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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Naming controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wahhabism_and_Salafism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wahhabism_and_Salafism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Wahhabism and Salafism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wahhabism_and_Salafism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_other_Islamic_reform_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_other_Islamic_reform_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Relations with other Islamic reform movements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_with_other_Islamic_reform_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relations with other Islamic reform movements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_other_Islamic_reform_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ahl-i-Hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahl-i-Hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ahl-i-Hadith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahl-i-Hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salafiyya_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salafiyya_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Salafiyya movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salafiyya_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Contemporary relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Theology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tawhid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tawhid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Tawhid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tawhid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ijtihad_and_Taqlid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ijtihad_and_Taqlid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ijtihad and Taqlid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ijtihad_and_Taqlid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commanding_right_and_forbidding_wrong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commanding_right_and_forbidding_wrong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Commanding right and forbidding wrong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commanding_right_and_forbidding_wrong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Propagation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Beliefs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beliefs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loyalty_and_disassociation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loyalty_and_disassociation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Loyalty and disassociation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loyalty_and_disassociation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Jihad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Jihad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 On Jihad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Jihad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Shi'ism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Shi'ism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Criticism of Shi'ism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Shi'ism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_mysticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_mysticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Views on mysticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_mysticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Views on modernity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Jurisprudence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jurisprudence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Jurisprudence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perspective_on_other_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspective_on_other_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Perspective on other schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perspective_on_other_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibn_Mu'ammar's_Legal_Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibn_Mu'ammar's_Legal_Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Ibn Mu'ammar's Legal Theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibn_Mu'ammar's_Legal_Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Social reform </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_reform-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social reform subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Prevalence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notable leaders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_influence_and_propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_influence_and_propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 International influence and propagation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_influence_and_propagation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International influence and propagation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_influence_and_propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanation_for_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanation_for_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Explanation for influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanation_for_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militant_and_political_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militant_and_political_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Militant and political Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militant_and_political_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_discourse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_discourse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Contemporary discourse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_discourse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Criticism and support </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism and support subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_by_other_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_by_other_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Criticism by other Muslims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_by_other_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Initial criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunni_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.1 Sunni criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.1.1 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.1.2 South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.1.3 Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.1.4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_Chechnya_conference_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_Chechnya_conference_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.2 2016 Chechnya conference controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_Chechnya_conference_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-religious_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-religious_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Non-religious motivations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-religious_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wahhabism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabisme" title="Wahhabisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wahhabisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدعوة الوهابية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدعوة الوهابية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabismo" title="Wahhabismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Wahhabismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ওৱাহাবি মতবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ওৱাহাবি মতবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahabismu" title="Wahabismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wahabismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C9%99hhabilik" title="Vəhhabilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vəhhabilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="وهابی‌لیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وهابی‌لیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="ওয়াহাবি আন্দোলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়াহাবি আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Үәһһәбилек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үәһһәбилек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Уахабизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уахабизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehabizam" title="Vehabizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vehabizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabisme" title="Wahhabisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wahhabisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahh%C3%A1bismus" title="Wahhábismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wahhábismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabisme" title="Wahhabisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wahhabisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabiten" title="Wahhabiten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wahhabiten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahhabism" title="Vahhabism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vahhabism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ουαχαμπισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουαχαμπισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahabismo" title="Wahabismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wahabismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACahabismo" title="Ŭahabismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŭahabismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabismo" title="Wahhabismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wahhabismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="وهابیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وهابیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabisme" title="Wahhabisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wahhabisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahabisme" title="Wahabisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wahabisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%80%ED%95%98%EB%B8%8C%ED%8C%8C" title="와하브파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="와하브파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahabiyanci" title="Wahabiyanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wahabiyanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վահաբականներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վահաբականներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="वहाबी आन्दोलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वहाबी आन्दोलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahabizam" title="Vahabizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vahabizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabisme" title="Wahhabisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wahhabisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabismo" title="Wahhabismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Wahhabismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabismi" title="Wahhabismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wahhabismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabismo" title="Wahhabismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wahhabismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="והאביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="והאביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabisme" title="Wahhabisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wahhabisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვაჰაბიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვაჰაბიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D2%BB%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Уаһһабизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уаһһабизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah%C4%81bisms" title="Vahābisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vahābisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahabitai" title="Vahabitai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vahabitai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahh%C3%A1bizmus" title="Vahhábizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vahhábizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahabisma" title="Oahabisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Oahabisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="വഹാബിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വഹാബിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვაჰაბიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვაჰაბიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="وهابيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وهابيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahabi" title="Wahabi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wahabi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabisme" title="Wahhabisme – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Wahhabisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahabisme" title="Wahabisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wahabisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%83%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E6%B4%BE" title="ワッハーブ派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワッハーブ派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="ВаххӀабизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ВаххӀабизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabisme" title="Wahhabisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wahhabisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabisme" title="Wahhabisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wahhabisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabisme" title="Wahhabisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wahhabisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahhobiylik" title="Vahhobiylik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vahhobiylik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4" title="ਵਹਾਬੀਅਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਹਾਬੀਅਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="وہابیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وہابیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="وهابيت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وهابيت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabizm" title="Wahhabizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wahhabizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabismo" title="Wahhabismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wahhabismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wahhabism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ваххабизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ваххабизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%82%D9%84%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="غیر مقلد یا وہابی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="غیر مقلد یا وہابی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabi" title="Wahhabi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wahhabi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehabizmi" title="Vehabizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vehabizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabi" title="Wahhabi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wahhabi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahh%C3%A1bizmus" title="Wahhábizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wahhábizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahabizem" title="Vahabizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vahabizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahaabi" title="Wahaabi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wahaabi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA" title="بانگەوازی وەھابییەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بانگەوازی وەھابییەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вахабизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahabbism&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahabbism">Wahabbism</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sunni Islamic revivalist and fundamentalist movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;font-size:88%; line-height:200%;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islamic_movements" title="Category:Sunni Islamic movements">a series</a> on: <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/200px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/300px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/400px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1094" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab_Mosque" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque</a>, Qatar</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Theology">Theology and Influences</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hadi" title="Ibn Abd al-Hadi">Ibn Abd al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muflih" title="Ibn Muflih">Ibn Muflih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hayya_Al-Sindhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi">Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi" title="Shah Ismail Dehlvi">Ismail Dehlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Founders and key figures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din Qasimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh">Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jibrin" title="Ibn Jibrin">Ibn Jibrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafis" title="Salafi movement">List of Salafi scholars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">Notable universities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Qura_University" title="Umm al-Qura University">Umm al-Qura University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University of Madinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Faisalabad" title="Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad">Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Varanasi" title="Jamia Salafia, Varanasi">Jamia Salafia, Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University" title="International Islamic University">International Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">List of Salafi Islamic universities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Related ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhaj" title="Manhaj">Manhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailaifengye" title="Sailaifengye">Sailaifengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi-Salafi_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi-Salafi relations">Sufi-Salafi relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Associated organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takfir_wal-Hijra" title="Takfir wal-Hijra">Takfir wal-Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salafi" title="Template:Salafi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salafi" title="Template talk:Salafi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salafi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salafi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamism" title="History of Islamism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">Salafism by country/region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Principlism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Principlism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">Scholastic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami" title="Dawat-e-Islami">Dawat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul> Political <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Front" title="Salafist Front">Salafist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li></ul> Militant <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)" title="The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)">The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Rashīd Rīďha 1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal 1930s</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam">Principles of State and Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad 1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ("Milestones")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb 1965</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist">Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist ("Velayat-e faqih")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini 1970</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Heads of state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul-Haq">Zia ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Masri" title="Abu Hamza al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Nadwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan Nadwi">Abul Hasan Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism of Islamism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism of Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal and reform movements within Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in North America">in North America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Namazie" title="Maryam Namazie">Maryam Namazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maajid Nawaaz">Maajid Nawaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-Ashmawi" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Maher" title="Shiraz Maher">Shiraz Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Magnus Ranstorp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islam" title="Category:Sunni Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/200px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/300px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/400px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="356" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah_(Islamic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqidah (Islamic theology)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets and Messengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Declaration of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rightly-Guided Caliphs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Sunni <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awza%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Awza'i">Awza'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thawri">Thawri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laythi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laythi">Laythi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariri">Jariri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni schools of theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>)</li></ul> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> (Ahl <a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">al-Wijdan</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">al-Kashf</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Movements" title="Islamic schools and branches">Contemporary movements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi_movement" title="Barelvi movement">Barelvi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_neo-traditionalism" title="Islamic neo-traditionalism">Neo-traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farahi">Farahi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holy sites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam#History" title="Sunni Islam">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Persecution</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sunni_Islam" title="Template talk:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Wahhabism<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ٱلْوَهَّابِيَّة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Wahhābiyya) is a religious <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">revivalist</a> movement within <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> named after the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a> It was initially established in the central Arabian region of <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> and later spread to other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[c]</a> and is today followed primarily in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>. The Wahhabi movement staunchly denounced rituals related to the <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">veneration of Muslim saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">pilgrimages to their tombs and shrines</a>, which were widespread amongst the people of Najd. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his followers were highly inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> (1263–1328 CE/<a href="/wiki/Anno_Hegirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Hegirae">AH</a> 661–728) who advocated a return to the purity of the first three generations (<a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">salaf</a>) to rid Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Bid%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid'a">bid'a</a> (innovation) and regarded his works as core scholarly references in theology. While being influenced by Hanbali school, the movement repudiated <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a> to legal authorities, including oft-cited scholars such as Ibn Taymiyya and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1350 CE/AH 751).<a href="#cite_note-auto3-9">[6]</a> Wahhabism has been variously characterized by historians as "orthodox", "puritan(ical)", or "revolutionary",<a href="#cite_note-10">[d]</a> while its adherents describe it as an Islamic "reform movement" to restore "pure <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> worship". Socio-politically, the movement represented the first major <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab</a>-led revolt against the Turkish, Persian and foreign empires that had dominated the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Mongol invasions</a> and the fall of <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in the 13th century; and would later serve as a revolutionary impetus for 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arab</a> trends.<a href="#cite_note-11">[e]</a> In 1744, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab formed a <a href="/wiki/Diriyah_Pact" title="Diriyah Pact">pact</a> with a local leader, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Saud">Muhammad bin Saud</a>, establishing a politico-religious alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi monarchy">Saudi monarchy</a> that lasted for more than 250 years. The Wahhabi movement gradually rose to prominence as an influential <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonial">anti-colonial</a> reform trend in the Islamic world that advocated the re-generation of the social and political prowess of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. Its revolutionary themes inspired several <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revivalists</a>, scholars, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamist</a> ideologues and <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialism">anti-colonial</a> activists as far as <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[f]</a> For more than two centuries, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teachings were championed as the official creed in the three Saudi States. As of 2017, changes to Saudi religious policy by <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a> have led to widespread crackdowns on <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a> in Saudi Arabia and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. By 2021, the waning power of the religious clerics brought about by the social, economic, political changes, and the Saudi government's promotion of a nationalist narrative that emphasizes non-Islamic components, led to what has been described as the "<a href="/wiki/History_of_Wahhabism#Post-Wahhabi_Era" title="History of Wahhabism">post-Wahhabi era</a>" of Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-13">[g]</a> Saudi Arabia's annual commemoration of its <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Founding_Day" title="Saudi Founding Day">founding day</a> on 22 February since 2022, which marked the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Dir'iyah</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud_Al_Muqrin" title="Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin">Muhammad ibn Saud</a> in 1727 and de-emphasized his <a href="/wiki/Diriyah_Pact" title="Diriyah Pact">pact with Ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> in 1744, has led to the official "uncoupling" of the religious clergy by the Saudi state.<a href="#cite_note-14">[h]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_definition">Name and definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and definition">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_(epithet)" title="Wahhabi (epithet)">Wahhabi (epithet)</a></div> The term "Wahhabism" is primarily an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>; it was not used by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab himself or his followers,<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:634039-15">[7]</a> who typically refer themselves as "Salafi", "Sunni" or "<a href="/wiki/Muwahhidun" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahhidun">Muwahhidun</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacina201512–40-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColler2022151,_235-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley201021–41-3">[3]</a> The term "Wahhabi" was probably first used by <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>, a staunch opponent of his brother's views until 1776 CE/AH 1190, who declared the Wahhabi movement as the personal interpretation of its leader.<a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-16">[8]</a> Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and his movement's early followers referred to themselves as <a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Monotheism" title="The People of Monotheism">"al-muwahhidun"</a> (monotheists;<a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-16">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الموحدون, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> '"one who professes God's oneness" or "Unitarians"'<a href="#cite_note-17">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[12]</a> derived from Tawhid (the oneness of God).<a href="#cite_note-GlasseIsl-21">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito333-22">[14]</a> The movement's present-day followers continue to reject the term and instead often refer themselves as <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">"Salafi"</a> (a term also used by followers of other Islamic reform movements as well).<a href="#cite_note-:634039-15">[7]</a> The term "Wahhabi" should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a>, which is the dominant creed within <a href="/wiki/Ibadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadism">Ibadism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-val-23">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> Alongside its basic definition as an 18th century reformist/revivalist movement,<a href="#cite_note-25">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-5">[4]</a> the Wahhabi movement has also been characterized as a "movement for sociomoral reconstruction of society",<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-5">[4]</a> "a conservative reform movement",<a href="#cite_note-EIMW-727-26">[17]</a> and a sect with a "steadfastly fundamentalist interpretation of Islam in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ibn Hanbal</a>".<a href="#cite_note-GlasseIsl-21">[13]</a> Supporters of the Wahhabi movement characterize it as being "pure Islam",<a href="#cite_note-Commins-viv-28">[j]</a> indistinct from <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>, and in fact "the true <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafist</a> movement"<a href="#cite_note-Moussalli-29">[19]</a> seeking "a return to the pristine message of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Prophet</a>" and attempted to free Islam from "superimposed doctrines" and superstitions".<a href="#cite_note-30">[20]</a> Opponents of the movement and what it stands for label it as "a misguided creed that fosters intolerance, promotes simplistic theology, and restricts Islam's capacity for adaption to diverse and shifting circumstances".<a href="#cite_note-Commins-viv-31">[21]</a> The term "Wahhabism" has also become as a blanket term used inaccurately to refer to "any Islamic movement that has an apparent tendency toward misogyny, militantism, extremism, or strict and literal interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>".<a href="#cite_note-32">[22]</a> Abdallah al Obeid, the former dean of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University of Medina</a> and member of the Saudi Consultative Council, has characterized the movement as "a political trend" within Islam that "has been adopted for power-sharing purposes", but not a distinct religious movement, because "it has no special practices, nor special rites, and no special interpretation of religion that differ from the main body of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>".<a href="#cite_note-threat-define-33">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_controversy">Naming controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Naming controversy">edit</a>]</div> The term "Wahhabism" has frequently been used by external parties as a sectarian<a href="#cite_note-34">[24]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_slurs#Muslims" title="List of religious slurs">slur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[25]</a> The term used in this manner "most frequently used in countries where Salafis are a small minority" with the intent of "conjuring up images of Saudi Arabia" and foreign interference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiktorowicz2006235_footnote-36">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlasseIsl-21">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito333-22">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-40">[30]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Labelling by the term "Wahhabism" has historically been expansive beyond the doctrinal followers of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab</a>, who tend to all reject the label.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacina201512–40-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColler2022151,_235-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley201021–41-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231-41">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[k]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Since the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_(epithet)" title="Wahhabi (epithet)">Wahhabi epithet</a> has been commonly invoked by various external observers to erroneously or pejoratively denote a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reform</a> movements across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[32]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">colonial era</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> had commonly employed the term to refer to those <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim scholars</a> and thinkers seen as obstructive to their imperial interests; punishing them under various pretexts. Many Muslim rebels inspired by <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Awliyaa</a> (saints) and <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">mystical orders</a>, were targeted by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> as part of a wider "Wahhabi" conspiracy which was portrayed as extending from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. Despite sharing little resemblance with the doctrines of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, outside observers of the Muslim world have frequently traced various religious purification campaigns across the Islamic World to Wahhabi influence.<a href="#cite_note-44">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brill_Publishers-46">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[36]</a> According to Qeyamuddin Ahmed:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"In the eyes of the British Government, the word Wahabi was synonymous with 'traitor' and 'rebel' ... The epithet became a term of religio-political abuse."<a href="#cite_note-48">[37]</a></blockquote> In general, the so-called Wahhabis do not like – or at least did not like – the term. Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab was averse to the elevation of scholars and other individuals, including using a person's name to label an Islamic school (<a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiktorowicz2006235_footnote-36">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRS08-49">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[39]</a> Due to its perceived negative overtones, the members of the movement historically identified themselves as "Muwahhidun", Muslims, etc. and more recently as "Salafis".<a href="#cite_note-51">[40]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lacey" title="Robert Lacey">Robert Lacey</a> "the Wahhabis have always disliked the name customarily given to them" and preferred to be called <a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Monotheism" title="The People of Monotheism">Muwahhidun</a> (Unitarians).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey198156-52">[41]</a> Another preferred term was simply "Muslims", since they considered their creed to be the "pure Islam".<a href="#cite_note-elfadl-57-53">[42]</a> However, critics complain these terms imply that non-Wahhabi Muslims are either not monotheists or <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">not Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elfadl-57-53">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Algar-1-54">[43]</a> Additionally, the terms Muwahhidun and Unitarians are associated with other sects, both extant and extinct.<a href="#cite_note-55">[44]</a> Other terms Wahhabis have been said to use and/or prefer include <a href="/wiki/People_of_hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="People of hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> ("People of the Hadith"), Salafi dawah ("Salafi preaching"), or al-da'wa ila al-tawhid ("preaching of monotheism" for the school rather than the adherents),<a href="#cite_note-Gold-21-56">[45]</a> al-Tariqa al-Muhammadiyya ("the path of Muhammad"),<a href="#cite_note-Mouline_2014_8-57">[46]</a> al-Tariqa al-Salafiyya ("the way of the pious ancestors"),<a href="#cite_note-Mouline_2014_8-57">[46]</a> "the reform or Salafi movement of the Sheikh" (the sheikh being Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab), etc.<a href="#cite_note-59">[48]</a> Their self-designation "People of the Sunnah" was important for Wahhabism's authenticity, because during the Ottoman period only <a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunnism</a> was the legitimate doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-60">[49]</a> Other writers such as Quinton Wiktorowicz, urge use of the term "Salafi", maintaining that "one would be hard pressed to find individuals who refer to themselves as Wahhabis or organizations that use Wahhabi in their title, or refer to their ideology in this manner (unless they are speaking to a Western audience that is unfamiliar with Islamic terminology; even then, its use is limited and often appears as Salafi/Wahhabi)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiktorowicz2006235_footnote-36">[26]</a> A <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> journalist writes that Saudis "abhor" the term Wahhabism, "feeling it sets them apart and contradicts the notion that Islam is a monolithic faith".<a href="#cite_note-rigid-61">[50]</a> Saudi King <a href="/wiki/Salman_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a> for example has attacked the term as "a doctrine that doesn't exist here" [in Saudi Arabia] and challenged users of the term to locate any "deviance of the form of Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia from the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and Prophetic <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a>".<a href="#cite_note-62">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[52]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Mattson" title="Ingrid Mattson">Ingrid Mattson</a> stated that "Wahhbism is not a sect: It is a social movement that began 200 years ago to rid Islam of rigid cultural practices that had [been] acquired over the centuries."<a href="#cite_note-64">[53]</a> In an interview given to <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> magazine in 2018, Saudi Arabian Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a> asserted that the Western usage of the term itself has been a <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a>. Stating that the terminology itself is indefinable, Mohammed bin Salman said: "When people speak of Wahhabism, they don't know exactly what they are talking about."<a href="#cite_note-65">[54]</a> On the other hand, according to authors at Global Security and <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> the term is now commonplace and used even by Wahhabi scholars in the Najd,<a href="#cite_note-LofC-66">[55]</a> a region often called the "heartland" of Wahhabism.<a href="#cite_note-67">[56]</a> Journalist Karen House calls Salafi "a more politically correct term" for Wahhabi.<a href="#cite_note-68">[57]</a> In any case, according to Lacey, none of the other terms have caught on, and so like the Christian <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, Wahhabis have "remained known by the name first assigned to them by their detractors".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey198156-52">[41]</a> However, the confusion is further aggravated due to the common practice of various authoritarian governments broadly using the label "Wahhabi extremists" for all opposition, legitimate and illegitimate, to justify massive repressions on any dissident.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito201155-69">[58]</a> (Another movement, whose adherents are also called "Wahhabi" but whom were <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibaadi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>, has caused some confusion in North and sub-Saharan Africa, where the movement's leader – <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahhab_ibn_Abd_al-Rahman" title="Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd al-Rahman">Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd al-Rahman</a> – lived and preached in the eighth century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>. This movement is often mistakenly conflated with the Muwahhidun movement of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.)<a href="#cite_note-70">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wahhabism_and_Salafism">Wahhabism and Salafism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wahhabism and Salafism">edit</a>]</div> There is considerable confusion between Wahhabism and <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>, but many scholars and critics draw clear distinctions between the two terms. According to analyst Christopher M. Blanchard, Wahhabism refers to "a conservative Islamic creed centered in and emanating from Saudi Arabia", while Salafism is "a more general puritanical Islamic movement that has developed independently at various times and in various places in the Islamic world".