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href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&params=34_7_30.47_N_84_48_27.59_W_region:US-GA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°7′30.47″N</span> <span class="longitude">84°48′27.59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.1251306°N 84.8076639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.1251306; -84.8076639</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in Georgia, U.S.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Etowah Mounds</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #87CEEB"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">U.S. National Historic Landmark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/250px-Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/375px-Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist's conception of Etowah</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cartersville,_GA" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartersville, GA">Cartersville, GA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&params=34_7_30.47_N_84_48_27.59_W_region:US-GA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°7′30.47″N</span> <span class="longitude">84°48′27.59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.1251306°N 84.8076639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.1251306; -84.8076639</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000272">66000272</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 15, 1966<sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NHL</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">July 19, 1964<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Etowah Indian Mounds</b> (<a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_trinomial" title="Smithsonian trinomial">9BR1</a>) are a 54-acre (220,000 m<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bartow_County,_Georgia" title="Bartow County, Georgia">Bartow County, Georgia</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Cartersville,_Georgia" title="Cartersville, Georgia">Cartersville</a>. Built and occupied in three phases, from 1000–1550 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, the prehistoric site is located on the north shore of the <a href="/wiki/Etowah_River" title="Etowah River">Etowah River</a>. </p><p>Etowah Indian Mounds Historic Site is a designated <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>, managed by the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Georgia Department of Natural Resources">Georgia Department of Natural Resources</a>. It is considered "the most intact <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> site in the Southeast", according to Georgia State Parks and Historic Sites.<sup id="cite_ref-gaEtowah_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaEtowah-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the historic Muscogee Creek and the Cherokee peoples, who each occupied this area at varying times, hold the site to be sacred. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This site was professionally excavated beginning in the early 20th century. Additional studies have been undertaken as more evidence and knowledge has accumulated about the succession of cultures in this area, aided by modern technology such as radio carbon dating and magnetometers. </p><p>Late 20th-century studies showed the mounds were built and occupied by prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Appalachian Mississippian culture">South Appalachian Mississippian culture</a> (a regional variation of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-SEAC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEAC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of eastern North America. They were ancestors of the historic <a href="/wiki/Muskogean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskogean language">Muskogean language</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee Creek">Muscogee Creek</a> people who later emerged in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-isham_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isham-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Etowah</i> is a Muskogee word derived from <i><span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">italwa</i></span></i>, meaning "town". From 1000–1550 CE, during the Mississippian culture era, Etowah was occupied by a series of cycling chiefdoms (see <a href="/wiki/Coosa_chiefdom" title="Coosa chiefdom">Coosa confederacy</a>) over the course of five and a half centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hernando de Soto expedition encountered a settlement called Itaba between Coosa and Ulibahali, which was likely Etowah.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historic Muscogee Creek formed in this region and occupied this area. They were later pushed out by the Cherokee, who migrated from eastern Georgia and Tennessee to evade European-American pressure. </p><p>In the 19th century, European-American settlers mistakenly believed that the mounds had been built by the historic <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, who occupied the region at the time. But many researchers now believe that because the <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian language">Iroquoian</a>-speaking tribe did not reach this part of Georgia until the late 18th century, they could not have built the mounds. The earthworks have been dated to much earlier periods.<sup id="cite_ref-sturtevant_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sturtevant-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, the federally recognized <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee (Creek) Nation</a>, now based in Oklahoma, and the <a href="/wiki/Poarch_Band_of_Creek_Indians" title="Poarch Band of Creek Indians">Poarch Band of Creek Indians</a> of Alabama both consider <i>Italwa</i> to be their most important ancestral town. The Cherokee also revere it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Site_chronology">Site chronology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Site chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tykeon_Wilkes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tykeon Wilkes (page does not exist)">Tykeon Wilkes</a> used changes in ceramic styles across multiple sites in the Etowah River Valley to determine timelines for the region. The ceramics found at Etowah and other regional sites have been reconstructed and allow Etowah to be placed into the following sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-KING2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KING2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town was occupied in three distinct <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological phase">archaeological phases</a>: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000–1200</span> CE, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250–1375</span> CE, and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1375–1550</span> CE. It was at its peak from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1325–1375</span> CE.<sup id="cite_ref-archaeology.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeology.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><i>Period</i></th> <th><i>Regional periods</i></th> <th><i>Dates</i></th> <th><i>Etowah Site Phases</i></th> <th>Ceramic markers </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Early Mississippian </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etowah Phase (page does not exist)">Etowah Phase</a> </td> <td>1000–1100 CE </td> <td>Early Etowah </td> <td>ladder base diamond predominant motif, shell <a href="/wiki/Temper_(pottery)" title="Temper (pottery)">tempering</a> more common </td></tr> <tr> <td>1100–1200 CE </td> <td>Late Etowah </td> <td>2-bar diamond motif more prevalent, grit tempering more common, filfot cross, Etowah Incised and <a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_Island" title="Hiwassee Island">Hiwassee Island</a> red on buff first appear </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Middle Mississippian </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannah_Phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savannah Phase (page does not exist)">Savannah Phase</a> </td> <td>1200–1250 CE </td> <td>Unoccupied </td> <td>no inhabited sites along Etowah river valley </td></tr> <tr> <td>1250–1325 CE </td> <td>Early Wilbanks </td> <td>coarse grit temper commonest, pottery thicker, bolder and with sloppier, complicated, stamped designs </td></tr> <tr> <td>1325–1375 CE </td> <td>Late Wilbanks </td> <td>thinner pottery, more finely done stamping, minority vessel forms and designs appear, Rudder Comb Incised, Dallas Incised, Pisgah-like and Lake Jackson decorated </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Late Mississippian </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Lamar_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar phase">Lamar phase</a> </td> <td>1375–1425 CE </td> <td>Stamp Creek </td> <td>lack of Lamar Incised, rim modifications appear, </td></tr> <tr> <td>1425–1475 CE </td> <td>Mayes(provisional) </td> <td>wider rims than previous phase, boldly executed 3-line incised designs </td></tr> <tr> <td>1475–1550 CE </td> <td>Brewster </td> <td>narrower incised lines, stamping sloppy with most motifs no longer distinguishable, rectilinear designs common, Brewster and Barnett are temporally equivalent and are more of a geographic distinction in the valley </td></tr> <tr> <td>1500–1625 CE </td> <td>Barnett </td> <td>higher percentage of shell tempering than Brewster with types such as Dallas Plain, Dallas Incised and Dallas Filleted </td></tr> </tbody></table><p><sup id="cite_ref-KING2003_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KING2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Site_description">Site description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Site description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etowah_Indian_Mound_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Etowah_Indian_Mound_A.jpg/220px-Etowah_Indian_Mound_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Etowah_Indian_Mound_A.jpg/330px-Etowah_Indian_Mound_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Etowah_Indian_Mound_A.jpg/440px-Etowah_Indian_Mound_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Chief Mound (Mound A)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA-Georgia-Etowah_Indian_Mounds-Mound_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/USA-Georgia-Etowah_Indian_Mounds-Mound_B.jpg/220px-USA-Georgia-Etowah_Indian_Mounds-Mound_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/USA-Georgia-Etowah_Indian_Mounds-Mound_B.jpg/330px-USA-Georgia-Etowah_Indian_Mounds-Mound_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/USA-Georgia-Etowah_Indian_Mounds-Mound_B.jpg/440px-USA-Georgia-Etowah_Indian_Mounds-Mound_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Mound B, seen from Mound A</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etowah_MoundC_2_HRoe_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Etowah_MoundC_2_HRoe_2012.jpg/220px-Etowah_MoundC_2_HRoe_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Etowah_MoundC_2_HRoe_2012.jpg/330px-Etowah_MoundC_2_HRoe_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Etowah_MoundC_2_HRoe_2012.jpg/440px-Etowah_MoundC_2_HRoe_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Mound C</figcaption></figure> <p>Etowah has three main <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">platform mounds</a> and three lesser mounds. The Temple Mound, Mound A, is 63 feet (19 m) high, taller than a six-story building, and covers 3 acres (12,000 m<sup>2</sup>) at its base. In 2005–2008 ground mapping with magnetometers revealed new information and data, showing that the site was much more complex than had previously been believed.