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<li id="toc-Pre-modern_Kurmanji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-modern_Kurmanji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-modern Kurmanji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-modern_Kurmanji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialect_continuum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect_continuum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dialect continuum</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialect_continuum-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialect continuum subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialect_continuum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ezdîkî_and_Yazidi_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezdîkî_and_Yazidi_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ezdîkî and Yazidi politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ezdîkî_and_Yazidi_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurmanji_among_other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurmanji_among_other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kurmanji among other groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurmanji_among_other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurmanji</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koermandsji" title="Koermandsji – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koermandsji" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكرمانجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكرمانجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanc_dili" title="Kurmanc dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kurmanc dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کورمانج دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کورمانج دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Курманджи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Курманджи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmandjeg" title="Kurmandjeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kurmandjeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd_del_nord" title="Kurd del nord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kurd del nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurm%C3%A1nd%C5%BE%C3%AD" title="Kurmándží – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kurmándží" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmandschi" title="Kurmandschi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurmandschi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmand%C5%BEi_keel" title="Kurmandži keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kurmandži keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Βόρεια Κουρδικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόρεια Κουρδικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanyi" title="Kurmanyi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kurmanyi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordaj_kurdaj_dialektoj" title="Nordaj kurdaj dialektoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nordaj kurdaj dialektoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="کرمانجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرمانجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmandji" title="Kurmandji – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kurmandji" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%A7%80%EC%96%B4" title="쿠르만지어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠르만지어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjevernokurdski_jezik" title="Sjevernokurdski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjevernokurdski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kurmanji" title="Bahasa Kurmanji – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Курманджи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Курманджи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="კურმანჯი (ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კურმანჯი (ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanc%C3%AE" title="Kurmancî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kurmancî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmand%C5%BEi" title="Kurmandži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurmandži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_kormanjy" title="Fiteny kormanjy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny kormanjy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="კურმანჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კურმანჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="کورمانجی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کورمانجی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kurmanji" title="Bahasa Kurmanji – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanci" title="Kurmanci – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kurmanci" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC" title="クルマンジー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クルマンジー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_curda_setentrional" title="Lenga curda setentrional – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga curda setentrional" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_kurmand%C5%BCi" title="Język kurmandżi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język kurmandżi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_curda_setentrional" title="Língua curda setentrional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua curda setentrional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Курманджи (диалект курдского языка) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курманджи (диалект курдского языка)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کوردیی باکووری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوردیی باکووری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmand%C5%BEi" title="Kurmandži – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kurmandži" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmand%C5%BEi" title="Kurmandži – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kurmandži" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Northern Kurdish dialect</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Kurmanji</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Northern Kurdish</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ku" dir="rtl">کورمانجی</span></span>, <span title="Kurmanji Kurdish-language text"><i lang="kmr">Kurmancî</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurmanji_Kurdish.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kurmanji_Kurdish.svg/200px-Kurmanji_Kurdish.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kurmanji_Kurdish.svg/300px-Kurmanji_Kurdish.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kurmanji_Kurdish.svg/400px-Kurmanji_Kurdish.