<a href="#cite_note-CRS08-49">[38]</a> However, many view Wahhabism as the Salafism native to Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-71">[60]</a> Ahmad Moussalli tends to agree Wahhabism is a subset of Salafism, saying "As a rule, all Wahhabis are salafists, but not all salafists are Wahhabis."<a href="#cite_note-Moussalli-29">[19]</a> Quintan Wiktorowicz asserts modern Salafists consider the 18th-century scholar Muhammed bin 'Abd al-Wahhab and many of his students to have been Salafis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiktorowicz2006216-72">[61]</a> According to Joas Wagemakers, associate professor of Islamic and Arabic Studies at <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a>, Salafism consists of broad movements of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> across the world who aspire to live according to the precedents of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf al-Salih</a>; whereas "Wahhabism" – a term rejected by its adherents – refers to the specific brand of reformation (<a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">islah</a>) campaign that was initiated by the 18th century scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab</a> and evolved through his subsequent disciples in the central Arabian region of Najd.<a href="#cite_note-73">[l]</a> Despite their relations with Wahhabi Muslims of Najd; other Salafis have often differed theologically with the Wahhabis and hence do not identify with them. These included significant contentions with Wahhabis over their unduly harsh enforcement of their beliefs, their lack of tolerance towards other Muslims and their deficient commitment to their stated opposition to <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> and advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[62]</a> In doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">'Aqida</a> (creed), Wahhabis and Salafis resemble each other; particularly in their focus on <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>. However, the Muwahidun movement historically were concerned primarily about Tawhid al-Rububiyya (Oneness of Lordship) and Tawhid al-Uloohiyya (Oneness of Worship) while the Salafiyya movement placed an additional emphasis on Tawhid al-Asma wa Sifat (Oneness of Divine Names and Attributes); with a literal understanding of God's Names and Attributes.<a href="#cite_note-75">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Wahhabism" title="History of Wahhabism">History of Wahhabism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_collection_of_voyages_and_travels-_consisting_of_authentic_writers_in_our_own_tongue,_which_have_not_before_been_collected_in_English,_or_have_only_been_abridged_in_other_collections._And_continued_(14586390739).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/A_collection_of_voyages_and_travels-_consisting_of_authentic_writers_in_our_own_tongue%2C_which_have_not_before_been_collected_in_English%2C_or_have_only_been_abridged_in_other_collections._And_continued_%2814586390739%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/A_collection_of_voyages_and_travels-_consisting_of_authentic_writers_in_our_own_tongue%2C_which_have_not_before_been_collected_in_English%2C_or_have_only_been_abridged_in_other_collections._And_continued_%2814586390739%29.jpg/495px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/A_collection_of_voyages_and_travels-_consisting_of_authentic_writers_in_our_own_tongue%2C_which_have_not_before_been_collected_in_English%2C_or_have_only_been_abridged_in_other_collections._And_continued_%2814586390739%29.jpg/660px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3982" data-file-height="2768" /></a><figcaption> An 18th century map of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> circa. 1740s</figcaption></figure> The Wahhabi movement started as a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">revivalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reform</a> movement in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> during the early 18th century, whose adherents described themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Muwahhidun" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahhidun">Muwahhidun</a>" (Unitarians).<a href="#cite_note-79">[m]</a> A young Hanbali cleric named <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> (1703–1792 CE/AH 1115–1206), the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Muwahhidun" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahhidun">Muwahhidun</a> and eponym of the Wahhabi movement,<a href="#cite_note-80">[n]</a> called upon his disciples to denounce certain beliefs and practices associated with <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult of saints">cult of saints</a> as idolatrous impurities and innovations in Islam (<a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">bid'ah</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013-77">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito333-22">[14]</a> His movement emphasized adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, and advocated the use of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-Wahhabis-76">[64]</a> Eventually, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab <a href="/wiki/Diriyah_Pact" title="Diriyah Pact">formed a pact</a> with a local leader, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Saud">Muhammad bin Saud</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lacey-glory-81">[67]</a> offering political obedience and promising that protection and propagation of the Wahhabi movement meant "power and glory" and rule of "lands and men".<a href="#cite_note-lacey-glory-81">[67]</a> 18th and 19th century European <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a>, scholars, travellers and <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a> compared the Wahhabi movement with various Euro-American socio-political movements in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolutions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt" title="Johann Ludwig Burckhardt">John Ludwig Burckhardt</a>, author of the well-received works "Travels in Arabia" (1829) and "Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys" (1830), described the Muwahhidun as Arabian locals who resisted Turkish hegemony and its "<a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_tactics" title="Napoleonic tactics">Napoleonic</a>" tactics. Historian Loius Alexander Corancez in his book "Histoire des Wahabis" described the movement as an <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asiatic</a> revolution that sought a powerful revival of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Civilization">Arab civilisation</a> by establishing a new order in Arabia and cleansing all the irrational elements and superstitions which had been normalised through <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> excesses from Turkish and foreign influences. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Napier_(historian)" title="Mark Napier (historian)">Mark Napier</a> attributed the successes of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's revolution to assistance from "frequent interpositions of Heaven".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacina20155–10,_72–73,_97-82">[68]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a>, Wahhabis were able spread their political power and consolidate their rule over the Islamic holy cities of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. After the discovery of petroleum near the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> in 1939, Saudi Arabia had access to oil export revenues, revenue that grew to billions of dollars. This money – spent on books, media, schools, universities, mosques, scholarships, fellowships, lucrative jobs for journalists, academics and <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholars</a> – gave Wahhabi ideals a "preeminent position of strength" in Islam around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Kepel-petro-83">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_other_Islamic_reform_movements">Relations with other Islamic reform movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relations with other Islamic reform movements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a "Saudi" musketeer of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Wahhabi movement was part of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revivalist</a> trends of the 18th and 19th centuries; such as the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist</a> movement in 19th century <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senussi</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani War">Fulani</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Uthman_Dan_Fodio" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman Dan Fodio">Uthman Dan Fodio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faraizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraizi">Faraizi</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a> (1784–1840) in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, the South Asian <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith#Indian_Jihad_Movement" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Mujahidin</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Barelvi" title="Syed Ahmad Barelvi">Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi</a> (1786–1831) and the <a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri</a> movement (1803–1837) in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, all of which are considered precursors to the Arab <a href="/wiki/Salafiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafiyya">Salafiyya</a> movement of late nineteenth century. These movements sought an <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islamic Reform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajdid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajdid">renewal</a> and socio-moral re-generation of the society through a direct return to the fundamental Islamic sources (<a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>) and responded to the military, economic, social, moral, cultural stagnation of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic World">Islamic World</a>. The cause of decline was identified as the departure of Muslims from true Islamic values brought about by the infiltration and assimilation of local, indigenous, un-Islamic beliefs and practices. The prescribed cure was the purification of Muslim societies through a return to "true Islam". The key programmes of these revival movements included: <ul><li>Islam is the only solution;</li> <li>A direct return to the Quran and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>;</li> <li>Implementation of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> (Islamic law) is the objective;</li> <li>Those who opposed the reform efforts were enemies of God.</li> <li>Members of the movement, like the early Muslims during the era of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a>, were trained in piety and military skills. These movements waged their reformist efforts through preaching and <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[70]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahl-i-Hadith">Ahl-i-Hadith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ahl-i-Hadith">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></div> The Wahhabi movement was part of the overall current of various Islamic revivalist trends in the 18th century. It would be influenced by and in turn, influence many other Islamic reform-revivalist movements across the globe. The <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> was a Sunni revivalist movement inspired by the thoughts of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">al-Shawkani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Barelvi" title="Syed Ahmad Barelvi">Syed Ahmad Barelvi</a>. They condemned <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> and advocated <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> based on scriptures.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;"Ahl-i_Hadith"_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;"Ahl-i_Hadith"-85">[71]</a> Founded in the mid-19th century in <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a>, it places great emphasis on hadith studies and condemns imitation to the canonical law schools. They identify with the early school of <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>. During the late 19th century, Wahhabi scholars would establish contacts with Ahl-i-Hadith and many Wahhabi students would study under the Ahl-i-Hadith <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a>, and later become prominent scholars in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi</a> Wahhabi establishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacroix201360–62-86">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2006145-87">[73]</a> The Wahhabi and Ahl-i-Hadith movements both oppose <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> practices such as visiting shrines and seeking aid at the tombs of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic saints">Islamic saints</a>. Both the movements revived the teachings of the medieval Sunni theologian and jurist, Ibn Taymiyya,<a href="#cite_note-88">[o]</a> whom they both consider a <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh al-Islam">Shaykh al-Islam</a>. Suffering from the instabilities of 19th-century Arabia, many Wahhabi ulama would make their way to India and study under Ahl-i-Hadith patronage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacroix201360–62-86">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2006144–145-89">[74]</a> After the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Oil_boom" title="Oil boom">oil boom</a>, the Saudi Sheikhs would repay their debts by financing the Ahl-i-Hadith movement. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia">Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a> strongly supported the movement, and prominent Ahl-i-Hadith scholars were appointed to teach in Saudi Universities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2006147-90">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salafiyya_movement">Salafiyya movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Salafiyya movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafiyya movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuhammadRashidRida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/MuhammadRashidRida.jpg/220px-MuhammadRashidRida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/MuhammadRashidRida.jpg/330px-MuhammadRashidRida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/MuhammadRashidRida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Salafi scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: محمد رشيد رضا; AH 1282–1354) made vital contributions in the rehabilitation of Wahhabism across the <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a> during the early 20th-century</figcaption></figure> During the early 19th century, Egyptian Muslim scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Jabarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jabarti">al-Jabarti</a> had defended the Wahhabi movement. From the 19th century, prominent Arab Salafiyya reformers would maintain correspondence with Wahhabis and defend them against Sufi attacks. These included <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Alusi" title="Mahmud al-Alusi">Shihab al Din al Alusi</a>, Abd al Hamid al Zahrawi, Abd al Qadir al Jabarti, Abd al Hakim al Afghani, Nu'man Khayr al-Din Al-Alusi, Mahmud Shukri Al Alusi and his disciple <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bahjat_Athari" title="Muhammad Bahjat Athari">Muhammad Bahjat al-Athari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Qasimi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi">Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81hir_al-Jaz%C4%81%27ir%C4%AB" class="extiw" title="fr:Tāhir al-Jazā'irī">Tahir al-Jaza'iri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhibb_al-Din_al-Khatib" title="Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib">Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib</a>, Muhammad Hamid al Fiqi and most notably, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rasheed Rida</a> who was considered as the "leader of Salafis". All these scholars would correspond with Arabian and Indian Ahl-i-Hadith scholars and champion the reformist thought. They shared a common interest in opposing various Sufi practices, denouncing blind following and reviving correct theology and <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith sciences</a>. They also opened <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahiriyah Library">Zahiriyya library</a>, Salafiyya library, Al Manar Library, etc., propagating Salafi thought as well as promoting scholars like Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Hazm. Rashid Rida would succeed in his efforts to rehabilitate Wahhabis in the Islamic World and would attain the friendship of many Najdi scholars. With the support of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Third Saudi State</a> by the 1920s, a concept of "Salafiyya" emerged on a global scale claiming heritage to the thought of 18th-century Islamic reform movements and the pious predecessors (<a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a>). Many of Rida's disciples would be assigned to various posts in Saudi Arabia and some of them would remain in Saudi Arabia. Others would spread the Salafi da'wa to their respective countries. Prominent amongst these disciples were the Syrian Muhammad Bahjat al-Bitar (1894–1976), Egyptian Muhammad Hamid al-Fiqi (1892–1959) and the Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi-ud-Din_al-Hilali" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali">Taqi al-Din al-Hilali</a> (1894–1987).<a href="#cite_note-92">[77]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-93">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian">Syrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1914–1999), an avid reader of <a href="/wiki/Al-Man%C4%81r_(magazine)" title="Al-Manār (magazine)">Al-Manar</a> and also student of Muhammad Bahjat al-Bitar (disciple of Rida and Al-Qasimi), was an adherent to the Salafiyya methodology. Encouraged by their call for hadith re-evaluation and revival, he would invest himself in <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith studies</a>, becoming a renowned Muhaddith. He followed in the footsteps of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> school and took the call of <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i-Hadith</a>. In the 1960s, he would teach in Saudi Arabia making a profound influence therein. By the 1970s, Albani's thoughts would gain popularity and the notion of "Salafi Manhaj" was consolidated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacroix201363–70-96">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_relations">Contemporary relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a></div> Original Salafiyya and its intellectual heritage were not hostile to competing Islamic legal traditions. However, critics argue that as Salafis aligned with Saudi promoted neo-Wahhabism, religious concessions for Saudi political patronage distrted the early thrust of the renaissance movement. The early Salafiyya leaders like <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Shawkani</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1835 CE/AH 1250), Ibn al-Amir Al-San'ani (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1810 CE/AH 1225), <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1935 CE/AH 1354), etc. advocated <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a> (independent legal research) of Scriptures to solve the new contemporary demands and problems faced by Muslims living in a modern age through a pragmatic, <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">juristic</a> path faithful to the rich Islamic tradition. However, as other Salafi movements got increasingly sidelined by the Saudi-backed neo-Wahhabi <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Purists" title="Salafi movement">Purists</a>; the legal writings that were made easily accessible to the general public became often rigidly literalist and intolerant of the wider Sunni legal tradition, limited to a selective understanding of the Hanbalite works of Ibn Taymiyya and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> Salafi <a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddith</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1999) publicly challenged the foundational methodologies of the neo-Wahhabite establishment. According to Albani, although Wahhabis doctrinally professed exclusive adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf al-salih</a>; in practice they almost solely relied on Hanbali jurisprudence for their fatwas—acting therefore as undeclared partisans of a particular <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhab</a>. As the most prominent scholar who championed anti-madhab doctrines in the 20th century, Albani held that adherence to a madhab was a <a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">bid'ah</a> (religious innovation). Albani went as far as to castigate Ibn Abd al-Wahhab as a "Salafi in creed, but not in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a>". He strongly attacked Ibn Abd al-Wahhab on several points; claiming that the latter was not a <a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> and accused him of imitating the Hanbali school. Albani's outspoken criticism embarrassed the Saudi clergy, who finally expelled him from the Kingdom in 1963 when he issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> permitting women to uncover their face, which ran counter to Hanbali jurisprudence and Saudi standards.<a href="#cite_note-Meijer_2014_43-99">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lacroix_2008_6–7-103">[88]</a> In addition, Albani would also criticise Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab for his weakness in <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">hadith sciences</a>. He distinguished between <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a> and Wahhabism, criticizing the latter while supporting the former. He had a complex relationship to each movement. Although he praised Ibn Abd al-Wahhab in general terms for his reformist efforts and contributions to the Muslim Ummah, Albani nonetheless censured his later followers for their harshness in <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meijer2009-104">[89]</a>: 68 : 220  In spite of this, Albani's efforts at <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">hadith</a> revivalism and his claims of being more faithful to the spirit of Wahhabism than Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself; made the former's ideas highly popular amongst Salafi religious students across the World, including Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-Meijer_2014_43-99">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lacroix_2008_6–7-103">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">Traditionalist theology (Islam)</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">theology</a>, Wahhabism is closely aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a> (traditionalist) school which represents the prevalent theological position of the Hanbali <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">legal school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[91]</a> Athari theology is characterized by reliance on the <a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">zahir</a> (apparent or literal) meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, and opposition to rational argumentation in matters of <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">'Aqidah</a> (creed) favored by <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'arite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidite</a> theologies.<a href="#cite_note-107">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[93]</a> However, Wahhabis diverged in some points of theology from other Athari movements.<a href="#cite_note-TCSI2010:_482-109">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab</a> did not view the issue of God's Attributes and Names as a part of <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhīd</a> (monotheism), rather he viewed it in the broader context of <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">aqāʾid</a> (theology). While his treatises strongly emphasised Tawhid al-ulūhiyya (monotheism in Worship), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not give prominence to the theology of God's Names and Attributes that was central to Ibn Taymiyya and the Salafi movement.<a href="#cite_note-110">[95]</a> Following this approach, the early Wahhabi scholars had not elucidated the details of <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a> theology such as Divine Attributes and other creedal doctrines. Influenced by the scholars of the <a href="/wiki/Salafiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafiyya">Salafiyya</a> movement, the later Wahhabis would revive Athari theological polemics beginning from the mid-twentieth century; which lead to charges of anthropomorphism against them by opponents such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zahid_al-Kawthari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari">Al-Kawthari</a>. By contrast, the creedal treatises of early Wahhabis were mostly restricted to upholding Tawhid and condemning various practices of saint veneration which they considered as <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a> (polytheism).<a href="#cite_note-111">[96]</a> They also staunchly opposed <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a> and advocated <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[97]</a> Hammad Ibn 'Atiq (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1883 CE/AH 1301) was one of the first Wahhabi scholars who seriously concerned himself with the question of God's Names and Attributes; a topic largely neglected by the previous Wahhabi scholars whose primary focus was limited to condemning <a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatry in Islam">idolatry</a> and necrolatry. Ibn 'Atiq established correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">Athari</a> scholars like Sīddïq Hasān Khán, an influential scholar of the <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> movement in the Islamic principality of <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">Bhopal</a>. In his letters, Ibn 'Atiq praised Nayl al-Maram, Khan's Salafi commentary on <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>, which was published via prints in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. He solicited Khan to accept his son as his disciple and requested Khan to produce and send more commentaries on the various treatises of Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim. Khan accepted his request and embarked on a detailed study of the treatises of both the scholars. Hammad's son Sa'd ibn Atiq would study under Khan and various <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">traditionalist</a> theologians in India. Thus, various Wahhabi scholars began making efforts to appropriate Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's legacy into mainstream Sunni Islam by appropriating them to the broader traditionalist scholarship active across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-113">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafite</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_al-Izz" title="Ibn Abi al-Izz">Ibn Abi al-Izz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sharh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sharh (disambiguation)">sharh</a> (explanation) on <a href="/wiki/Al-Tahawi" title="Al-Tahawi">Al-Tahawi</a>'s creedal treatise <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqida_al-Tahawiyya" title="Al-Aqida al-Tahawiyya">Al-Aqida al-Tahawiyya</a> proved popular with the later adherents of the Muwahidun movement; who regarded it as a true representation of the work, free from <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a> influences and as a standard theological reference for the <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a> creed. A number of Salafi and Wahhabi scholars have produced super-commentaries and annotations on the sharh, including <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz">Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a>, etc. and is taught as a standard text at the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University of Madinah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thahawiyah-114">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tawhid">Tawhid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tawhid">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fathul_Majid_lisyarhi_Kitabit_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fathul_Majid_lisyarhi_Kitabit_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG/220px-Fathul_Majid_lisyarhi_Kitabit_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fathul_Majid_lisyarhi_Kitabit_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG/330px-Fathul_Majid_lisyarhi_Kitabit_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fathul_Majid_lisyarhi_Kitabit_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG/440px-Fathul_Majid_lisyarhi_Kitabit_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Fath al-Majid (Divine Triumph); an explanatory treatise on Kitab al-Tawhid (Book on Monotheism) by 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Hassan <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Aal ash-Shaykh</a> (1780–1868 CE)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/David_Commins" title="David Commins">David Commins</a> describes the "pivotal idea" in Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teaching as being that "Muslims who disagreed with his definition of monotheism were not ... misguided Muslims, but outside the pale of Islam altogether." This put Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teaching at odds with that of those Muslims who argued that the "<a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a>" (i.e., the testimony of faith; "There is no god but God, Muhammad is his messenger") alone made one a Muslim, and that shortcomings in that person's behavior and performance of other obligatory rituals rendered them "a sinner", but "not an unbeliever."<a href="#cite_note-commins-x-115">[100]</a> <blockquote>"Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab did not accept that view. He argued that the criterion for one's standing as either a Muslim or an unbeliever was correct worship as an expression of belief in one God ... any act or statement that indicates devotion to a being other than God is to associate another creature with God's power, and that is tantamount to idolatry (shirk). Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab included in the category of such acts popular religious practices that made holy men into intercessors with God. That was the core of the controversy between him and his adversaries, including his own brother."</blockquote> In Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's major work, a small book called Kitab al-Tawhid, he states that <a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">'Ibādah</a> (Worship) in Islam consists of conventional acts of devotion such as the five daily prayers (<a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">salat</a>); fasting for the holy month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a>); <a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Dua</a> (supplication); Istia'dha (seeking protection or refuge); Isti'âna (seeking help), and Istigātha to Allah (seeking benefits and calling upon Allah alone). Directing these deeds beyond Allah – such as through du'a or Istigāthā to the dead – are acts of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a> and in violation of the tenets of Tawhid (monotheism).<a href="#cite_note-116">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200469-117">[102]</a> Based on the doctrine of Tawhid espoused in Kitab al-Tawhid, the followers of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab referred themselves by the designation "Al-Muwahhidun" (Unitarians).<a href="#cite_note-118">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[104]</a> The essence of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's</a> justification for fighting his opponents in Arabia can be summed up as his belief that the original pagans fought by Muhammad "affirmed that God is the creator, the sustainer and the master of all affairs; they gave alms, they performed pilgrimage and they avoided forbidden things from fear of God". What made them pagans whose blood could be shed and wealth plundered was that they performed sacrifices, vows and supplications to other beings. According to Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, someone who perform such things even if their lives are otherwise exemplary; is not a <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> but an unbeliever. Once such people have received the call to "true Islam", understood it and then rejected it, their blood and treasure are forfeit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200925-120">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[106]</a> Clarifying his stance on <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a>, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab states:<blockquote>"As for takfir, I only make takfir of whoever knows the religion of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Messenger</a> and thereafter insults it, forbids people from it, and manifests enmity towards whoever practices it. This is who I make takfir of. And most of the ummah, and all praise is for God, is not like this... We do not make takfeer except on those matters which all of the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ūlemá</a> have reached a <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">consensus</a> on."<a href="#cite_note-122">[107]</a></blockquote> The disagreement between Wahhabis and their opponents over the definition of worship (<a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ibadah</a>) and monotheism (Tawhid) has remained much the same since 1740, according to David Commins: "One of the peculiar features of the debate between Wahhabis and their adversaries is its apparently static nature... the main points in the debate [have] stay[ed] the same [since 1740]."<a href="#cite_note-commins-x-115">[100]</a> According to another source, Wahhabi jurists were unique for their literal interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> which tended to re-inforce local practices of the region of Najd.<a href="#cite_note-LoC-123">[108]</a> Whether the teachings of Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab included the need for social renewal and "plans for socio-religious reform of society" in the Arabian Peninsula, rather than simply a return to "ritual correctness and moral purity", is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-124">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ijtihad_and_Taqlid">Ijtihad and Taqlid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ijtihad and Taqlid">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></div> The Wahhabi scholars upheld the right of qualified scholars to perform <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a> on legal questions and condemned <a href="/wiki/Taqleed" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqleed">Taqleed</a> of Mujtahids. This stance pitted them against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a> who shunned Ijtihad and obligated Taqleed. The Arab <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafiyya</a> reformers of 19th and 20th centuries would defend the Wahhabis on the Ijtihad issue as well as join forces with Wahhabis to condemn various Sufi practices and orders (<a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqats</a>) which they considered to be reprehensible <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">Bid'ah</a> (innovations). Prominent amongst those Salafiyya ulema who backed Wahhabism included Khayr al-Din al-Alusi, <a href="/wiki/Tahir_al-Jazairi" title="Tahir al-Jazairi">Tahir al-Jaza'iri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi</a>, Mahmud Shukri Al-Alusi, etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2006132–33-126">[111]</a> Condemning the doctrine of blind-following (Taqlid) prevalent amongst the masses and obliging them to directly engage with the Scriptures; <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_bin_Abdullah_Al_Sheikh" title="Suleiman bin Abdullah Al Sheikh">Sulāyman ibn Ābd-Allah Aal-Shaykh</a> (1785–1818 CE/AH 1199–1233) wrote:<blockquote>"... what the believer must do, if the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) have reached him and he understands them with regard to any matter, is to act in accordance with them, no matter who he may be disagreeing with. This is what our Lord and our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) have enjoined upon us, and all the scholars are unanimously agreed on that, apart from the ignorant blind followers and the hard-hearted. Such people are not scholars."<a href="#cite_note-127">[112]</a></blockquote>The Wahhabis furthermore rejected the idea of closure of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a> as an innovated principle. Although they professed adherence to Hanbali school, they refrained from taking its precepts as final. Since the issue of Ijtihad and Taqlid was amongst their principal concerns, Wahhabis developed a set of juristic procedures to solve legal questions. These included referencing <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> as the primary sources of legislation. In case the solution was not accessible from the Scriptures, the principle of <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">'Ijma</a> (consensus) was employed. Ijma was restricted to <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Sunnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl al-Sunnah">Ahl al-Sunnah</a> and consisted of consensus of <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2a%E1%B8%A5%C4%81bah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṣaḥābah">Companions of the Prophet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf as-Salih</a> and the consensus of scholars. If any Hanbali interpretations were proven wrong through these principles, they must be abandoned. Defending their pro-Ijtihad stance, Wahhabis quoted Qur'anic verses which implied that only Qur'an and Hadith constituted the bases of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> (Islamic law).<a href="#cite_note-L._Esposito_1995_308-128">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Naghma_2015_79-129">[114]</a> Prominent Wahhabi <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Second Saudi State</a>, 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Aal-Al Shaykh</a> (1782–1868 CE/AH 1196–1285) strongly condemned the practice of Taqlid as a form of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a> (polytheism) in his treatises, writing:<blockquote>".. One who asks for a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">religious verdict</a> concerning an issue, he should examine the sayings and opinions of the <a href="/wiki/Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="Imams">Imams</a> and scholars and take only what complies with Allah's Rulings and the teachings of His Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Allah, the Almighty says, {O you who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger.. and those of you (Muslims) who are in authority. (And) if you differ in anything amongst yourselves, refer it to Allah and His Messenger...}. (Surah An-Nisa': 59) Thus, it is forbidden to prefer the opinion of any of Allah's creatures over the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and this is because to do so is an act of Shirk (polytheism); since it constitutes obedience to other than Allah (Glorified be He)."<a href="#cite_note-130">[115]</a></blockquote> The Wahhabis also advocated a principle in Islamic legal theory often referred to as "the rule against Ijtihad reversal". This principle allows overturning a scholar's <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> (legal judgement) when he bases it on personal Ijtihad (personal legal reasoning), rather than a clear textual source from <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>. In effect, this allowed the Wahhabi <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadis</a> to remain autonomous. Opponents of Wahhabi movement harshly rebuked them for advocating Ijtihad and not recognising the finality of <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">mad'habs</a> (law schools).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200622–23,_115–16-131">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Practices">edit</a>]</div> As a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revivalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic revivalist">religious revivalist</a> movement that works to bring <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> back from what it considers as foreign accretions that have corrupted Islam,<a href="#cite_note-132">[117]</a> and believes that Islam is a complete way of life which has prescriptions for all aspects of life, Wahhabism is quite strict in what it considers Islamic behavior. The Muwahhidun movement has been described by <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> as the "strictest form of Sunni Islam".<a href="#cite_note-133">[118]</a> On the other hand, religious critics assert that Wahhabism is not strict, castigating it as a distorted version of Islam that deviates from traditional <a href="/wiki/Shari%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shari'a">Shari'a</a> law, and argue that their practices are neither typical nor mired in the roots of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-134">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[120]</a> Unlike other schools of Sunnism, Wahhabis admonishes to ground Islamic principles solely on the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[121]</a> rejecting much material derived within Islamic culture. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_heart_of_Arabia,_a_record_of_travel_and_exploration_(1922)_(14792399953).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_heart_of_Arabia%2C_a_record_of_travel_and_exploration_%281922%29_%2814792399953%29.jpg/320px-The_heart_of_Arabia%2C_a_record_of_travel_and_exploration_%281922%29_%2814792399953%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_heart_of_Arabia%2C_a_record_of_travel_and_exploration_%281922%29_%2814792399953%29.jpg/480px-The_heart_of_Arabia%2C_a_record_of_travel_and_exploration_%281922%29_%2814792399953%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_heart_of_Arabia%2C_a_record_of_travel_and_exploration_%281922%29_%2814792399953%29.jpg/640px-The_heart_of_Arabia%2C_a_record_of_travel_and_exploration_%281922%29_%2814792399953%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="1434" /></a><figcaption> Photo of a marketplace in the town of <a href="/wiki/Hofuf" title="Hofuf">Al-Hasa</a> c. 1922</figcaption></figure> This does not mean, however, that all adherents agree on what is required or <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">forbidden</a>, or that rules have not varied by area or changed over time. In Saudi Arabia, the strict religious atmosphere of Wahhabi doctrines were visible as late as the 1990s; such as the conformity in dress, public deportment, public prayers.