<sup id="cite_ref-archaeology.org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeology.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study team has identified a total of 140 buildings on the site. In addition, Mound A was found to have had four major structures and a courtyard during the height of the community's power.<sup id="cite_ref-archaeology.org_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeology.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mound B is 25 feet (7.6 m) high; Mound C, which rises 10 feet (3.0 m), is the only one to have been completely excavated. <a href="/wiki/Magnetometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetometers">Magnetometers</a> enabled archaeologists to determine the location of temples of log and thatch, which were originally built on the summits of the mounds. Adjacent to the mounds is a raised, level, ceremonial plaza, which was constructed to be used for ceremonies, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lacrosse" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lacrosse">stickball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">chunkey</a> games, and as a bazaar for trade goods. </p><p>When visiting the Etowah Mounds, guests can view the "borrow pits" (which archaeologists at one time thought were moats), where workers dug earth to construct the three large mounds in the center of the park. </p><p>Older <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture_pottery" title="Mississippian culture pottery">pottery</a> found on the site suggest that there was an earlier village (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200</span> BCE–600 CE) associated with the <a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_culture" title="Swift Creek culture">Swift Creek culture</a>. This earlier Middle <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a> occupation at Etowah may have been related to the major Swift Creek center of <a href="/wiki/Leake_Mounds" title="Leake Mounds">Leake Mounds</a>, approximately two miles downstream (west) of Etowah. </p><p>War was commonplace; many archaeologists believe the people of Etowah battled for hegemony over the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_River" title="Alabama River">Alabama River</a> basin with those of <a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a>, a Mississippian site in present-day <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. The town was protected by a sophisticated semicircular <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> system. An outer band formed by nut tree orchards prevented enemy armies from shooting masses of flaming arrows into the town. A 9 feet (2.7 m) to 10 feet (3.0 m)-deep <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a> blocked direct contact by the enemy with the <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisaded</a> walls. It also functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> system during major floods, common for centuries, from this period and into the 20th century. Workers formed the palisade by setting upright 12 feet (3.7 m) high logs into a ditch approximately 12 inches (300 mm) on center. They back-filled around the timbers to form a levee. Guard towers for archers were spaced approximately 80 feet (24 m) apart. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artifacts">Artifacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg/220px-Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg/330px-Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg/440px-Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a <a href="/wiki/Etowah_plates" title="Etowah plates">Rogan Plate</a> (Catalogue No. A91117, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, Smithsonian), a <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_copper_plates" title="Mississippian copper plates">repoussé copper plate</a> <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">falcon dancer</a> found at Etowah, but believed to have been fabricated at <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> in the 13th century<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> discovered in burials within the Etowah site indicate that its residents developed an artistically and technically advanced culture. Numerous copper tools, <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etowah_plates" title="Etowah plates">ornamental copper plates</a> accompanied the burials of members of Etowah's elite class. Where proximity to copper protected textile fibers from degeneration, archaeologists also found brightly colored cloth with ornate patterns. These were the remnants of the clothing of social <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elites</a>. </p><p>Numerous clay figurines and ten <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_stone_statuary" title="Mississippian stone statuary">Mississippian stone statues</a> have been found through the years in the vicinity of Etowah. Many are paired statues, which portray a man sitting cross-legged and a woman kneeling. The female figures wear wrap-around skirts and males are usually portrayed without visible clothing, although both usually have elaborate hairstyles. The pair are thought to represent lineage ancestors. Individual statues of young women also show them kneeling, but with additional characteristics such as visible sex organs, which are not visible on the paired statues. This female figure is thought to represent a <a href="/wiki/Earth/fertility_cult" title="Earth/fertility cult">fertility or Earth Mother goddess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TENNCUMBSTONESTAT_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TENNCUMBSTONESTAT-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">birdman</a>, hand in eye, <a href="/wiki/Solar_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cross">solar cross</a>, and other symbols associated with the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a> appear in many artifacts found at Etowah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Etowah_River" title="Etowah River">Etowah River</a> is a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Coosa_River" title="Coosa River">Coosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabama_River" title="Alabama River">Alabama</a> rivers, and forms the border between the southern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Ridge_and_Valley_Appalachians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridge and Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley Appalachians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont Plateau">Piedmont Plateau</a>. Trade and tribute brought <a href="/wiki/Busycon" title="Busycon">whelk</a> shells from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>; copper, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a>; and "<a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, and an array of <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochers</a> to provide pigment for painting buildings, bodies, and works of art; <a href="/wiki/Greenstone_(archaeology)" title="Greenstone (archaeology)">greenstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> to furnish raw material for tools, weapons and ritual objects" from the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont Plateau">Piedmont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loamy</a> riverbed soil could be easily tilled with digging sticks and stone and shell hoes. Its fertility was annually renewed by the river's floods. Free of frost most of the year, the land yielded rich harvests of corn, beans, and squash, traditional crops of the indigenous peoples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat">Habitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/American_chestnut" title="American chestnut">Chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persimmon" title="Persimmon">persimmon</a> trees that grew in upland forests provided nuts and fruit for both the people of Etowah and the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkey</a>, and smaller game they hunted. Other plants that were gathered include <a href="/wiki/Stinging_nettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Stinging nettle">stinging nettle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paper_mulberry" title="Paper mulberry">paper mulberry</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Yaupon_holly" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaupon holly">native holly</a> was gathered whose leaves and stems were brewed into the <a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a> imbibed in ritual purification ceremonies. <a href="/wiki/River_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="River cane">River cane</a> grew in dense thickets and was made into arrow shafts, thatching for roofs, and splits for weaving baskets, benches, and mats for walls and floors. </p><p>River shoals abounded in <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_mussel" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater mussel">freshwater mussels</a> and turtles. The Mississippians built v-shaped rock <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">weirs</a> to pen and channel <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum (fish)">drum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gar" title="Gar">gar</a>, which they caught in <a href="/wiki/Rivercane" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivercane">rivercane</a> baskets.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers have found remains of more than 100 rock weirs along the Etowah River. One has been restored within the grounds of the historic site.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-contact">Post-contact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a> research on the subject is not conclusive, but the Etowah site may be the same as a village of a similar name visited by Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando de Soto (explorer)">Hernando de Soto</a> in 1540. The chroniclers of the de Soto Expedition made no mention of any large mounds in their record of visiting a town named <i>Itaba</i>, though historian Dr. Marvin T. Smith suggests that the mounds which were likely overgrown and unmaintained by the time of the expedition may simply not have attracted the attention of Spanish explorers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Itaba</i> means "boundary" or trail crossing in the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama language</a>. The English name for the mounds, <i>Etowah</i>, was derived from an archaic Muscogee place name, <i>Italwa</i>. <i>Italwa</i> probably originally referred to the <a href="/wiki/Solar_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cross">solar cross</a> symbol. In the modern Muskogee language it means "town."