Heaven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780913966624" title="Special:BookSources/9780913966624"><bdi>9780913966624</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+and+Socialism&rft.btitle=Socialism&rft.place=New+Heaven&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780913966624&rft.aulast=von+Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3GXi4MQQs3IC%26q%3Dapostles%2Bcommunist%2Bacts%26pg%3DPA424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zhoaAQAAIAAJ&q=ananias+punished+death+communism&pg=PA502">"Rénan's Les Apôtres. Community life"</a>. The London Quarterly and Holborn Review, Volume 26. London. 1866 [April and July]. p. 502. Retrieved 10 May 2011 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9nan%27s+Les+Ap%C3%B4tres.+Community+life&rft.btitle=The+London+Quarterly+and+Holborn+Review%2C+Volume+26&rft.place=London&rft.pages=502&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzhoaAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dananias%2Bpunished%2Bdeath%2Bcommunism%26pg%3DPA502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnterbrink2004" class="citation book cs1">Unterbrink, Daniel T. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhBFPH864P4C&q=ananias+punished+death+communism&pg=PA92">"The Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. Judas the Galilean. Lincoln: iUniverse. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-77000-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-77000-2"><bdi>0-595-77000-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 May 2011 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.btitle=Judas+the+Galilean&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-595-77000-2&rft.aulast=Unterbrink&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAhBFPH864P4C%26q%3Dananias%2Bpunished%2Bdeath%2Bcommunism%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Guthrie_(theologian)" title="Donald Guthrie (theologian)">Guthrie, Donald</a> (1992) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uts4VTUm1iEC&q=apostles+communist+acts&pg=PA46">"3. Early Problems. 15. Early Christian Communism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apostles0010guth/page/46">The Apostles</a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apostles0010guth/page/46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-25421-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-25421-8"><bdi>978-0-310-25421-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Early+Problems.+15.+Early+Christian+Communism&rft.btitle=The+Apostles&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-310-25421-8&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duts4VTUm1iEC%26q%3Dapostles%2Bcommunist%2Bacts%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenan1869" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Renan, Ernest (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=knYRAAAAYAAJ&q=apostles+communist&pg=PA152">"VIII. First Persecution. Death of Stephen. Destruction of the First Church of Jerusalem"</a>. Origins of Christianity. Vol. II. The Apostles. New York: Carleton. p. 152 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VIII.+First+Persecution.+Death+of+Stephen.+Destruction+of+the+First+Church+of+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Carleton&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Renan&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DknYRAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dapostles%2Bcommunist%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrhardt1969" class="citation book cs1">Ehrhardt, Arnold (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kAbZAAAAIAAJ&q=apostles+communist+calvin&pg=PA20">"St Peter and the Twelve"</a>. The Acts of the Apostles. Manchester: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Manchester Press">University of Manchester Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719003820" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719003820"><bdi>978-0719003820</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Peter+and+the+Twelve&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=University+of+Manchester+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0719003820&rft.aulast=Ehrhardt&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkAbZAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dapostles%2Bcommunist%2Bcalvin%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer2009" class="citation book cs1">Boer, Roland (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIeLYNEq6zsC&q=apostles+communist+calvin&pg=PA120">"Conclusion: What If? Calvin and the Spirit of Revolution. Bible"</a>. Political Grace. The Revolutionary Theology of John Calvin. Louisville, Kentucky: <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster John Knox Press</a>. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23393-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23393-8"><bdi>978-0-664-23393-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion%3A+What+If%3F+Calvin+and+the+Spirit+of+Revolution.+Bible&rft.btitle=Political+Grace.+The+Revolutionary+Theology+of+John+Calvin&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23393-8&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIeLYNEq6zsC%26q%3Dapostles%2Bcommunist%2Bcalvin%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalteman_Finger2007" class="citation book cs1">Halteman Finger, Reta (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2RVoa4_qX8C&q=apostles+communist+acts&pg=PA39">"Reactions to Style and Redaction Criticism"</a>. Of Widows and Meals. Communal Meals in the Book of Acts. Cambridge: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3053-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3053-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-3053-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reactions+to+Style+and+Redaction+Criticism&rft.btitle=Of+Widows+and+Meals.+Communal+Meals+in+the+Book+of+Acts&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3053-1&rft.aulast=Halteman+Finger&rft.aufirst=Reta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2RVoa4_qX8C%26q%3Dapostles%2Bcommunist%2Bacts%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllicottPlumptre1910" class="citation book cs1">Ellicott, Charles John; Plumptre, Edward Hayes (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Htk8AAAAIAAJ&q=apostles+communist+acts&pg=PA11">"III. The Church in Jerusalem. I. Christian Communism"</a>. The Acts of the Apostles. London: Cassell – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+The+Church+in+Jerusalem.+I.+Christian+Communism&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Ellicott&rft.aufirst=Charles+John&rft.au=Plumptre%2C+Edward+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHtk8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dapostles%2Bcommunist%2Bacts%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouldenMinard2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Houlden" title="Leslie Houlden">Houlden, Leslie</a>; Minard, Antone (2015). Jesus in History, Legend, Scripture, and Tradition: A World Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069804-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069804-7"><bdi>978-1-61069804-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+History%2C+Legend%2C+Scripture%2C+and+Tradition%3A+A+World+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61069804-7&rft.aulast=Houlden&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.au=Minard%2C+Antone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-academic.eb.com.librarycatalog.vts.edu/EBchecked/topic/115089/Christian-democracy">"Christian Democracy"</a>. Britannica Academic. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+Academic&rft.atitle=Christian+Democracy&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-academic.eb.com.librarycatalog.vts.edu%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F115089%2FChristian-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgócs2017" class="citation book cs1">Agócs, Sándor (1 December 2017). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.wayne.edu/item/wayne:WayneStateUniversityPress4253/analysis">The Troubled Origins of the Italian Catholic Labor Movement, 1878–1914</a>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-4331-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-4331-9"><bdi>978-0-8143-4331-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Troubled+Origins+of+the+Italian+Catholic+Labor+Movement%2C+1878%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-4331-9&rft.aulast=Ag%C3%B3cs&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A1ndor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.wayne.edu%2Fitem%2Fwayne%3AWayneStateUniversityPress4253%2Fanalysis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1998" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Chris (1998). Dictionary of Historical Terms (2nd ed.). Gramercy. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517188712" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517188712"><bdi>978-0-517188712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Historical+Terms&rft.pages=203&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gramercy&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-517188712&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlves1988" class="citation book cs1">Alves, Rubem (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_65XWzMCx8UC">Towards a Theology of Liberation</a> (paperback ed.). Princeton Theological Seminary. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8834-4542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8834-4542-6"><bdi>978-0-8834-4542-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Theology+of+Liberation&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Princeton+Theological+Seminary&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8834-4542-6&rft.aulast=Alves&rft.aufirst=Rubem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_65XWzMCx8UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltmann2009" class="citation web cs1">Altmann, Walter (18 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/10625">"Liberation theology is still alive and well"</a>. Ekklesia. Retrieved 23 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ekklesia&rft.atitle=Liberation+theology+is+still+alive+and+well&rft.date=2009-11-18&rft.aulast=Altmann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekklesia.co.uk%2Fnode%2F10625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDault2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dault, Lira (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscatholic.org/articles/201501/what-preferential-option-poor-29649">"What is the preferential option for the poor?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Claretians#Publications" title="Claretians">U.S. Catholic</a>. 80: 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Catholic&rft.atitle=What+is+the+preferential+option+for+the+poor%3F&rft.volume=80&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2015-01&rft.aulast=Dault&rft.aufirst=Lira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscatholic.org%2Farticles%2F201501%2Fwhat-preferential-option-poor-29649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/1971-bishops-sounded-call-justice">"In 1971, the bishops sounded a call for justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Reporter" title="National Catholic Reporter">National Catholic Reporter</a>. 17 October 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=In+1971%2C+the+bishops+sounded+a+call+for+justice&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fblogs%2Fncr-today%2F1971-bishops-sounded-call-justice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath1995" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister E (1995). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Modern Christian thought. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19896-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19896-2"><bdi>0-631-19896-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Christian+thought&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-631-19896-2&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> See also "Christian socialism". </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinhares2007" class="citation journal cs1">Linhares, Bruno J (2007). "Princeton Theological Seminary and the Birth of Liberation Theology". Koinonia. 19. Princeton: Princeton Theological Seminary: 85–105. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-1057">1047-1057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Koinonia&rft.atitle=Princeton+Theological+Seminary+and+the+Birth+of+Liberation+Theology&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1047-1057&rft.aulast=Linhares&rft.aufirst=Bruno+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://criticaltherapy.org/rubem-alves-liberation-theology-pioneer/">"Rubem Alves – Liberation Theology Pioneer"</a>. New York: Critical Therapy Center. 19 July 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rubem+Alves+%E2%80%93+Liberation+Theology+Pioneer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Critical+Therapy+Center&rft.date=2014-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcriticaltherapy.org%2Frubem-alves-liberation-theology-pioneer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKim1999" class="citation book cs1">McKim, Donald K. (5 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S3lKAwAAQBAJ">The Bible in Theology and Preaching</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-244-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-244-9"><bdi>978-1-57910-244-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+Theology+and+Preaching&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=1999-05-05&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-244-9&rft.aulast=McKim&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS3lKAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Carter, Jason A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yrNwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">"Preaching in the Global South"</a>. In Hutchinson, Mark P. (ed.). The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions. Vol. V: The Twentieth Century: Themes and Variations in a Global Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870225-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870225-2"><bdi>978-0-19-870225-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preaching+in+the+Global+South&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Protestant+Dissenting+Traditions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870225-2&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Jason+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyrNwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick2021" class="citation news cs1">Kirkpatrick, David C. (27 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/april/rene-padilla-died-integral-mission-latin-american-theology.html">"Died: C. René Padilla, Father of Integral Mission"</a>. Christianity Today. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Died%3A+C.+Ren%C3%A9+Padilla%2C+Father+of+Integral+Mission&rft.date=2021-04-27&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2Fapril%2Frene-padilla-died-integral-mission-latin-american-theology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBongmba2010" class="citation book cs1">Bongmba, Elias (2010). "African Theology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171">The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought</a>. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 46–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533473-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533473-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533473-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171">428033171</a>. Retrieved 14 January 2023. <q>Liberation, contextual, and black theologies are prophetic theologies that emerged in South African in response to the long domination under apartheid ... the Black Consciousness Movement and Black Theology in the United States provided inspiration to the development of black theology in South Africa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=African+Theology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+encyclopedia+of+African+thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F428033171&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533473-9&rft.aulast=Bongmba&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F428033171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2014" class="citation book cs1">Howard, C. (16 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dTRvBAAAQBAJ">Black Theology as Mass Movement</a>. 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Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-7205-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-7205-X"><bdi>3-8258-7205-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54973643">54973643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soteriologies+of+India+and+Their+Role+in+the+Perception+of+Disability%3A+A+Comparative+Transdisciplinary+Overview+with+Reference+to+Hinduism+and+Christianity+in+India&rft.place=Berlin-Hamburg-M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54973643&rft.isbn=3-8258-7205-X&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Anand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickeri1985" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_L._Wickeri" title="Philip L. 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Reuters Edition International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2014/06/29/pope-francis-says-communists-are-closet-christians-whove-stolen-our-flag/">the original</a> on 7 July 2014. 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OnePeterFive. Retrieved 8 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OnePeterFive&rft.atitle=Pope%3A+%27It+is+the+Communists+Who+Think+Like+Christians%27&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft.aulast=Skojec&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonepeterfive.com%2Fpope-communists-think-like-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Pope Pius IX (1849). Nostis et nobiscum. No. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Pope Pius IX (1864). Quanta cura. No. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Pope Leo XII (1878). Quod apostolici muneris. 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Retrieved 16 January 2023. <q>The turning point in Roman Catholic social thought occurred in 1891 with the publication of Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum, in which attacked unrestricted capitalism and supported the rights of workers to organize, although warning against materialist socialism and labor strikes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eScholarship%40BC&rft.atitle=The+%27Great+Church+Crisis%2C%27+Public+Life%2C+and+National+Identity+in+late-Victorian+and+Edwardian+Britain&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tanis&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlib.bc.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fbc-ir%3A101671%2Fdatastream%2FPDF%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2021" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, Paul (13 April 2021). 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Retrieved 5 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Starry+Plough+Flag&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firishstudies.sunygeneseoenglish.org%2Fthe-starry-plough-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2011" class="citation web cs1">Kerr, David (10 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/23943/pope-benedict-cooperatives-help-humanize-the-economy">"Pope Benedict: cooperatives help humanize the economy"</a>. Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 5 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Pope+Benedict%3A+cooperatives+help+humanize+the+economy&rft.date=2011-12-10&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F23943%2Fpope-benedict-cooperatives-help-humanize-the-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ica.coop/en/media/news/pope-francis-calls-co-operatives-build-more-honest-economy">"Pope Francis calls for co-operatives to build a more honest economy"</a>. International Cooperative Alliance. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Francis+calls+for+co-operatives+to+build+a+more+honest+economy&rft.pub=International+Cooperative+Alliance&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ica.coop%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2Fpope-francis-calls-co-operatives-build-more-honest-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsidine2016" class="citation web cs1">Considine, Kevin P. (2 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uscatholic.org/articles/201602/does-the-church-support-unions/">"Does the church support unions?"</a>. U.S. Catholic. Retrieved 5 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Catholic&rft.atitle=Does+the+church+support+unions%3F&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft.aulast=Considine&rft.aufirst=Kevin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuscatholic.org%2Farticles%2F201602%2Fdoes-the-church-support-unions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Francis2015" class="citation web cs1">Pope Francis (24 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html">"Laudato si'"</a>. The Holy See. Retrieved 5 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laudato+si%27&rft.pub=The+Holy+See&rft.date=2015-05-24&rft.au=Pope+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Ffrancesco%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fpapa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/news/justice/catholic-social-teachings-call-dignity-creation">"Catholic social teachings call to the dignity of creation"</a>. National Catholic Reporter. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=Catholic+social+teachings+call+to+the+dignity+of+creation&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fjustice%2Fcatholic-social-teachings-call-dignity-creation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Pope Leo XII (1901). Graves de communi re. No. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Pope Pius X (1910). Notre charge apostolique. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Pope Benedict XV (1914). Ad beatissimi Apostolorum. No. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino2011" class="citation book cs1">Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, eds. (7 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0JZp-jrotQC">International Encyclopedia of Political Science</a>. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks: SAGE. p. 461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5963-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5963-6"><bdi>978-1-4129-5963-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Science&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks&rft.pages=461&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-5963-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt0JZp-jrotQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825096,00.html">"Socialism & the Vatican"</a>. Time. Vol. 70, no. 2. 8 July 1957. p. 19. Retrieved 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Socialism+%26+the+Vatican&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1957-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C825096%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2021" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, Paul (13 April 2021). Labour Rights and the Catholic Church: The International Labour Organisation, the Holy See and Catholic Social Teaching. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHAdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT28">28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-37784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-37784-2"><bdi>978-1-000-37784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labour+Rights+and+the+Catholic+Church%3A+The+International+Labour+Organisation%2C+the+Holy+See+and+Catholic+Social+Teaching&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-04-13&rft.isbn=978-1-000-37784-2&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2008" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Iain, ed. (1 April 2008). An Anarchist FAQ. Vol. 1. Oakland, California: AK Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1902593906" title="Special:BookSources/978-1902593906"><bdi>978-1902593906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft.isbn=978-1902593906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2013" class="citation book cs1">Moran, James (21 November 2013). The Theatre of Sean O'Casey (paperback ed.). London: A&C Black. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9b5LAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA130">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-7535-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-7535-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-7535-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+of+Sean+O%27Casey&rft.place=London&rft.pages=130&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-7535-4&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> See also "Fr. Michael O'Flanagan, letters, 1915–1920". Letter from Bishop Bernard Coyne to Father Michael O'Flanagan. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1931/06/18/archives/says-pope-puts-no-bar-on-joining-laborites-cardinal-bourne-says.html">"Says Pope Puts No Bar on Joining Laborites; Cardinal Bourne Says Britons Are Free to Enter Party and Be Guided by Conscience"</a>. The New York Times. 18 June 1931. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 14 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Says+Pope+Puts+No+Bar+on+Joining+Laborites%3B+Cardinal+Bourne+Says+Britons+Are+Free+to+Enter+Party+and+Be+Guided+by+Conscience&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1931-06-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1931%2F06%2F18%2Farchives%2Fsays-pope-puts-no-bar-on-joining-laborites-cardinal-bourne-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuggieri2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ruggieri, Giuseppe (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/la-condanna-dei-comunisti-del-1949_(Cristiani-d'Italia)/">"La condanna dei comunisti del 1949"</a>. Cristiani d'Italia (in Italian). Traccani. Retrieved 28 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+condanna+dei+comunisti+del+1949&rft.btitle=Cristiani+d%27Italia&rft.pub=Traccani&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ruggieri&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fla-condanna-dei-comunisti-del-1949_%28Cristiani-d%27Italia%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholsser2015" class="citation book cs1">Scholsser, Stephen (2015). David Schultenover (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OvnjCQAAQBAJ&q=l'osservatore%20romano%20july%2015%201948&pg=PR48">Reproach vs. Rapprochement</a>. Liturgical Press. p. xlviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814683019" title="Special:BookSources/9780814683019"><bdi>9780814683019</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproach+vs.+Rapprochement&rft.pages=xlviii&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780814683019&rft.aulast=Scholsser&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOvnjCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dl%27osservatore%2520romano%2520july%252015%25201948%26pg%3DPR48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1949/07/14/archives/papal-decree-against-communism.html">"Papal Decree Against Communism"</a>. The New York Times. 14 July 1949. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Papal+Decree+Against+Communism&rft.date=1949-07-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1949%2F07%2F14%2Farchives%2Fpapal-decree-against-communism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Pope Pius XII (14 September 1952). Radio message to the Katholikentag of Vienna. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_XXIII1959" class="citation web cs1">Pope John XXIII (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-51-1959-ocr.pdf">"Acta Apostolicae Sedis – Commentarium Officiale"</a> (PDF). The Holy See. Retrieved 11 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acta+Apostolicae+Sedis+%E2%80%93+Commentarium+Officiale&rft.pub=The+Holy+See&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Pope+John+XXIII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Faas%2Fdocuments%2FAAS-51-1959-ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Denzinger, Heinrich Joseph (DS 3930), Ignatius Press. 43rd ed. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_XXIII1961" class="citation web cs1">Pope John XXIII (15 May 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_j-xxiii_enc_15051961_mater.html">"Mater et Magistra"</a>. The Holy See. Retrieved 11 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mater+et+Magistra&rft.pub=The+Holy+See&rft.date=1961-05-15&rft.au=Pope+John+XXIII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-xxiii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_j-xxiii_enc_15051961_mater.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriessen2014" class="citation book cs1">Driessen, Michael D. (2014). "Religion and Democratization in Italy". Religion and Democratization: Framing Religious and Political Identities in Muslim and Catholic Societies. 