<a href="#cite_note-LofC-influence-137">[122]</a> Its presence was visible by the wide freedom of action of the "<a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">religious police</a>", clerics in <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, teachers in schools, and <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadis</a> (i.e. judges who are religious legal scholars) in Saudi courts.<a href="#cite_note-138">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commanding_right_and_forbidding_wrong">Commanding right and forbidding wrong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Commanding right and forbidding wrong">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">Enjoining good and forbidding wrong</a></div> Wahhabism is noted for its policy of "compelling its own followers and other Muslims strictly to observe the religious duties of Islam, such as the five prayers", and for "enforcement of public morals to a degree not found elsewhere".<a href="#cite_note-Glasse-compell-139">[124]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wright" title="Lawrence Wright">Lawrence Wright</a>, due to Wahhabi emphasis on the "purification of Islam"; the teaching becomes very repressive to the followers.<a href="#cite_note-140">[125]</a> While other <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> might urge <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a> prayer, modest dress, and abstention from alcohol, for Wahhabis, prayer "that is punctual, ritually correct, and communally performed not only is urged but publicly required of men." Not only is modest dress prescribed, but the type of clothing that should be worn, especially by women (a black <a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">abaya</a>, covering all but the eyes and hands) is specified. Not only is wine forbidden, but so are "all intoxicating drinks and other stimulants, including tobacco".<a href="#cite_note-LofC-66">[55]</a> While being influenced by Hanbali doctrines, the movement repudiated <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a> to legal authorities, including oft-cited scholars such as Ibn Taymiyya and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1350 CE/AH 751).<a href="#cite_note-auto3-9">[6]</a> Following the preaching and practice of ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab that coercion should be used to enforce following of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> (Islamic law), an <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">official committee</a> was empowered to "Command the Good and Forbid the Evil" (the so-called "religious police")<a href="#cite_note-Glasse-compell-139">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[126]</a> in Saudi Arabia – the one country founded with the help of Wahhabi warriors and whose scholars and pious citizens dominated many aspects of the Kingdom's life. Committee "field officers" enforce strict closing of shops at prayer time, segregation of the sexes, prohibition of the sale and consumption of alcohol, driving of motor vehicles by women, and other social restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-142">[127]</a> A large number of practices was reported to be forbidden by Saudi Wahhabi officials, preachers or religious police. Practices that have been forbidden as <a href="/wiki/Bida%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Bida'a">Bid'a</a> (innovation) or shirk (polytheism) and sometimes "punished by flogging" during Wahhabi history include performing or listening to music; dancing; <a href="/wiki/Fortune_telling" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortune telling">fortune telling</a>; <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>; non-religious television programs; smoking; playing <a href="/wiki/Backgammon" title="Backgammon">backgammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Card_game" title="Card game">cards</a>; drawing human or animal figures; acting in a play or writing fiction; dissecting <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">cadavers</a>, even in criminal investigations and for the purposes of medical research; recorded music played over telephones on hold; or the sending of flowers to friends or relatives who are in the hospital.<a href="#cite_note-Van-33-143">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-theft-147">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[133]</a> Common Muslim practices Wahhabis believe are contrary to Islam include listening to music in praise of Muhammad, praying to God while visiting tombs (including the tomb of Muhammad), celebrating <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">mawlid</a> (birthday of the Prophet),<a href="#cite_note-149">[134]</a> the use of ornamentation on or in mosques, all of which is considered orthodoxy in the rest of the Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-net_places-150">[135]</a> Until 2018, driving of motor vehicles by women was allowed in every country except the Wahhabi-dominated Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-151">[136]</a> Certain forms of Dream interpretation, practiced by the famously strict <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, is sometimes discouraged by Wahhabis.<a href="#cite_note-152">[137]</a> Wahhabism also emphasizes "Thaqafah Islamiyyah" or <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a> and the importance of avoiding non-Islamic cultural practices and non-Muslim friendship no matter how innocent these may appear,<a href="#cite_note-Husain,_2007,_p.250-153">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[139]</a> on the grounds that the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> forbids imitating non-Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-special-day-155">[140]</a> Foreign practices sometimes punished and sometimes simply condemned by Wahhabi preachers as un-Islamic, include celebrating foreign days (such as <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[141]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mothers_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers Day">Mothers Day</a><a href="#cite_note-Husain,_2007,_p.250-153">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-special-day-155">[140]</a>) giving of flowers,<a href="#cite_note-flowers-157">[142]</a> standing up in honor of someone, celebrating birthdays (including the Prophet's), keeping or petting dogs.<a href="#cite_note-theft-147">[132]</a> Some Wahhabi activists have warned against taking non-Muslims as friends, smiling at or wishing them well on their holidays.<a href="#cite_note-rigid-61">[50]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eidgah_jeddah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Eidgah_jeddah.JPG/280px-Eidgah_jeddah.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Eidgah_jeddah.JPG/420px-Eidgah_jeddah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Eidgah_jeddah.JPG/560px-Eidgah_jeddah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Open air mosque in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, Saudi Arabia</figcaption></figure> Wahhabis are not in unanimous agreement on what is forbidden as sin. Some Wahhabi preachers or activists go further than the official Saudi Arabian Council of Senior Scholars in forbidding (what they believe to be) sin. <a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al Utaybi</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> forbidden for a variety of reasons including it is a non-Muslim, foreign practice, because of the revealing uniforms and because of the foreign non-Muslim language used in matches.<a href="#cite_note-158">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[144]</a> In response, the Saudi <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a> rebuked such <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a> and called on the religious police to prosecute its author.<a href="#cite_note-160">[145]</a> According to senior Saudi scholars, Islam forbids the traveling or working outside the home by a woman without their husband's permission – permission which may be revoked at any time – on the grounds that the different physiological structures and biological functions of the two sexes mean that each is assigned a distinctive role to play in the family.<a href="#cite_note-161">[146]</a> Sexual intercourse out of wedlock may be punished with flogging,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey1981chapter_48:_"Death_of_a_Princess"-162">[147]</a> Despite this strictness, throughout these years senior Saudi scholars in the kingdom made exceptions in ruling on what is <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a> (forbidden). Foreign non-Muslim troops are forbidden in Arabia, except when the king needed them to confront <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> in 1990; gender mixing of men and women is forbidden, and fraternization with non-Muslims is discouraged, but not at <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdullah University of Science and Technology">King Abdullah University of Science and Technology</a> (KAUST). Until 2018, movie theaters and driving by women were forbidden, except at the <a href="/wiki/ARAMCO" class="mw-redirect" title="ARAMCO">ARAMCO</a> compound in eastern Saudi, populated by workers for the company that provides almost all the government's revenue. The exceptions made at KAUST were also in effect at ARAMCO.<a href="#cite_note-House-exceptions-163">[148]</a> More general rules of permissiveness changed over time. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Abdulaziz Ibn Saud</a> imposed Wahhabi doctrines and practices "in a progressively gentler form" as his early 20th-century conquests expanded his state into urban areas, especially the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glasse-gentler-164">[149]</a> After vigorous debate Wahhabi religious authorities in Saudi Arabia allowed the use of paper money (in 1951), the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">abolition of slavery</a> (in 1962), education of females (1964), and use of television (1965).<a href="#cite_note-rodenbeck-165">[150]</a> Music, the sound of which once might have led to <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a>, is now commonly heard on Saudi radios.<a href="#cite_note-Glasse-gentler-164">[149]</a> Minarets for <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> and use of funeral markers, which were once forbidden, are now allowed. Prayer attendance, which was once enforced by flogging, is no longer.<a href="#cite_note-166">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Appearance">edit</a>]</div> The uniformity of dress among men and women in Saudi Arabia (compared to other <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim countries</a> in the Middle East) has been called by Arthur G Sharp as a "striking example of Wahhabism's outward influence on Saudi society", and an example of the Wahhabi belief that "outward appearances and expressions are directly connected to one's inward state."<a href="#cite_note-net_places-150">[135]</a> A "badge" of a particularly pious Wahhabi man is a robe too short to cover the ankle, an untrimmed beard,<a href="#cite_note-167">[152]</a> and no cord (Agal) to hold the head scarf in place.<a href="#cite_note-168">[153]</a> The warriors of the Wahhabi <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a> religious militia wore a white turban in place of an agal.<a href="#cite_note-169">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propagation">Propagation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Propagation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region</a></div> Da'wah Wahhabiyya, or the Wahhabi mission, is the idea of spreading Wahhabism throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-lacey-islamism-170">[155]</a> Tens of billions of dollars have been spent by the Saudi government and charities on mosques, schools, education materials, scholarships, throughout the world to promote the Wahhabi influences. Tens of thousands of volunteers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2009174-171">[156]</a> and several billion dollars also went in support of the jihad against the atheist communist regime governing Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKepel2002143-172">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Beliefs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;font-size:88%; line-height:188%;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_theology" title="Category:Islamic theology">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silhouette of a mosque"><img alt="Silhouette of a mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/110px-Mosque02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/165px-Mosque02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/220px-Mosque02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="220" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunni_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)#The_six_articles_of_the_Islamic_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Six Articles of Iman</a><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">The Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan" title="Fasting during Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunnī_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of theology</a><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a>3</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Shia_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Shi'a</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Basic Tenets of Faith</a><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Commanding what is just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">Forbidding what is evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalla">Tawalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarra">Tabarra</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Twelver_theology" title="Twelver theology">Theology of the Twelvers</a>4, 5<div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">Adalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_(Shia_Islam)" title="Prophecy (Shia Islam)">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Resurrection_and_final_judgement" title="Islamic eschatology">Qiyamah</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism#Beliefs" title="Isma'ilism">Theology of the Ismailis</a>6<div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Zaydism#Theology" title="Zaydism">Theology of the Zaydis</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Muhakkima" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Muhakkima</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_theology" title="Ibadi theology">Theology of the Ibadis</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyya" title="Jabriyya">Jabriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahmiyya" title="Jahmiyya">Jahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mujassimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadariyya">Qadariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quraniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> Including: <div class="plainlist" style="font-weight:normal"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2 <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi school</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>4 <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akhbarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhbarism">Akhbari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>5 <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>6 <a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mustali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustali">Mustali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atba-e-Malak" title="Atba-e-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul> </div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aqidah" title="Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aqidah" title="Template talk:Aqidah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Adherents to the Wahhabi movement identify as <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-173">[158]</a> The primary Wahhabi doctrine is affirmation of the uniqueness and unity of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> (Tawhid),<a href="#cite_note-Esposito333-22">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[159]</a> and opposition to shirk (violation of tawhid – "the one unforgivable sin", according to Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200462-175">[160]</a> They call for adherence to the beliefs and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf_as_salih" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaf as salih">Salaf al-Salih</a> (exemplary early Muslims). They strongly oppose what they consider to be heterodox doctrines, particularly those held by the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite</a> traditions,<a href="#cite_note-176">[161]</a> such as beliefs and practices associated with the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awliyaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Awliyaa">saints</a>. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab associated such practices with the culture of <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a> (imitation to established customs) adored by pagan-cults of the <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahiliyya">Jahiliyya</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-177">[162]</a> The movement emphasized reliance on the literal meaning of the Quran and hadith, rejecting rationalistic theology (<a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">kalam</a>). Adherents of Wahhabism are favourable to derivation of new legal rulings (<a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a>) so long as it is true to the essence of the Quran, Sunnah and understanding of the salaf, and they do not regard this as bid'ah (innovation).<a href="#cite_note-178">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9.png/220px-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9.png/330px-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9.png/440px-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Muwahhidun (Wahhabi) movement is highly influenced by the doctrines of the classical Hanbali theologian Ibn Taymiyya (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1328 CE/AH 728)</figcaption></figure> The movement is heavily influenced by the works of thirteenth-century Hanbali theologian Ibn Taymiyya who rejected <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a> theology; and his disciple <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim</a> who elaborated Ibn Taymiyya's ideals. Ibn Taymiyya's priority of ethics and worship over metaphysics, in particular, is readily accepted by Wahhäbis.<a href="#cite_note-179">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[165]</a> Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was a dedicated reader and student of Ibn Taymiyya's works, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqidah_Al-Waasitiyyah" title="Al-Aqidah Al-Waasitiyyah">Al-Aqidah Al-Wasitiyya</a>, Al-Siyasa Al-Shar'iyya, <a href="/wiki/Minhaj_as-Sunnah_an-Nabawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah">Minhaj al-Sunna</a> and his various treatises attacking the cult of saints and certain forms of Sufism. Expressing great respect and admiration for Ibn Taymiyya; Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab wrote:<blockquote>"I know of no one, who stands ahead of Ibn Taymiyya, after the Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal in the science of interpretation and the hadith"<a href="#cite_note-181">[166]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loyalty_and_disassociation">Loyalty and disassociation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Loyalty and disassociation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Al-Wala%27_wal-Bara%27" title="Al-Wala' wal-Bara'">Al-Wala' wal-Bara'</a></div> According to various sources – scholars,<a href="#cite_note-Glasse-heretics-182">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Algar-20-184">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[172]</a> former Saudi students,<a href="#cite_note-PBS-188">[173]</a> Arabic-speaking/reading teachers who have had access to Saudi text books,<a href="#cite_note-Husain-wahhab-189">[174]</a> and journalists<a href="#cite_note-190">[175]</a> Ibn `Abd al Wahhab preached and his successors preach that theirs is the one true form of Islam. According to the doctrine known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Wala%27_wal-Bara%27" title="Al-Wala' wal-Bara'">al-wala` wa al-bara`</a> (literally, "loyalty and disassociation"), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab argued that it was "imperative for Muslims not to befriend, ally themselves with, or imitate non-Muslims or heretical Muslims", and that this "enmity and hostility of Muslims toward non-Muslims and heretical had to be visible and unequivocal".<a href="#cite_note-191">[176]</a> Even as late as 2003, entire pages in Saudi textbooks were devoted to explaining to undergraduates that all forms of Islam except Wahhabism were deviation.<a href="#cite_note-Husain-wahhab-189">[174]</a> Shia critic Hamid Algar argued in 2002 that Saudi government had "discreetly concealed" this view from other Muslims "over the years" in order to depict itself as the defender of "Muslim interests".<a href="#cite_note-Algar-20-184">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[177]</a> In a reply dated 2003, the Saudi Arabian government "has strenuously denied the above allegations", including claims that "their government exports religious or cultural extremism or supports extremist religious education."<a href="#cite_note-CRS08-49">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Jihad">On Jihad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: On Jihad">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic military jurisprudence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Camels_march_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Saudi_Camels_march_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Saudi_Camels_march_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Saudi_Camels_march_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-Saudi_Camels_march_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Saudi_Camels_march_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-Saudi_Camels_march_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Saudi_State" title="Third Saudi State">third Saudi State</a>, 1920s</figcaption></figure> Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab defined armed <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> as a sacred endeavour that must have a valid religious justification and which can only be declared by an Imam. The purpose of combat was to safeguard the community from the aggression and military attacks by various external threats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas2004202–203,_241–242-193">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-N._Stearns_2008-194">[179]</a> While early methods of his reformist efforts were based on preaching and educational efforts; state consolidation project of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a> resulted in military conflicts with rival tribal chiefs. As a senior scholar, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab closely advised Emir <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Saud">Muhammad ibn Saud</a> on military tactics; convincing him to pursue a largely defensive strategy and enjoining him to adhere to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules of warfare</a>. The Emirate's soldiers were rigorously forbidden from launching attacks targeting women, children and non-combatant civilians.<a href="#cite_note-N._Stearns_2008-194">[179]</a> Throughout his letters and treatises, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb maintained that the military campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Dirʿiyya</a> were strictly defensive and rebuked his opponents as being the first to initiate <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-195">[180]</a> Justifying the Wahhabi military campaigns as defensive operations against their enemies, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab asserts: <blockquote>"As for warfare, until today, we did not fight anyone, except in defense of our lives and honor. They came to us in our area and did not spare any effort in fighting us. We only initiated fighting against some of them in retaliation for their continued aggression, [The recompense for an evil is an evil like thereof] (42:40)... they are the ones who started declaring us to be unbelievers and fighting us"<a href="#cite_note-auto2-195">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[181]</a></blockquote> This defensive approach to warfare largely got abandoned after Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's retirement in 1773. Emir <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Muhammad_Al_Saud" title="Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud">Abdulaziz</a>, Muhammad ibn Saud's son and successor, was an advocate of expansionist policy and launched offensive military campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-N._Stearns_2008-194">[179]</a> The excesses reported to have committed by soldiers of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a> were regularly rebuked by the traditional Wahhabi <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Aal al-Shaykhs</a> (descendants of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab) who took care to condemn and religiously delegitimise <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>. Condemning the military excesses committed during the Wahhabi conquest of Mecca in 1218–1803, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Muhammad_Al_Sheikh" title="Abdullah bin Muhammad Al Sheikh">Abdullah ibn Muhammad</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Aal Ash-Shaykh</a> (1751–1829 CE/AH 1164–1244) stated: <blockquote>"As for the fact that some Bedouins destroyed books belonging to the people of <a href="/wiki/Taif" title="Taif">Ta'if</a> it was committed by the ignorant, who were admonished, along with others, from repeating this and similar actions. The stance that we take is that we do not take <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> as captives and will not practice that in the future. We did not initiate hostilities against <a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">non-Arabs</a> either, and we do not agree to killing of women and children."<a href="#cite_note-197">[182]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_Shi'ism">Criticism of Shi'ism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticism of Shi'ism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></div> Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab considered some beliefs and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> to violate the doctrine of monotheism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200484–87-198">[183]</a> DeLong-Bas maintains that when Ibn Abd al-Wahhab denounced the <a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafidah</a>, he was not using a derogatory name for Shia but denouncing "an extremist sect" within Shiism who call themselves Rafidah. He criticized them for assigning greater authority to their current leaders than to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> in interpreting the Qur'an and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, and for denying the validity of the consensus (<a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">'Ijma</a>) of the early Muslim community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200484–87-198">[183]</a> In his treatise "Risalah fi al-radd ala al-Rafidah" (Treatise/Letter on the Denial/Rejection Pertaining to the Rafidah), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab addressed thirty-two topics on points of both theology and law refuting the Raafida. In doing so, Ibn Abdul Wahhab spoke as a scholar who had studied Shi'i scholarly works, outlining a broad and systematic perspective of the Shi'i worldview and theology. He also believed that the Shia doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">infallibility of the imams</a> constituted associationism with God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200484–87-198">[183]</a> However, at no point did Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab "suggest that violence of any sort should be used against the Rafidah or Shi'is". Rather, he implored his followers to peacefully clarify their own legal teachings. He instructed that this procedure of education and debate should be carried out with the support of truthful <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a>, hadith transmitters, and righteous people employing logic, rhetoric, examination of the primary texts and scholarly debates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200490-199">[184]</a> Although Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Muhammad_Abd_al_Wahhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Muhammad Abd al Wahhab">'Abdullah</a> categorised various Shi'ite sects like Raafida, <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydis</a>, etc. as heretics and criticized many of their tenets, they had regarded them as Muslims. Abdullah's son, Sulayman (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1818) would articulate a new doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a> which set the foundations for the excommunication of Shi'ites outside the pale of Islam. Sulayman's doctrines were revived by later scholars of the Muwahhidun like 'Abd al-Latif ibn 'Abd al-Rahman (1810–1876) during the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasa_Expedition_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasa Expedition 1871">Ottoman annexation of Al-Hasa</a> in 1871. <a href="/wiki/Hofuf" title="Hofuf">Al-Hasa</a> was a Shi'ite majority area, and Ottoman invasion was assisted by the British. The Ottoman invasion had become a major danger to the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a>. From 1871, 'Abd al-Latif began to write tracts harshly condemning the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ites</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> as <a href="/wiki/Mushrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushrik">polytheists</a> and called upon Muslims to boycott them. Integrating the concept of <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijra</a> into his discourse of <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a>, 'Abd al-Latif also forbade <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> to travel or stay in the lands of Ottomans, <a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafidis</a>, British, etc. 'Abd al-Latif viewed the Shi'ite sects of his time as idolators and placed them outside the pale of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-200">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_mysticism">Views on mysticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Views on mysticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tasawwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasawwuf">Tasawwuf</a></div> According to Jeffry R. Halverson, the Muwahidun movement was characterised by a strong opposition to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Mysticism">mysticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TCSI2010:_482-109">[94]</a> Although this feature is typically attributed to the influence of the classical theologian Ibn Taymiyya, Jeffry Halverson states that Ibn Taymiyyah only opposed what he saw as Sufi excesses and never mysticism in itself, being himself a member of the <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyyah</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TCSI2010:_482-109">[94]</a> DeLong-Bas writes that Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not denounce <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> or Sufis as a group, but rather attacked specific practices which he saw as inconsistent with the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200484-201">[186]</a> When he was asked on a religious matter, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab praised the pious Sufis, stating:<blockquote>"Let it be known — may Allah guide you — that Allah Most High sent Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) with guidance, which is known as the beneficial knowledge, and true religion, which are virtuous actions.... among those who affiliate themselves to religion, there are those who focus on knowledge and fiqh and speak regarding it, such as the jurists, and those who focus on worship and the quest for the hereafter, such as the Sufis."<a href="#cite_note-202">[187]</a></blockquote> Scholars like Esther Peskes point to the cordial relations between the Muwahidun movement and the Sufi <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Shaykh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Idris_al-Fasi" title="Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi">Ahmad Ibn Idris</a> and his followers in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> during the beginning of the 19th century; to aver that notions of absolute incompatibility between <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and Wahhabism are misleading. The early Wahhabi historiography had documented no mention that suggested any direct confrontations between Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and contemporary Sufis nor did it indicate that his activism was directed specifically against Sufism. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's reforms were not aimed against socio-religious orientations such as Sufism; but were directed against the status quo prevalent in Islamic societies. Thus his efforts attempted a general transformation of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic societies</a>, including Sufis and non-Sufis; the elite as well as the commoners. This resulted in the widespread desacralisation of the public sphere that heralded the advent of a new socio-political model in Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-203">[188]</a> Explaining the stance of early Wahhabis on Tasawwuf, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Muhammad_Al_Sheikh" title="Abdullah bin Muhammad Al Sheikh">Abdullah Aal al-Shaykh</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1829 CE/AH 1244), son of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab writes:<blockquote>"My father and I do not deny or criticise the science of Sufism, but on the contrary we support it because it purifies the external and the internal of the hidden sins which are related to the heart and the outward form. Even though the individual might externally be on the right way, internally he might be on the wrong way. Sufism is necessary to correct it."<a href="#cite_note-204">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[191]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_modernity">Views on modernity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Views on modernity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a></div> Since the Arabian Peninsula was never occupied by <a href="/wiki/Colonial_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial powers">colonial powers</a>, it wasn't directly challenged by <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> until the mid-twentieth century, unlike the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic World</a>. While the Saudi ruling class spearheaded modernization drive across the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Kingdom</a>; response of the religious establishment to the drastic influx of modernity was varied, ranging from scholars who rejected modern influences to tech-savvy clerics who eagerly embrace <a href="/wiki/Modern_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern technology">modern technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>. Various preachers harmonise pious lifestyle with modern culture while simultaneously engaging with <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> of diverse backgrounds across the globe through social media networks. Assisted by scholarly guidance from a wide range of Islamic revivalists across the world like <a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a>, etc. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University of Medina</a> was established in 1961 to promote a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamic</a> response to contemporary challenges and modern ideologies. To intellectually counter the ideological spread of <a href="/wiki/Western_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western liberalism">Western liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>; numerous works of classical scholars like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qudamah" title="Ibn Qudamah">Ibn Qudama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a>, Ibn Taymiyya, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim</a>, etc. were mass-distributed through Saudi publishing centres and during <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[192]</a> On the other hand, some influential Wahhabi clerics had also been noteworthy for issuing various archaic <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatawa</a> such as declaring "that the sun orbited the Earth", and forbidding "women from riding bicycles on the grounds that they were "the devil's horses", and "from watching TV without veiling, just in case the presenters could see them through the screen". The most senior cleric in Saudi Arabia as of early 2022, <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a>, once issued a fatwa forbidding "all-you-can-eat buffets, because paying for a meal without knowing what you'll be eating is akin to gambling".<a href="#cite_note-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022-208">[193]</a> Despite this, the contemporary Wahhabi religious framework has largely been able to maintain Saudi Arabia's global image as a pious society which is also aptly capable of addressing modern challenges.<a href="#cite_note-209">[194]</a> To resolve the novel issues of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">'Abd al-Azeez ibn Saud</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh">Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Aal Al-Shaykh</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1969) as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia">Grand Mufti</a> in 1953 to head Dar al-Ifta, the legal body tasked with crafting Wahhabi juristic response to the novel problems faced by Arabian Muslims. In 1971, Dar al-Ifta was re-organized to include a larger number of elder scholars to boost its intellectual output. Dar al-Ifta headed by the Saudi Grand Mufti, consists of two agencies: i) <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Senior_Scholars_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Council of Senior Scholars (Saudi Arabia)">Board of Senior Ulema</a> (BSU) ii) Permanent Committee for Scientific Research and Legal Opinions (C.R.L.O) Wahhabi scholars advocated a positive approach to embracing technology, political affairs, etc. while maintaining a traditional stance on social issues. Contemporary fatwas also demonstrate a receptive outlook on visual media, medical field, economic affairs, etc. Dar al-Ifta became an influential institution in Arabian society and it sought a balanced approach to modernity; positioning itself between religious idealism and varying societal, economic and material demands. As a result, some scholars like Fandy Mamoun have stated that "In Saudi Arabia, different times and different places exist at once. Saudi Arabia is both a pre-modern and a post-modern society." The legal approach is characterized by taking from all law schools (<a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhabs</a>) through Scriptural precedents to sustain a legal system compatible with modernity.<a href="#cite_note-210">[195]</a> In opposition to the Taqlid doctrine, Wahhabi scholars advocated the proof-evaluation theory which believes in the continuous appearance of absolute <a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">Mujtahids</a> (Mujtahid Mutlaq) and claims an <a href="/wiki/%27ijma" class="mw-redirect" title="'ijma">'Ijma</a> (scholarly consensus) that the doors of <a href="/wiki/Independent_legal_reasoning_in_Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent legal reasoning in Islamic law">Ijtihad</a> remain always open. This juristic approach had enabled flexibility in response of Wahhabi legal bodies to modernity. These include the encouragement of mass-media like <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, etc. to promote virtue. Internet would be made publicly accessible to Saudi citizens as early as 1997.<a href="#cite_note-211">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[197]</a> In 2000 <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> on the internet, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia">Grand Mufti</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdulaziz_al-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Abdulaziz al-Sheikh">ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Āal al-Shaykh</a> explains: <blockquote>"In my opinion, the Internet is both a blessing and a curse at one and the same time. It is a blessing as long as it used for doing God's will, commanding good and forbidding wrong. However, it is liable to be evil when it aggravates God.. I call our leaders.. to impose <a href="/wiki/Internet_studies" title="Internet studies">Internet studies</a> primarily in schools and among society."<a href="#cite_note-213">[198]</a></blockquote> In the financial sector, Wahhabi approach is based on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Islamic banking</a> system is encouraged and digital transactions like <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a> have been sanctioned. Employing the results from observatories to sight the monthly <a href="/wiki/Crescent_Moon_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescent Moon of Islam">Crescent moon</a> is today permitted and preferred by the clerics. In the <a href="/wiki/Medical_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical field">medical field</a>, various fatwas legalising novel procedures like <a href="/wiki/Corneal_transplantation" title="Corneal transplantation">corneal transplant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">organ donations</a>, etc. have been issued. In marital and gender-related issues, <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">divorce</a> is encouraged for incompitable marriages. On the issues of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a>, the legal bodies are conservative and generally prohibit them, viewing them as a contrary to <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'anic</a> commandments and Islamic principles to raise Muslim population. However, family planning measures are permitted in certain scenarios, wherein the legal principles of necessity are applicable.<a href="#cite_note-214">[199]</a> Board of Senior Ulema (BSU) states in a 1976 Fatwa:<blockquote>"Birth control and contraception, due to fear of want (khishyat al-imlāq) are prohibited, since God guaranties the sustenance of His creatures. However, if birth control comes to avoid harm to the woman... or in cases in which both spouses agree that it is in their best welfare to prevent or postpone a pregnancy, then birth control is permitted."