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until studies of the late 20th century were published, most European-American people in Georgia believed Etowah to have been built by the well-known historic <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>. But, the Cherokee did not arrive in this part of Georgia until the late 18th century, two to seven centuries after the mounds were constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-sturtevant_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sturtevant-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars believe that the mound complex was likely built by people of the <a href="/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Appalachian Mississippian culture">South Appalachian Mississippian culture</a>. They are considered ancestral to the historic <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a>, long known as the Creek people.<sup id="cite_ref-sturtevant_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sturtevant-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the peoples of the Creek Confederacy were removed to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> in the 1830s. </p><p>Since that time, the Creek descendants have formed two federally recognized tribes: the largest is the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee (Creek) Nation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Poarch_Band_of_Creek_Indians" title="Poarch Band of Creek Indians">Poarch Band of Creek Indians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> is the only federally recognized tribe in the state. Both consider <i>Italwa</i>, or Etowah, to be their most important ancestral town. The official title of the Creek Nation's Principal Chief is <i>Italwa Mikko</i> (the Muskogee word for chief is <i>miko</i>). A new, large-scale model of Italwa is on permanent display in the rotunda of the Muskogee (Creek) Capitol in <a href="/wiki/Okmulgee,_Oklahoma" title="Okmulgee, Oklahoma">Okmulgee, Oklahoma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_excavation_and_studies">History of excavation and studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History of excavation and studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg/225px-Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg/338px-Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg/450px-Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Marble effigies from the Etowah Mound C, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250–1375</span>: kneeling woman on left, and man on right<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etowah_Archaeological_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Etowah_Archaeological_Museum.jpg/319px-Etowah_Archaeological_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="319" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Etowah_Archaeological_Museum.jpg/479px-Etowah_Archaeological_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Etowah_Archaeological_Museum.jpg/638px-Etowah_Archaeological_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3105" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Etowah Archaeological Museum, located at the site</figcaption></figure> <p>Missionary <a href="/wiki/Elias_Cornelius" title="Elias Cornelius">Elias Cornelius</a> visited the site in 1817 and described it in his journal published by <a href="/wiki/Bela_Bates_Edwards" title="Bela Bates Edwards">Bela Bates Edwards</a> in 1833. He realized a mound must have been over two hundred years old, due to the size of trees growing on it, but had little idea of its real history.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Thomas" title="Cyrus Thomas">Cyrus Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_P._Rogan" title="John P. Rogan">John P. Rogan</a> tested the site in 1883 for the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, which was conducting a survey of recognized mound sites. </p><p>The first well-documented archaeological inquiry at the site did not begin until the winter of 1925, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Moorehead" title="Warren K. Moorehead">Warren K. Moorehead</a>. His excavations into Mound C at the site revealed a rich array of <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> burial goods. These artifacts, along with the collections from <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville site</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a>, would comprise the majority of the materials which archaeologists used to define the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a> (SECC). The professional excavation of this enormous burial mound contributed major research impetus to the study of Mississippian artifacts and peoples. It greatly increased the understanding of pre-Contact <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American artwork</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Randolph_Kelly" title="Arthur Randolph Kelly">Arthur R. Kelly</a>, founding chairman of the Department of Anthropology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a>, also conducted professional excavations and studies at Etowah Mounds, prior to planned flood control projects in the area. In 1947, the government built the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Allatoona" title="Lake Allatoona">Allatoona Dam</a> upstream for flood control. The Etowah site was designated as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1964. </p><p>The Etowah Indian Mounds museum displays artifacts found at the site, including <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture_pottery" title="Mississippian culture pottery">Mississippian culture pottery</a>, monolithic stone axes, <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_stone_statuary" title="Mississippian stone statuary">Mississippian stone statuary</a>, copper jewelry, <a href="/wiki/Shell_gorget" title="Shell gorget">shell gorgets</a>, and other artifacts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtowahModel.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of Etowah at its height"><img alt="Model of Etowah at its height" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EtowahModel.JPG/120px-EtowahModel.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EtowahModel.JPG/180px-EtowahModel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EtowahModel.JPG/240px-EtowahModel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of Etowah at its height</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtowahChief.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Etowah chief, Georgia State Capitol, based on archaeological findings and the descriptions of early European explorers"><img alt="Statue of Etowah chief, Georgia State Capitol, based on archaeological findings and the descriptions of early European explorers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/EtowahChief.JPG/120px-EtowahChief.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/EtowahChief.JPG/180px-EtowahChief.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/EtowahChief.JPG/240px-EtowahChief.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Etowah chief, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Capitol" title="Georgia State Capitol">Georgia State Capitol</a>, based on archaeological findings and the descriptions of early European explorers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blades.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceremonial flint blades and chunkey stones"><img alt="Ceremonial flint blades and chunkey stones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Blades.JPG/120px-Blades.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Blades.JPG/180px-Blades.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Blades.JPG/240px-Blades.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="2216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceremonial flint blades and <a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">chunkey</a> stones</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FishTrap.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rock fishing weir constructed on the Etowah River"><img alt="Rock fishing weir constructed on the Etowah River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FishTrap.JPG/120px-FishTrap.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FishTrap.JPG/180px-FishTrap.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FishTrap.JPG/240px-FishTrap.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rock fishing weir constructed on the Etowah River</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mounds_B_and_C,_Etowah_Mound_Site_(April_2011).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mounds B, and C from the top of Mound A."><img alt="Mounds B, and C from the top of Mound A." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mounds_B_and_C%2C_Etowah_Mound_Site_%28April_2011%29.jpg/120px-Mounds_B_and_C%2C_Etowah_Mound_Site_%28April_2011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mounds_B_and_C%2C_Etowah_Mound_Site_%28April_2011%29.jpg/180px-Mounds_B_and_C%2C_Etowah_Mound_Site_%28April_2011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mounds_B_and_C%2C_Etowah_Mound_Site_%28April_2011%29.jpg/240px-Mounds_B_and_C%2C_Etowah_Mound_Site_%28April_2011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mounds B, and C from the top of Mound A.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bibb_County,_Georgia" title="Bibb County, Georgia">Bibb County, Georgia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leake_Mounds" title="Leake Mounds">Leake Mounds</a> (9BR2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbanks_Site" title="Wilbanks Site">Wilbanks Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_Heritage_Center" title="Funk Heritage Center">Funk Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)">List of National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bartow_County,_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bartow County, Georgia">National Register of Historic Places listings in Bartow County, Georgia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_George_Squier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim George Squier">Squier, Ephraim George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hamilton_Davis" title="Edwin Hamilton Davis">Edwin Hamilton Davis</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4301/view/1/231/">Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</a></i>. pp. 232–235.