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Sage Publications, Inc.: 25–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716286483001003">10.1177/0002716286483001003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1045537">1045537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Revolution%2C+Counterrevolution%2C+and+the+Catholic+Church+in+Chile&rft.volume=483&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716286483001003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1045537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sigmund&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1045537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Paul_VI1971" class="citation web cs1">Pope Paul VI (14 May 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/apost_letters/documents/hf_p-vi_apl_19710514_octogesima-adveniens.html">"Octogesima Adveniens"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Education&rft.atitle=Without+Roots%3A+The+West%2C+Relativism%2C+Christianity%2C+Islam&rft.date=2004-05-13&rft.aulast=Pera&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft.au=Ratzinger%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fcatholic-contributions%2Fwithout-roots-the-west-relativism-christianity-islam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI2005" class="citation web cs1">Pope Benedict XVI (25 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est.html">"Deus caritas est"</a>. The Holy See. 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'Some people contend that Marxism borrowed its main ideas from Christianity and Judaism and reconstructed them as secular ideology, but I think that is extremely simplistic – the relationship is much more complex.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Roland+Boer&rft.pub=University+of+Newcastle&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastle.edu.au%2Fprofile%2Froland-boer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331231902/https://www.newcastle.edu.au/highlights/our-researchers/education-arts/humanities-social-science/left-of-his-field">"Left of his field"</a>. Newcastle.edu.au. Newcastle University. 13 December 2013. 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Edmonton: The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta_Press" title="University of Alberta Press">University of Alberta Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-070-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-070-3"><bdi>978-0-88864-070-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Socialist%3A+The+Recollections+of+T.C.+Douglas&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pub=The+University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-88864-070-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofsocialis00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheComrade-1903-178"><a href="#cite_ref-TheComrade-1903_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1903" class="citation journal cs1">Abbott, Wenonah Stevens (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ygrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4">"The Women's National Socialist Union"</a>. The Comrade: An Illustrated Socialist Monthly. 2 (1). Comrade Publishing Company. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Comrade%3A+An+Illustrated+Socialist+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Women%27s+National+Socialist+Union&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Wenonah+Stevens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ygrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-48268699/socialist-labels-for-barry-gardiner-and-jeremy-corbyn">"Socialist labels for Barry Gardiner and Jeremy Corbyn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 14 May 2019. 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Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PoliticsHome&rft.atitle=Barry+Gardiner%3A+On+taking+on+the+media%2C+his+cult+status+and+Labour%27s+future&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politicshome.com%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fhouse%2F87129%2Fbarry-gardiner-taking-media-his-cult-status-and-labours-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2019" class="citation news cs1">Hart, David Betley (27 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/27/opinion/sunday/socialism.html">"Can We Please Relax About 'Socialism'?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Can+We+Please+Relax+About+%27Socialism%27%3F&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=David+Betley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F27%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fsocialism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Watson, Natalie E. "Hewlett Johnson". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34202">10.1093/ref:odnb/34202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hewlett+Johnson&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34202&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Natalie+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMount2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mount, F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v34/n08/ferdinand-mount/to-the-end-of-the-line">"To the End of the Line: Review of The Red Dean of Canterbury: The Public and Private Faces of Hewlett Johnson by Butler, J."</a> London Review of Books. 34 (8): 27–28. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=To+the+End+of+the+Line%3A+Review+of+The+Red+Dean+of+Canterbury%3A+The+Public+and+Private+Faces+of+Hewlett+Johnson+by+Butler%2C+J.&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mount&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv34%2Fn08%2Fferdinand-mount%2Fto-the-end-of-the-line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King, Martin Luther Jr.</a> (2015). <a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West, Cornel</a> (ed.). The Radical King. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1282-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1282-6"><bdi>978-0-8070-1282-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+King&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-1282-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bishopsgate.org.uk/collections/leech-kenneth">"Leech, Kenneth"</a>. Bishopsgate Institute. 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leech%2C+Kenneth&rft.pub=Bishopsgate+Institute&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bishopsgate.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fleech-kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOestreicher2015" class="citation news cs1">Oestreicher, Paul (22 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/sep/22/the-rev-ken-leech">"The Rev Ken Leech obituary"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Rev+Ken+Leech+obituary&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft.aulast=Oestreicher&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2015%2Fsep%2F22%2Fthe-rev-ken-leech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2022" class="citation web cs1">Chappell, Jonathan W. (29 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetablet.co.uk/pastoral-review/21/2104/-keep-the-faith-baby-kenneth-leech-s-christian-socialism">"'Keep the Faith Baby': Kenneth Leech's Christian socialism"</a>. The Tablet. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tablet&rft.atitle=%27Keep+the+Faith+Baby%27%3A+Kenneth+Leech%27s+Christian+socialism&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetablet.co.uk%2Fpastoral-review%2F21%2F2104%2F-keep-the-faith-baby-kenneth-leech-s-christian-socialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaidenEdwards2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Maiden" title="Samantha Maiden">Maiden, Samantha</a>; Edwards, Verity (15 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070906083040/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20930265-2702,00.html">"Rudd Backtracks on Socialism"</a>. The Australian Financial Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20930265-2702,00.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2007. <q>Mr Rudd also cites Keir Hardie, founder of the 19th century British Christian socialist movement, as one of his heroes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Financial+Review&rft.atitle=Rudd+Backtracks+on+Socialism&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft.aulast=Maiden&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Verity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%2C20867%2C20930265-2702%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustafson2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Gustafson" title="Barry Gustafson">Gustafson, Barry</a> (2013) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4n2/nash-walter">"Nash, Walter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography" title="Dictionary of New Zealand Biography">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. Retrieved 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nash%2C+Walter&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gustafson&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fbiographies%2F4n2%2Fnash-walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudd2006" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd, Kevin</a> (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themonthly.com.au/monthly-essays-kevin-rudd-faith-politics--300">"Faith in Politics"</a>. The Monthly. No. 17. Retrieved 4 June 2016. <q>A Christian perspective, informed by a social gospel or Christian socialist tradition, should not be rejected contemptuously by secular politicians as if these views are an unwelcome intrusion into the political sphere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monthly&rft.atitle=Faith+in+Politics&rft.issue=17&rft.date=2006-10&rft.aulast=Rudd&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themonthly.com.au%2Fmonthly-essays-kevin-rudd-faith-politics--300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaidenEdwards2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Maiden" title="Samantha Maiden">Maiden, Samantha</a>; Edwards, Verity (15 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070906083040/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20930265-2702,00.html">"Rudd Backtracks on Socialism"</a>. The Australian Financial Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20930265-2702,00.