<a href="#cite_note-215">[200]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Jurisprudence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a></div> Wahhabi approach to Fiqh radically challenged prevalent conventions of school Taqlid and was based on Ibn Taymiyya's broader theological call for a return to the values of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf al-Salih</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[201]</a> Of the four major <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_Sharia" title="Sources of Sharia">sources</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">'Ijma</a> (juristic consensus) and <a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a> (analogical reasoning) – Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's writings emphasized the Qur'an and Sunna. He used 'ijma only "in conjunction with its corroboration of the Qur'an and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200497-217">[202]</a> (and giving preference to the ijma of Muhammad's <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a> rather than the ijma of legal specialists after his time), and qiyas only in cases of extreme necessity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200496-218">[203]</a> He rejected deference to past juridical opinion (<a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a>) in favor of independent reasoning (<a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a>), and opposed using local customs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas2004100-219">[204]</a> He urged his followers to "return to the primary sources" of Islam in order "to determine how the Qur'an and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> dealt with specific situations" without being beholden to the interpretations of previous Islamic scholarship, while engaging in Ijtihad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas2004107–108-220">[205]</a> Historically, many established figures from Hanbalite and <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafiite</a> schools were noteworthy for their denunciation of Taqlid since the classical period. Influenced by these scholars, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, fervently denounced Taqlid and upheld that the Gates of <a href="/wiki/Independent_legal_reasoning_in_Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent legal reasoning in Islamic law">Ijtihad</a> remained open.<a href="#cite_note-221">[206]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mortimer" title="Edward Mortimer">Edward Mortimer</a>, it was imitation of past judicial opinion in the face of clear contradictory evidence from hadith or Qur'anic text that Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab condemned.<a href="#cite_note-Mortimer61-222">[207]</a> According to Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his followers, God's commandments to obey Him alone and follow the Prophetic teachings, necessitated a complete adherence to Qur'an and Hadith. This entailed a rejection of all interpretations offered by the four legal schools – including the Muwahhidun's own Hanbali school – wherein they contradict the two primary sources.<a href="#cite_note-L._Esposito_1995_308-128">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perspective_on_other_schools">Perspective on other schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Perspective on other schools">edit</a>]</div> Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab asserted that every Muslim layman, even one without modest educational credentials, have a duty to read and study the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>; encouraging them to research religious scriptures. Regional rivals castigated him as a self-taught "ignorant" since "knowledge could come only from being taught by shaykhs" and not by treating the Scriptures as one's teacher. Although the issue of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> and rejection of <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> were central themes of his doctrines, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not lay down his approach to <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Usul-al Fiqh</a> (Principles of Jurisprudence) comprehensively. Rather, that was left to his son-in-law and pupil Hamad ibn Nasir ibn Mu'ammar (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1811 CE/AH 1225), who would explicate a clarified Wahhabi position on Usul al-Fiqh, after Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. Moreover, in his writings, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab relied primarily only on <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> (Prophetic traditions) rather than opinions of early Hanbali jurists. This stance arose uncertainty over his formal affiliation to the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali mad'hab</a> and would lead many local Hanbalite detractors to accuse him of undermining classical <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> in general. Despite their conceptual doctrine based on repudiation of <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a> (emulating legal precedent) to a legal school and jettisoning the juristic super-structure that developed after the Islamic fourth century; in-order to lower clerical resistance to their campaign; Wahhabis sustained the local juristic tradition of Najd, which was based on Hanbalism.<a href="#cite_note-224">[209]</a> According to an expert on law in Saudi Arabia (Frank Vogel), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself "produced no unprecedented opinions". The "Wahhabis' bitter differences with other Muslims were not over Fiqh rules at all, but over <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">'Aqida</a>, or theological positions".<a href="#cite_note-225">[210]</a> Professor of history at <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson College</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Commins" title="David Commins">David Commins</a> also states that early disputes with other <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> did not center on <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>, and that the belief that the distinctive character of Wahhabism stems from Hanbali legal thought is a "myth".<a href="#cite_note-Commins12-226">[211]</a> Some scholars are ambivalent as to whether Wahhabis belong to the Hanbali legal school. The Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World maintains Wahhabis "rejected all jurisprudence that in their opinion did not adhere strictly to the letter of the Qur'an and the hadith".<a href="#cite_note-227">[212]</a> Cyril Glasse's <a href="/wiki/The_New_Encyclopedia_of_Islam" title="The New Encyclopedia of Islam">The New Encyclopedia of Islam</a> states that "strictly speaking", Wahhabis "do not see themselves as belonging to any school",<a href="#cite_note-228">[213]</a> and that in doing so they correspond to the ideal aimed at by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ibn Hanbal</a>, and thus they can be said to be of his 'school'.<a href="#cite_note-Mortimer61-222">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[214]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Natana_J._DeLong-Bas" title="Natana J. DeLong-Bas">DeLong-Bas</a>, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab never directly claimed to be a Hanbali jurist, warned his followers about the dangers of adhering unquestionably to Fiqh, and did not consider "the opinion of any law school to be binding". In the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, he encouraged following the examples of the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Companions of Muhammad">companions of Muhammad</a> rather than following a law school.<a href="#cite_note-230">[215]</a> He did, however, follow the Hanbali methodology of judging everything not explicitly forbidden to be permissible, avoiding the use of <a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a> (analogical reasoning), and taking <a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a> (public interest) and <a href="/wiki/Adl" title="Adl">'Adl</a> (justice) into consideration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas2004112–113-231">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ibn_Mu'ammar's_Legal_Theory">Ibn Mu'ammar's Legal Theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ibn Mu'ammar's Legal Theory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rasa%27ail_wa_Fatawa_Ibn_Muammar.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rasa%27ail_wa_Fatawa_Ibn_Muammar.jpeg/220px-Rasa%27ail_wa_Fatawa_Ibn_Muammar.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rasa%27ail_wa_Fatawa_Ibn_Muammar.jpeg/330px-Rasa%27ail_wa_Fatawa_Ibn_Muammar.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rasa%27ail_wa_Fatawa_Ibn_Muammar.jpeg/440px-Rasa%27ail_wa_Fatawa_Ibn_Muammar.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption> Compilation of ibn Mu'ammar's treatises and legal verdicts published by <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Sayyid Rashid Rida</a> in 1925–1926 CE</figcaption></figure> While Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself was not inclined to adhere to a particular <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhab</a>, many of his followers would perpetuate the Hanbali legal theory.<a href="#cite_note-232">[217]</a> Hanbali jurist Hamad ibn Nasir ibn Mu'ammar (AH 1160–1125/ 1747–1810 CE) laid out a comprehensive legal theory in his treatises like <a class="external text" href="https://ar.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF">Risala al-Ijtihad wal Taqlid</a> ("Treatise on Ijtihad and Taqlid") which became influential in the scholarly circles of the Muwahhidun. Ibn Mu'ammar believed that maintaining the practice of Ijtihad in every era was a religious obligation and tasked the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholars</a> for carrying out this responsibility. This was to be done through proof evaluation from the Scriptures and by employing <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Usul al-Fiqh</a> (Principles of Jurisprudence). Based on one's expertise and knowledge, Ibn Mu'ammar ranked a hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">Fuqaha</a> (Islamic jurists) for carrying out the duty of issuing fatwas. At the top was the absolute <a href="/wiki/Independent_legal_reasoning_in_Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent legal reasoning in Islamic law">Mujtahid</a> who issues verdicts solely based on the principles (Usul) of his madhab by independently determining the preponderant view from all the possible scenarios tracked down by himself as well as supplement the former rulings. After this came the 3 levels of partial Ijtihad which limited the scope of research: initially just to the past opinions, then to the rulings found in the 4 <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhabs</a> and finally to the views within one's own madhab. The lowest of Ibn Mu'ammar's hierarchy constituted the non-Mujtahid laity who are required to directly engage with the Scriptural sources in consultation with scholars, as well as by analysing past scholarly works. Thus, Ibn Mu'ammar's legal theory strived for the reconciliation between the <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reformist</a> programme of the Muwahhidin and the classical jurisprudential structures. What made Ibn Mu'ammar's proposed system unique was its "microcosmic" and flexible nature; which permitted the scholars to simultaneously represent different ranks within the hierarchy to carry out their responsibilities of Ijtihad.<a href="#cite_note-233">[218]</a> The Wahhabi legal theory stipulated proof-evaluation based on Hanbali principles as one of its major hallmarks. By claiming themselves as Hanbali, Muwahhidun scholars implied directly adhering to the five <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Usul al-Fiqh</a> (Principles of jurisprudence) of the Hanbali school.<a href="#cite_note-234">[219]</a> Despite the main methodology of Wahhabi movement being derived from Hanbalite Ahl al-Hadith, scholars also take the rulings from other Madhhabs, as long they regard them as being verified through Hadith and traditions or <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> authenticated by Sahabah. (Qaul Sahabiyyah according to modern contemporary Muslim scholars<a href="#cite_note-Qawl-235">[220]</a>). Prominent Wahhabi scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Uthaymeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen">Muhammad ibn Salih al-Uthaymeen</a> derived rulings from the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafiite</a> jurisprudence in his commentary of <a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_of_the_Righteous" title="The Meadows of the Righteous">The Meadows of the Righteous</a> book authored by <a href="/wiki/Al-Nawawi" title="Al-Nawawi">al-Nawawi</a>, wherein the <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a> (reasoning) of Abu Hurairah was taken by al-Nawawi for rulings of <a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a> (ablution ritual).<a href="#cite_note-Nawawi_Riyadhus_Shalihin_commentary_Uthaymin-236">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_reform">Social reform</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Social reform">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajdid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajdid">Tajdid</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a> concerned himself with the social reformation of his people. He stressed the importance of education, especially for females and encouraged women to be active in educational endeavours and lead various communal and social activities. <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a> had become a major centre of learning and foreign travellers often noted the higher literacy rates of townsfolk of Central Arabia. In line with his methodology, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab also denounced the practice of instant triple talaq, counting it as only a single <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">talaq</a> (regardless of the number of pronouncements). The outlawing of triple talaq has been considered to be one of the most significant reforms in the Islamic World in the 20th and 21st centuries. As an 18th-century reformer, Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab advocated Ijtihad of qualified scholars in accordance with the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadeeth</a>. His thoughts reflected the major trends apparent in the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islamic reform</a> movements. Numerous significant socio-economic reforms would be advocated by the Imam during his lifetime. After his death, his followers continued his legacy. Notable <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurists</a> like Ibn Mu'ammar (AH 1160–1225/ 1747–1810 CE) would issue ground-breaking <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a> (legal verdicts) on contemporary issues such as authorization of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">small-pox vaccinations</a>; at a time when <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy#Smallpox_vaccination" title="Vaccine hesitancy">opposition to small-pox vaccinations</a> was widespread among the scientific and political elites of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Many women were influential in various reformist endeavours of the Muwahhidun; such as mass-education, communal activities, campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">superstitions</a>, etc. These included Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's own daughter Fatimah, a revered <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholar</a> who travelled far and wide; and taught numerous men and women. However, future events such as the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_War" title="Wahhabi War">Wahhabi Wars</a> of 1818, subsequent persecution of Salafis and other <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islamic reformers</a>, etc. would result in a halt to the social reforms implemented by the Wahhabi jurists and their suspicions towards the outside world would linger throughout the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas20048,_109–110,_173-237">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[225]</a> With the resurgence of rising <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reform</a> currents of <a href="/wiki/Salafiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafiyya">Salafiyya</a> across the Muslim world from the late 19th century, the Wahhabis of Najd too underwent a rejuvenation. After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Third Saudi State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a>, a Salafiyya Global movement would crystallise with the backing of a state. <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia">Ibn Saud's</a> reforms would get criticism from zealots amongst some of his Wahhabi clergy-men; reminiscent of the 19th-century harshness. However, other <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a> would allow them, eventually paving way for gradual reforms in KSA. Thus, new education policies would be approved that taught foreign languages, sciences, geography, etc. Overruling the objections of <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a>, the Wahhabi ulema would permit the introduction of telegraph and other wireless communication systems. Soon after, oil industries would be developed with the discovery of petroleum. Influential clerics such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh">Mufti Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Aal ash-Shaykh</a> would endorse female education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200690–102,_111–13-241">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_saudi_state.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/First_saudi_state.png/280px-First_saudi_state.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/First_saudi_state.png/420px-First_saudi_state.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/First_saudi_state.png/560px-First_saudi_state.png 2x" data-file-width="4740" data-file-height="4563" /></a><figcaption>Military campaigns and political expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a> (1744 – 1814 CE)</figcaption></figure> According to ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab; there are three objectives for <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">society</a>: "to believe in Allah, enjoin good behavior, and forbid wrongdoing". This doctrine has been sustained in missionary literature, sermons, <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> rulings, and explications of religious doctrine by Wahhabis since the death of ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab.<a href="#cite_note-LofC-66">[55]</a> Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab saw a role for the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a>, "responsible for religious matters", and the <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Amir</a>, "in charge of political and military issues".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200434–35-242">[227]</a> Despite this, in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi history</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> had not been a religious preacher or scholar, but <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud_Al_Muqrin" title="Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin">Muhammad ibn Saud</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Saudi dynastic</a> rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Gold-21-56">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[229]</a> He also believed that the Muslim ruler is owed unquestioned allegiance as a religious obligation from his subjects; so long as he leads the community according to the laws of God (<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Shari'ah</a>). A Muslim must present a <a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">bay'ah</a> (oath of allegiance) to a Muslim ruler during his lifetime to ensure his redemption after death.<a href="#cite_note-LofC-66">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[230]</a> Any counsel given to a ruler from community leaders or <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> should be private, not through public acts such as petitions, demonstrations, etc.<a href="#cite_note-246">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[232]</a> This principle arosed confusion during the dynastic disputes of the Second Saudi State during the late 19th-century; when rebels succeeded in overthrowing the monarch, to become the ruler.<a href="#cite_note-248">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[234]</a> While it gave the king a wide range of power, respecting shari'a does impose limits, such as giving <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> (Islamic judges) independence. This meant non-interference in their deliberations, as well as not codifying laws, following precedents or establishing a uniform system of law courts – both of which violate the qadi's independence.<a href="#cite_note-250">[235]</a> Wahhabis have traditionally given their allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a>, but a movement of "<a href="/wiki/Salafist_jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafist jihadism">Salafi jihadis</a>" has emerged in the contemporary among those who believe that Al-Saud has abandoned the laws of God.<a href="#cite_note-husain-251">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kepel-220-252">[237]</a> According to Zubair Qamar, while the "standard view" is that "Wahhabis are apolitical and do not oppose the State", there is another "strain" of Wahhabism that "found prominence among a group of Wahhabis after the fall of the second Saudi State in the 1800s", and post 9/11 is associated with Jordanian/Palestinian scholar <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Maqdisi" title="Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi">Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi</a> and "Wahhabi scholars of the '<a href="/wiki/Hamoud_al_Aqla_al_Shuebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamoud al Aqla al Shuebi">Shu'aybi</a>' school".<a href="#cite_note-253">[238]</a> Wahhabis share the belief of Islamists such as the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> in Islamic dominion over politics and government and the importance of <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">da'wah</a> (proselytizing or preaching of Islam) not just towards non-Muslims but towards erroring Muslims. However Wahhabi preachers are conservative and do not deal with concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticolonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticolonialism">anticolonialism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality#Effects_of_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic equality</a>, expounded upon by Islamist Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-lacey-islamism-170">[155]</a> Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's original pact promised whoever championed his message, 'will, by means of it, rule and lands and men'."<a href="#cite_note-lacey-glory-81">[67]</a> While socio-political issues constituted a major aspect of his <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reformist</a> programme, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab nonetheless didn't advocate revolutionary overthrowal of the ruling order to establish a <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> across the Muslim world. Following the classical Sunni understanding, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab advocated accommodation with the status quo, stating: <blockquote>"For a very long time, since before the time of Imam <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad</a>, till nowadays, the people have not united under one single ruler. Nor is it known from any of the scholars that there is any ruling which is invalid except with the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">greater imam</a> (al-imam al-a'zam)."<a href="#cite_note-254">[239]</a></blockquote>18th and 19th century European travellers, <a href="/wiki/Ambassadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassadors">ambassadors</a> and writers considered the Muwahhidun as championing an "Islamic revolution" that campaigned for a pristine Islam stripped of all complex rituals, cultural accretions, superstitions, etc. and a simpler creedal ethos based on universal brotherhood and fraternity; analogous to various European frondeurs during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolutions</a>. Contemporary European diplomats and observers who witnessed its emergence drew parallels with the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French revolutions</a> in Wahhabi opposition to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> clerical hierarchy and foreign imperialism; with some even labelling them as "Wahhabi <a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobins</a>" and its reformist efforts as a sort of "Protestantism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColler2022151–152-255">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley201031–34-256">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacina20155–6-257">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bayly" title="Christopher Bayly">Christopher Allen Bayly</a> noted that the religious movement of the Arabian Muwahhidun also had a revolutionary political programme comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Revolutions">European revolutions</a> in the 18th and 19th centuries. The difference lied in their political language; wherein themes of <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a>, opposition to foreign aggression, promotion of <a href="/wiki/Civic_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic values">civic values</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civic_duties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic duties">duties</a> & <a href="/wiki/Civic_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic rights">rights</a>, etc. were conveyed to the local populace in terms of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic values</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley201021–41-3">[3]</a> Tracing the movement's popularity to the wider phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a>, the far-reaching <a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">impacts of the French revolution</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>; and deciphering the sudden collapse of its revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a> to invasion by military despots of the old order; Bayly wrote: <blockquote>"the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_War" title="Wahhabi War">Wahhabi revolt</a> against intrusive <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman rule">Ottoman rule</a> and the decline of proper religious observance in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> should be regarded as a variety of world revolution... <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud_Al_Muqrin" title="Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin">Ibn Saud</a>'s revolt began in the 1740s, before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Revolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="European Revolutions">European revolutions</a>, but arose as an analogous response to the pressures of taxation and state interference in formerly independent communities... the influence of Wahhabism persisted indirectly across the Muslim world, inspiring imitations and reactions among the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Sufi_brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi brotherhood">Sufi brotherhoods</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> over the next hundred years... if we examine the social roots of <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>, the word may be appropriate for these events within Islam.. these were often revolts of underprivileged suburbanites, the semi-settled <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">bedouin</a> on the fringe of the Muslim urban economies. These revolts exemplified that perennial conflict between the nomad and the city noted by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Middle Ages</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley201031–32-258">[243]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Prevalence">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/257px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/386px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/514px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab_Mosque" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque">Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></figcaption></figure> The Wahhabi movement, while predominant across Saudi Arabia, was established from the Najd region, and it is there that its conservative practices have the strongest support, more so than in regions in the kingdom to the east or west of it.<a href="#cite_note-263">[p]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[249]</a> Cyril Glasse credits the softening of some Wahhabi doctrines and practices outside of the Najd region on the conquest of the Hejaz region "with its more cosmopolitan traditions and the traffic of pilgrims which the new rulers could not afford to alienate".<a href="#cite_note-Glasse-gentler-164">[149]</a> Aside from Saudi Arabia, the only other country whose native population is predominantly Wahhabi is the adjacent gulf monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dorsey-266">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cole-267">[251]</a> Estimates of the number of adherents to Wahhabism vary.<a href="#cite_note-271">[q]</a> The "boundaries" of Wahhabism have been called "difficult to pinpoint",<a href="#cite_note-threat-define-33">[23]</a> but in contemporary usage, the terms "Wahhabi" and "Salafi" are sometimes used interchangeably, and they are considered to be movements with different roots that have merged since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Dillon-3-4-272">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-hybridation-275">[r]</a> However, Wahhabism is generally recognised as form of <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a>", contextualised as an ultra-conservative, Saudi brand of the wider movement.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-276">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito201154-277">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>, praised the 18th-century Najdi movement as "the first throb of life in modern Islam", and noted that its influence on 19th-century religious reformers was "traceable, directly or indirectly [in] nearly all the great modern movements of Muslim Asia and Africa".<a href="#cite_note-278">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_leaders">Notable leaders</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notable leaders">edit</a>]</div> There has traditionally been a recognized head of the Wahhabi "religious estate", often a member of <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Al ash-Sheikh</a> (a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a>) or related to another religious head. For example, Abd al-Latif was the son of Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan. <ul><li>Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) was the founder of the Wahhabi movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2009210-279">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Muhammad_Al_Sheikh" title="Abdullah bin Muhammad Al Sheikh">'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a> (1752–1826) was the head of Wahhabism after his father retired from public life in 1773. After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">first Saudi emirate</a>, Abd Allah went into exile in Cairo where he died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2009210-279">[261]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_%27Abd_al-Wahhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulayman ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab">Sulayman ibn 'Abd Allah</a> (1780–1818) was a grandson of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and author of an influential treatise that restricted travel to and residing in land of idolaters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2009210-279">[261]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abd_ar-Rahman_ibn_Nasir_as-Sa%27di.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Abd_ar-Rahman_ibn_Nasir_as-Sa%27di.jpg/220px-Abd_ar-Rahman_ibn_Nasir_as-Sa%27di.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Abd_ar-Rahman_ibn_Nasir_as-Sa%27di.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>Influential <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> jurist and <a href="/wiki/Mufassir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufassir">Mufassir</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Rahman_al-Sa%27di" title="Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di">ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Nāṣir al-Siʿdī</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: عبد الرحمن بن ناصر السعدي; AH 1307–1376)</figcaption></figure></li> <li>'Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1780–1869) was head of the religious estate in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">second Saudi emirate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2009210-279">[261]</a></li> <li>'Abd al-Latif ibn 'Abd al-Rahman (1810–1876) Head of religious estate in 1860 and early 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2009210-279">[261]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Abd_al-Latif_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh">Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh</a> (1848–1921) was the head of religious estate during period of Rashidi rule and the early years of King Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2009210-279">[261]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh">Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh</a> (1893–1969) was the head of Wahhabism in mid twentieth century. He has been said to have "dominated the Wahhabi religious estate and enjoyed unrivaled religious authority".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2009111-281">[263]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaliyya_al-Wahhabiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaliyya al-Wahhabiyya">Ghaliyya al-Wahhabiyya</a> was a Bedouin woman from the town of <a href="/wiki/Turubah" title="Turubah">Turubah</a> who rose to the rank of "Amira al-Umara" (<a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">generalissimo</a>) and led Wahhabi forces in defending <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Saudi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Saudi War">Ottoman-Saudi Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[265]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_Bin_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz">'Abd al-Azeez ibn Baz</a> (1910–1999) has been called "the most prominent proponent" of Wahhabism during his time.<a href="#cite_note-murphy-commins-284">[266]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al_Uthaymeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen">Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen</a> (1925–2001) is another "giant". According to David Dean Commins, no one "has emerged" with the same "degree of authority in the Saudi religious establishment" since their deaths.<a href="#cite_note-murphy-commins-284">[266]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_influence_and_propagation">International influence and propagation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: International influence and propagation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanation_for_influence">Explanation for influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Explanation for influence">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a> listed four major factors that contributed to expansion of Wahhabi ideas across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic World</a>: <ul><li>The appeal of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>, which considered the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> to be a foreign occupying power and took a powerful precedent from the Wahhabi rebellion against the Ottomans</li> <li>Wahhabi calls for a return to the pristine Islam of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf al-Salih</a> (righteous predecessors) which rejected much of the classical legal precedents; instead deriving directly from <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> and the sayings of the Salaf; through <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a>. This also appealed to the Islamic reformers who pushed for a revival of ijtihad, and a direct return to the original sources for interpreting the Qur'an and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>, to seek solutions to the present day problems.</li> <li>Control of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, which allowed the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King of Saudi Arabia</a> to take the mantle of "<a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a>". This enabled the Wahhabis to exert great influence on Islamic culture and thinking;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Oil industry</a>, especially after its boom during the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>, allowed Saudi Arabia to successfully promote their interpretations of Islam throughout the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[267]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandaville" title="Peter Mandaville">Peter Mandaville</a> lists two more reasons:<a href="#cite_note-286">[268]</a> <ul><li>Societal factors: With the influx of modernity, younger generations of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> increasingly departed from the "localized" religious understanding of their parents and looked up to a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamic</a> outlook authentically rooted in Scriptures and early generations of <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf al-Salih</a></li> <li>Rise of other native <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islamic reformist</a> movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-e Hadith</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafiyya</a> movement in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> which shared a common religious outlook. These movements expanded collaboration in various socio-economic, political and educational fields and formed a joint intellectual alliance. Additionally, influential conservative reform movements like <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandism</a> began co-operating with Wahhabis to a certain extent, despite doctrinal variations</li></ul> According to French scholar and critic of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a>, the tripling in the price of oil in the mid-1970s and the progressive takeover of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a> in the 1974–1980 period, provided the source of much influence of Wahhabism in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim World">Islamic World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[s]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Funding">edit</a>]</div> Estimates of Saudi spending on religious causes abroad include "upward of $100 billion";<a href="#cite_note-288">[269]</a> $2–3 billion per year since 1975 (compared to the annual <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> propaganda budget of $1 billion/year);<a href="#cite_note-deadly-289">[270]</a> and "at least $87 billion" from 1987 to 2007.<a href="#cite_note-290">[271]</a> Reliability of these rough estimates have been disputed due to their inconsistencies and lack of a scientific methodology for precise quantification.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-291">[272]</a> Its largesse funded an estimated "90% of the expenses of the entire faith", throughout the Muslim world, according to journalist Dawood al-Shirian.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-292">[273]</a> It extended to young and old, from children's <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasas</a> to high-level scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-293">[274]</a> "Books, scholarships, fellowships, mosques" (for example, "more than 1,500 mosques were built from Saudi public funds over the last 50 years") were paid for.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKepel200272-294">[275]</a> It rewarded journalists and academics, who followed it and built satellite campuses around <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> for <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al Azhar</a>, the oldest and most influential Islamic university.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy,_Caryle_p._32-295">[276]</a> Yahya Birt counts spending on "1,500 mosques, 210 Islamic centres and dozens of Muslim academies and schools".<a href="#cite_note-deadly-289">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coolsaet-296">[277]</a> Apart from state patronage, a major source of proselytization has been the private charities and religious activities of Muslim individuals and organizations.<a href="#cite_note-297">[278]</a> This financial aid has done much to overwhelm less strict local interpretations of Islam, according to observers like Dawood al-Shirian and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-292">[273]</a> arguing that it caused the Saudi interpretation (sometimes called "petro-Islam"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKepel200269–75-298">[279]</a>) to be perceived as the correct interpretation – or the "gold standard" of Islam – in many Muslims' minds.<a href="#cite_note-Radical_Islam_in_Central_Asia-299">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandaville" title="Peter Mandaville">Peter Mandaville</a> asserts that the commonly reported data estimates regarding Saudi religious funding are unreliable due to the sources being "internally inconsistent" and based on "non-specific hearsay". According to Mandaville, the wide-ranging and controversial usage of the term "Wahhabism" has rendered researching Saudi religious transnationalism and assessing its actual magnitude even more confusing. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">post-Cold War era</a> governments had commonly used the label "Wahhabism" to designate a wide swathe of religious sects, including those which were doctrinally at odds with Wahhabism.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-291">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militant_and_political_Islam">Militant and political Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Militant and political Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism#Debate_over_impact_on_Salafi-Jihadist_insurgencies" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">Debate over Wahhabi influence on Salafi-Jihadism</a></div> Allegations of links between Wahhabism proper and the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Militant_Islamism" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant Islamism">militant Islamists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, have been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-auto-301">[282]</a> Throughout the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Senior_Scholars_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Council of Senior Scholars (Saudi Arabia)">Board of Senior Ulema</a> (BSU) of the Dar al-Ifta in Saudi Arabia, were known for issuing fatawa which strongly condemned various forms of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, in line with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic military jurisprudence</a>. In a well-known <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> issued at its 32nd session in <a href="/wiki/Taif" title="Taif">Ta'if</a> on 25 August 1988, the board members recommended the death penalty for acts of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Atawneh_2010_161–162-302">[283]</a> Moreover, the Wahhabi <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> of Saudi Arabia had ruled the illegality of all forms of <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombings">suicide bombings</a>, including in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. The doctrine of suicide bombings which started appearing in the manuals of various Egyptian extremists during the 1970s and 1980s; has been rejected as heretical by the Wahhabi scholars.