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National 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March 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2006-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlsum-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131023344/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=170&ResourceType=Site">"Etowah Mounds"</a>. <i>National Historic Landmark summary listing</i>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=170&ResourceType=Site">the original</a> on January 31, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Landmark+summary+listing&rft.atitle=Etowah+Mounds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D170%26ResourceType%3DSite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaEtowah-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gaEtowah_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gastateparks.org/EtowahIndianMoundshttps://gastateparks.org/EtowahIndianMounds">"Etowah Indian Mounds, state Historic Site, Cartersville"</a>. Georgia State Parks and Historic Sites. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etowah+Indian+Mounds%2C+state+Historic+Site%2C+Cartersville&rft.pub=Georgia+State+Parks+and+Historic+Sites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgastateparks.org%2FEtowahIndianMoundshttps%3A%2F%2Fgastateparks.org%2FEtowahIndianMounds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEAC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEAC_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607164259/http://www.nps.gov/seac/outline/05-mississippian/index.htm">"Southeastern Prehistory:Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/seac/outline/05-mississippian/index.htm">the original</a> on June 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Prehistory%3AMississippian+and+Late+Prehistoric+Period&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fseac%2Foutline%2F05-mississippian%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isham-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isham_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodore_IshamBlue_Clark" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Theodore Isham; Blue Clark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100720043504/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CR006.html">"Creek (Mvskoke)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CR006.html">the original</a> on July 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creek+%28Mvskoke%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History+%26+Culture&rft.au=Theodore+Isham&rft.au=Blue+Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentries%2FC%2FCR006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow,_Dean2010" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Dean (2010). 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Gainesville: University press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1811-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1811-9"><bdi>978-0-8130-1811-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coosa%3A+the+rise+and+fall+of+a+southeastern+Mississippian+chiefdom&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.series=The+Ripley+P.+Bullen+series&rft.pub=University+press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1811-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Marvin+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sturtevant-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sturtevant_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sturtevant_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sturtevant_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturtevantFogelson2004" class="citation book cs1">Sturtevant, William C.; Fogelson, Raymond D., eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=City+Beneath+the+Mounds%3A+Mapping+a+prehistoric+American+metropolis&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2008-11%2F2008-12&rft.au=Mike+Toner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2F0811%2Fabstracts%2Fetowah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend and Sharp 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TENNCUMBSTONESTAT-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TENNCUMBSTONESTAT_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_E._SmithJames_V._Miller2009" class="citation book cs1">Kevin E. Smith; James V. Miller (2009). <i>Speaking with the Ancestors-Mississippian Stone Statuary of the Tennessee-Cumberland region</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>. pp. 27–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5465-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5465-7"><bdi>978-0-8173-5465-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+with+the+Ancestors-Mississippian+Stone+Statuary+of+the+Tennessee-Cumberland+region&rft.pages=27-36&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-5465-7&rft.au=Kevin+E.+Smith&rft.au=James+V.+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_E._Stuart1981" class="citation journal cs1">George E. Stuart (October 1981). "Etowah: A Southeastern village in 1491". <i>National Geographic</i>. <b>180</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Etowah%3A+A+Southeastern+village+in+1491&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1981-10&rft.au=George+E.+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2009/E9-6507.htm">"Notice of Inventory Completion: Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Atlanta, GA"</a>. National Park Service. March 2, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notice+of+Inventory+Completion%3A+Georgia+Department+of+Natural+Resources%2C+Atlanta%2C+GA.&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2009-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedocket.access.gpo.gov%2F2009%2FE9-6507.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Etowah Indian Mounds State Park", Informational Guide, Georgia Department of Natural Resources</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openarchaeology.info/venues/etowah-indian-mounds-us">"Etowah Indian Mounds (US)"</a>. <i>Open Archaeology</i>. EXARC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Etowah+Indian+Mounds+%28US%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenarchaeology.info%2Fvenues%2Fetowah-indian-mounds-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend and Sharp 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBela_Bates_Edwards1842" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bela_Bates_Edwards" title="Bela Bates Edwards">Bela Bates Edwards</a> (1842) [1833]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zz4AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP84"><i>Memoir of the Rev. Elias Cornelius</i></a>. Boston: Perkins & Marvin. pp. 80–85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+the+Rev.+Elias+Cornelius&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=80-85&rft.pub=Perkins+%26+Marvin&rft.date=1842&rft.au=Bela+Bates+Edwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzz4AAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPP84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson,_CharlesMarvin_SmithDavid_HallyRichard_Polhemus1985" class="citation journal cs1">Hudson, Charles; Marvin Smith; David Hally; Richard Polhemus; Chester DePratter (1985). "Coosa: A Chiefdom in the Sixteenth-Century Southeastern United States". <i>American Antiquity</i>. <b>50</b> (4): 723–737. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F280163">10.2307/280163</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/280163">280163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162149464">162149464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Coosa%3A+A+Chiefdom+in+the+Sixteenth-Century+Southeastern+United+States&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=723-737&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162149464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F280163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F280163&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Charles&rft.au=Marvin+Smith&rft.au=David+Hally&rft.au=Richard+Polhemus&rft.au=Chester+DePratter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsendSharp2004" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, Richard F.; Sharp, Robert V., eds. (2004). <i>Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10601-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10601-7"><bdi>0-300-10601-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hero%2C+Hawk%2C+and+Open+Hand%3A+American+Indian+Art+of+the+Ancient+Midwest+and+South&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-300-10601-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren_King_Moorehead1932" class="citation book cs1">Warren King Moorehead, ed. (1932). <i>Explorations of the Etowah Site in Georgia: The Etowah Papers</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorations+of+the+Etowah+Site+in+Georgia%3A+The+Etowah+Papers&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow,_Dean2010" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Dean (2010). "Etowah". <i>Archaeology Of Native North America</i>. Prentice Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Etowah&rft.btitle=Archaeology+Of+Native+North+America&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Snow%2C+Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtowah+Indian+Mounds" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etowah_Indian_Mounds&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Etowah_Indian_Mounds" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gastateparks.org/EtowahIndianMounds">Etowah Indian Mounds Historic Site</a>, official site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngeorgia.com/ang/Etowah_Indian_Mounds_State_Historic_Site">Etowah Mounds near Cartersville, Georgia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402110252/http://ngeorgia.com/ang/Etowah_Indian_Mounds_State_Historic_Site">Archived</a> April 2, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/0811/abstracts/etowah.html">"Etowah: Remote sensing" </a>, <i>Archaeology</i> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/bartow/etowah-tumlin-mounds">Etowah (Tumlin) Mounds</a> historical marker</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Up_iOoRVBMU/">Video of the site from the ground and the top of the largest mound made by a member of the Cherokee Nation</a> from 2016</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mississippian_and_related_cultures" title="Template:Mississippian and related cultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mississippian_and_related_cultures" title="Template 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href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)#Culture,_phase,_and_chronological_table_for_the_Mississippi_Valley" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Timeline of Mississippi valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Middle<br />Mississippian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Bottom" title="American Bottom">American Bottom</a><br />and Upper Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztalan_State_Park" title="Aztalan State