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Financial+Review&rft.atitle=Rudd+Backtracks+on+Socialism&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft.aulast=Maiden&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Verity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%2C20867%2C20930265-2702%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> Also cites <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonGrattan2006" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Grattan" title="Michelle Grattan">Grattan, Michelle</a> (14 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/rudd-rejects-socialism/2006/12/13/1165685753120.html?page=fullpage">"Rudd Rejects Socialism"</a>. The Age. Retrieved 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Rudd+Rejects+Socialism&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Grattan%2C+Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Frudd-rejects-socialism%2F2006%2F12%2F13%2F1165685753120.html%3Fpage%3Dfullpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrabb2013" class="citation web cs1">Crabb, Annabel (3 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-04/crabb-religion-and-politics/4933224">"Call yourself a Christian: private faith, public politics"</a>. ABC. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Call+yourself+a+Christian%3A+private+faith%2C+public+politics&rft.pub=ABC&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft.aulast=Crabb&rft.aufirst=Annabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2013-09-04%2Fcrabb-religion-and-politics%2F4933224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-v769-193"><a href="#cite_ref-v769_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuBrown2023" class="citation book cs1">Lu, P.C.; Brown, J.R. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=psLaEAAAQBAJ">Ways of Confucius and of Christ: From Prime Minister of China to Benedictine Monk</a>. Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64229-279-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64229-279-4"><bdi>978-1-64229-279-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ways+of+Confucius+and+of+Christ%3A+From+Prime+Minister+of+China+to+Benedictine+Monk&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-64229-279-4&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=P.C.&rft.au=Brown%2C+J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpsLaEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Stephen Shen, and Robert Payne, Sun Yat-Sen: A Portrait (1946) p 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestad2012" class="citation book cs1">Westad, Odd Arne (2012). Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750. Random House. p. 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restless+Empire%3A+China+and+the+World+Since+1750&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Westad&rft.aufirst=Odd+Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance-Malone2011" class="citation book cs1">France-Malone, Derek (2011). Political Dissent: A Global Reader: Modern Sources. Lexington Books. p. 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Dissent%3A+A+Global+Reader%3A+Modern+Sources&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=France-Malone&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmrod1990" class="citation book cs1">Ormrod, David (1990). Fellowship, Freedom & Equality: Lectures in Memory of R.H. Tawney. London: Christian Socialist Movement. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900286-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900286-01-8"><bdi>978-0-900286-01-8</bdi></a>. <q>Tawney's was undoubtedly the most forceful and authentic voice of Christian socialist prophecy to be raised during the 1920s and 30s, echoing into the 1950s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fellowship%2C+Freedom+%26+Equality%3A+Lectures+in+Memory+of+R.H.+Tawney&rft.place=London&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Christian+Socialist+Movement&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-900286-01-8&rft.aulast=Ormrod&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1995" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Juliet, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/734">The History Today Companion to British History</a>. London: Collins & Brown. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/734">734</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85585-261-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85585-261-7"><bdi>978-1-85585-261-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+Today+Companion+to+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=734&rft.pub=Collins+%26+Brown&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85585-261-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorytodaycomp0000unse%2Fpage%2F734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2011" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, James M. (17 June 2011). From the Rising of the Sun: Christians and Society in Contemporary Japan (paperback ed.). Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=silNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-557-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-557-5"><bdi>978-1-61097-557-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Rising+of+the+Sun%3A+Christians+and+Society+in+Contemporary+Japan&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2011-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-61097-557-5&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay1988236-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay1988236_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDu_Boulay1988">Du Boulay 1988</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanis2009" class="citation web cs1">Tanis, Bethany (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlib.bc.edu/islandora/object/bc-ir:101671/datastream/PDF/view">"The 'Great Church Crisis,' Public Life, and National Identity in late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain"</a>. eScholarship@BC. Boston College University Libraries. p. 30. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eScholarship%40BC&rft.atitle=The+%27Great+Church+Crisis%2C%27+Public+Life%2C+and+National+Identity+in+late-Victorian+and+Edwardian+Britain&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tanis&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlib.bc.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fbc-ir%3A101671%2Fdatastream%2FPDF%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanis2009" class="citation web cs1">Tanis, Bethany (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlib.bc.edu/islandora/object/bc-ir:101671/datastream/PDF/view">"The 'Great Church Crisis,' Public Life, and National Identity in late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain"</a>. eScholarship@BC. Boston College University Libraries. p. 41. Retrieved 16 January 2023. <q>The chapter also briefly examines the impact of Christian Socialism on the Labour Movement and the hostility of some of the Independent Labour Party's founders, including Keir Hardie and J. Bruce Glasier to both Ritualism and Roman Catholicism, which they associated with the upper-class.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eScholarship%40BC&rft.atitle=The+%27Great+Church+Crisis%2C%27+Public+Life%2C+and+National+Identity+in+late-Victorian+and+Edwardian+Britain&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tanis&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlib.bc.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fbc-ir%3A101671%2Fdatastream%2FPDF%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Anthony Alan John (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3001797/1/200514195_Mar2016.pdf">"Christian Socialism as a Political Ideology"</a> (PDF). University of Liverpool Repository. University of Liverpool. p. 5. Retrieved 16 January 2023. <q>Their vision of this society was for the most part highly utopian, due to the belief that the new society would be the Kingdom of God or Kingdom of Heaven on Earth. There are several criticisms of Christian Socialism which have been made, both from a Christian and from a socialist perspective, over, for example, the viability of the Christian Socialist methodology and the validity of the Christian Socialist use of Scripture and church teaching.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Liverpool+Repository&rft.atitle=Christian+Socialism+as+a+Political+Ideology&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2016-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Alan+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivrepository.liverpool.ac.uk%2F3001797%2F1%2F200514195_Mar2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Anthony Alan John (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3001797/1/200514195_Mar2016.pdf">"Christian Socialism as a Political Ideology"</a> (PDF). University of Liverpool Repository. University of Liverpool. p. 66. Retrieved 16 January 2023. <q>This rejection of socialism was the Vatican's consistent position: Pope Pius IX had rejected socialism and communism in his Syllabus Errorum (the Syllabus of Errors) in 1864, as did Pius XI in Quadragessimo anno, or In the Fortieth Year, so called because the encyclical was written in 1931, forty years after the publication of Rerum novarum (and also a year after the death of Wheatley). Indeed Pius XI was specific in his condemnation: 'Whether socialism be considered as a doctrine, or as a historical fact, or as a 'movement', if it really remains socialism, it cannot be brought into harmony with the dogmas of the Catholic Church ... 'Religious socialism', 'Christian socialism' are expressions implying a contradiction in terms. No one can be at the same time a sincere Catholic and a true socialist'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Liverpool+Repository&rft.atitle=Christian+Socialism+as+a+Political+Ideology&rft.pages=66&rft.date=2016-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Alan+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivrepository.liverpool.ac.uk%2F3001797%2F1%2F200514195_Mar2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalamet2017" class="citation book cs1">Chalamet, Christophe (29 September 2017). Revivalism and Social Christianity: The Prophetic Faith of Henri Nick and Andre Trocme. ISD. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9XYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-4602-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-4602-2"><bdi>978-0-7188-4602-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revivalism+and+Social+Christianity%3A+The+Prophetic+Faith+of+Henri+Nick+and+Andre+Trocme&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=ISD&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-4602-2&rft.aulast=Chalamet&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanis2009" class="citation web cs1">Tanis, Bethany (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlib.bc.edu/islandora/object/bc-ir:101671/datastream/PDF/view">"The 'Great Church Crisis,' Public Life, and National Identity in late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain"</a>. eScholarship@BC. Boston College University Libraries. p. 165. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eScholarship%40BC&rft.atitle=The+%27Great+Church+Crisis%2C%27+Public+Life%2C+and+National+Identity+in+late-Victorian+and+Edwardian+Britain&rft.pages=165&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tanis&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlib.bc.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fbc-ir%3A101671%2Fdatastream%2FPDF%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpurgeon1889" class="citation book cs1">Spurgeon, Charles Haddon (1889). The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit. Passmore. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pb9BAQAAMAAJ&pg=PT241">241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metropolitan+Tabernacle+Pulpit&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Passmore&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Spurgeon&rft.aufirst=Charles+Haddon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> Also quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2015" class="citation book cs1">Charles, Spurgeon (26 March 2015). The Complete Works of C. H. Spurgeon, Volume 35: Sermons 2062–2120. Delmarva Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOGoBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT309">309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works+of+C.+H.+Spurgeon%2C+Volume+35%3A+Sermons+2062%E2%80%932120&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Delmarva+Publications&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Spurgeon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalamet2017" class="citation book cs1">Chalamet, Christophe (29 September 2017). Revivalism and Social Christianity: The Prophetic Faith of Henri Nick and Andre Trocme. ISD. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9XYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-4602-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-4602-2"><bdi>978-0-7188-4602-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revivalism+and+Social+Christianity%3A+The+Prophetic+Faith+of+Henri+Nick+and+Andre+Trocme&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=ISD&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-4602-2&rft.aulast=Chalamet&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarigazzi2021" class="citation web cs1">Barigazzi, Jacopo (24 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/jesus-leftist-or-rightist-religion-politics/">"Was Jesus a leftist or a rightist?"</a>. Politico. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Was+Jesus+a+leftist+or+a+rightist%3F&rft.date=2021-12-24&rft.aulast=Barigazzi&rft.aufirst=Jacopo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fjesus-leftist-or-rightist-religion-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReed2015-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReed2015_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReed2015">Reed 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2013" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Johnnie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230518/http://radio.foxnews.com/toddstarnes/top-stories/was-jesus-a-socialist-or-a-capitalist.html">"Was Jesus a Socialist or a Capitalist?"</a>. Fox News Radio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radio.foxnews.com/toddstarnes/top-stories/was-jesus-a-socialist-or-a-capitalist.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Jesus+a+Socialist+or+a+Capitalist%3F&rft.pub=Fox+News+Radio&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Johnnie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradio.foxnews.com%2Ftoddstarnes%2Ftop-stories%2Fwas-jesus-a-socialist-or-a-capitalist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Fischer" title="Bryan Fischer">Fischer, Bryan</a> (15 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614113417/http://www.afa.net/the-stand/bible/2015/10/jesus-was-not-a-socialist">"Jesus Was Not a Socialist"</a>. The Stand. American Family Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afa.net/the-stand/bible/2015/10/jesus-was-not-a-socialist/">the original</a> on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stand&rft.atitle=Jesus+Was+Not+a+Socialist&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afa.net%2Fthe-stand%2Fbible%2F2015%2F10%2Fjesus-was-not-a-socialist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrnes2021" class="citation web cs1">Byrnes, Sholto (9 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003000547/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2009/11/jesus-quentin-mail-leftie">"'Jesus was a lefty'"</a>. New Statesman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2009/11/jesus-quentin-mail-leftie">the original</a> on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=%27Jesus+was+a+lefty%27&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft.aulast=Byrnes&rft.aufirst=Sholto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2F2009%2F11%2Fjesus-quentin-mail-leftie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2007" class="citation book cs1">Berman, David R. 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Boulder, Colorado: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Colorado" title="University Press of Colorado">University Press of Colorado</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-884-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-884-4"><bdi>978-0-87081-884-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radicalism+in+the+Mountain+West%2C+1890%E2%80%931920%3A+Socialists%2C+Populists%2C+Miners%2C+and+Wobblies&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87081-884-4&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourgel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bourgel, Jonathan (Fall 2016). 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Boston, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-7500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-7500-5"><bdi>978-0-8070-7500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Spirits%3A+Spiritualism+and+Women%27s+Rights+in+Nineteenth-Century+America&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-7500-5&rft.aulast=Braude&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradicalspiritssp00braurich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalamet2013" class="citation book cs1">Chalamet, Christophe (2013). Revivalism and Social Christianity: The Prophetic Faith of Henri Nick and André Trocmé. Eugene, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/Pickwick_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickwick Publications">Pickwick Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-858-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-858-3"><bdi>978-1-61097-858-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revivalism+and+Social+Christianity%3A+The+Prophetic+Faith+of+Henri+Nick+and+Andr%C3%A9+Trocm%C3%A9&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Pickwick+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61097-858-3&rft.aulast=Chalamet&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cyrus_Cort" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cyrus Cort">Cort, John C.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christiansociali0000cort">Christian Socialism: An Informal History</a>. 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Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Socialism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Christian+Thought&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=676-678&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860024-4&rft.aulast=Leech&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlwyd2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Llwyd, Rhys (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102217/http://www.klice.co.uk/uploads/ethics%20in%20brief/eib_llwyd_e2015_5_web.pdf">"Plaid Cymru, Welsh Nationalism and Christianity: A Historical Perspective"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_in_Brief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethics in Brief (page does not exist)">Ethics in Brief</a>. 2015 Election Series (5). 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Atlanta, Georgia: <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57246-037-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57246-037-9"><bdi>978-1-57246-037-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rendering+unto+Caesar%3A+Was+Jesus+a+Socialist%3F&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Economic+Education&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-57246-037-9&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuskin1872" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin, John</a> (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/untothislastfou00ruskgoog">"Unto this Last": Four Essays on the First Principles of Political Economy</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. Retrieved 3 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Unto+this+Last%22%3A+Four+Essays+on+the+First+Principles+of+Political+Economy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Ruskin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funtothislastfou00ruskgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrube2016a" class="citation journal cs1">Strube, Julian (2016a). "Socialist Religion and the Emergence of Occultism: A Genealogical Approach to Socialism and Secularization in 19th-Century France". <a href="/wiki/Religion_(journal)" title="Religion (journal)">Religion</a>. 