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="319" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Kurmanji Kurdish written in both scripts</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Autochthonous to <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, Kurdish diaspora<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">16 million (2021–2023)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Iranian languages">Northwestern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Kurmanji</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Botani (Boti)</li> <li>Marashi</li> <li>Ashiti</li> <li>Bayezidi</li> <li>Hekari</li> <li>Shemdinani</li> <li>Badini</li> <li>Shikaki</li> <li>Silivi</li> <li>Mihemedi<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawar_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawar alphabet">Hawar alphabet</a> (Latin) in Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorani alphabet">Sorani alphabet</a> (Arabic) in Iraq and Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a><sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ku">ku</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kmr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kmr">kmr</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2641">nort2641</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=58-AAA-a">58-AAA-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_languages_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kurdish_languages_map.svg/320px-Kurdish_languages_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kurdish_languages_map.svg/480px-Kurdish_languages_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kurdish_languages_map.svg/640px-Kurdish_languages_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="560" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Geographic distribution of the Kurdish languages spoken by Kurds <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ef6662; color:black;"> </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurmanji</a> (Northern Kurdish)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c63143; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a> (Central Kurdish)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a56c24; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c8a65d; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Southern Kurdish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a> is included)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3d423; color:black;"> </span> mixed language areas</div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Kurmanji</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">کورمانجی</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Kurmancî</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Kurdish'),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also termed <b>Northern Kurdish</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the northernmost of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish languages</a>, spoken predominantly in southeast <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, northwest and northeast <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most widely spoken form of Kurdish. </p><p>Kurmanji is also the common and ceremonial language of <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IranicaY_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IranicaY-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their sacred book <i><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_Black_Book" title="Yazidi Black Book">Mishefa Reş</a></i> and all prayers are written and spoken in Kurmanji.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> reports that the use of Kurmanji is declining in Turkey even when the language is used as a language of wider communication (LWC) by immigrants to Turkey, and that the language is threatened because it is losing speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kmr_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kmr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern_Kurmanji">Pre-modern Kurmanji</h3></div> <p>Although Kurds are mentioned in the pre-Islamic period, there is no information of the Kurdish language before the Islamic period. The first mention of Kurmanji Kurdish is by the medieval Chaldean author <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Wahshiyya</a> (d. 930/1) in his treatise about alphabets. Orientalist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Hammer-Purgstall" title="Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall">Joseph Hammer</a> also purported the existence of an alphabet for the language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021611–612_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021611–612-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kurmanji may have potentially been a literary language from the 10th to the 12th century with the formation of many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_dynasties_and_countries" title="List of Kurdish dynasties and countries">Kurdish dynasties</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a> and especially under the <a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a> who commanded sizeable economic and cultural prosperity. However, the language of Marwanid administration and culture life was reported to be exclusively Arabic. Under the Ayyubids, many scholars note that Kurmanji gained a privileged status but admit that there is a paucity of evidence due to the lack of written Kurmanji documents from the Ayyubid court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021612–613_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021612–613-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known written attestation of Kurmanji is from the geographical work Mu'jam ul-Buldān by <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> in which few words have been identified in a mostly indecipherable text. The first proper text in Kurmanji is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missionary prayer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian script</a> from the first half of the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021613_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021613-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A growing interest in the use of Kurmanji in literature began from the 14th century on when Kurdistan had relative political stability and economic prosperity. However, it was not until the 16th century, that a Kurmanji literary tradition arose. During this era, <a href="/wiki/Sharafkhan_Bidlisi" title="Sharafkhan Bidlisi">Sharafkhan Bidlisi</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bitlis" title="Principality of Bitlis">Principality of Bitlis</a>, wrote that a certain leader of the <a href="/wiki/Adakale,_Baykan" title="Adakale, Baykan">Derzin Castle</a> wrote most of his poetry and theological commentaries in Kurmanji. Furthermore, during his trips to Kurdistan, <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a> praised the educational institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Amedi" title="Amedi">Amedi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akre" title="Akre">Akre</a> regions and quoted a Kurmanji poem by local poet in his work. Prominent scholars from this period, whose works are preserved today include <a href="/wiki/Melay%C3%AA_Ciz%C3%AEr%C3%AE" title="Melayê Cizîrî">Melayê Cizîrî</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feqiy%C3%AA_Teyran" title="Feqiyê Teyran">Feqiyê Teyran</a>, <a href="/wiki/El%C3%AE_Teremax%C3%AE" title="Elî Teremaxî">Elî Teremaxî</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ehmed%C3%AA_Xan%C3%AE" title="Ehmedê Xanî">Ehmedê Xanî</a>. Unlike his peers, Xanî consciously worked to codify Kurmanji as a written language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021614-617_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021614-617-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-modern Kurmanji began to decline in the 19th century simultaneously with decline of the Kurdish principalities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021620–621_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021620–621-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish phonology</a></div> <p>Phonological features in Kurmanji include the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unaspirated_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Unaspirated consonant">unaspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">voiceless stops</a> and the presence of facultative