CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.journals.uchicago.edu",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8ea48b7daefe6008',cH: 'J_vglPM263RVsIH619Mjr2BoCQKMofX4esVobmAxOQA-1732903725-1.2.1.1-QkzoA9cDathl0iap.ipx1uZlAo.FyRoCAxjqtx6bU_GguyQ3uzC5jGhoMxglTGpu',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/10.1086\/669668?__cf_chl_tk=avpEbVamIE7axTaSutzNwvK8Qbu1p4J038jbTVn3S5Q-1732903725-1.0.1.1-L7KEIx5PvCmcfoL9Mx3Ll4oZBhXvwHT6XFGPKVlkUOQ",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1732903725',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/10.1086\/669668?__cf_chl_f_tk=avpEbVamIE7axTaSutzNwvK8Qbu1p4J038jbTVn3S5Q-1732903725-1.0.1.1-L7KEIx5PvCmcfoL9Mx3Ll4oZBhXvwHT6XFGPKVlkUOQ",md: "aKElxXHPF9iq9YOLct9e3N599PGgVi7BdlojxkbLHi4-1732903725-1.2.1.1-sX87Kaaw6JyYDFOpLnlV3P27n3jBViMPffO2rn.wmh31bGuMg1i7vXCiN_8xLKoKQZWqiZ0EQ_r.E7bwJ3KxR6CIr_fjeb.Wf0VyQlPBTmzfuIzsmtSIDFAitkeeOk0LJ8xsHO9uhCBqqJpn9p3FJivacX6sp3ZAOol1PyvgZ5u46V21w5bBk9LsV1gHy07eQdZxSs2zPJAbe760hPV70oa1EyF0Z3vwbkBkh1k3TcpSgvJeRQS1sIeUf.BYmVhiyXhjigZl1FqXRQwgKmcjD5bUKhpVtmPFXXPnoS6yOQVvHw44ZArYrqvCZAAMZ0EsBGZ3Uv24x88q3w48ZyXCYNnkz4yJ9ra5EaHWnovLYuL5W2mZlMh2WJw1lCZ8k_f1TQNIbhJ3ONVNpO1m7upeqr7LNkaxw8Sk1wrXwIvMBmzRmQYGplVa_Wf4dKwKtY83FPgwRMtNs9lTzJxpxUWg6AAdSmtZbrhBIQSUsG0E6I0Z8hP6cO5tN7edLH7aU4plvLL3ui1n5bOLvO88dRlFu9Ki9DXJSF0bE0uwgYqPJ6VMXvXVMIcyGqhn5zc8ZRdlNMc7v5IXY5XEHzVRyiqGq0Cyk81iZsgXDEF52YyPtTHxQEK8ILyeAU85rHyAUWlYJJRgRwrxRfjDrVvXRniMxyAQY3mWw64Ysmc91otT_GndP6TLv.GYoj.S6Nb1.fvN2gn8WLcr8dHmlVqOk.kjLX7KpL1MiZub7T_RHukcmsjo1fadL8_N6wBmfjgKQBN2jDkJE70JtVj7MIw25rErKLiXpjQtyWUdVbu88j2MSDQgd8mo0vzBIf9eCKvpIgnPvjIEuOzfIvF_5VVpt1Tp2lhXLPYoHrgZledcD0gvOr71aMV.I0IbNiCBKqSCzReu3or5gXQ4DLGVixuvQT2RDZvAOne7zfTegpVTWeD0DmdT.uBGVgLiRso2Bz1CwMbjbu01mRrA_yIQZ0c0klLcGk9a2erofCGeWkIi6LFy37DjpjkZWxU7sGq4b.tud_GgoittW1MKy6bS6p6Mjqj80t.ZDjNrr5icRtiMv2fKx23APLnR5Q1NLYM2PCHH0255i_WoTA2gtje12w2gLFGFlq_0x7EG3wC7VAM_CZCj4yo5WT6OLBFqtNAOYGwm39zxYeiZa5rJNl.kOw0Cs36P21KlP2L2XQTCOJf2NbW2MiaAXB.3LozSnT9nhhrl3xOiEQEBFYmg5KU8JTmHEkjjSbbsYi2EFtc1