<a href="#cite_note-auto-301">[282]</a> Jonathan Sozek reports that while Bin Laden self-identified as a Salafist, he was not affiliated with the Wahhabi movement.<a href="#cite_note-303">[284]</a> The Yemeni origins of the <a href="/wiki/Bin_Laden_family" title="Bin Laden family">Bin Laden family</a> also reflected a non-Wahhabi heritage.<a href="#cite_note-304">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[286]</a> Bin Laden's feud with the Saudi government intensified during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>; prompting Saudi authorities to place Bin Laden under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> in 1991, before exiling him the same year. In 1994, Saudi Arabia revoked Bin Laden's <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> and froze all his assets, turning him into a fugitive and the Bin Laden family disowned him. After Saudi pressure on <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, the Al-Qaeda leader sought refuge under the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Taliban government in Afghanistan</a>. Taliban's denial of Saudi requests to extradite Bin Laden led to a diplomatic row between <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[288]</a> Throughout the 1990s, mainstream Wahhabi clerics in the Kingdom supported <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">US-Saudi alliance</a> against <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and condemned terrorist acts by Al-Qaeda. Anti-establishment Wahhabi scholars have also been vehemently opposed to tactics advocated by Bin Laden, not withstanding their opposition to <a href="/wiki/American_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="American foreign policy in the Middle East">American foreign policy in West Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[289]</a> Scholars like <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a> <a href="/wiki/F._Gregory_Gause,_III" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Gregory Gause, III">F. Gregory Gause</a> have strongly opposed hysterical assertions made by <a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">war hawks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>, contrasting their portrayals of Wahhabism with attempts made by <a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">far-right militants</a> to appropriate <a href="/wiki/American_patriotism" class="mw-redirect" title="American patriotism">American patriotism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_discourse">Contemporary discourse</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Contemporary discourse">edit</a>]</div> In contemporary discourse, the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> widely employ the term "Wahhabism" to denote any manifestation of Islamic assertion in neighbouring Muslim countries.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_Publishers-46">[35]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-era" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-era">Soviet-era</a>, the Muslim dissidents were usually labelled with terms such as "Sufi" and "fanatic" employing <a href="/wiki/Islamophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobic">Islamophobic</a> discourses that aroused hysteria of an underground religious activists threatening the stability of the Marxist order. By the late 1990s, the "Wahhabi" label would become the most common term to refer to the alleged "Islamic menace" in state propaganda, while "Sufism" was invoked as a "moderate" force that balanced the "radicalism" of those who were being accused as "Wahhabis". The old-guard of the post-Soviet states found the label useful to depict all opposition as extremists, thereby bolstering their 'strongman' credentials. In short, any Muslim critical of the religious or political status quo, came at risk of being labelled "Wahhabi".<a href="#cite_note-310">[291]</a> According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gufaculty360.georgetown.edu/s/contact/00336000014TU7SAAW/m-reza-pirbhai">M. Reza Pirbhai</a>, Associate Professor of History at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, notions of a "Wahhabi conspiracy" against the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a> have in recent times resurfaced in various sections of the <a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Western media</a>; employing the term as a catch-all phrase to frame an official narrative that erases the concerns of broad and disparate disenchanted groups pursuing redress for local discontentment caused by <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neo-colonialism</a>. The earliest mention of "Wahhabism" in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> had appeared in a 1931 editorial which described it as a "traditional" movement; without associating it with "militant" or "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">anti-Western</a>" trends. Between 1931 and 2007, The New York Times published eighty-six articles that mentioned the word "Wahhabism", out of which six articles had appeared before September 2001, while the rest were published since. During the 1990s, it began to be described as "militant", but not yet as a hostile force. By the 2000s, the 19th century terminology of "Wahhabism" had resurfaced, reprising its role as the " 'fanatical' and 'despotic' antithesis of a civilized world. Reza Pirbhai asserts that this use is deployed to manufacture an official narrative that assists imperial purposes by depicting a coherent and coordinated international network of ideological revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-311">[292]</a> Common <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberalism (international relations)">neo-liberal</a> depictions of Wahhabism define it as a collection of restrictive dogmas, particularly for women, while <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neo-conservative</a> depictions portray "Wahhabis" as "savages" or "fanatics".<a href="#cite_note-312">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_support">Criticism and support</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Criticism and support">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_by_other_Muslims">Criticism by other Muslims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Criticism by other Muslims">edit</a>]</div> Among the criticism, or comments made by critics, of the Wahhabi movement are: <ul><li>That it is not so much strict and uncompromising as aberrant,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgar2002back_cover-313">[294]</a> going beyond the bounds of Islam in its restricted definition of tawhid (Islamic monotheistic tenets), and much too willing to commit <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a> (Excommunicate) <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> found in violation of Wahhabi doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgar200233–34-314">[295]</a> According to some sources, during the second <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Wahhabi-Saudi conquest</a> of the Arabian Peninsula, an estimated 400,000 were killed or wounded according to some estimates.<a href="#cite_note-Van-33-143">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgar200242-316">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[298]</a> However, the validity of the 400,000 casualty count is contentious and seen as an exaggerated figure by many scholars, who trace it as a fabrication that emerged during the 1990s. More reliable tallies estimate the number of killed and wounded somewhere between 10,000 and 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-318">[299]</a></li> <li>That the Wahhabi stances that reject <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> (imitation of juristic precedent) and advocate opening of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> (independent legal judgement) would result in the formulation of various ideological pretensions that could "erode the very essence of Islam". <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> traditionalists strongly emphasize the necessity of taqlid to the four major <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhabs</a> (legal schools) and invoke the teachings and legacy of its founders to defend the madhhab-based legal system.<a href="#cite_note-319">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-320">[301]</a></li> <li>That <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud_Al_Muqrin" title="Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin">Muhammad bin Saud's</a> agreement to wage <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> to spread <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's</a> teachings had more to do with traditional Najdi practice of raiding – "instinctive fight for survival and appetite for lucre" – than with religion;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKepel2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailswarformuslimmind00kepepage159_159]-321">[302]</a></li> <li>That its rejection of the "orthodox" belief in <a href="/wiki/Saint#Islam" title="Saint">saints</a>, a belief which had become a cardinal doctrine in Sunni Islam very early on,<a href="#cite_note-322">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[305]</a> represents a departure from something which has been an "integral part of Islam ... for over a millennium."<a href="#cite_note-325">[306]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_criticism">Initial criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Initial criticism">edit</a>]</div> It has been reported that Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's father was critical of his son. The dispute arose when Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab began his public <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">da'wa</a> activities in <a href="/wiki/Huraymila" title="Huraymila">Huraymila</a>. However, none of the sources state the exact nature of this disagreement. Salafi scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">al-Uthaymin</a> noted that it probably was not concerning an issue of <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">'Aqidah</a> (beliefs) as Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, "did not lend any support to the saint-cults and other false practices". It is speculated that they disputed over payment of judges in solving disputes and in the manner of giving <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">da'wa</a>, spreading Islamic teachings. Until his father's death in AH 1153; Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was not overly active and public in his da'wah efforts.<a href="#cite_note-326">[307]</a> Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's brother allegedly wrote a book in refutation of his brother's new teachings, called: "The Final Word from the Qur'an, the Hadith, and the Sayings of the Scholars Concerning the School of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab", also known as: "Al-Sawa`iq al-Ilahiyya fi Madhhab al-Wahhabiyya" ("The Divine Thunderbolts Concerning the Wahhabi School").<a href="#cite_note-kingdom-327">[308]</a> It has been reported that his brother repented and eventually returned to his call.<a href="#cite_note-328">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[310]</a> In "The Refutation of Wahhabism in Arabic Sources, 1745–1932",<a href="#cite_note-kingdom-327">[308]</a> Hamadi Redissi provides original references to the description of Wahhabis as a divisive sect (firqa) and outliers (<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>) in communications between <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egyptian Khedive</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>. Redissi details refutations of Wahhabis by scholars (<a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">muftis</a>); among them Ahmed Barakat Tandatawin, who in 1743 describes Wahhabism as ignorance (Jahala). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sunni_criticism">Sunni criticism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sunni criticism">edit</a>]</div> Turkish columnist Ekrem Buğra Ekinci wrote an article in the pro-<a href="/wiki/AK_Parti" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Parti">AKP</a> newspaper <a href="/wiki/Daily_Sabah" title="Daily Sabah">Daily Sabah</a>, in which he argued against classifying Wahhabism as part of Sunnism.<a href="#cite_note-330">[311]</a> According to British writer Simon Ross Valentine, Wahhabism has been vehemently criticized by many Sunni Muslims and some Islamic scholars in the strongest terms as a "new faction, a vile sect".<a href="#cite_note-SatanicSimonValentine-331">[312]</a> In the 18th century, prominent <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abidin" title="Ibn Abidin">Ibn Abidin</a> declared the Wahhabi movement of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a> to be a modern-day manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[314]</a> He said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In our time Ibn Abdal Wahhab Najdi appeared, and attacked the two noble sanctuaries (Makkah and Madinah). He claimed to be a Hanbali, but his thinking was such that only he alone was a Muslim, and everyone else was a polytheist! Under this guise, he said that killing the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_as-Sunnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl as-Sunnah">Ahl as-Sunnah</a> was permissible, until Allah destroyed them (Wahhabi's) in the year 1233 AH by way of the Muslim army.<a href="#cite_note-334">[315]</a></blockquote> The followers of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a> considered the ideas of the Hanbali theologian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1328 CE) highly attractive and made him their central classical scholarly reference. However, for centuries Ibn Taymiyya's thoughts were mostly ignored by those who constituted the scholarly mainstream; who would accuse the Wahhabis for overemphasizing the scholarly works of Ibn Taymiyya. It was only during the 19th century that Ibn Taymiyya came to exercise prominent scholarly influence over Muslim youth and by the 20th century he would be a major reference for Islamic revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-335">[316]</a> On the other hand, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab would deny that he had bias towards Ibn Taymiyya; and states in Hadiyya al-Thaniyya:<blockquote>"Ibn Qayyim and his illustrious teacher Ibn Taymiyyah were both righteous leaders according to the Sunni school of thought and their writings are dear to my heart, but I do not follow them rigidly in all matters."<a href="#cite_note-Naghma_2015_79-129">[114]</a></blockquote> Another early rebuttal of Wahhabism came from the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurist</a> Ibn Jirjis, who argued that supplicating the saints is permitted to whoever "declares that there is no god but God and prays toward <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>" for, according to him, supplicating the saints is not a form of worship but merely calling out to them, and that worship at graves is not idolatry unless the supplicant believes that buried saints have the power to determine the course of events. These arguments were specifically rejected as heretical by the Wahhabi leader at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200959-336">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Turkey">Turkey</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> The leader of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gulen movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> accuses <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> of conspiring against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> as well as reducing Islam strictly to Wahhabism and <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab norms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-337">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: South Asia">edit</a>]</div> Opposition to Wahhabism emerged in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> during the early 19th century; which was led by prominent Islamic scholar and theologian <a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> (1796–1861). By the late 19th century, the anti-Wahhabi campaign in South Asia was led by <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> (1856–1921) and his disciples, who engaged in extensive written refutations and polemics against Wahhabism. His movement became known as the <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a> movement and was defined by rejection of Wahhabi beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-338">[319]</a> According to Barelvi scholars, Wahhabis preach violence as opposed to Barelvis who promote peace. In 2016 Barelvis banned Wahhabis from their <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-339">[320]</a> The founder of the movement <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Raza Khan">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> said Wahhabis are not Muslims, and any Muslim who has difficulty understanding this, has also left Islam.<a href="#cite_note-alislam-340">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Lebanon">edit</a>]</div> The transnational <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a> movement uses <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a> against Wahhabi and <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Takfir-341">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beirut_Review-342">[323]</a> The head of Al-Ahbash, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> accuses Wahhabis of falling into anthropomorphic descriptions of God and imitating polytheists.<a href="#cite_note-343">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_States">United States</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_America" title="Islamic Supreme Council of America">Islamic Supreme Council of America</a> founded by the <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> Sufi Shaykh <a href="/wiki/Hisham_Kabbani" title="Hisham Kabbani">Hisham Kabbani</a> condemn Wahhabism as "extremist" and "heretical"; accusing it of being a terrorist ideology that labels other Muslims, especially Sufis as polytheists, a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_Chechnya_conference_controversy">2016 Chechnya conference controversy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 2016 Chechnya conference controversy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2016_international_conference_on_Sunni_Islam_in_Grozny" title="2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny">2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny</a></div> In late 2016, at a conference of over a hundred Sunni scholars in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, Al-Azhar's current dean, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb" title="Ahmed el-Tayeb">Ahmed el-Tayeb</a> was said to have taken an uncompromising stand against Wahhabism by defining orthodox Sunnism as "the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'arites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Muturidis</a> (adherents of the theological systems of Imam <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abu Mansur al-Maturidi</a> and Imam <a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abul Hasan al-Ash'ari</a>) ... followers of any of the four schools of thought (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> or Hanbali) and ... also the followers of the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> of Imam <a href="/wiki/Junayd_of_Baghdad" title="Junayd of Baghdad">Junaid al-Baghdadi</a> in doctrines, manners and [spiritual] purification."<a href="#cite_note-347">[328]</a> Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tayeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Tayeb">Ahmad al-Tayeb</a> allegedly excluded the "Salafists" from the term of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Ahl al-Sunna</a> (Sunnis) stating that Salafists – also known as Wahhabis – are not from among the Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-348">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a> and Al-Tayeb would later release statements after the congress to clarify their formal views. Qaradawi condemned the Chechnya congress, alleging that the congress resolutions were "stirred by Rafidhi Shiite". According to Al-Tayeb and Al-Qaradawi, the Salafi and Wahhabi movements are part of the "<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>" school, and within <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Ahl al-Sunnah Wal Jama'ah</a>; along with Ash'arite and Maturidite schools, despite their differences.<a href="#cite_note-Qaradawi_&_Ahmad_al-Tayeb_clarification-349">[330]</a> Qaradawi and Al-Tayeb blamed the controversy around the congress on manipulation and media distortion.<a href="#cite_note-Qaradawi_&_Ahmad_al-Tayeb_clarification-349">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-religious_motivations">Non-religious motivations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Non-religious motivations">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_Scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Scientist">Political Scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a>, the alliance between <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd-al Wahhab</a> and the tribal chief <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud_Al_Muqrin" title="Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin">Muhammad ibn Saud</a> to wage <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> on neighboring allegedly ignorant Muslims, was a "consecration" by Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab since he renamed the Saudi tribe's long-standing raids as Jihad. Part of the Najd's "<a href="/wiki/Hobbesian#Leviathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbesian">Hobbesian</a> state of perpetual war pitted Bedouin tribes against one another for control of the scarce resources that could stave off starvation." And a case of substituting fath, "the 'opening' or conquest of a vast territory through religious zeal", for the "instinctive fight for survival and appetite for lucre".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKepel2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailswarformuslimmind00kepepage159_159]-321">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Support">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> praised the movement as an influential endeavour of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> that campaigned to put an end to the general stagnation of Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-350">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[332]</a> while saying that <blockquote>The essential thing to note is the spirit of freedom manifested in it, though inwardly this movement, too, is conservative in its own fashion. While it rises in revolt against the finality of the schools, and vigorously asserts the right of private judgement, its vision of the past is wholly uncritical, and in matters of law it mainly falls back on the traditions of the Prophet.<a href="#cite_note-352">[333]</a></blockquote>Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Bilal_Philips" title="Bilal Philips">Bilal Philips</a> asserted that the charge of "<a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_(epithet)" title="Wahhabi (epithet)">Wahhabi</a>" was deployed by the proponents of <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madh'hab</a> fanaticism during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a> (excommunicate) the legal <a href="/wiki/Ghair_muqallid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghair muqallid">non-conformists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[334]</a> According to Philips: <blockquote>"It is interesting to note that separate places of prayer for each of the Madh-habs remained around the Ka'bah until the first quarter of the twentieth century when 'Abdul-'Azeez ibn Sa'oud and his army conquered Makkah (October 1924) and united all worshippers behind a single Imaam regardless of his or their Madh-habs"<a href="#cite_note-354">[335]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> Islamic revivalist scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a> was one of the most influential supporters of the Wahhabi movement during the 20th century. Rida had developed favourable views towards the Wahhabis as early as his arrival in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> during the 1890s; after reading about the movement in the histories of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Jabarti" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti">Al-Jabartī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Khalid_al-Nasiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri">Al-Nāṣiri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cole_Bunzel-355">[336]</a> Rida asserted that the social and military expansion of the Wahhabi movement could successfully launch an authentic <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[337]</a> Rida believed that the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age#Decline" title="Islamic Golden Age">decline of Muslims</a> was a result of the stagnation caused by the excesses of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>; which had distorted the pristine message of Islam. As a leading figure of the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafiyya movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-357">[338]</a> Rida launched his project of re-habilitating Wahhabism<a href="#cite_note-Rashid_Rida_al_manar-358">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olidort-359">[340]</a> and would popularise Najdi scholarly treatises across the Muslim World through his <a href="/wiki/Al-Man%C4%81r_(magazine)" title="Al-Manār (magazine)">Al-Manar</a> printing press.<a href="#cite_note-360">[341]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">president of Indonesia</a>, had openly expressed his view in his book "dibawah bendera revolusi", that the progressive "<a href="/wiki/Tajdid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajdid">Tajdid</a>" movement by Wahhabis was essential and had positive influence towards Muslims world in global scale, particularly to rising nations which struggled to gain their independence, such as <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sukarno-361">[342]</a> Sukarno also appreciated the "wisdom of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a> to support Wahhabi scholars in their effort to reject various one thousand one kind of <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">Bidʻah</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Sukarno-361">[342]</a> It is argued by some that Sukarno was also influenced by Islamist figures such as <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khatib_al-Minangkabawi" title="Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi">Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agus_Salim" title="Agus Salim">Agus Salim</a>, and particularly <a href="/wiki/Hamka" title="Hamka">Hamka</a>, his elementary teacher. According to notable Arab Linguist <a href="/wiki/Taha_Hussein" title="Taha Hussein">Taha Hussein</a> (1889–1973 CE), the Wahhabi movement was new, yet simultaneously old. Although it was novel for its contemporary generations, it was also ancient in its powerful calls for return to a pure Islam untainted by the impurities of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk</a> (polytheism). Acclaiming its role in the <a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Arab Awakening</a> and intellectual renewal, Taha Hussein states: <blockquote>"Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab admonished the people of Najd for reverting to the ways of ignorance in creed and practice.... it was hoped, this madhhab would have united the Arabs in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (AH), just as the appearance of Islam united them in the first century (AH). What we need to emphasize regarding this madhhab is its impact on the intellectual and literary life among <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, which was great and profound in various ways. It awakened the Arab soul and placed in front of it, a higher example which it loved, and as a consequence, strived in its cause with the sword, the pen and other weapons. It again directed the attention of all Muslims, especially people of Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Ash-Sham</a> and Egypt, towards the Arabian Peninsula."<a href="#cite_note-362">[343]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafiyya">Salafiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_World_League" title="Muslim World League">Muslim World League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Saudi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Saudi War">Ottoman–Saudi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of Islamic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi%E2%80%93Salafi_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi–Salafi relations">Sufi–Salafi relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The term "Wahhabism" is primarily an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>; it was not used by Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself or his followers, who typically refer themselves as "Salafi", "Sunni" or "<a href="/wiki/Muwahhidun" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahhidun">Muwahhidun</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacina201512–40-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColler2022151,_235-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley201021–41-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Sources: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKnowles2005" class="citation book cs1">Knowles, Elizabeth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120333822">Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and the Fable</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198609810" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198609810"><bdi>978-0198609810</bdi></a>. <q>Wahhabi... a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect ... It advocates a return to the early Islam of the Koran and Sunna</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Phrase+and+the+Fable&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0198609810&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803120333822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6">[5]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerrWright2015" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Anne; Wright, Edmund (2015). A Dictionary of World History (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199685691" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199685691"><bdi>978-0199685691</bdi></a>. <q>Wahhabism...The doctrine of an Islamic reform movement ... It is based on the Sunni teachings of Ibn Hanbal (780–855)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+World+History&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0199685691&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Wright%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhsan1987" class="citation book cs1">Ahsan, Sayyid (1987). "IV: Foundations of the Saudi State – ll : Reforms of Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab". Trends in Islam in Saudi Arabia. Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 141–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV%3A+Foundations+of+the+Saudi+State+%E2%80%93+ll+%3A+Reforms+of+Muhammad+Ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab&rft.btitle=Trends+in+Islam+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=Department+of+Islamic+Studies%2C+Aligarh+Muslim+University%2C+Aligarh&rft.pages=141-142&rft.pub=Aligarh+Muslim+University&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Ahsan&rft.aufirst=Sayyid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokhariSenzai2013" class="citation book cs1">Bokhari, Kamran; Senzai, Farid, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ThiuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81">"Conditionalist Islamists: The Case of the Salafis"</a>. Political Islam in the Age of Democratization. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 81–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137313492_5">10.1057/9781137313492_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137313492" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137313492"><bdi>978-1137313492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conditionalist+Islamists%3A+The+Case+of+the+Salafis&rft.btitle=Political+Islam+in+the+Age+of+Democratization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=81-100&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137313492_5&rft.isbn=978-1137313492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThiuAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Brown2009" class="citation book cs1">W. Brown, Daniel (2009). A New Introduction to Islam: Second Edition. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405158077" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405158077"><bdi>978-1405158077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Introduction+to+Islam%3A+Second+Edition&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1405158077&rft.aulast=W.+Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Khan1968" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad Khan, Mu'Īnuddin (March 1968). "A Diplomat's Report on Wahhabism of Arabia". Islamic Studies. 7 (1). Translated by Jones, Harford: 33–46. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20832903">20832903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Diplomat%27s+Report+on+Wahhabism+of+Arabia&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-46&rft.date=1968-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20832903%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ahmad+Khan&rft.aufirst=Mu%27%C4%AAnuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattar2004" class="citation book cs1">Mattar, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 1625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028659872" title="Special:BookSources/0028659872"><bdi>0028659872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Middle+East+%26+North+Africa&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pages=1625&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0028659872&rft.aulast=Mattar&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgostonMasters2009" class="citation book cs1">Agoston, Gabor; Masters, Bruce (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts on File. pp. 587–588. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816062591" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816062591"><bdi>978-0816062591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=587-588&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0816062591&rft.aulast=Agoston&rft.aufirst=Gabor&rft.au=Masters%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacina201512–40-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColler2022151,_235-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley201021–41-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (1994). "5: The Revolt of Islam". The Shaping of the Modern Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195072812" title="Special:BookSources/0195072812"><bdi>0195072812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+The+Revolt+of+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0195072812&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTibi1990" class="citation book cs1">Tibi, Bassam (1990). Arab nationalism: A Critical Enquiry. Translated by Sluglett, Marion Farouk; Sluglett, Peter (2nd ed.). London: The Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349208043" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349208043"><bdi>978-1349208043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+nationalism%3A+A+Critical+Enquiry&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1349208043&rft.aulast=Tibi&rft.aufirst=Bassam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|pags=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotadel2014" class="citation book cs1">Motadel, David (2014). "Introduction". Islam and the European Empires. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199668311" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199668311"><bdi>978-0199668311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+European+Empires&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199668311&rft.aulast=Motadel&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurzik_Kobo2012" class="citation book cs1">Murzik Kobo, Ousman (2012). Unveiling Modernity in Twentieth-Century West African Islamic Reforms. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 221, 277, 283–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21525-2"><bdi>978-90-04-21525-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unveiling+Modernity+in+Twentieth-Century+West+African+Islamic+Reforms&rft.place=Koninklijke+Brill+NV%2C+Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=221%2C+277%2C+283-285&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21525-2&rft.aulast=Murzik+Kobo&rft.aufirst=Ousman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1630509">"Saudi Arabia seeks religious reset as clerical power wanes"</a>. Dawn. 20 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620163808/https://www.dawn.com/news/1630509">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+seeks+religious+reset+as+clerical+power+wanes&rft.date=2021-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1630509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlhussein2019" class="citation web cs1">Alhussein, Eman (19 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecfr.eu/publication/saudi_first_how_hyper_nationalism_is_transforming_saudi_arabia/">"Saudi First: How hyper-nationalism is transforming Saudi Arabia"</a>. ECFR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906031038/https://ecfr.eu/publication/saudi_first_how_hyper_nationalism_is_transforming_saudi_arabia/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ECFR&rft.atitle=Saudi+First%3A+How+hyper-nationalism+is+transforming+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft.aulast=Alhussein&rft.aufirst=Eman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecfr.eu%2Fpublication%2Fsaudi_first_how_hyper_nationalism_is_transforming_saudi_arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaroukJ._Brown2021" class="citation web cs1">Farouk, Yasmine; J. Brown, Nathan (7 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/06/07/saudi-arabia-s-religious-reforms-are-touching-nothing-but-changing-everything-pub-84650">"Saudi Arabia's Religious Reforms Are Touching Nothing but Changing Everything"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619081314/https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/06/07/saudi-arabia-s-religious-reforms-are-touching-nothing-but-changing-everything-pub-84650">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Religious+Reforms+Are+Touching+Nothing+but+Changing+Everything&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft.aulast=Farouk&rft.aufirst=Yasmine&rft.au=J.+Brown%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2F2021%2F06%2F07%2Fsaudi-arabia-s-religious-reforms-are-touching-nothing-but-changing-everything-pub-84650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2022" class="citation web cs1">Hassan, Hassan (22 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220222102858/https://newlinesmag.com/argument/the-conscious-uncoupling-of-wahhabism-and-saudi-arabia/">"The 'Conscious Uncoupling' of Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia"</a>. Newlines Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newlinesmag.com/argument/the-conscious-uncoupling-of-wahhabism-and-saudi-arabia/">the original</a> on 22 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newlines+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+%27Conscious+Uncoupling%27+of+Wahhabism+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewlinesmag.com%2Fargument%2Fthe-conscious-uncoupling-of-wahhabism-and-saudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/saudi-arabia/saudi-arabia-for-first-time-marks-its-founding-downplaying-conservative-roots/articleshow/89742152.cms">"Saudi Arabia for first time marks its founding, downplaying conservative roots"</a>. The Economic Times. 22 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220222064013/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/saudi-arabia/saudi-arabia-for-first-time-marks-its-founding-downplaying-conservative-roots/articleshow/89742152.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+for+first+time+marks+its+founding%2C+downplaying+conservative+roots&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fsaudi-arabia%2Fsaudi-arabia-for-first-time-marks-its-founding-downplaying-conservative-roots%2Farticleshow%2F89742152.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303165437/https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Riyadh-celebrates-the-state%E2%80%99s-founding,-downplays-the-role-of-Wahhabi-Islam-55214.html">"Riyadh celebrates the state's founding, downplays the role of Wahhabi Islam"</a>. Asia News. 23 February 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Riyadh-celebrates-the-state%E2%80%99s-founding,-downplays-the-role-of-Wahhabi-Islam-55214.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+News&rft.atitle=Riyadh+celebrates+the+state%27s+founding%2C+downplays+the+role+of+Wahhabi+Islam&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-en%2FRiyadh-celebrates-the-state%25E2%2580%2599s-founding%2C-downplays-the-role-of-Wahhabi-Islam-55214.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlamer2022" class="citation web cs1">Alamer, Sultan (23 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304085933/https://agsiw.org/the-saudi-founding-day-and-the-death-of-wahhabism/">"The Saudi 'Founding Day' and the Death of Wahhabism"</a>. AGSIW. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agsiw.org/the-saudi-founding-day-and-the-death-of-wahhabism/#:~:text=On%20January%2027%2C%20King%20Salman,the%20decree%2C%20in%20February%201727.">the original</a> on 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AGSIW&rft.atitle=The+Saudi+%27Founding+Day%27+and+the+Death+of+Wahhabism&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft.aulast=Alamer&rft.aufirst=Sultan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagsiw.org%2Fthe-saudi-founding-day-and-the-death-of-wahhabism%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOn%2520January%252027%252C%2520King%2520Salman%2Cthe%2520decree%252C%2520in%2520February%25201727.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> "Wahhabism refers to a conservative interpretation of Islam founded as a revival and reform movement in eighteenth-century Arabia."