46 (3): 359–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0048721X.2016.1146926">10.1080/0048721X.2016.1146926</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-1151">1096-1151</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147626697">147626697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=Socialist+Religion+and+the+Emergence+of+Occultism%3A+A+Genealogical+Approach+to+Socialism+and+Secularization+in+19th-Century+France&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E388&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147626697%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1096-1151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0048721X.2016.1146926&rft.aulast=Strube&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrube2016b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strube, Julian (2016b). Sozialismus, Katholizismus und Okkultismus im Frankreich des 19. Jahrhunderts. Die Genealogie der Schriften von Eliphas Lévi [Socialism, Catholicism, and Occultism in Nineteenth-Century France: The Genealogy of the Writings of Eliphas Lévi]. Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten (in German). Vol. 69. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-047654-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-047654-5"><bdi>978-3-11-047654-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sozialismus%2C+Katholizismus+und+Okkultismus+im+Frankreich+des+19.+Jahrhunderts.+Die+Genealogie+der+Schriften+von+Eliphas+L%C3%A9vi&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Religionsgeschichtliche+Versuche+und+Vorarbeiten&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-11-047654-5&rft.aulast=Strube&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_socialism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBissett1999" class="citation book cs1">Bissett, Jim (1999). Agrarian Socialism in America: Marx, Jefferson, and Jesus in the Oklahoma Countryside, 1904–1920. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3148-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3148-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-3148-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agrarian+Socialism+in+America%3A+Marx%2C+Jefferson%2C+and+Jesus+in+the+Oklahoma+Countryside%2C+1904%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3148-1&rft.aulast=Bissett&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBliss1897" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dwight_Porter_Bliss" title="William Dwight Porter Bliss">Bliss, William D. P.</a>, ed. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediofsoc00blisrich">"Christian Socialism"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Social Reform. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. pp. 251–260. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/02014652">02014652</a>. Retrieved 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Socialism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Social+Reform&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls+Company&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F02014652&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediofsoc00blisrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Boyer" title="John W. Boyer">Boyer, John W.</a> (1995). Culture and Political Crisis in Vienna: Christian Socialism in Power, 1897–1918. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06960-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06960-9"><bdi>978-0-226-06960-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Political+Crisis+in+Vienna%3A+Christian+Socialism+in+Power%2C+1897%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06960-9&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1940" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Charles Howard (1940). The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism, 1865–1915. Yale Studies in Religious Education. Vol. 14. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Social+Gospel+in+American+Protestantism%2C+1865%E2%80%931915&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=Yale+Studies+in+Religious+Education&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Charles+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsley1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley, Charles</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workscharleskin08kinggoog">The Works of Charles Kingsley</a>. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: John B. Morris & Company. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Charles+Kingsley&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=John+B.+Morris+%26+Company&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Kingsley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworkscharleskin08kinggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsley1885" class="citation book cs1">Kingsley, Frances Eliza Grenfell, ed. (1885) [1877]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charleskingsley05kinggoog">Charles Kingsley: His Letters and Memories of His Life</a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Kingsley%3A+His+Letters+and+Memories+of+His+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharleskingsley05kinggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeno1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bedford_Leno" title="John Bedford Leno">Leno, John Bedford</a> (1892). The Aftermath with Autobiography of the Author. London: Reeves & Turner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aftermath+with+Autobiography+of+the+Author&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reeves+%26+Turner&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Leno&rft.aufirst=John+Bedford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick Maurice">Maurice, Frederick</a>, ed. (1885) [1884]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeoffrederickd02mauriala">The Life of Frederick Denison Maurice: Chiefly Told in His Own Letters</a>. Vol. 2 (4th ed.). London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Frederick+Denison+Maurice%3A+Chiefly+Told+in+His+Own+Letters&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeoffrederickd02mauriala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyles2019" class="citation book cs1">Myles, Robert J. (2019). Class Struggle in the New Testament. Lanham: Fortress Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9787-0209-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9787-0209-7"><bdi>978-1-9787-0209-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+Struggle+in+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Fortress+Academic&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-9787-0209-7&rft.aulast=Myles&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1996" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Paul T. (1996). A Kingdom on Earth: Anglo-American Social Christianity, 1880–1940. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01580-4"><bdi>978-0-271-01580-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Kingdom+on+Earth%3A+Anglo-American+Social+Christianity%2C+1880%E2%80%931940&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01580-4&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Paul+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkin2014" class="citation web cs1">Simkin, John (2014) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spartacus-educational.com/REsocialism.htm">"Christian Socialists"</a>. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Christian+Socialists&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Simkin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FREsocialism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodworth1903" class="citation book cs1">Woodworth, Arthur V. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christiansocial01woodgoog">Christian Socialism in England</a>. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Socialism+in+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Swan+Sonnenschein+%26+Company&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Woodworth&rft.aufirst=Arthur+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristiansocial01woodgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2010" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Shawn David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221083327/http://www.usask.ca/relst/jrpc/art22%282%29-jesusfreaks.html">"From Hippies to Jesus Freaks: Christian Radicalism in Chicago's Inner-City"</a>. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture. 22 (2). Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 1–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fjrpc.22.2.003">10.3138/jrpc.22.2.003</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usask.ca/relst/jrpc/art22(2)-jesusfreaks.