YSFBHd6B_XmFNuFej7iFl03EFl2qQIJkmte1oCscZFqQGqU6bAEQKF5ZKhgfIqvG7Gn7m8D3RAd6Dvbhh37Gh1PtuA8Mefl.vQ2wkVraROleWymJYoOVZHoi1tGf43V9WubO2yyHKwoGcb7YJDKNvUjWrbMKJrBTLf14aCG0ugytErtBlJH19JBc70SeZ54kRQx2Xb7G2dhkMpn42tI49Pj8Gl2YQSvk0xCamInvWXxqOfCKYDHP_4V3c17M6d5lQStlQiURFj1vnHaOOJOK3s1COVWNlH27HxDAJYkCctWe3tQFUxazCKM2MktO0425ijxyNSPvljFoEY5b0Rttw_QZ2W6ZYUCv.4V.5dKN2_ZMukyd6oFK9YBN3sGuan7X_Mq5roGMGQxs7sD1G32pOxDYUcBMYXp.ij1LX6AObCre3TzqRWQFLaM8H3Z0w1n5VAPkI82dcwbMnDA5lomtOoOcOHAAcZIKY5BfdUlBFFSD977crk6XLRvYlFkd_8nbGHTSKDOtDKawEns.Ji_T6FbA21p7jJiVUk3VePJVui4Roos2yoEJhCg3KuZgMCGFq18WQ513PWkE7.I6zC2UCpZAUMffhBOlQCq.eoZSoXC9rQyQUTtaPZb2BjxUcsoT0lmEcv1VHw4l8V1Kin.r5n8v4sA8G4Yz1taC_niL_zOziRqC4ju4hmFpe.AhTuLT7BogNfyEZI6ycBXDWcBT7pCnWLxI73C9HGc0kKDHLrqqnFPALkcy3wT1mGsGyAOY4eZyqT1RrYFdVNPG9tvsWIR99K1mdnGtn9dKg_9AxlsTLG9eeo3L7SydRDmM1.xfyEGvuSzLp9hdvJr0iYtAkwd7eAWcWvyvxCWThw8iKv3p73YVOw1R8PoAChqLO1c5ASIezZgOSjuWTp4m32oJFH3ptnge0BmniUks1obhqx1XsjZh4eOA8wAvRgaSry4d13_pf_VgQksTSp6QmqI5ba63ejsDzLAQcBCHRJXym8RJlyUxcQZmqOAaebi3g7HLvw1SCvVsjtMmca3frG2.OTxGKcKr1UjlWzZMdQqf4zjrAAUzzPt_itSE3buYHRMXWan2NnFtdvoiZjAjocfvCU5Ac0vJOzV1ZyB5q.IeXyOsonS1N6Amb0rgi3IHx31McJ57vahd8DrTDeRK33JfKY8RZ6JaZlvXu8nBd28wTxZSSfKj6ZL25FWLskj3pkBf0rRGSd.rgUgHGKHxmbxSmEIcB72Eo9b9p_c7ZLYlibTXhWjfI87hxWliLlo4fU65TlUaXG0pd9Tia7B8Kc.NLLunb0JdA3nMfywMBst7l24rbhW1JCQgABYDLhKP.no6RKDXfHtn96EZrlDiy9gpNpEAA2M1unennBUceMbve_vfUDJD_tiXnMNxlm8mxLxYQHCW7EPYt4E.AndaNhip_WxlM14LJfW_Nu5WfSTy8hTXJKPFJeJLQ.cXoHy1YqtNMdC3Vt0bOyxdZoM0z8NNyIqWLP3tuBOyyRU1atNYW.IZoHdYS3L50pbSswlSsiZny3UfHIHenVqzdlRwjcmzJy2sT4iUf8AYy11SelSBiKTYa3lTYTNLMEMXyyqPUkVR54gT0.ZmOhpEBdnG_2nPfWIr2H1OpzVARBRox_7H9YTqJBikRh6hg4qcNndfzY_FW9BgnbzM3OwRKvT2HVwfNoH7IzJ2elkupjuVuaHWUchmdZLaxN4ccA",mdrd: "nckNUKX_enXKYmiLWo2RZg6cM86Jlhm9gLRaUfnQHXc-1732903725-1.2.1.1-ptigRIDvvV6bcALZR7fyXXXxHHftJYRFfjqlBF.KOdIIWcup2ADccpi3jAUcVkg.he_d9tPHTo4PfSJX8Q4UspQY2y845ScVQZTqZE9SEupqpOjQPXfgwJMWN1PxYqPJRRW3tJJ2olPGQs86.eAk1HM_CFlffVNox81FjLXKS_JXsTvnGzJPGWWypQXB6wEGzJTzOwaIqIFMT8oJiZMyIz6uE3iATz.kaEdkehGu2uH1Jq3IqCnMjvCNnB6djOvH4K8ANXxBaFZQQPODeY0YYxUqTMl.rHtPsx.syj6gQ9szXAXJqlUo8zJ3mofOtnSoG7I2IXud0OlSG3RG.M506WKofS2NRugiPoD0EsUf7iUAMrm92b9A2QrfoIOvTa9xenDFvOipHXpv1sRnRjClrCeMdCl9EfukqcrRjeYY3Zl1ftBBTxxP86s.3BVfMKd__tT9GBjkqo0H9LvTWjA_6_chd.GDxWOSUMs9uuzsmx8qk2AT2Lpy0guV4yLeoeQ4LQ53gatHgN6kDl3i5D_yMuz.5pfAjb1RcOPbVCv9I8O8H_citZa1SkxTtxY_c85ZUZaIL7kEIdJhw.NyrZ6Nz5wlh55tL1.ncd1l8qkOA51ITHprwLFTLM43LZf1SNudhjMr8J2pnTLBHWjAlS3kruaOajBkL4dOmWM2IWDvztFcvUmS3_Ii.BYWmyoVQ3aXpn063aIiDjDt2Jgr4gzrFiAy_IZgkzRBwM2awPGPBHojclgTevLOfLw6i8XhzGfc9evTuftvbkPqozUIYoGOX_dA4OKkDgm8od6iXC0ZIaUJhMkGDd6oIp3.hgke0ryWB5vHgN5dmYS2bkSecyfrf51LitgaH0QhUQ6ESBzuW.IsPwxj2xymkAhO1_sjcjmTGjGMIwU23qXoHFg8zwhFCHOZokNGOvi2T8C9BWGNT9hmy0GyRgNnjK387SbQVeZ4Era77BYwHCPDI5JU.peJlfp7UBJqxkgAVVgWJNs0z1VFcWlbdrwuDiAAXXlT5y39L1zUw_bNRG_H0BmRgBpZyfbdf0lN8QGIvWvw.9VreJeTYdAFNcHu7_h.JFuCudQ0AHIysAySprqszj3YYn3Ya3GdlH5qZhEkSvUbxxCLFXKNeeMT3ZrDXuGzxRH7TZl8iBy9BjhNdtllARlRBnzvMICrrpMqy5tSHdpqVzgeMRWIG.UBebAW_oOTkJRhxYg5_96FlIbqinCpxG4oiC.o3DurW.r4R4.KnfjX7EB7Kf6QI57xJbyrsmTNhazLQcB.Mn3ujjJ_ayzQaxH3V8wsrakUAVYONe6diFCy_uydUhouEZ2X2lLO3ZaOJ2rx1LGF7G1nmdA8ki0reruYz3ks9GhV_ATqH5fNSxZjoI.zkmRN5yiAYS9Cyj2HTfd4ebTvUHqKBGn2qe8EOC3anqLxJntFlv35ENCxg7FgEsQuG_ohgae8s_4_61Ys010exZeIL7GLbKaeGRjSUwTsO4yxybXhXnNWrOn6dIzvkS.pJUXT2MkUXXcEiJlDHwqLKWwgxgkM2d5N75nk3jP0xb35ZIlUbthNdpE8sLqb9hxuSEoLdhURprZAVgnKVBBuJ4dBkQDc0xfGsl1HyU_VXi2HkzeIBxfpx93k4TxH4zOh7ZGOCFmDztym2M0WV173mCVZksk7__EuhFvCO_qxQ9MgSMAYAsJ8sM6ksyV03Y2y3AJUYNy4vC_b3BWBfYTiQlkvA.1sOisXga0lb0JfI97_O.ZvNzL2RP6OFFFy2HZm0_cnzSloPj.e9UK5GPuJFQuOWGmn7Zs6CO3CrL6w2.fB.ii6yuQevFRF1pjVUYqHRqmj0n4CcXNqw.I961M.ZjV8DpE16hSESme2iMbWsTY56LncDHBVO0f3N1elFbzNaSHDi4R20OQlQaZeD7UNHuEZuo.9ZCtSnUFBfVi9UOA0q4y1JkyvGwHcufZhYzCgCTjMy87N7dECt791smz0xppX"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8ea48b7daefe6008';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/10.1086\/669668?__cf_chl_rt_tk=avpEbVamIE7axTaSutzNwvK8Qbu1p4J038jbTVn3S5Q-1732903725-1.0.1.1-L7KEIx5PvCmcfoL9Mx3Ll4oZBhXvwHT6XFGPKVlkUOQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>