<a href="#cite_note-24">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commins-viv-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Commins-viv_28-0">^</a> "While Wahhabism claims to represent Islam in its purest form, other Muslims consider it a misguided creed that fosters intolerance, promotes simplistic theology, and restricts Islam's capacity for adaption to diverse and shifting circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-27">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> ... "stereotypes and images are assumed to be based on the conservative Wahhabi interpretation of Islam despite the fact that no systematic analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's writings about women and gender has ever been undertaken ... the assertion that these attitudes are characteristic of Wahhabism risks inaccuracy because the term Wahhabism is rarely defined. Many of the regimes and movements labeled as Wahhabi in the contemporary era do not necessarily share the same theological and legal orientations ... Wahhabism has become such a blanket term for any Islamic movement that has an apparent tendency toward misogyny, militantism, extremism, or strict and literal interpretation of the Quran and hadith ... do not necessarily reflect the writings or teachings of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab. In fact, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's life and writings reflect a concern for women and women's rights ..."<a href="#CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004">DeLong-Bas 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wahhabiislamfrom0000delo/page/123">123–24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Brown2009" class="citation book cs1">W. Brown, Daniel (2009). A New Introduction to Islam: Second Edition. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405158077" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405158077"><bdi>978-1405158077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Introduction+to+Islam%3A+Second+Edition&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1405158077&rft.aulast=W.+Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Khan1968" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad Khan, Mu'Īnuddīn (March 1968). "A Diplomat's Report on Wahhabism of Arabia". Islamic Studies. 7 (1). Translated by Jones, Harford: 33–46. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20832903">20832903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Diplomat%27s+Report+on+Wahhabism+of+Arabia&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-46&rft.date=1968-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20832903%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ahmad+Khan&rft.aufirst=Mu%27%C4%AAnudd%C4%ABn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattar2004" class="citation book cs1">Mattar, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 1625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028659872" title="Special:BookSources/0028659872"><bdi>0028659872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Middle+East+%26+North+Africa&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pages=1625&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0028659872&rft.aulast=Mattar&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgostonMasters2009" class="citation book cs1">Agoston, Gabor; Masters, Bruce (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts on File. pp. 587–588. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816062591" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816062591"><bdi>978-0816062591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=587-588&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0816062591&rft.aulast=Agoston&rft.aufirst=Gabor&rft.au=Masters%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-auto4-40">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-Wahhabis-76">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013-77">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-thinnly-78">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles2005" class="citation book cs1">Knowles, Elizabeth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120333822">Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and the Fable</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198609810" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198609810"><bdi>978-0198609810</bdi></a>. <q>Wahhabi... a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–92). It advocates a return to the early Islam of the Koran and Sunna</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Phrase+and+the+Fable&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0198609810&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803120333822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6">[5]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerrWright2015" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Anne; Wright, Edmund (2015). A Dictionary of World History (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199685691" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199685691"><bdi>978-0199685691</bdi></a>. <q>Wahhabism...The doctrine of an Islamic reform movement founded by Muhammad ibn 'Abd al‐Wahhab (1703–92)... It is based on the Sunni teachings of Ibn Hanbal (780–855)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+World+History&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0199685691&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Wright%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhsan1987" class="citation book cs1">Ahsan, Sayyid (1987). "IV: Foundations of the Saudi State – ll : Reforms of Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab". Trends in Islam in Saudi Arabia. Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 141–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV%3A+Foundations+of+the+Saudi+State+%E2%80%93+ll+%3A+Reforms+of+Muhammad+Ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab&rft.btitle=Trends+in+Islam+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=Department+of+Islamic+Studies%2C+Aligarh+Muslim+University%2C+Aligarh&rft.pages=141-142&rft.pub=Aligarh+Muslim+University&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Ahsan&rft.aufirst=Sayyid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagemakers2021" class="citation book cs1">Wagemakers, Joas (2021). "Part 3: Fundamentalisms and Extremists – The Citadel of Salafism". In <a href="/wiki/Carole_M._Cusack" title="Carole M. Cusack">Cusack, Carole M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Upal" title="Afzal Upal">Upal, M. Afzal</a> (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435544_019">10.1163/9789004435544_019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004435544" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004435544"><bdi>978-9004435544</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+3%3A+Fundamentalisms+and+Extremists+%E2%80%93+The+Citadel+of+Salafism&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Islamic+Sects+and+Movements&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435544_019&rft.isbn=978-9004435544&rft.aulast=Wagemakers&rft.aufirst=Joas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokhariSenzai2013" class="citation book cs1">Bokhari, Kamran; Senzai, Farid, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ThiuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81">"Conditionalist Islamists: The Case of the Salafis"</a>. Political Islam in the Age of Democratization. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 81–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137313492_5">10.1057/9781137313492_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137313492" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137313492"><bdi>978-1137313492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conditionalist+Islamists%3A+The+Case+of+the+Salafis&rft.btitle=Political+Islam+in+the+Age+of+Democratization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=81-100&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137313492_5&rft.isbn=978-1137313492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThiuAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Bellaigue2017" class="citation book cs1">De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017). "1: Cairo". The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason – 1798 to Modern Times. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871403735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871403735"><bdi>978-0871403735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Cairo&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Enlightenment%3A+The+Struggle+Between+Faith+and+Reason+%E2%80%93+1798+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0871403735&rft.aulast=De+Bellaigue&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Hughes2013" class="citation book cs1">W. Hughes, Aaron (2013). "10: Encounters with Modernity". Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231161473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231161473"><bdi>978-0231161473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%3A+Encounters+with+Modernity&rft.btitle=Muslim+Identities%3A+An+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0231161473&rft.aulast=W.+Hughes&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoover2019" class="citation book cs1">Hoover, Jon (2019). Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn Taymiyya. London: One World Publications. pp. 3, 11, 43, 68–69, 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786076892" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786076892"><bdi>978-1786076892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+the+Muslim+World%3A+Ibn+Taymiyya&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3%2C+11%2C+43%2C+68-69%2C+144&rft.pub=One+World+Publications&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1786076892&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> at least one scholar (David Commins), sometimes refers to Wahhabism as the "Najdi reform movement",<a href="#cite_note-259">[244]</a> "Najdi movement",<a href="#cite_note-260">[245]</a> "Najdi doctrine",<a href="#cite_note-261">[246]</a> and "Najdi mission"<a href="#cite_note-262">[247]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Other sources give far lower numbers of Shia though they do not estimate the number of Wahhabi. 15% of KSA is Shia.<a href="#cite_note-268">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[254]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-hybridation-275"><a href="#cite_ref-hybridation_275-0">^</a> Salafism has been termed a hybridation between the teachings of Ibn Abdul-Wahhab and others which have taken place since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-274">[257]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> ... the financial clout of Saudi Arabia had been amply demonstrated during the oil embargo against the United States, following the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. This show of international power, along with the nation's astronomical increase in wealth, allowed Saudi Arabia's puritanical, conservative Wahhabite faction to attain a preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam. Saudi Arabia's impact on Muslims throughout the world was less visible than that of Khomeini's Iran, but the effect was deeper and more enduring ... it reorganized the religious landscape by promoting those associations and ulamas who followed its lead, and then, by injecting substantial amounts of money into Islamic interests of all sorts, it won over many more converts. Above all, the Saudis raised a new standard – the virtuous Islamic civilization – as foil for the corrupting influence of the West.<a href="#cite_note-Kepel-petro-83">[69]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacina201512–40-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonacina201512–40_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonacina201512–40_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonacina201512–40_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonacina201512–40_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonacina2015">Bonacina 2015</a>, pp. 12–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColler2022151,_235-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColler2022151,_235_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColler2022151,_235_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColler2022151,_235_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColler2022151,_235_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFColler2022">Coller 2022</a>, pp. 151, 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley201021–41-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayley201021–41_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayley201021–41_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayley201021–41_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayley201021–41_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayley201021–41_3-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayley2010">Bayley 2010</a>, pp. 21–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_5-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsposito2003">Esposito 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA123">123</a>, "Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab" </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2006">Commins 2006</a>, p. vi "What is the Wahhabi Mission?... A neutral observer could define the Wahhabi mission as the religious reform movement associated with the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792)" </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeri_BearmanThierry_BianquisC_Edmund_BosworthE_J_Van_Donzel2002" class="citation book cs1">Peri Bearman; Thierry Bianquis; C Edmund Bosworth; E J Van Donzel; Wolfhart Heinrichs, eds. (2002). The Encyclopedia of Islam: New Edition Vol. XI. Leiden: Brill. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004127569" title="Special:BookSources/9004127569"><bdi>9004127569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Islam%3A+New+Edition+Vol.+XI&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9004127569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:634039-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:634039_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:634039_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/634039/Wahhabi">"Wahhabi"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226130304/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahhabi&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F634039%2FWahhabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dx.doi.org-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_16-1">b</a> Peskes, Esther and Ende, W., "Wahhābiyya", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 25 February 2024 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1329">http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1329</a>> First published online: 2012 First print edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004161214" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004161214">978-9004161214</a>, 1960–2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Safra,_Aguilar-Cauz2006" class="citation book cs1">E. Safra, Aguilar-Cauz, Jacob, Jorge (2006). Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopedia Britannica. p. 761. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593394912" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593394912"><bdi>978-1593394912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=761&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1593394912&rft.aulast=E.+Safra%2C+Aguilar-Cauz&rft.aufirst=Jacob%2C+Jorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay2007" class="citation book cs1">Hay, Jeff (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1n5mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA331">The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0737732177" title="Special:BookSources/978-0737732177"><bdi>978-0737732177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenhaven+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0737732177&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1n5mDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRentz2004" class="citation book cs1">Rentz, George (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JENPAAAACAAJ&q=The+Birth+of+the+Islamic+Reform+Movement+in+Saudi+Arabia:+Muhammad+Ibn+Abd+Al-Wahhab+(1703/4-1792)+and+the+Beginnings+of+Unitarian+Empire+in+Arabia">The Birth of the Islamic Reform Movement in Saudi Arabia: Muhammad Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhāb (1703/4–1792) and the Beginnings of Unitarian Empire in Arabia</a>. King Abdulaziz Public Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9960944364" title="Special:BookSources/978-9960944364"><bdi>978-9960944364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Islamic+Reform+Movement+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Muhammad+Ibn+%27Abd+Al-Wahh%C4%81b+%281703%2F4%E2%80%931792%29+and+the+Beginnings+of+Unitarian+Empire+in+Arabia&rft.pub=King+Abdulaziz+Public+Library&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9960944364&rft.aulast=Rentz&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJENPAAAACAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BBirth%2Bof%2Bthe%2BIslamic%2BReform%2BMovement%2Bin%2BSaudi%2BArabia%3A%2BMuhammad%2BIbn%2BAbd%2BAl-Wahhab%2B%281703%2F4-1792%29%2Band%2Bthe%2BBeginnings%2Bof%2BUnitarian%2BEmpire%2Bin%2BArabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjeilen2001" class="citation book cs1">Kjeilen, Tore (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NnajwEACAAJ&q=Muwahhidun">Encyclopaedia of the Orient: Wahhabism/Muwahhidun</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Orient%3A+Wahhabism%2FMuwahhidun&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kjeilen&rft.aufirst=Tore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NnajwEACAAJ%26q%3DMuwahhidun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlasseIsl-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlasseIsl_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlasseIsl_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlasseIsl_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasse2001" class="citation book cs1">Glasse, Cyril (2001). 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CA&C Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925070024/https://www.ca-c.org/online/2000/journal_eng/eng01_2000/16.atkin.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2021. <q>In political, as well as religious matters, any Muslim who challenges the status quo is at risk of being labeled a Wahhabi. 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Modern Asian Studies. 44 (1): 9–13. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1571334">1571334</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230121025830/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1571334">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <q>"The use of the term to label all distasteful opponents has become so routine in post–Soviet discourse that Feliks Kulov, then Minister for National Security in Kyrgyzstan, could speak in 1997 of "foreign Wahhabi emissaries, from Iran in particular"..."People accused of being "Wahhabis" are routinely charged with treason and subversion against the state".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Clear+and+Present+Danger%3A+%22Wahhabism%22+as+a+Rhetorical+Foil&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-13&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1571334%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Knysh&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1571334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiktorowicz2006235_footnote-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiktorowicz2006235_footnote_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiktorowicz2006235_footnote_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiktorowicz2006235_footnote_36-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiktorowicz2006">Wiktorowicz 2006</a>, p. 235 footnote. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafraAguilar-Cauz2006" class="citation book cs1">Safra, Jacob E.; Aguilar-Cauz, Jorge (2006). 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Mutiny at the Margins – New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857. 4 (3). Singapore: Sage Publications: 46 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutiny+at+the+Margins+%E2%80%93+New+Perspectives+on+the+Indian+Uprising+of+1857&rft.atitle=Holy+Warriors%3A+Religion+as+military+modus+operandi+in+the+Indian+uprising+of+1857&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rft.au=Carter%2C+Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F273959847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill_Publishers-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_Publishers_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_Publishers_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatinaCommins2009" class="citation book cs1">Hatina, Meir; Commins, David (2009). 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Western Imaginings: The intellectual contest to define Wahhabism. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774168642" title="Special:BookSources/978-9774168642"><bdi>978-9774168642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Wahhabism+as+a+contested+category&rft.btitle=Western+Imaginings%3A+The+intellectual+contest+to+define+Wahhabism&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9774168642&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Rohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2020" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Qeyamuddin (2020). The Wahhabi Movement in India. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. pp. ix, x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0367514839" title="Special:BookSources/978-0367514839"><bdi>978-0367514839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Movement+in+India&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22texhtml+mvar%22+style%3D%22font-style%3Aitalic%2C+%22%3Eix%2C+x%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Routledge%3A+Taylor+and+Francis+Group&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0367514839&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Qeyamuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRS08-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRS08_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRS08_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRS08_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard2008" class="citation report cs1">Blanchard, Christopher M. 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London: Yale University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300178906" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300178906"><bdi>978-0300178906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Ulema%2C+clerics+of+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Clerics+of+Islam%3A+Religious+authority+and+political+power+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0300178906&rft.aulast=Mouline&rft.aufirst=Nabil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahdi2010" class="citation news cs1">Mahdi, Wael (18 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/there-is-no-such-thing-as-wahabism-saudi-prince-says">"There is no such thing as Wahabism, Saudi prince says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a>. Abu Dhabi, UAE. Abu Dhabi Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427025500/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/there-is-no-such-thing-as-wahabism-saudi-prince-says">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=There+is+no+such+thing+as+Wahabism%2C+Saudi+prince+says&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft.aulast=Mahdi&rft.aufirst=Wael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fthere-is-no-such-thing-as-wahabism-saudi-prince-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> According to author Abdul Aziz Qassim.<a href="#cite_note-58">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaykelHegghammerLacroix2015" class="citation book cs1">Haykel, Bernard; Hegghammer, Thomas; Lacroix, Stéphane (2015). Saudi Arabia in Transition. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107006294" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107006294"><bdi>978-1107006294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+in+Transition&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1107006294&rft.aulast=Haykel&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Hegghammer%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Lacroix%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rigid-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rigid_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rigid_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar2002" class="citation news cs1">MacFarquhar, Neil (12 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/magazine/the-jihadi-who-kept-asking-why.html?pagewanted=all">"A Few Saudis Defy a Rigid Islam to Debate Their Own Intolerance"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903145423/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/magazine/the-jihadi-who-kept-asking-why.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Few+Saudis+Defy+a+Rigid+Islam+to+Debate+Their+Own+Intolerance&rft.date=2002-07-12&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F03%2F07%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-jihadi-who-kept-asking-why.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/there-is-no-such-thing-as-wahabism-saudi-prince-says">"There is no such thing as Wahabism, Saudi prince says"</a>. 18 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427025500/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/there-is-no-such-thing-as-wahabism-saudi-prince-says">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There+is+no+such+thing+as+Wahabism%2C+Saudi+prince+says&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fthere-is-no-such-thing-as-wahabism-saudi-prince-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804012750/http://www.islamdaily.org/en/wahabism/8411.saudi-prince-salman-the-term-wahhabi-was-coined-by.htm">"Saudi Prince Salman: The term Wahhabi was coined by Saudi Arabia's enemies"</a>. Islam Daily (islamdaily.org). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamdaily.org/en/wahabism/8411.saudi-prince-salman-the-term-wahhabi-was-coined-by.htm">the original</a> on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+Daily+%28islamdaily.org%29&rft.atitle=Saudi+Prince+Salman%3A+The+term+Wahhabi+was+coined+by+Saudi+Arabia%27s+enemies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamdaily.org%2Fen%2Fwahabism%2F8411.saudi-prince-salman-the-term-wahhabi-was-coined-by.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2001/COMMUNITY/10/18/mattson.cnna/">"Ingrid Mattson: What is Islam?"</a> (interview). <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 18 October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160103030535/http://www.cnn.com/2001/COMMUNITY/10/18/mattson.cnna/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2015 – via cnn.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ingrid+Mattson%3A+What+is+Islam%3F&rft.date=2001-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2001%2FCOMMUNITY%2F10%2F18%2Fmattson.cnna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|people=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2018" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Jeffrey (2 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/amp/article/557036/">"Saudi Crown Prince: Iran's Supreme Leader 'Makes Hitler Look Good'"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190118022826/https://www.theatlantic.com/amp/article/557036/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Saudi+Crown+Prince%3A+Iran%27s+Supreme+Leader+%27Makes+Hitler+Look+Good%27&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Famp%2Farticle%2F557036%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LofC-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LofC_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LofC_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LofC_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LofC_66-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+sa0044%29">"Saudi Arabia. Wahhabi Theology"</a>. December 1992. Library of Congress Country Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041107123733/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+sa0044%29">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2004. Retrieved 17 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=December+1992&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia.+Wahhabi+Theology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%2528DOCID%2Bsa0044%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2011" class="citation book cs1">Riedel, Bruce O. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Bmejr8WaRkC&pg=PA160">"Saudi Arabia, elephant in the living room"</a>. The Arab Awakening: America and the transformation of the Middle East. Brookings Institution Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815722274" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815722274"><bdi>978-0815722274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%2C+elephant+in+the+living+room&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Awakening%3A+America+and+the+transformation+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0815722274&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Bmejr8WaRkC%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse2012" class="citation book cs1">House, Karen Elliott (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dIu0LSe8aVwC&pg=PA150">On Saudi Arabia: Its people, past, religion, fault lines, and future</a>. Knopf. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307473288" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307473288"><bdi>978-0307473288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Its+people%2C+past%2C+religion%2C+fault+lines%2C+and+future&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0307473288&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Karen+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdIu0LSe8aVwC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito201155-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito201155_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsposito2011">Esposito 2011</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFM._Zarabozo2005">M. Zarabozo 2005</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2006" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Caryle (5 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_pf.html">"For conservative Muslims, goal of isolation a challenge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210234500/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_pf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=For+conservative+Muslims%2C+goal+of+isolation+a+challenge&rft.date=2006-09-05&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Caryle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F09%2F04%2FAR2006090401107_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiktorowicz2006216-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiktorowicz2006216_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiktorowicz2006">Wiktorowicz 2006</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagemakers2010" class="citation book cs1">Wagemakers, Joas (2010). A Quietist Jihadi: The ideology and influence of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107022072" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107022072"><bdi>978-1107022072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Quietist+Jihadi%3A+The+ideology+and+influence+of+Abu+Muhammad+al-Maqdisi&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1107022072&rft.aulast=Wagemakers&rft.aufirst=Joas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandaville2022" class="citation book cs1">Mandaville, Peter (2022). "2: Wahhabism and Salafism in global perspective". Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197532577" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197532577"><bdi>978-0197532577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Wahhabism+and+Salafism+in+global+perspective&rft.btitle=Wahhabism+and+the+World%3A+Understanding+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Global+Influence+on+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0197532577&rft.aulast=Mandaville&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-Wahhabis-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia-Wahhabis_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia-Wahhabis_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011" class="citation book cs1">Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1369">"Wahhabis"</a>. Encyclopedia of Global Religion. Sage Publications. p. 1369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452266565" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452266565"><bdi>978-1452266565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahhabis&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion&rft.pages=1369&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1452266565&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwJzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaykel2013">Haykel 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-thinnly-78"><a href="#cite_ref-thinnly_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2006">Commins 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wahhabimissionsa0000comm/page/7">7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-lacey-glory-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lacey-glory_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lacey-glory_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lacey-glory_81-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLacey2009">Lacey 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidekingdomkin00lace_0/page/10">10–11</a>. "the two ... concluded a pact. Ibn Saud would protect and propagate the stern doctrines of the Wahhabi mission, which made the Koran the basis of government. In return, Abdul Wahhab would support the ruler, supplying him with 'glory and power'. Whoever championed his message, he promised, 'will, by means of it, rule and lands and men'." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacina20155–10,_72–73,_97-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonacina20155–10,_72–73,_97_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonacina2015">Bonacina 2015</a>, pp. 5–10, 72–73, 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kepel-petro-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kepel-petro_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kepel-petro_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKepel2006">Kepel 2006</a>, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Esposito1992" class="citation book cs1">L. Esposito, John (1992). The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195102983" title="Special:BookSources/0195102983"><bdi>0195102983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Threat%3A+Myth+or+Reality%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0195102983&rft.aulast=L.+Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;"Ahl-i_Hadith"-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;"Ahl-i_Hadith"_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsposito2003">Esposito 2003</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>], "Ahl-i Hadith". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacroix201360–62-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacroix201360–62_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacroix201360–62_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLacroix2013">Lacroix 2013</a>, pp. 60–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2006145-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2006145_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2006">Commins 2006</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2006144–145-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2006144–145_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2006">Commins 2006</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2006147-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2006147_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2006">Commins 2006</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijer2013" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Roel (2013). Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 73–74, 130–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199333431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199333431"><bdi>978-0199333431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=73-74%2C+130-135&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199333431&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Roel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean_Commins1990" class="citation book cs1">Dean Commins, David (1990). Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria. 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The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 70–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231175500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231175500"><bdi>978-0231175500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Salafism%3A+Islamic+Reform+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=70-80&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0231175500&rft.aulast=Lauzi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijer2013" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Roel (2013). Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199333431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199333431"><bdi>978-0199333431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199333431&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Roel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacroix201363–70-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacroix201363–70_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLacroix2013">Lacroix 2013</a>, pp. 63–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2013" class="citation journal cs1">O'Sullivan, Justine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005809X398636">"The Myths of Muslim Women Liberation: Why Islamists Resist the Western Concept of Universal Women's Rights"</a>. Arabic. 56. Leiden: Brill Publishers: 34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005809X398636">10.1163/157005809X398636</a> – via tandfonline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabic&rft.atitle=The+Myths+of+Muslim+Women+Liberation%3A+Why+Islamists+Resist+the+Western+Concept+of+Universal+Women%27s+Rights&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157005809X398636&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Justine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F157005809X398636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2005" class="citation book cs1">Abou El Fadl, Khalid (2005). The Great Theft. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. pp. 75, 93, 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060563394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060563394"><bdi>978-0060563394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Theft&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=75%2C+93%2C+152&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0060563394&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khalid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meijer_2014_43-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meijer_2014_43_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meijer_2014_43_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijer2014" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Roel (2014). "Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and his Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism". Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199333431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199333431"><bdi>978-0199333431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Revolution+and+Apoliticism%3A+Nasir+al-Din+al-Albani+and+his+Impact+on+the+Shaping+of+Contemporary+Salafism&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199333431&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Roel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacroix2011" class="citation book cs1">Lacroix, Stéphane (2011). "3: Resistance to Sahwa Ascendancy". Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press. pp. 84–85, 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674049642" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674049642"><bdi>978-0674049642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Resistance+to+Sahwa+Ascendancy&rft.btitle=Awakening+Islam%3A+The+Politics+of+Religious+Dissent+in+Contemporary+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%3B+London&rft.pages=84-85%2C+220&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0674049642&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail2021" class="citation book cs1">Ismail, Raihan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">"1: Salafism"</a>. Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi 'Ulama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190948955" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190948955"><bdi>978-0190948955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Salafism&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Salafism%3A+The+Transnational+Networks+of+Salafi+%27Ulama+in+Egypt%2C+Kuwait%2C+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0190948955&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=Raihan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvOFDEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> "From there he [Albani] learned to oppose taqlid in a madhab." Bennett, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, p. 174. "Al-Albani had denounced Wahhabi attachment to the Hanbali school." Stephane Lacroix, George Holoch, Awakening Islam, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacroix_2008_6–7-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lacroix_2008_6–7_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacroix_2008_6–7_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacroix2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lacroix, Stéphane (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17210">"Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith"</a>. ISIM Review. 21. Leiden: 6–7. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F17210">1887/17210</a> – via Lieden University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISIM+Review&rft.atitle=Al-Albani%27s+Revolutionary+Approach+to+Hadith&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F17210&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1887%2F17210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meijer2009-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Meijer2009_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijer2009" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Roel (1 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvBOAQAAIAAJ">Global Salafism: Islam's new religious movement</a>. 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Hurst & Co.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 63–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850659792" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850659792"><bdi>978-1850659792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+new+religious+movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63-68&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.%2C+Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1850659792&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Roel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvBOAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalverson2010">Halverson 2010</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalverson2010">Halverson 2010</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalverson2010">Halverson 2010</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpevack2014" class="citation book cs1">Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri. State University of New York Press. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archetypal+Sunni+Scholar%3A+Law%2C+Theology%2C+and+Mysticism+in+the+Synthesis+of+Al-Bajuri&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Spevack&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCSI2010:_482-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TCSI2010:_482_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCSI2010:_482_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCSI2010:_482_109-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalverson2010">Halverson 2010</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeránekŤupek2018" class="citation book cs1">Beránek, Ondřej; Ťupek, Pavel (2018). "2: Early Wahhabism and the Beginnings of Modern Salafism". The Temptation of Graves in Salafi Islam: Iconoclasm, Destruction and Idolatry. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 81–82, 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1474417570" title="Special:BookSources/978-1474417570"><bdi>978-1474417570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Early+Wahhabism+and+the+Beginnings+of+Modern+Salafism&rft.btitle=The+Temptation+of+Graves+in+Salafi+Islam%3A+Iconoclasm%2C+Destruction+and+Idolatry&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=81-82%2C+119&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1474417570&rft.aulast=Ber%C3%A1nek&rft.aufirst=Ond%C5%99ej&rft.au=%C5%A4upek%2C+Pavel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNAHOUZA2009" class="citation book cs1">NAHOUZA, Namira (April 2009). "3: Contemporary perceptions of the Salaf – the Wahhabi case". Contemporary Wahhabism rebranded as Salafism: the issue of interpreting the Qur'anic verses and hadith on the Attributes of God and its significance. University of Exeter. pp. 96–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Contemporary+perceptions+of+the+Salaf+%E2%80%93+the+Wahhabi+case&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Wahhabism+rebranded+as+Salafism%3A+the+issue+of+interpreting+the+Qur%27anic+verses+and+hadith+on+the+Attributes+of+God+and+its+significance&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter&rft.date=2009-04&rft.aulast=NAHOUZA&rft.aufirst=Namira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail2021" class="citation book cs1">Ismail, Raihan (2021). "1: Salafism". Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi ʿUlama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190948955" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190948955"><bdi>978-0190948955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Salafism&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Salafism%3A+The+Transnational+Networks+of+Salafi+%CA%BFUlama+in+Egypt%2C+Kuwait%2C+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0190948955&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=Raihan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeránekŤupek2018" class="citation book cs1">Beránek, Ondřej; Ťupek, Pavel (2018). "2: Early Wahhabism and the Beginnings of Modern Salafism". The Temptation of Graves in Salafi Islam: Iconoclasm, Destruction and Idolatry. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 87–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1474417570" title="Special:BookSources/978-1474417570"><bdi>978-1474417570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Early+Wahhabism+and+the+Beginnings+of+Modern+Salafism&rft.btitle=The+Temptation+of+Graves+in+Salafi+Islam%3A+Iconoclasm%2C+Destruction+and+Idolatry&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=87-89&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1474417570&rft.aulast=Ber%C3%A1nek&rft.aufirst=Ond%C5%99ej&rft.au=%C5%A4upek%2C+Pavel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thahawiyah-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Thahawiyah_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruckmayr2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bruckmayr, Philipp (27 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/wdi/60/2-3/article-p293_6.xml">"Salafī Challenge and Māturīdī Response: Contemporary Disputes over the Legitimacy of Māturīdī kalām"</a>. Die Welt des Islams (in German). 60 (2–3): 293–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700607-06023P06">10.1163/15700607-06023P06</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-0607">1570-0607</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415154114/https://brill.com/view/journals/wdi/60/2-3/article-p293_6.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Salaf%C4%AB+Challenge+and+M%C4%81tur%C4%ABd%C4%AB+Response%3A+Contemporary+Disputes+over+the+Legitimacy+of+M%C4%81tur%C4%ABd%C4%AB+kal%C4%81m&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=293-324&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700607-06023P06&rft.issn=1570-0607&rft.aulast=Bruckmayr&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fwdi%2F60%2F2-3%2Farticle-p293_6.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-commins-x-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-commins-x_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-commins-x_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2009">Commins 2009</a>, p. x. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Kitab al-Tawhid[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200469-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200469_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004">DeLong-Bas 2004</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Martin2004" class="citation book cs1">C. Martin, Richard (2004). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. New York: Macmillan Reference US. p. 727. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028656032" title="Special:BookSources/0028656032"><bdi>0028656032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=727&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+US&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0028656032&rft.aulast=C.+Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Martin2016" class="citation book cs1">C. Martin, Richard (2016). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. p. 1236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028662695" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028662695"><bdi>978-0028662695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pages=1236&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0028662695&rft.aulast=C.+Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200925-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200925_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2009">Commins 2009</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Ghannam2009" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Ghannam, Hussien (2009). Tarikh najd. Cairo. pp. 467–471, 477.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tarikh+najd&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=467-471%2C+477&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ibn+Ghannam&rft.aufirst=Hussien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_Muhammad_ibn_Qasim_Al-Najdi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim Al-Najdi, 'Abd al-Rahman, ed. (1996). "2: كتاب العقائد" [2: Kitab Al-'Aqaid (Book of Creed)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1_20191031/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9%201/page/n81/mode/2up">الدرر السنية في الأجوبة النجدية</a> [Al-Durar Al-Sunniyya Fil Ajwabatil Najdiyya (Sunni Pearls from Najdi Answers)] (in Arabic). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University</a>. pp. 82–83, 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pages=82-83%2C+102&rft.pub=Imam+Mohammad+Ibn+Saud+Islamic+University&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1_20191031%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B1%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2520%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%25201%2Fpage%2Fn81%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoC-123"><a href="#cite_ref-LoC_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+sa0044%29">"Wahhabi Theology"</a>. Saudi Arabia, Library of Congress Country Studies. Library of Congress. 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041107123733/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+sa0044%29">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2004. Retrieved 17 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahhabi+Theology&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%2C+Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%2528DOCID%2Bsa0044%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2009">Commins 2009</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsposito2003">Esposito 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA123">123</a>, "Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2006132–33-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2006132–33_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2006">Commins 2006</a>, pp. 132–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_Abdallah_ibn_Muhammad" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad, Sulayman. <a class="external text" href="https://ar.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF:%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9">تيسير العزيز الحميد</a> [Tayseer al-'Azeez al-Hameed (Facilitation of the Mighty Praise)] (in Arabic). Maktaba Al-Islami. pp. 546–547. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415154115/https://ar.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF:%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF&rft.pages=546-547&rft.pub=Maktaba+Al-Islami&rft.aulast=ibn+Abdallah+ibn+Muhammad&rft.aufirst=Sulayman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Far.m.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2581%3A%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A%25D8%25B2_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2581%25D9%258A_%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AD_%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%3A%25D9%2585%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-L._Esposito_1995_308-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L._Esposito_1995_308_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L._Esposito_1995_308_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Esposito1995" class="citation book cs1">L. Esposito, John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped04espo/page/308/mode/2up?view=theater">The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern Islamic world Vol. 4</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195096150" title="Special:BookSources/0195096150"><bdi>0195096150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+encyclopedia+of+the+modern+Islamic+world+Vol.+4&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195096150&rft.aulast=L.+Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordencycloped04espo%2Fpage%2F308%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naghma_2015_79-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naghma_2015_79_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naghma_2015_79_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaghma2015" class="citation book cs1">Naghma (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ImpactOfTheAhlAlHadithMovementOnContemporaryMuslimSocietyInIndia/page/n103/mode/2up?view=theater">Impact of the Ahl-e-Hadith Movement on Contemporary Muslim Society in India</a>. Aligarh, India: Aligarh Muslim University. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impact+of+the+Ahl-e-Hadith+Movement+on+Contemporary+Muslim+Society+in+India&rft.place=Aligarh%2C+India&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Aligarh+Muslim+University&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Naghma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FImpactOfTheAhlAlHadithMovementOnContemporaryMuslimSocietyInIndia%2Fpage%2Fn103%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Hasan_Aal-Sheikh2002" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Hasan Aal-Sheikh, 'Abdur-Rahman (2002). "38: Taking Scholars or Rulers as Partners Besides Allah". Fath al-Majeed: Sharh Kitab al-Tawhid [Divine Triumph: Explanatory Notes on the Book of Tawheed]. Translated by Al-Halawani, 'Ali As-Sayed. El Mansoura, Egypt: Dar al Manarah. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9776005187" title="Special:BookSources/9776005187"><bdi>9776005187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=38%3A+Taking+Scholars+or+Rulers+as+Partners+Besides+Allah&rft.btitle=Fath+al-Majeed%3A+Sharh+Kitab+al-Tawhid&rft.place=El+Mansoura%2C+Egypt&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Dar+al+Manarah&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9776005187&rft.aulast=Ibn+Hasan+Aal-Sheikh&rft.aufirst=%27Abdur-Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200622–23,_115–16-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200622–23,_115–16_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2006">Commins 2006</a>, pp. 22–23, 115–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Lewis, Bernard, The Middle East, p. 333 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21700396-kingdom-treats-holy-month-more-seriously-anywhere-else-taking-it">"Ramadan in Saudi Arabia"</a>. The Economist. 11 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210452/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21700396-kingdom-treats-holy-month-more-seriously-anywhere-else-taking-it">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Ramadan+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2016-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21700396-kingdom-treats-holy-month-more-seriously-anywhere-else-taking-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Paul Marshall Radical Islam's Rules: The Worldwide Spread of Extreme Shari'a Law Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1461686903" title="Special:BookSources/978-1461686903">978-1461686903</a> p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Paulo Casaca, Siegfried O. Wolf Terrorism Revisited: Islamism, Political Violence and State-Sponsorship Springer 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319556901" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319556901">978-3319556901</a> p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Mark A. Caudill Twilight in the Kingdom: Understanding the Saudis Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275992521" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275992521">978-0275992521</a> p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-LofC-influence-137"><a href="#cite_ref-LofC-influence_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+sa0044%29">"Saudi Arabia. Wahhabi Theology"</a>. Library of Congress Country Studies. December 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041107123733/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+sa0044%29">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2004. Retrieved 17 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia.+Wahhabi+Theology&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%2528DOCID%2Bsa0044%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2005" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, John R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad">Saudi Arabia Exposed</a>. Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/10">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403964335" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403964335"><bdi>978-1403964335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Exposed&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1403964335&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaexpos00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasse-compell-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glasse-compell_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glasse-compell_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasse2001" class="citation book cs1">Glasse, Cyril (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Glasse&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7093423.stm">Saudi schools promoting hatred and violence on non-believers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200326091056/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7093423.stm">Archived</a> 26 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKepel2004">Kepel 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warformuslimmind00kepe/page/158">158</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26030911">Saudi Arabia's religious police 'contains extremists'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180812153329/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26030911">Archived</a> 12 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC, 4 February 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-Van-33-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van-33_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van-33_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Meulen2000" class="citation book cs1">Van der Meulen, D. (2000). The Wells of Ibn Sa'ud. Routledge. pp. 62–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710306760" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710306760"><bdi>978-0710306760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wells+of+Ibn+Sa%27ud&rft.pages=62-113&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0710306760&rft.aulast=Van+der+Meulen&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2005" class="citation book cs1">Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greattheftwrestl00abou">The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists</a>. Harper San Francisco. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greattheftwrestl00abou/page/67">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060563394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060563394"><bdi>978-0060563394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Theft%3A+Wrestling+Islam+from+the+Extremists&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Harper+San+Francisco&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0060563394&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreattheftwrestl00abou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons1998" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Geoff (1998). Saudi Arabia: The Shape of a Client Feudalism. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 152–159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+The+Shape+of+a+Client+Feudalism&rft.pages=152-159&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostiner1993" class="citation book cs1">Kostiner, Joseph (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingsaudiarabi00kost">The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingsaudiarabi00kost/page/n131">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195074406" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195074406"><bdi>978-0195074406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Saudi+Arabia%2C+1916%E2%80%931936%3A+From+Chieftaincy+to+Monarchical+State&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0195074406&rft.aulast=Kostiner&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingsaudiarabi00kost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theft-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theft_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theft_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2005" class="citation book cs1">Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005). 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Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Shock%21+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Graphic+Arts+Center+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Tripp&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Peter+North&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattram2010" class="citation book cs1">Battram, Robert A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBc9349sw4QC&pg=PA415">Canada in Crisis (2): An Agenda for Survival of the Nation</a>. Trafford. pp. 415–416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426933936" title="Special:BookSources/978-1426933936"><bdi>978-1426933936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+in+Crisis+%282%29%3A+An+Agenda+for+Survival+of+the+Nation&rft.pages=415-416&rft.pub=Trafford&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1426933936&rft.aulast=Battram&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpBc9349sw4QC%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-net_places-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-net_places_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-net_places_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp" class="citation web cs1">Sharp, Arthur G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321022500/http://www.netplaces.com/middle-east-guide/saudi-arabia-crossroads-of-islam/whats-a-wahhabi.htm">"What's a Wahhabi?"</a>. net places. 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Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 136–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004184695" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004184695"><bdi>978-9004184695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+Wahhabism+Applied+%E2%80%93+Flexibility+Towards+Change&rft.btitle=Wahh%C4%81b%C4%AB+Islam+Facing+the+Challenges+of+Modernity&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=136-137&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004184695&rft.aulast=Al-Atawneh&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Vogel2000" class="citation book cs1">E. Vogel, Frank (2000). "2: Ijtihad as Law". 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Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004110623" title="Special:BookSources/9004110623"><bdi>9004110623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Ijtihad+as+Law&rft.btitle=Islamic+Law+and+Legal+System%3A+Studies+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9004110623&rft.aulast=E.+Vogel&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200497-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200497_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004">DeLong-Bas 2004</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200496-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200496_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004">DeLong-Bas 2004</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas2004100-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas2004100_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004">DeLong-Bas 2004</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas2004107–108-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas2004107–108_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004">DeLong-Bas 2004</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Vogel2000" class="citation book cs1">E. 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Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2022. pp. 3–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815637530" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815637530"><bdi>978-0815637530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+The+Role+of+Women+in+Solidifying+Eighteenth-Century+Revival+and+Reform+Initiatives+into+Ongoing+Mass+Movements&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Revival%2C+and+Reform%3A+Redefining+Tradition+for+the+Twenty-First+Century+%E2%80%93+Essays+Inspired+by+John+O.+Voll&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+NY&rft.pages=3-29&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0815637530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhlid_al-Harbi2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mukhlid al-Harbi, Dalal (2008). Ann Roberg-Abahsain, Jill (ed.). Prominent Women from Central Arabia (in Arabic). Translated by Abahsain, Muhammad M.; al-Furaih, Mohammad A. (1st ed.). UK: Ithaca Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0863723278" title="Special:BookSources/978-0863723278"><bdi>978-0863723278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prominent+Women+from+Central+Arabia&rft.place=UK&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ithaca+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0863723278&rft.aulast=Mukhlid+al-Harbi&rft.aufirst=Dalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200690–102,_111–13-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200690–102,_111–13_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2006">Commins 2006</a>, pp. 90–102, 111–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200434–35-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLong-Bas200434–35_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004">DeLong-Bas 2004</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121219045347/http://www.info.gov.sa/portals/kingdom/KingdomHistory.html">"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: History. Rulers of the first Saudi state"</a>. info.gov.sa. Government of Saudi Arabia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.sa/portals/kingdom/KingdomHistory.html">the original</a> on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=info.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia%3A+History.+Rulers+of+the+first+Saudi+state&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.sa%2Fportals%2Fkingdom%2FKingdomHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> (note the first four Saudi monarchs have the title Imam.) </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Vogel, Frank E, Islamic Law and Legal Systems: Studies of Saudi Arabia (Leiden, 2000), p. 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse,_Karen_Elliott2012" class="citation book cs1">House, Karen Elliott (2012). On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future. Knopf. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Its+People%2C+past%2C+Religion%2C+Fault+Lines+and+Future&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2012&rft.au=House%2C+Karen+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2009">Commins 2009</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbir1993" class="citation book cs1">Abir, Mordechai (1993). Saudi Arabia: Government, Society and the Gulf Crisis. London: Routledge. pp. 191–194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Government%2C+Society+and+the+Gulf+Crisis&rft.place=London&rft.pages=191-194&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Struggle between designated heir Abdullah and his half brother Saud </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2009">Commins 2009</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2009">Commins 2009</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-husain-251"><a href="#cite_ref-husain_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusain2007" class="citation book cs1">Husain, Ed (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamistwhyijoin00husa">The Islamist: Why I joined Radical Islam in Britain, what I saw inside and why I left</a>. Penguin Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamistwhyijoin00husa/page/246">246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141030432" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141030432"><bdi>978-0141030432</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamist%3A+Why+I+joined+Radical+Islam+in+Britain%2C+what+I+saw+inside+and+why+I+left&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0141030432&rft.aulast=Husain&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamistwhyijoin00husa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kepel-220-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Kepel-220_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKepel2002">Kepel 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jihad00gill_0/page/220">220</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="18_February_2014" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724153914/https://zubairqamar.com/2014/02/18/wahhabism-understanding-the-roots-and-role-models-of-islamic-fanaticism-and-terror/">"Wahhabism: Understanding the Roots and Role Models of Islamic Fanaticism and Terror"</a>. Zubair Qamar. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zubairqamar.com/2014/02/18/wahhabism-understanding-the-roots-and-role-models-of-islamic-fanaticism-and-terror/">the original</a> on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zubair+Qamar&rft.atitle=Wahhabism%3A+Understanding+the+Roots+and+Role+Models+of+Islamic+Fanaticism+and+Terror&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzubairqamar.com%2F2014%2F02%2F18%2Fwahhabism-understanding-the-roots-and-role-models-of-islamic-fanaticism-and-terror%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_Muhammad_ibn_Qasim_Al-Najdi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim Al-Najdi, 'Abd al-Rahman, ed. (1996). "في الإمامة، والبيعة، والسمع والطاعة" [On Imamate, Allegiance, Hearing and Obedience]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1_20191031/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9%209/page/n3/mode/2up">الدرر السنية في الأجوبة النجدية</a> [Al-Durar Al-Sunniyya Fil Ajwabatil Najdiyya (Sunni Pearls from Najdi Answers)] (in Arabic). Vol. 9. <a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University</a>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9%D8%8C+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9%D8%8C+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Imam+Mohammad+Ibn+Saud+Islamic+University&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1_20191031%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B1%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2520%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%25209%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColler2022151–152-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColler2022151–152_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColler2022">Coller 2022</a>, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley201031–34-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayley201031–34_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayley2010">Bayley 2010</a>, pp. 31–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacina20155–6-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonacina20155–6_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonacina2015">Bonacina 2015</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley201031–32-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayley201031–32_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayley2010">Bayley 2010</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2009">Commins 2009</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2009">Commins 2009</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2009">Commins 2009</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2009">Commins 2009</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse,_Karen_Elliott2012" class="citation book cs1">House, Karen Elliott (2012). On Saudi Arabia: Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future. Knopf. p. 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Its+People%2C+Past%2C+Religion%2C+Fault+Lines+and+Future&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2012&rft.au=House%2C+Karen+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2005" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, John R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad">Saudi Arabia Exposed</a>. Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403964335" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403964335"><bdi>978-1403964335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Exposed&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1403964335&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaexpos00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dorsey-266"><a href="#cite_ref-dorsey_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorsey" class="citation web cs1">Dorsey, James M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903063553/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=61189">"Wahhabism vs. Wahhabism: Qatar Challenges Saudi Arabia"</a>. 2013-09-08. Middle East Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=61189">the original</a> on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2013-09-08&rft.atitle=Wahhabism+vs.+Wahhabism%3A+Qatar+Challenges+Saudi+Arabia&rft.aulast=Dorsey&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middle-east-online.com%2Fenglish%2F%3Fid%3D61189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole-267"><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2009" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Juan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/engagingmuslimwo00cole">Engaging the Muslim World</a>. Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/engagingmuslimwo00cole/page/110">110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230620575" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230620575"><bdi>978-0230620575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaging+the+Muslim+World&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0230620575&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fengagingmuslimwo00cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnees_al-Qudaihi2009" class="citation news cs1">Anees al-Qudaihi (24 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7959531.stm">"Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100407072038/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7959531.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Shia+press+for+rights&rft.date=2009-03-24&rft.au=Anees+al-Qudaihi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7959531.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLionel_Beehner2006" class="citation web cs1">Lionel Beehner (16 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060717225737/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10903/shiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html">"Shiite Muslims in the Middle East"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/publication/10903/shiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shiite+Muslims+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2006-06-16&rft.au=Lionel+Beehner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fpublication%2F10903%2Fshiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVali_Nasr2006" class="citation book cs1">Vali Nasr (2006). Shia Revival. p. 236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shia+Revival&rft.pages=236&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Vali+Nasr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon-3-4-272"><a href="#cite_ref-Dillon-3-4_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2009" class="citation web cs1">Dillon, Michael R. (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a509109.pdf">"Wahabism: Is it a Factor in the Spread of Global Terrorism?"</a> (PDF). Naval Post-Graduate School. pp. 3–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090159/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a509109.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wahabism%3A+Is+it+a+Factor+in+the+Spread+of+Global+Terrorism%3F&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Naval+Post-Graduate+School&rft.date=2009-09&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa509109.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Stephane Lacroix, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17210/ISIM_21_Al-Albani-s_Revolutionary_Approach_to_Hadith.pdf?sequence=1">Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010091919/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17210/ISIM_21_Al-Albani-s_Revolutionary_Approach_to_Hadith.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ISIM Review, Spring 2008, No. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacroix2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lacroix, Stephane (Spring 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2727669/view">"Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith"</a>. ISIM Review. 21 (1). Leiden University: 6–7. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F17210">1887/17210</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210626201426/https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item:2727669/view">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISIM+Review&rft.atitle=Al-Albani%27s+Revolutionary+Approach+to+Hadith&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F17210&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=Stephane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl%2Faccess%2Fitem%253A2727669%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-276"><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_2.html">"For Conservative Muslims, Goal of Isolation a Challenge"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107042315/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=For+Conservative+Muslims%2C+Goal+of+Isolation+a+Challenge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F09%2F04%2FAR2006090401107_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito201154-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito201154_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsposito2011">Esposito 2011</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqbal2013" class="citation book cs1">Iqbal, Muhammad (2013). The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804781466" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804781466"><bdi>978-0804781466</bdi></a>. <q>But the spirit of Ibn Taymiyyah's teaching found a fuller expression in a movement of immense potentialities which arose in the eighteenth century, from the sands of Nejd, described by Macdonald as the "cleanest spot in the decadent world of Islam". It is really the first throb of life in modern Islam. To the inspiration of this movement are traceable, directly or indirectly, nearly all the great modem movements of Muslim Asia and Africa, e.g. the Sanusl movement, the Pan-Islamic movement, and the Babi movement, which is only a Persian reflex of Arabian Protestantism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconstruction+of+Religious+Thought+in+Islam&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0804781466&rft.aulast=Iqbal&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2009210-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2009210_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2009210_279-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2009210_279-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2009210_279-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2009210_279-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2009210_279-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2009">Commins 2009</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a> (2002), The Place of Tolerance in Islam, p. 8. Beacon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807002291" title="Special:BookSources/0807002291">0807002291</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2009111-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2009111_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2009">Commins 2009</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Jackson1999" class="citation book cs1">M. Jackson, Guida (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x3BzmTdQLioC&dq=ghaliyya+al-wahhabiyya&pg=PR42">"Introduction"</a>. Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Inc. p. xlii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576070913" title="Special:BookSources/1576070913"><bdi>1576070913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Women+Rulers+Throughout+the+Ages%3A+An+Illustrated+Guide&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=xlii&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1576070913&rft.aulast=M.+Jackson&rft.aufirst=Guida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx3BzmTdQLioC%26dq%3Dghaliyya%2Bal-wahhabiyya%26pg%3DPR42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Jackson2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Jackson, Guida (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oclHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA141">Women Leaders of Africa, Asia, Middle East and Pacific: A Biographical Reference</a>. US: Xlibris. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441558442" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441558442"><bdi>978-1441558442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Leaders+of+Africa%2C+Asia%2C+Middle+East+and+Pacific%3A+A+Biographical+Reference&rft.place=US&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Xlibris&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1441558442&rft.aulast=M.+Jackson&rft.aufirst=Guida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoclHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-murphy-commins-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-murphy-commins_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murphy-commins_284-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryle_Murphy2010" class="citation web cs1">Caryle Murphy (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505024018/http://islamdag.info/story/415">"A Kingdom Divided"</a>. GlobalPost. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamdag.info/story/415">the original</a> on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Kingdom+Divided&rft.pub=GlobalPost&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.au=Caryle+Murphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamdag.info%2Fstory%2F415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2005" class="citation book cs1">Abou El Fadl, Khalid (2005). The Great Theft. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. pp. 70–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060563394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060563394"><bdi>978-0060563394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Theft&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=70-72&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0060563394&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khalid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandavilleHammond2022" class="citation book cs1">Mandaville, Peter; Hammond, Andrew (2022). "1: Wahhabism and the World: The Historical Evolution, Structure, and Future of Saudi Religious Transnationalism". Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197532577" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197532577"><bdi>978-0197532577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Wahhabism+and+the+World%3A+The+Historical+Evolution%2C+Structure%2C+and+Future+of+Saudi+Religious+Transnationalism&rft.btitle=Wahhabism+and+the+World%3A+Understanding+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Global+Influence+on+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0197532577&rft.aulast=Mandaville&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> documentary The Qur'an aired in the UK, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/tv-radio-reviews/last-nights-tv-the-quran-channel-4-banged-up-five-867474.html">The Qur'an review in The Independent</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swap.stanford.edu/20100416011259/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts%2Dentertainment/film%2Dand%2Dtv/tv%2Dradio%2Dreviews/last%2Dnights%2Dtv%2Dthe%2Dquran%2Dchannel%2D4%2Dbanged%2Dup%2Dfive%2D867474.html">Archived</a> 16 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Libraries" title="Stanford University Libraries">Stanford Web Archive</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-deadly-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deadly_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deadly_289-1">b</a> Yahya Birt, an academic who is director of The City Circle, a networking body of young British Muslim professionals, quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/wahhabism-a-deadly-scripture-398516.html">Wahhabism: A deadly scripture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101209021212/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/wahhabism-a-deadly-scripture-398516.html">Archived</a> 9 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>| Paul Vallely 1 November 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtin_Winsor2007" class="citation web cs1">Curtin Winsor (22 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610043506/http://www.globalpolitician.com/23661-saudi">"Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism and the Spread of Sunni Theofascism"</a>. Global Politician. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolitician.com/23661-saudi">the original</a> on 10 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Politician&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%2C+Wahhabism+and+the+Spread+of+Sunni+Theofascism&rft.date=2007-10-22&rft.au=Curtin+Winsor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolitician.com%2F23661-saudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-291">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_291-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_291-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandavilleHammond2022" class="citation book cs1">Mandaville, Peter; Hammond, Andrew (2022). "1: Wahhabism and the World: The Historical Evolution, Structure, and Future of Saudi Religious Transnationalism". Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 6–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197532577" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197532577"><bdi>978-0197532577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Wahhabism+and+the+World%3A+The+Historical+Evolution%2C+Structure%2C+and+Future+of+Saudi+Religious+Transnationalism&rft.btitle=Wahhabism+and+the+World%3A+Understanding+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Global+Influence+on+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6-10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0197532577&rft.aulast=Mandaville&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-292">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_292-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_292-1">b</a> Dawood al-Shirian, 'What Is Saudi Arabia Going to Do?' 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Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 123–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774168642" title="Special:BookSources/978-9774168642"><bdi>978-9774168642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Imaginings%3A+The+intellectual+contest+to+define+Wahhabism&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=123-177&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9774168642&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Rohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYrRSDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DWESTERN%2BIMAGININGS%2BThe%2BIntellectual%2BContest%2Bto%2BDefine%2BWahhabism%2Bpdf%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgar2002back_cover-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlgar2002back_cover_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlgar2002">Algar 2002</a>, back cover. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgar200233–34-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlgar200233–34_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlgar2002">Algar 2002</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbin_Zini_Dahlan1997" class="citation book cs1">bin Zini Dahlan, Ahmad (1997). futuhat al-Islamiyya ba'd Mudiy al-Futuhat al-Nabawiyya. 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British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 46 (4): 519–534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2018.1434612">10.1080/13530194.2018.1434612</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194">1353-0194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149088619">149088619</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124050524/https://www.academia.edu/35958373">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2022 – via tandfonline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Did+Ibn+Saud%27s+militants+cause+400%2C000+casualties%3F+Myths+and+evidence+about+the+Wahhabi+conquests%2C+1902%E2%80%931925&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=519-534&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149088619%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1353-0194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530194.2018.1434612&rft.aulast=Eden&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35958373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDannreutherMarch2010" class="citation book cs1">Dannreuther, Roland; March, Luke (2010). 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Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge: Taylor & Francis. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415552455" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415552455"><bdi>978-0415552455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Islam%3A+State%2C+society+and+radicalism&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Routledge%3A+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0415552455&rft.aulast=Dannreuther&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=March%2C+Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-320"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauvain2012" class="citation book cs1">Gauvain, Richard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCL5fElYbnYC">Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God</a>. 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Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friends+of+God%3A+Islamic+Images+of+Piety%2C+Commitment%2C+and+Servanthood&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.au=John+Renard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Renard2009" class="citation book cs1">John Renard (2009). Tales of God Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+God+Friends%3A+Islamic+Hagiography+in+Translation&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.au=John+Renard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> Jonathan A.C. Brown, "Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints", Journal of Sufi Studies 1 (2012), p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam (New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009), p. 600 </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFM._Zarabozo2005">M. Zarabozo 2005</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-kingdom-327">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingdom_327-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingdom_327-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Rasheed2008" class="citation book cs1">Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKkWRu6u29gC">Kingdom without borders: Saudi political, religious and media frontiers</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231700689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231700689"><bdi>978-0231700689</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+without+borders%3A+Saudi+political%2C+religious+and+media+frontiers&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0231700689&rft.aulast=Al-Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Madawi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKkWRu6u29gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2006">Commins 2006</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFM._Zarabozo2005">M. Zarabozo 2005</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkinci2015" class="citation web cs1">Ekinci, Ekrem Buğra (13 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2015/02/13/wahhabism-pure-islam-or-extremism">"Wahhabism: Pure Islam or extremism?"</a>. Daily Sabah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Wahhabism%3A+Pure+Islam+or+extremism%3F&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.aulast=Ekinci&rft.aufirst=Ekrem+Bu%C4%9Fra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Ffeature%2F2015%2F02%2F13%2Fwahhabism-pure-islam-or-extremism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SatanicSimonValentine-331"><a href="#cite_ref-SatanicSimonValentine_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValentine2015">Valentine 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B6mKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">16–17</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2009" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Ahmad Atif (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ccbIAAAAQBAJ&q=Khawarij+wahhab++Ibn+Abidin&pg=PA164">Islam, Modernity, Violence, and Everyday Life</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230619562" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230619562"><bdi>978-0230619562</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Modernity%2C+Violence%2C+and+Everyday+Life&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0230619562&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Atif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DccbIAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DKhawarij%2Bwahhab%2B%2BIbn%2BAbidin%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> Khaled Abou El Fadl, "9/11 and the Muslim Transformation". Taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-ZLkRpYQWMC&dq=khawarij+wahabi&pg=PA87">"September 11 in History: A Watershed Moment?"</a>, p. 87. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Dudziak" title="Mary L. Dudziak">Mary L. Dudziak</a>. <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham</a>: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a> 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822332428" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822332428">978-0822332428</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> Hashiyya radd al-Mukhtar, Volume 3, Page 309 </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2017" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Chase (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QapsDgAAQBAJ&q=2015+reports+circulated+that+ibn+taymiyyah&pg=PT226">Islamic Civilization in Thirty Lives: The First 1,000 Years</a>. University of California. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520966277" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520966277"><bdi>978-0520966277</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Civilization+in+Thirty+Lives%3A+The+First+1%2C000+Years&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0520966277&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Chase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQapsDgAAQBAJ%26q%3D2015%2Breports%2Bcirculated%2Bthat%2Bibn%2Btaymiyyah%26pg%3DPT226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins200959-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins200959_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2009">Commins 2009</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYavuz2013" class="citation book cs1">Yavuz, M. 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Soekarno Ternyata Pernah Berbicara Tentang Wahabi! Apa Kata Beliau?"</a>. Assunnah (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219232109/https://www.assunnah.id/2020/08/01/presiden-pertama-ri-ir-soekarno-ternyata-pernah-berbicara-tentang-wahabi-apa-kata-beliau/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021. 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Madinah Punlishers and Distributors. pp. 416–417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0985632694" title="Special:BookSources/978-0985632694"><bdi>978-0985632694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+and+Mission+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=416-417&rft.pub=Madinah+Punlishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0985632694&rft.aulast=Abu+alrub&rft.aufirst=Jalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlgar2002" class="citation book cs1">Algar, Hamid (2002). 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A New Introduction to Islam. <a href="/wiki/Chichester,_West_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichester, West Sussex">Chichester, West Sussex</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. 245–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405158077" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405158077"><bdi>978-1405158077</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Wahh%C4%81b%C4%AB+Movement&rft.btitle=A+New+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=245-247&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1405158077&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DViTmBB8DQNcC%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2006" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Muslim_Sects/The-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf">The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia</a> (PDF). I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845110802" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845110802"><bdi>978-1845110802</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415034707/http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Muslim_Sects/The-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1845110802&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.rahnuma.org%2Freligion%2FMuslim_Sects%2FThe-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2009" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2009). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B. 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New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195169913" title="Special:BookSources/0195169913"><bdi>0195169913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3A+From+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0195169913&rft.aulast=DeLong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwahhabiislamfrom0000delo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLong-Bas2007" class="citation book cs1">DeLong-Bas, Natana J. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC">What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam</a> (2nd ed.). New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199794133" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199794133"><bdi>978-0199794133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know+About+Islam&rft.place=New+York%3B+Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199794133&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wSVQI3Ya2EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddad2004" class="citation book cs1">Haddad, Gibril F. (2004). Al-Albani and Friends: A Concise Guide to the Salafi Movement. AQSA Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Albani+and+Friends%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+the+Salafi+Movement&rft.pub=AQSA+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Gibril+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalverson2010" class="citation book cs1">Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IYzGAAAAQBAJ">Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230106581" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230106581"><bdi>978-0230106581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+Creed+in+Sunni+Islam%3A+The+Muslim+Brotherhood%2C+Ash%27arism%2C+and+Political+Sunnism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0230106581&rft.aulast=Halverson&rft.aufirst=Jeffry+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIYzGAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaykel2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haykel" title="Bernard Haykel">Haykel, Bernard</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA231">"Ibn ‛Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (1703–92)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_B%C3%B6wering" title="Gerhard Böwering">Böwering, Gerhard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Crone, Patricia</a>; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; <a href="/wiki/Devin_J._Stewart" title="Devin J. Stewart">Stewart, Devin J.</a>; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (eds.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 231–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691134840" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691134840"><bdi>978-0691134840</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+%E2%80%9BAbd+al-Wahhab%2C+Muhammad+%281703%E2%80%9392%29&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=231-232&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0691134840&rft.aulast=Haykel&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1I0pcrFFSUC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Kepel, Gilles</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jihad00gill_0">Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</a>. Translated by Anthony F. Roberts (1st English ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674008774" title="Special:BookSources/0674008774"><bdi>0674008774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=1st+English&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0674008774&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjihad00gill_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel2004" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warformuslimmind00kepe">The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674015753" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674015753"><bdi>978-0674015753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+Muslim+Minds%3A+Islam+and+the+West&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0674015753&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarformuslimmind00kepe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel2006" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (2006). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Translated by Anthony F. Roberts (New ed.). I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845112578" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845112578"><bdi>978-1845112578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1845112578&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey1981" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Robert (1981). The Kingdom: Arabia and the House of Sa'ud. New York and London: Harcourt Brace Javonoich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom%3A+Arabia+and+the+House+of+Sa%27ud&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Javonoich&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2009" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidekingdomkin00lace_0">Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia</a>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670021185" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670021185"><bdi>978-0670021185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Kingdom%3A+Kings%2C+Clerics%2C+Modernists%2C+Terrorists%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0670021185&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidekingdomkin00lace_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacroix2013" class="citation book cs1">Lacroix, Stéphane (2013). "2: Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and his Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism". In Meijer, Roel (ed.). Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199333431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199333431"><bdi>978-0199333431</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5713616619">5713616619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Between+Revolution+and+Apoliticism%3A+Nasir+al-Din+al-Albani+and+his+Impact+on+the+Shaping+of+Contemporary+Salafism&rft.btitle=Global+Salafism%3A+Islam%27s+New+Religious+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5713616619&rft.isbn=978-0199333431&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Zarabozo2005" class="citation book cs1">M. Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din (2005). The Life, Teachings and Influence of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhaab. Riyadh: The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawah and Guidance The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9960295001" title="Special:BookSources/9960295001"><bdi>9960295001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life%2C+Teachings+and+Influence+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul-Wahhaab&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pub=The+Ministry+of+Islamic+Affairs%2C+Endowments%2C+Dawah+and+Guidance+The+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9960295001&rft.aulast=M.+Zarabozo&rft.aufirst=Jamaal+al-Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2015" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, Simon Ross (2015). Force and Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond (1st ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849044646" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849044646"><bdi>978-1849044646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Force+and+Fanaticism%3A+Wahhabism+in+Saudi+Arabia+and+Beyond&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1849044646&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Simon+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiktorowicz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wiktorowicz, Quintan (2006). "Anatomy of the Salafi Movement". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 29 (3): 207–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10576100500497004">10.1080/10576100500497004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20873920">20873920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conflict+%26+Terrorism&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+the+Salafi+Movement&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-239&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10576100500497004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20873920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wiktorowicz&rft.aufirst=Quintan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonacina2015" class="citation book cs1">Bonacina, Giovanni (2015). "1: A Deistic Revolution in Arabia". The Wahhabis Seen through European Eyes (1772–1830): Deists and Puritans of Islam. Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004293014" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004293014"><bdi>978-9004293014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+A+Deistic+Revolution+in+Arabia&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabis+Seen+through+European+Eyes+%281772%E2%80%931830%29%3A+Deists+and+Puritans+of+Islam&rft.place=Koninklijke+Brill+nv%2C+Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9004293014&rft.aulast=Bonacina&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColler2022" class="citation book cs1">Coller, Ian (2022). Muslims and Citizens: Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300243369" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300243369"><bdi>978-0300243369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+Citizens%3A+Islam%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CN&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0300243369&rft.aulast=Coller&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayley2010" class="citation book cs1">Bayley, C. A. (2010). "1: The 'Revolutionary Age' in the Wider World, c. 1790–1830". In Bessel, Richard; Guyatt, Nicholas; Rendall, Jane (eds.). War, Empire and Slavery, 1770–1830. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230282698" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230282698"><bdi>978-0230282698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+The+%27Revolutionary+Age%27+in+the+Wider+World%2C+c.+1790%E2%80%931830&rft.btitle=War%2C+Empire+and+Slavery%2C+1770%E2%80%931830&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0230282698&rft.aulast=Bayley&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988">}</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt" title="Johann Ludwig Burckhardt">Burckhardt, John Lewis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDZAAAAAYAAJ">Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys</a>, H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1830.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2015" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oj3WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA151">"From Wahhabi to Salafi"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haykel" title="Bernard Haykel">Haykel, Bernard</a>; Hegghammer, Thomas; Lacroix, Stéphane (eds.). Saudi Arabia in Transition: Insights on Social, Political, Economic and Religious Change. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 151–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139047586.011">10.1017/CBO9781139047586.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107-006294" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107-006294"><bdi>978-1107-006294</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Wahhabi+to+Salafi&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+in+Transition%3A+Insights+on+Social%2C+Political%2C+Economic+and+Religious+Change&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=151-166&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139047586.011&rft.isbn=978-1107-006294&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOj3WBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>De Gaury, Gerald and <a href="/wiki/Freya_Stark" title="Freya Stark">Stark, Freya</a>, Arabia Phoenix, Kegan Paul International Limited, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710306777" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710306777">978-0710306777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Holden" title="David Holden">Holden, David</a> and Johns, Richard, The House of Saud, Pan, 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0330268341" title="Special:BookSources/0330268341">0330268341</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_N._Hosein" title="Imran N. Hosein">Imran N. Hosein</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imranhosein.org/books/126-the-caliphate-the-hijaz-and-the-saudi-wahabi-nation-state.html">'The Caliphate, the Hejaz and the Saudi-Wahhabi Nation-State'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140628001818/http://imranhosein.org/books/126-the-caliphate-the-hijaz-and-the-saudi-wahabi-nation-state.html">Archived</a> 28 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: Masjid Darul Qur'an.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail2016" class="citation book cs1">Ismail, Raihan (2016). Saudi Clerics and Shia Islam. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190233310" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190233310"><bdi>978-0190233310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Clerics+and+Shia+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0190233310&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=Raihan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madawi_Al-Rasheed" class="mw-redirect" title="Madawi Al-Rasheed">Al-Rasheed, Madawi</a>, A History of Saudi Arabia, Cambridge University Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521644127" title="Special:BookSources/0521644127">0521644127</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa2015" class="citation book cs1">Moosa, Ebrahim (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ei9ZBwAAQBAJ">What Is a Madrasa?</a>. Chapel Hill: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1469620138" title="Special:BookSources/978-1469620138"><bdi>978-1469620138</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+a+Madrasa%3F&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1469620138&rft.aulast=Moosa&rft.aufirst=Ebrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dei9ZBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Oliver, Haneef James, The 'Wahhabi' Myth: Dispelling Prevalent Fallacies and the Fictitious Link with Bin Laden, T.R.O.I.D. Publications, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0968905854" title="Special:BookSources/0968905854">0968905854</a></li> <li>Quist, B. Wayne and Drake, David F., Winning the War on Terror: A Triumph of American Values, iUniverse, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0595672728" title="Special:BookSources/0595672728">0595672728</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint-Prot2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Saint-Prot" title="Charles Saint-Prot">Saint-Prot, Charles</a> (2008). Islam. L'avenir de la tradition entre révolution et occidentalisation [Islam. The Future of Tradition between Revolution and Westernization] (in French). Paris: Le Rocher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam.+L%27avenir+de+la+tradition+entre+r%C3%A9volution+et+occidentalisation&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Le+Rocher&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Saint-Prot&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernochet2013" class="citation book cs1">Vernochet, Jean-Michel (2013). Les Egarés: Wahhabisme est-il un contre Islam ? (4th French ed.). Alfortville-F: Sigest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2917329627" title="Special:BookSources/978-2917329627"><bdi>978-2917329627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Egar%C3%A9s%3A+Wahhabisme+est-il+un+contre+Islam+%3F&rft.place=Alfortville-F&rft.edition=4th+French&rft.pub=Sigest&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2917329627&rft.aulast=Vernochet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2017" class="citation book cs1">White, Jonathan R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XL8aCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252">"Militant Scholars and Strategists"</a>. Terrorism and Homeland Security (9th ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Cengage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage">Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 252–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1305633773" title="Special:BookSources/978-1305633773"><bdi>978-1305633773</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015951183">2015951183</a>. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Militant+Scholars+and+Strategists&rft.btitle=Terrorism+and+Homeland+Security&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=252-253&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015951183&rft.isbn=978-1305633773&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXL8aCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wahhabism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler_Thatcher,_Griffithes1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wheeler Thatcher, Griffithes (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wahh%C4%81bis">"Wahhābis" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). p. 245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahh%C4%81bis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=245&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Wheeler+Thatcher%2C+Griffithes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> Principles (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Milestones (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163140#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163140#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163140#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574111">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph205095&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph205096&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/vehhabilik">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&oldid=1258509138">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wahhabism&oldid=1258509138</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wahhabism" title="Category:Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">Islamism</a></li><li><a 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174.554 4 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.41% 133.522 1 Template:Salafi"," 4.33% 131.263 24 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.81% 115.411 4 Template:Langx"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.091","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27481044,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"18_February_2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbir1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2005\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFAbu_alrub2013\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFAdministrator\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfshin_Shahi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgarwal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgostonMasters2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad_Khan1968\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad_Sherwani1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhsan1987\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Atawneh2010\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Rasheed2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlamer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlgar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlhussein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmbah2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnees_al-Qudaihi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsad1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkin2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBatesCarter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBattram2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBederka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelén_Soage2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeránekŤupek2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBilal_Philips1990\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBlanchard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBokhariSenzai2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBonacina2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks,_Geraldine1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruckmayr2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Martin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Martin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaryle_Murphy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColler2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommins2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommins2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommins2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolsaet2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtin_Winsor2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDaly_Metcalf1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDannreutherMarch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeLong-Bas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Bellaigue2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean_Commins1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiana_Marwan_Al-Jassemand_Ala\u0026#039;a_Al-Twarib\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDorsey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Safra,_Aguilar-Cauz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Vogel2000\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFEden2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkinci2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEltahawy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaroukJ._Brown2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGause_III\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGauvain2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhulam_Rasool_Dehlvi2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGlasse2001\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFGlassé2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._Cordesman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._Warren2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaddad2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalverson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatinaCommins2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHay2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHaykel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaykelHegghammerLacroix2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHisham_Kabbani2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoover2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse,_Karen_Elliott2012\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHouse2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusain,_Ed2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusain2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_Ghannam2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_Hasan_Aal-Sheikh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIqbal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIqbal2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIsmail2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsmail2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Renard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Renard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Firro2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabha\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabir2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKepel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKepel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKepel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerrWright2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKhalid2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalid2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKjeilen2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKnowles2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKnysh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKostiner1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuan_Yew_LeeAli_Wyne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._Esposito1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._Esposito1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacey1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacroix2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLacroix2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacroix2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauzière2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiaqath_Peeran2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLionel_Beehner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Bunzel2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFM._Jackson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Jackson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Zarabozo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFarquhar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahdi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandaville2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMandavilleHammond2022\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFMandavilleHasan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManzur_Nu\u0026#039;mani1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattar2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMax_Rodenbeck2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeijer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeijer2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMeijer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMemon1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalf2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoosa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotadel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMouline2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoussalli2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMukhlid_al-Harbi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurzik_Kobo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._Stearns2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNAHOUZA2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaghma2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Sullivan2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOlidort2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeri_BearmanThierry_BianquisC_Edmund_BosworthE_J_Van_Donzel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeskes1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirbhai2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReem2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRentz2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_C._Martin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiexinger2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRougier2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuthven,_Malise1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutter1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafraAguilar-Cauz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaint-Prot2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheuer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidtkeHoover2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSinggih2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSozek\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpevack2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSukarno2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTibi1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrippPeter_North2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentine2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVali_Nasr2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Meulen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernochet2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._Brown2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFW._Hughes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagemakers2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagemakers2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler_Thatcher,_Griffithes1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiktorowicz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYavuz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Makki2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Qaradawial-Tayib2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFbin_Zini_Dahlan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFibn_Abdallah_ibn_Muhammad\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFibn_Muhammad_ibn_Qasim_Al-Najdi1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFibn_al-Uthaymeen2020\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"*\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CE\"] = 22,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 195,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 41,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Died in\"] = 1,\n [\"Died-in\"] = 13,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 19,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 41,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 11,\n [\"Islamism\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Muslim Beliefs\"] = 1,\n [\"Mvar\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Overcite\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Salafi\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 74,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 19,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 8,\n [\"Sunni Islam\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 7,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","14.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","7.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","7.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","6.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","80","3.6"],["[others]","720","32.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-j2bhb","timestamp":"20241125142859","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Wahhabism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wahhabism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q163140","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q163140","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-12-17T18:16:33Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T03:39:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f8\/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg","headline":"Sunni Islamic revivalist and fundamentalist movement"}</script> </body> </html>