phonemes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HaigMatras_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaigMatras-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Kurmanji Kurdish distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless stop">voiceless stops</a>, which can be aspirated in all positions. Thus <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span>, and the affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃʰ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-HaigMatras_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaigMatras-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialect_continuum">Dialect continuum</h2></div> <p>Kurmanji forms a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> of great variability. Loosely, six dialect areas can be distinguished:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Northwestern Kurmanji, spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province" title="Kahramanmaraş Province">Kahramanmaraş</a> (in Kurmanji: <i>Meraş</i>), <a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a> (<i>Meletî</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Sivas_Province" title="Sivas Province">Sivas</a> (<i>Sêwaz</i>) provinces of the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a>.</li> <li>Southwestern Kurmanji, spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman_Province" title="Adıyaman Province">Adıyaman</a> (<i>Semsûr</i>), <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep</a> (<i>Entab</i>) and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a> (<i>Riha</i>) provinces of Turkish, and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a> in the west of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Syrian Kurdistan</a>.</li> <li>Northern Kurmanji or Serhed Kurdish, spoken mainly in the <a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province" title="Ağrı Province">Ağrı</a> (<i>Agirî</i>), <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a> (<i>Erzerom</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province" title="Muş Province">Muş</a> (<i>Mûş</i>) provinces of the northeast of Turkish Kurdistan, as well as adjacent areas.</li> <li>Southern Kurmanji, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> in the east of Syrian Kurdistan, <a href="/wiki/Sinjar_District" title="Sinjar District">Sinjar District</a> (<i>Şingal</i>) in the west of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, and in several adjacent parts of the south of Turkish Kurdistan, centered on the <a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a> (<i>Mêrdîn</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Batman_Province" title="Batman Province">Batman</a> (<i>Êlih</i>) provinces.</li> <li>Southeastern Kurmanji or Badînî, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province" title="Hakkâri Province">Hakkâri Province</a> (<i>Parêzgeha Colêmêrgê</i>) in the southeast of Turkish Kurdistan, and the <a href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk Governorate">Dohuk Governorate</a> (<i>Parêzgeha Dihokê</i>) and parts of <a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil Governorate</a> (<i>Parêzgeha Hewlêr</i>) in the north of Iraqi Kurdistan.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Anatolian Kurmanji is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia">Central Anatolia</a> (<i>Anatolya Navîn</i>), especially in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aksaray" title="Aksaray">Aksaray</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Kurds_of_Central_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurds of Central Anatolia">Anatolian Kurds</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ezdîkî_and_Yazidi_politics"><span id="Ezd.C3.AEk.C3.AE_and_Yazidi_politics"></span>Ezdîkî and Yazidi politics</h3></div> <p>Among some <a href="/wiki/Yazidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi">Yazidis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Glossonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossonym">glossonym</a> Ezdîkî is used for Kurmanji to differentiate themselves from Kurds. While Ezdîkî is no different from Kurmanji,<sup id="cite_ref-IranicaY_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IranicaY-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some attempt to prove that Ezdîkî is an independent language, including claims that it is a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic language">Semitic language</a>. This has been criticized as not being based on scientific evidence and lacking scientific consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 25, 2002, Armenia ratified the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> and placed Kurdish under state protection.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because of the divided <a href="/wiki/Yazidis_in_Armenia" title="Yazidis in Armenia">Yazidi community in Armenia</a> and after strong criticism from parts of the community, the authorities chose to ratify the charter by mentioning both "Kurdish" and "Yezidi" as two separate languages.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the term Êzdîkî being used by some researchers when delving into the question of minority languages in Armenia, since most Kurdish-speakers in Armenia are Yazidis.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulze_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulze-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of this move, Armenian universities offer language courses in both Kurmanji and Êzdîkî as two different dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kurmanji_among_other_groups">Kurmanji among other groups</h2></div> <p>During the end of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a> shifted from speaking their traditional <a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a> language to either Kurmanji or <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurdophone <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> also exist and there were prior to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> around 110 Kurmanji-speaking Armenian villages in <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%9Firi" title="Beşiri">Beşiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silvan,_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Silvan, Diyarbakır">Silvan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> immigrants in Turkish Kurdistan also speak Kurmanji. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" 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.reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135203023" title="Special:BookSources/9781135203023"><bdi>9781135203023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasus+-+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft.isbn=9781135203023&rft.aulast=Coene&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7XuMAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dezdiki%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurmanji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTork_Dalalyan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tork Dalalyan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23284513">"Construction of Kurdish and Yezidi Identities among the Kurmanji-speaking Population of the Republic of Armenia, in: Changing Identities: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia – 2011"</a>. <i>Changing Identities: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (Collection of Selected Works, Edited by V. 