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=From+Hippies+to+Jesus+Freaks%3A+Christian+Radicalism+in+Chicago%27s+Inner-City&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fjrpc.22.2.003&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Shawn+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usask.ca%2Frelst%2Fjrpc%2Fart22%282%29-jesusfreaks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Boulay1988" class="citation book cs1">Du Boulay, Shirley (1988). Tutu: Voice of the Voiceless. London: Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780340416143" title="Special:BookSources/9780340416143"><bdi>9780340416143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tutu%3A+Voice+of+the+Voiceless&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780340416143&rft.aulast=Du+Boulay&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_and_politics" title="Template:Christianity and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_and_politics" title="Template talk:Christianity and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_and_politics151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar" title="Render unto Caesar">Render unto Caesar</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Christianity" title="Libertarian Christianity">Libertarian Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianism">Christianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian Patriot movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_realism" title="Christian realism">Christian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Identity Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Liberal Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Poverty and wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity and environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_theology" title="Dominion theology">Dominion theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_China" title="Political theology in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_the_Middle_East" title="Political theology in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Political theology in sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_mission" title="Integral mission">Integral mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_genetically_modified_foods#Christianity" title="Religious views on genetically modified foods">Christian views on genetically modified foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Christianity and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_Social_Justice_and_the_Gospel" title="Statement on Social Justice and the Gospel">Dallas Statement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_politics208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Neopaganist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism" title="Template:Socialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism" title="Template talk:Socialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism965" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a> - <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">from below</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Left-wing laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism#Socialism_from_above" title="Authoritarian socialism">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-pg7c4","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.425","walltime":"2.656","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16539,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":561556,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15498,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":789217,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2273.663 1 -total"," 48.78% 1109.085 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.32% 461.951 92 Template:Cite_book"," 16.38% 372.511 61 Template:Cite_web"," 8.92% 202.902 49 Template:Sfn"," 4.91% 111.749 1 Template:Christian_socialism_sidebar"," 4.79% 108.954 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.53% 103.081 22 Template:Cite_news"," 4.33% 98.464 1 Template:Langx"," 3.98% 90.530 18 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[\"CITEREFByrnes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavanaugh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalamet2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalamet2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChappell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristoyannopoulos2010\"] = 7,\n [\"CITEREFChristoyannopoulos2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCody2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnolly1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConsidine2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoren2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCort1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrabb2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrown1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyranka2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDabashi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDault2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesJenkinsBainesLynch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriessen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDu_Boulay1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEagleton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrhardt1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllicottPlumptre1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmpson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlinn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrance-Malone2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordonGrattan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGustafson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGustafson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuthrie1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalteman_Finger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouldenMinard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanzenStanton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKautsky1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsley1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsley1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrick2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurian2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLansford2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeech2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeno1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinhares2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLlwyd2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuBrown2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubienski1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLustig2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacCarthy1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaidenEdwards2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMaurice1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormickSillito1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormickSillito2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIlhenny2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKim1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontero2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoran2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMount2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyles2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Shaughnessy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOestreicher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrmrod1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOudshoorn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeraRatzinger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Francis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_John_XXIII1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_John_XXIII1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Paul_VI1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullella2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenan1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossinow2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoutledge1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudd2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuggieri2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuskin1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSartwell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholsser2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigmund1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimkin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinyai2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkojec2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthwellBarryGray2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpargo1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpurgeon1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStead1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearnsFairchildsLindenmeyrMaynes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrube2016a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrube2016b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSydney_Higgins1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanis2009\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnterbrink2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Steenwyk2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebber1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWessels1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestad2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWickeri1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2016\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWinstanley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodworth1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Mises1981\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 16,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 17,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Christian socialism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity and politics\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 92,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 61,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Cols\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Christian Socialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main category\"] = 1,\n [\"Mainarticle\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Relpolnav\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 49,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Zenodo\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","16.0"],["?","240","14.8"],["recursiveClone 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