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"The identity controversy of religious minorities in Iraq: the crystallization of the Yazidi identity after 2003". <i>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (5). Routledge: 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2019.1577129">10.1080/13530194.2019.1577129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194">1353-0194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150358224">150358224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+identity+controversy+of+religious+minorities+in+Iraq%3A+the+crystallization+of+the+Yazidi+identity+after+2003&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2019-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150358224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1353-0194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530194.2019.1577129&rft.au=Majid+Hassan+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurmanji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzlack-MakarevichWulff2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Witzlack-Makarevich, Kai; Wulff, Nadja (2017-08-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4M4wDwAAQBAJ&q=jesidisch+sprache&pg=PA186"><i>Handbuch des Russischen in Deutschland: Migration – Mehrsprachigkeit – Spracherwerb</i></a> (in German). Frank & Timme GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783732902279" title="Special:BookSources/9783732902279"><bdi>9783732902279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+des+Russischen+in+Deutschland%3A+Migration+%E2%80%93+Mehrsprachigkeit+%E2%80%93+Spracherwerb&rft.pub=Frank+%26+Timme+GmbH&rft.date=2017-08-08&rft.isbn=9783732902279&rft.aulast=Witzlack-Makarevich&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft.au=Wulff%2C+Nadja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4M4wDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Djesidisch%2Bsprache%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurmanji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/minorities/kurds-kurdmanzh/">"Kurds (Kurdmanzh)"</a>. <i>Minority Rights Group International</i>. 19 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft.atitle=Kurds+%28Kurdmanzh%29&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fminorities%2Fkurds-kurdmanzh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurmanji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schulze-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schulze_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulze" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schulze, Ilona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15116713">"Methodologische Überlegungen zur soziokulturellen Dokumentation von Minderheiten in Armenien. Iran and the Caucasus Vol. 18, 2, pp. 169-193"</a> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodologische+%C3%9Cberlegungen+zur+soziokulturellen+Dokumentation+von+Minderheiten+in+Armenien.+Iran+and+the+Caucasus+Vol.+18%2C+2%2C+pp.+169-193&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.aufirst=Ilona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F15116713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurmanji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerinci2014" class="citation web cs1">Serinci, Deniz (28 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/people-places/28052014">"The Yezidis of Armenia Face Identity Crisis over Kurdish Ethnicity"</a>. <i>Rudaw</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rudaw&rft.atitle=The+Yezidis+of+Armenia+Face+Identity+Crisis+over+Kurdish+Ethnicity&rft.date=2014-05-28&rft.aulast=Serinci&rft.aufirst=Deniz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fpeople-places%2F28052014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurmanji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaunt2006" class="citation book cs1">Gaunt, David (2006). <i>Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I</i>. Gorgias Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-301-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-301-0"><bdi>978-1-59333-301-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massacres%2C+Resistance%2C+Protectors%3A+Muslim-Christian+Relations+in+Eastern+Anatolia+During+World+War+I&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-301-0&rft.aulast=Gaunt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurmanji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalip2020" class="citation book cs1">Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020). <i>New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs</i>. Springer. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030594008" title="Special:BookSources/9783030594008"><bdi>9783030594008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Social+Movements+and+the+Armenian+Question+in+Turkey%3A+Civil+Society+vs&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783030594008&rft.aulast=Galip&rft.aufirst=%C3%96zlem+Bel%C3%A7im&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurmanji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKévorkian2011" class="citation book cs1">Kévorkian, Raymond (2011). <i>The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857730206" title="Special:BookSources/9780857730206"><bdi>9780857730206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%3A+A+Complete+History&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780857730206&rft.aulast=K%C3%A9vorkian&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurmanji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/turkish/kurdistan/170520178">"Türkçe için getirilen Bulgarlar Kürtçe konuşuyor"</a>. Rûdaw. 17 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e+i%C3%A7in+getirilen+Bulgarlar+K%C3%BCrt%C3%A7e+konu%C5%9Fuyor&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fturkish%2Fkurdistan%2F170520178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurmanji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Aşiretler raporu</i> (1st ed.). İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9753432208" title="Special:BookSources/9753432208"><bdi>9753432208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%C5%9Firetler+raporu&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Kaynak+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9753432208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurmanji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheyholislami2021" class="citation cs2">Sheyholislami, Jaffer (2021), "The History and Development of Literary Central Kurdish", in Bozarslan, Hamit (ed.), <i>The Cambridge History of the Kurds</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 603–632, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108623711.026">10.1017/9781108623711.026</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108623711" title="Special:BookSources/9781108623711"><bdi>9781108623711</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235541104">235541104</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Development+of+Literary+Central+Kurdish&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Kurds&rft.pages=603-632&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235541104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108623711.026&rft.isbn=9781108623711&rft.aulast=Sheyholislami&rft.aufirst=Jaffer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurmanji" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Mustafa, Hanar Hoshyar, and Rebwar M. Nabi. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uhd.edu.iq/index.php/uhdjst/article/view/1076/755">Kurdish Kurmanji Lemmatization and Spell-checker with Spell-correction.</a>" UHD Journal of Science and Technology 7.1 (2023): 43-52.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ku:"> Kurmanji Kurdish edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kurdish_phrasebook#Q36163" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Kurdish phrasebook">Kurdish</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a class="external text" href="https://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ser%C3%BBpel">Wîkîferheng</a> Kurdish (Kurmanji) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutkurde.org/">Kurdish Institute</a> Kurdish language, history, books and latest news articles.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egerin.com/">Egerîn, Kurdish (Kurmanji) search engine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Kurmanji/index.html">Reference Grammar with Selected Readings for Kurmanji Kurdish, written by W. M. Thackston (Harvard University)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729150359/https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Kurmanji/index.html">Archived</a> 2021-07-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran2021" class="citation book cs1">Baran, Murat (2021). <i>Kurdish Grammar: Kurmanji Reference Book</i>. Erzîrom: Amazon publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8666578360" title="Special:BookSources/979-8666578360"><bdi>979-8666578360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Grammar%3A+Kurmanji+Reference+Book&rft.place=Erz%C3%AErom&rft.pub=Amazon+publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=979-8666578360&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Murat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurmanji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doreco.huma-num.fr/languages/nort2641">Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) DoReCo corpus</a> Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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Language">Kurdish Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Iran" title="Template:Languages of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_Romani" title="Zargari Romani">Zargari Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Turkey" title="Template:Languages of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Languages of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurmanji</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Romeika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac/Assyrian/Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza(ki)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Taurus_Sign_Language" title="Central Taurus Sign Language">Central Taurus Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whistle languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_bird_language" title="Turkish bird language">Turkish bird language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Syria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Syria" title="Template:Languages of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Syria" title="Template talk:Languages of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Syria" title="Languages of Syria">Languages of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Standard Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen#Language" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret (Assyrian & Chaldean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Western Neo-Aramaic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties of Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_Sign_Language" title="Levantine Arabic Sign Language">Levantine Arabic Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Armenia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Armenia" title="Template:Languages of Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Armenia" title="Template talk:Languages of Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Armenia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Sign_Language" title="Caucasian Sign Language">Armenian Women's Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kurdish_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurmanji</a> (Northern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a> (Central)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a> (Southern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_languages" title="Template talk:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Old_Iranian" title="Iranian languages">Old Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Middle_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Middle Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#New_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">New Iranian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushani_language" title="Rushani language">Rushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanglechi_language" title="Sanglechi language">Sanglechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartangi_language" title="Bartangi language">Bartangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshori_dialect" title="Oroshori dialect">Oroshori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanji_language" title="Vanji language">Vanji</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazghulami_language" title="Yazghulami language">Yazghulami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachi_language" title="Parachi language">Parachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarghulami" title="Sarghulami">Sarghulami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a></i> <ul><li><i>Alanian</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_Ossetian" title="Digor Ossetian">Digor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Ossetian" title="Iron Ossetian">Iron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jassic_dialect" title="Jassic dialect">Jassic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtiani_language" title="Ashtiani language">Ashtiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_dialect" title="Makrani dialect">Makrani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daylami_language" title="Daylami language">Daylami</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Fars" title="Dialects of Fars">Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgani_language" title="Gorgani language">Gorgani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karingani_language" title="Karingani language">Karingani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordali_language" title="Kordali language">Kordali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaroid_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaroid dialects (page does not exist)">Tabaroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Azeri" title="Old Azeri">Old Azeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_languages" title="Semnani languages">Semnani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lasgerdi_language" title="Lasgerdi language">Lasgerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangsari_language" title="Sangsari language">Sangsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkhei_language" title="Sorkhei language">Sorkhei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatoid_dialects" title="Tatoid dialects">Tatoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari_language" title="Zoroastrian Dari language">Zoroastrian Dari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_language" title="Bashkardi language">Bashkardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmsiri_language" title="Garmsiri language">Garmsiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhmareyi_language" title="Kuhmareyi language">Kuhmareyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_language" title="Kumzari language">Kumzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_dialect" title="Bakhtiari dialect">Bakhtiari</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavani_language" title="Pahlavani language">Pahlavani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Caucasian Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct</a> or <a href="/wiki/Historical_language" title="Historical language">historical languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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