Park">Aztalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Eddy_Site" title="Big Eddy Site">Big Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">Monks Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_34" title="Mound 34">Mound 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_72" title="Mound 72">Mound 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramey_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramey state">Ramey state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia_Woodhenge" title="Cahokia Woodhenge">Woodhenge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverdale_archaeological_site" title="Cloverdale archaeological site">Cloverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickson_Mounds" title="Dickson Mounds">Dickson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Emerald Mound and Village Site">Emerald Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmons_Cemetery_Site" title="Emmons Cemetery Site">Emmons Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Lake_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Horseshoe Lake Mound and Village Site">Horseshoe Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chapman_Village_Site" title="John Chapman Village Site">John Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhn_Station_Site" title="Kuhn Station Site">Kuhn Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larson_Site" title="Larson Site">Larson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsford-Pulcher_Archeological_Site" title="Lunsford-Pulcher Archeological Site">Lunsford-Pulcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCune_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="McCune Mound and Village Site">McCune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Archaeological_Site_(Mitchell,_Illinois)" title="Mitchell Archaeological Site (Mitchell, Illinois)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orendorf_Site" title="Orendorf Site">Orendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeth_Site" title="Sleeth Site">Sleeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starr_Village_and_Mound_Group" title="Starr Village and Mound Group">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf_Mound" title="Sugarloaf Mound">Sugarloaf Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Lower Ohio River and<br /> Confluence area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_site" title="Adams site">Adams site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogtooth_Bend_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Dogtooth Bend Mounds and Village Site">Dogtooth Bend Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Site" title="Marshall Site">Marshall Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millstone_Bluff" title="Millstone Bluff">Millstone Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orr-Herl_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Orr-Herl Mound and Village Site">Orr-Herl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlandton_Mound_Site" title="Rowlandton Mound Site">Rowlandton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towosahgy_State_Historic_Site" title="Towosahgy State Historic Site">Towosahgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Site" title="Turk Site">Turk Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Mounds_Site" title="Twin Mounds Site">Twin Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Ware Mounds and Village Site">Ware Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickliffe_Mounds" title="Wickliffe Mounds">Wickliffe Mounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Middle Ohio River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_phase" title="Angel phase">Angel phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annis_Mound_and_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Annis Mound and Village Site">Annis Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_Bank_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bone Bank site (page does not exist)">Bone Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellerbusch_site" title="Ellerbusch site">Ellerbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovey_Lake-Klein_Archeological_Site" title="Hovey Lake-Klein Archeological Site">Hovey Lake-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovey_Lake_Archaeological_District" title="Hovey Lake Archaeological District">Hovey Lake District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murphy_Archaeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murphy Archaeological Site (page does not exist)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prather_Site" title="Prather Site">Prather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_Farm" title="Slack Farm">Slack Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu_Site" title="Tolu Site">Tolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welborn_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Welborn Village Archeological Site">Welborn Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankeetown_site" title="Yankeetown site">Yankeetown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Tennessee and<br />Cumberland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backusburg_Mounds" title="Backusburg Mounds">Backusburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beasley_Mounds_Site" title="Beasley Mounds Site">Beasley Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Library_Site" title="Brentwood Library Site">Brentwood Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Church_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Brick Church Mound and Village Site">Brick Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Springs_Mound_Site" title="Castalian Springs Mound Site">Castalian Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Cave_State_Park" title="Dunbar Cave State Park">Dunbar Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fewkes_Group_Archaeological_Site" title="Fewkes Group Archaeological Site">Fewkes Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_Island" title="Hiwassee Island">Hiwassee Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Farm_State_Archaeological_Area" title="Link Farm State Archaeological Area">Link Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Bottom" title="Mound Bottom">Mound Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverview_Mounds_Archaeological_Site" title="Riverview Mounds Archaeological Site">Riverview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellars_Farm_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sellars Farm Site">Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obion_Mounds" title="Obion Mounds">Obion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Town Archaeological Site">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swallow_Bluff_Island_Mounds" title="Swallow Bluff Island Mounds">Swallow Bluff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Central and Lower<br /> Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belle_Meade_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belle Meade phase (page does not exist)">Belle Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone%27s_Mounds" title="Boone's Mounds">Boone's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_Mounds_Site" title="Boyd Mounds Site">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Archeological_Site" title="Campbell Archeological Site">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Mounds" title="Carson Mounds">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chucalissa" title="Chucalissa">Chucalissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Mound_Group" title="Denmark Mound Group">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet%27s_Mound" title="Janet's Mound">Janet's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menard%E2%80%93Hodges_site" title="Menard–Hodges site">Menard-Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_Mound_Archeological_Site" title="Murphy Mound Archeological Site">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_phase" title="Nodena phase">Nodena phase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_Creek_Mounds" title="Owl Creek Mounds">Owl Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkin phase">Parkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quigualtam" title="Quigualtam">Quigualtam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipton_phase" title="Tipton phase">Tipton phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_people" title="Tunica people">Tunica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koroa" title="Koroa">Koroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_people" title="Yazoo people">Yazoo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_phase" title="Walls phase">Walls phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Appalachian Mississippian culture">South Appalachian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Appalachian Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamson_Mounds_Site" title="Adamson Mounds Site">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_site" title="Avery site">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaverdam_Creek_Archaeological_Site" title="Beaverdam Creek Archaeological Site">Beaverdam Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Field_Mound_Site" title="Bell Field Mound Site">Bell Field Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer_Site" title="Bessemer Site">Bessemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Mound" title="Biltmore Mound">Biltmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Mound" title="Blair Mound">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussell_Island" title="Bussell Island">Bussell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauga_Mound" title="Chauga Mound">Chauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaha" title="Chiaha">Chiaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chota_(Cherokee_town)" title="Chota (Cherokee town)">Chota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citico_(Cherokee_town)" title="Citico (Cherokee town)">Citico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosa_chiefdom" title="Coosa chiefdom">Coosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_phase" title="Dallas phase">Dallas phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyar_site" title="Dyar site">Dyar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Etowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Creek_site" title="Garden Creek site">Garden Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoojah_Branch_Site" title="Hoojah Branch Site">Hoojah Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Mound_site" title="Irene Mound site">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jere_Shine_site" title="Jere Shine site">Jere Shine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joara" title="Joara">Joara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bell_site" title="Joe Bell site">Joe Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Archaeological_Site" title="King Archaeological Site">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Mounds_and_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar Mounds and Village Site">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar phase">Lamar phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liddell_Archeological_Site" title="Liddell Archeological Site">Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Egypt_(archaeological_site)" title="Little Egypt (archaeological site)">Little Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Swamp_Site" title="Long Swamp Site">Long Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabila" title="Mabila">Mabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeville_site" title="Mandeville site">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahan_Mound_Site" title="McMahan Mound Site">McMahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Bend" title="Moccasin Bend">Moccasin Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_Creek_phase" title="Mouse Creek phase">Mouse Creek phase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulberry_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulberry site (page does not exist)">Mulberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacoochee_Mound" title="Nacoochee Mound">Nacoochee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikwasi" title="Nikwasi">Nikwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocmulgee National Monument">Ocmulgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Mound" title="Park Mound">Park Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisgah_phase" title="Pisgah phase">Pisgah phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_Rock_Shelter" title="Punk Rock Shelter">Punk Rock Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembert_Mounds" title="Rembert Mounds">Rembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roods_Landing_site" title="Roods Landing site">Roods Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucker%27s_Bottom_site" title="Rucker's Bottom site">Rucker's Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Archaeological_Site" title="Savannah Archaeological Site">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_Indian_Mounds_Site" title="Shiloh Indian Mounds Site">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixtoe_Mound" title="Sixtoe Mound">Sixtoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerour_Mound_site" title="Summerour Mound site">Summerour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskigi_Mound" title="Taskigi Mound">Taskigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomotley" title="Tomotley">Tomotley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqua_(Tennessee)" title="Toqua (Tennessee)">Toqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddells_Mill_Pond_Site" title="Waddells Mill Pond Site">Waddells Mill Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbanks_Site" title="Wilbanks Site">Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhaica" title="Anhaica">Anhaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_Province" title="Apalachee Province">Apalachee Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayson_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Cayson Mound and Village Site">Cayson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corbin%E2%80%93Tucker_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corbin–Tucker site (page does not exist)">Corbin–Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth-Love_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park">Letchworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yon_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Yon Mound and Village Site">Yon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_culture" title="Pensacola culture">Pensacola culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_Creek_Indian_Mounds" title="Bottle Creek Indian Mounds">Bottle Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mound_Park_(Dauphin_Island,_Alabama)" title="Indian Mound Park (Dauphin Island, Alabama)">Dauphin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Ridge_Cemetery_Archeological_Site" title="Hickory Ridge Cemetery Archeological Site">Hickory Ridge Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Live_Oaks_Cemetery" title="Naval Live Oaks Cemetery">Naval Live Oaks Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine<br />Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_site" title="Anna site">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_Basin_Mounds" title="Atchafalaya Basin Mounds">Atchafalaya Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Mound_site" title="Emerald Mound site">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Mounds" title="Fitzhugh Mounds">Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowery_Mound" title="Flowery Mound">Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_Mound" title="Foster's Mound">Fosters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Site_Mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost Site Mounds">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_site" title="Glass site">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Natchez" title="Grand Village of the Natchez">Grand Village of the Natchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaketown_Site" title="Jaketown Site">Jaketown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Mounds" title="Jordan Mounds">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julice_Mound" title="Julice Mound">Julice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangum_Mound_Site" title="Mangum Mound Site">Mangum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazique_Archeological_Site" title="Mazique Archeological Site">Mazique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medora_site" title="Medora site">Medora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_Archaeological_Preserve" title="Mott Archaeological Preserve">Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taensa" title="Taensa">Taensa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_Mounds" title="Pocahontas Mounds">Pocahontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routh_Mounds" title="Routh Mounds">Routh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Place_Mounds" title="Scott Place Mounds">Scott Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sims_site" title="Sims site">Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Mounds" title="Transylvania Mounds">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venable_Mound" title="Venable Mound">Venable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan<br />Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Mound_Site" title="Battle Mound Site">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belcher_Mound_Site" title="Belcher Mound Site">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluffton_Mound_site" title="Bluffton Mound site">Bluffton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Caddo Mounds State Historic Site">Caddoan Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gahagan_Mounds_Site" title="Gahagan Mounds Site">Gahagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Mound_Site" title="Hughes Mound Site">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka-Do-Ha_Indian_Village" title="Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village">Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keller_Site_(Calion,_Arkansas)" title="Keller Site (Calion, Arkansas)">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippian_culture" title="Upper Mississippian culture">Upper Mississippian<br />cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anker_Site" title="Anker Site">Anker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beattie_Park_Mound_Group" title="Beattie Park Mound Group">Beattie Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Run_Site" title="Blood Run Site">Blood Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcajou_Point_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcajou Point Site">Carcajou Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifield_Site" title="Fifield Site">Fifield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Mound_Group" title="Fisher Mound Group">Fisher Mound Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_Farm_site" title="Gentleman Farm site">Gentleman Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Illinois" title="Grand Village of the Illinois">Grand Village of the Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griesmer_site" title="Griesmer site">Griesmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartley_Fort_State_Preserve" title="Hartley Fort State Preserve">Hartley Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park#Hotel_Plaza" title="Starved Rock State Park">Hotel Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxie_Farm_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoxie Farm Site">Hoxie Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huber_Site" title="Huber Site">Huber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntunen_site" title="Juntunen site">Juntunen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_Spring_site" title="Knoll Spring site">Knoll Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero_site" title="Mero site">Mero site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Bluff_site" title="Moccasin Bluff site">Moccasin Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Forest_Site" title="Oak Forest Site">Oak Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palos_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Palos Site">Palos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Island_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum Island Site">Plum Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche-a-Cri_Petroglyphs" title="Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs">Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerdt_site" title="Schwerdt site">Schwerdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Island_site" title="Summer Island site">Summer Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_Effigy_Mound" title="Alligator Effigy Mound">Alligator Effigy Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clover_site" title="Clover site">Clover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_Site" title="Dodge Site">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Petroglyph" title="Leo Petroglyph">Leo Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">Beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium" title="Chenopodium">Chenopodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_barley" class="mw-redirect" title="Little barley">Little barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iva_annua" title="Iva annua">Marshelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">Pumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helianthus_annuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helianthus annuus">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmons_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmons mask">Emmons mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_copper_plates" title="Mississippian copper plates">Copper plates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan plates">Rogan plates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiro_plates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiro plates (page does not exist)">Spiro plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfing_cache" title="Wulfing cache">Wulfing cache</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_River_cache" title="Duck River cache">Duck River cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_god_maskette" title="Long-nosed god maskette">Long-nosed god maskette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_chert" title="Mill Creek chert">Mill Creek chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture_pottery" title="Mississippian culture pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_gorget" title="Shell gorget">Shell gorget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_stone_statuary" title="Mississippian stone statuary">Stone statuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilian_Jargon" title="Mobilian Jargon">Mobilian Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taensa_language" title="Taensa language">Taensa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Ballgame (Southeastern)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lacrosse" title="History of lacrosse">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus#United_States" title="Tumulus">Burial mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth/fertility_cult" title="Earth/fertility cult">Earth/fertility cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">Platform mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Horn" title="Red Horn">Red Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_bundle" title="Sacred bundle">Sacred bundle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_village_bundle" title="Caddoan village bundle">Village bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0F58E;"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chevron_bead" title="Chevron bead">Chevron bead</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarksdale_bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarksdale bell (page does not exist)">Clarksdale bell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">de Soto Expedition</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Georgia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Template:Protected areas of Georgia (U.S. state)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Georgia (U.S. state)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Georgia (U.S. state)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Georgia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Historical Parks,<br /> historic sites and military parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andersonville_Prison" title="Andersonville Prison">Andersonville NHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_National_Historical_Park" title="Jimmy Carter National Historical Park">Jimmy Carter NHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">Martin Luther King Jr. NHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennesaw_Mountain_National_Battlefield_Park" title="Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park">Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_and_Chattanooga_National_Military_Park" title="Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park">Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds NHP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">National monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Frederica_National_Monument" title="Fort Frederica National Monument">Fort Frederica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pulaski_National_Monument" title="Fort Pulaski National Monument">Fort Pulaski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">National forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee%E2%80%93Oconee_National_Forest" title="Chattahoochee–Oconee National Forest">Chattahoochee–Oconee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National wildlife refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banks_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Banks Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Banks Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Blackbeard Island National Wildlife Refuge">Blackbeard Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_Swamp_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Bond Swamp National Wildlife Refuge">Bond Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eufaula_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Eufaula National Wildlife Refuge">Eufaula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Neck_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge">Harris Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okefenokee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge">Okefenokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Savannah National Wildlife Refuge">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassaw_Island" title="Wassaw Island">Wassaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Wolf Island National Wildlife Refuge">Wolf Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Natural_Landmark" title="National Natural Landmark">National Natural Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heggie%27s_Rock" title="Heggie's Rock">Heggie's Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Forest" title="Marshall Forest">Marshall Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okefenokee_Swamp" title="Okefenokee Swamp">Okefenokee Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panola_Mountain" title="Panola Mountain">Panola Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassaw_Island" title="Wassaw Island">Wassaw Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wilderness_areas_of_the_United_States" title="List of wilderness areas of the United States">Wilderness areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Frog_Wilderness" title="Big Frog Wilderness">Big Frog Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Mountain_Wilderness" title="Blood Mountain Wilderness">Blood Mountain Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasstown_Wilderness" title="Brasstown Wilderness">Brasstown Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohutta_Wilderness" title="Cohutta Wilderness">Cohutta Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Island_National_Seashore" title="Cumberland Island National Seashore">Cumberland Island National Seashore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellicott_Rock_Wilderness" title="Ellicott Rock Wilderness">Ellicott Rock Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Trail_Wilderness" title="Mark Trail Wilderness">Mark Trail Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okefenokee_Wilderness" title="Okefenokee Wilderness">Okefenokee Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Cliffs_Wilderness" title="Raven Cliffs Wilderness">Raven Cliffs Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Mountain_Wilderness" title="Rich Mountain Wilderness">Rich Mountain Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nantahala_Wilderness" title="Southern Nantahala Wilderness">Southern Nantahala Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tray_Mountain_Wilderness" title="Tray Mountain Wilderness">Tray Mountain Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System" title="National Wild and Scenic Rivers System">Wild and scenic rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chattooga_River" title="Chattooga River">Chattooga River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Trails_System" title="National Trails System">National trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Trail" title="Appalachian Trail">Appalachian Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhoti_National_Recreation_Trail" title="Pinhoti National Recreation Trail">Pinhoti National Recreation Trail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">Other protected areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_River_National_Recreation_Area" title="Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area">Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Island_National_Seashore" title="Cumberland Island National Seashore">Cumberland Island National Seashore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Reef_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary">Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapelo_Island_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve">Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgia_state_parks" title="List of Georgia state parks">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amicalola_Falls_State_Park" title="Amicalola Falls State Park">Amicalola Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_Mountain_State_Park" title="Black Rock Mountain State Park">Black Rock Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_Bend_State_Park" title="Chattahoochee Bend State Park">Chattahoochee Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudland_Canyon_State_Park" title="Cloudland Canyon State Park">Cloudland Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooked_River_State_Park" title="Crooked River State Park">Crooked River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carter_State_Park" title="Don Carter State Park">Don Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Clark_State_Park" title="Elijah Clark State Park">Elijah Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._D._Roosevelt_State_Park" title="F. D. Roosevelt State Park">F.D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Marina_State_Park" title="Florence Marina State Park">Florence Marina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mountain_State_Park" title="Fort Mountain State Park">Fort Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Yargo_State_Park" title="Fort Yargo State Park">Fort Yargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Coffee_State_Park" title="General Coffee State Park">General Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Smith_State_Park" title="George L. Smith State Park">George L. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Bagby_State_Park" title="George T. Bagby State Park">George T. Bagby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Veterans_State_Park" title="Georgia Veterans State Park">Georgia Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_State_Park" title="Hamburg State Park">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Labor_Creek_State_Park" title="Hard Labor Creek State Park">Hard Labor Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Falls_State_Park" title="High Falls State Park">High Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Springs_State_Park" title="Indian Springs State Park">Indian Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Hill_State_Park" title="Jack Hill State Park">Jack Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Floyd_State_Park" title="James H. Floyd State Park">James H. "Sloppy" Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_S._Walker_State_Park" title="Laura S. Walker State Park">Laura S. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ocmulgee_State_Park" title="Little Ocmulgee State Park">Little Ocmulgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_Springs_State_Park" title="Magnolia Springs State Park">Magnolia Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistletoe_State_Park" title="Mistletoe State Park">Mistletoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Creek_State_Park" title="Moccasin Creek State Park">Moccasin Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panola_Mountain" title="Panola Mountain">Panola Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Canyon_State_Park" title="Providence Canyon State Park">Providence Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Top_Mountain_State_Park" title="Red Top Mountain State Park">Red Top Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Bingham_State_Park" title="Reed Bingham State Park">Reed Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Russell_State_Park" title="Richard B. Russell State Park">Richard B. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapelo_Island" title="Sapelo Island">Sapelo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_State_Park" title="Seminole State Park">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidaway_Island_State_Park" title="Skidaway Island State Park">Skidaway Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithgall_Woods_Conservation_Area" title="Smithgall Woods Conservation Area">Smithgall Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprewell_Bluff_Park" title="Sprewell Bluff Park">Sprewell Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Boy_Creek_State_Park" title="Standing Boy Creek State Park">Standing Boy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Foster_State_Park" title="Stephen C. Foster State Park">Stephen C. Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetwater_Creek_State_Park" title="Sweetwater Creek State Park">Sweetwater Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallulah_Gorge_State_Park" title="Tallulah Gorge State Park">Tallulah Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugaloo_State_Park" title="Tugaloo State Park">Tugaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicoi_State_Park" title="Unicoi State Park">Unicoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Bryant_State_Park" title="Victoria Bryant State Park">Victoria Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogel_State_Park" title="Vogel State Park">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Mill_Bridge_State_Park" title="Watson Mill Bridge State Park">Watson Mill Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Historic parks<br /> and sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._H._Stephens_State_Park" title="A. H. Stephens State Park">A. H. Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Vann_House_Historic_Site" title="Chief Vann House Historic Site">Chief Vann House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahlonega_Gold_Museum_Historic_Site" title="Dahlonega Gold Museum Historic Site">Dahlonega Gold Museum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McAllister_Historic_State_Park" title="Fort McAllister Historic State Park">Fort McAllister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_King_George" title="Fort King George">Fort King George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Morris_Historic_Site" title="Fort Morris Historic Site">Fort Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hofwyl-Broadfield_Plantation" title="Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation">Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrell_Plantation" title="Jarrell Plantation">Jarrell Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Memorial_Historic_Site" title="Jefferson Davis Memorial Historic Site">Jefferson Davis Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapham%E2%80%93Patterson_House" title="Lapham–Patterson House">Lapham–Patterson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_Plantation" title="Lebanon Plantation">Lebanon Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_White_House" title="Little White House">Little White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Echota" title="New Echota">New Echota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Mill_Battlefield_Site" title="Pickett's Mill Battlefield Site">Pickett's Mill Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Toombs_House_State_Historic_Site" title="Robert Toombs House State Historic Site">Robert Toombs House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelers_Rest_(Toccoa,_Georgia)" title="Travelers Rest (Toccoa, Georgia)">Travelers Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormsloe_Historic_Site" title="Wormsloe Historic Site">Wormsloe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgia_state_forests" title="List of Georgia state forests">Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartram_Forest_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Bartram Forest Wildlife Management Area">Bartram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxton_Rocks_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Broxton Rocks Forest">Broxton Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawson_Forest" title="Dawson Forest">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Memorial_State_Forest" title="Dixon Memorial State Forest">Dixon Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hightower_Forest" title="Hightower Forest">Hightower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulding_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulding Forest">Paulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Creek_Forest" title="Spirit Creek Forest">Spirit Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Olympic_Park" title="Centennial Olympic Park">Centennial Olympic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Elliott_Wildlife_Center" title="Charlie Elliott Wildlife Center">Charlie Elliott Wildlife Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jekyll_Island" title="Jekyll Island">Jekyll Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Len_Foote_Hike_Inn" title="Len Foote Hike Inn">Len Foote Hike Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_Springs,_Georgia" title="Radium Springs, Georgia">Radium Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapelo_Island" title="Sapelo Island">Sapelo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">County,<br />municipal<br />and other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Brown_Park" title="Bobby Brown Park">Bobby Brown Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chehaw_Park" title="Chehaw Park">Chehaw Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobb_County_Parks,_Recreation_and_Cultural_Affairs_Department" title="Cobb County Parks, Recreation and Cultural Affairs Department">Cobb County Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartwell_Lakeside_Park" title="Hartwell Lakeside Park">Hartwell Lakeside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tanner_Park" title="John Tanner Park">John Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIntosh_Reserve" title="McIntosh Reserve">McIntosh Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphey_Candler_Park" title="Murphey Candler Park">Murphey Candler Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okefenokee_Swamp_Park" title="Okefenokee Swamp Park">Okefenokee Swamp Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_G._Hunter_Memorial_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert G. Hunter Memorial Park (page does not exist)">Robert G. Hunter Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_Recreation_and_Parks" title="Roswell Recreation and Parks">Roswell Recreation and Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaborn_Jones_Memorial_Park" title="Seaborn Jones Memorial Park">Seaborn Jones Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaking_Rock_Park" title="Shaking Rock Park">Shaking Rock Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Forests and <br />nature preserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autrey_Mill_Nature_Preserve_%26_Heritage_Center" title="Autrey Mill Nature Preserve & Heritage Center">Autrey Mill Nature Preserve & Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernbank_Forest" title="Fernbank Forest">Fernbank Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Forest" title="Marshall Forest">Marshall Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningside_Nature_Preserve" title="Morningside Nature Preserve">Morningside Nature Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phinizy_Swamp_Nature_Park" title="Phinizy Swamp Nature Park">Phinizy Swamp Nature Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_Nature_Preserve" title="Reynolds Nature Preserve">Reynolds Nature Preserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_centers_in_the_United_States#Georgia" title="List of nature centers in the United States">Nature and environmental<br />education centers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdsong_Nature_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birdsong Nature Center (page does not exist)">Birdsong Nature Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Elliott_Wildlife_Center" title="Charlie Elliott Wildlife Center">Charlie Elliott Wildlife Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_Nature_Center" title="Chattahoochee Nature Center">Chattahoochee Nature Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochran_Mill_Nature_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cochran Mill Nature Center (page does not exist)">Cochran Mill Nature Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Springs_State_Park" title="Indian Springs State Park">Dauset Trails Nature Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunwoody_Nature_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunwoody Nature Center (page does not exist)">Dunwoody Nature Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elachee_Nature_Science_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elachee Nature Science Center (page does not exist)">Elachee Nature Science Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Nature_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgia Nature Center (page does not exist)">Georgia Nature Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bay_(Georgia)" title="Grand Bay (Georgia)">Grand Bay Wetland Education Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvin_L._Newman_Wetlands_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melvin L. Newman Wetlands Center (page does not exist)">Melvin L. Newman Wetlands Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatland_Island_Wildlife_Center" title="Oatland Island Wildlife Center">Oatland Island Wildlife Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxbow_Meadows_Environmental_Learning_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxbow Meadows Environmental Learning Center (page does not exist)">Oxbow Meadows Environmental Learning Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panola_Mountain" title="Panola Mountain">Panola Mountain State Park Nature Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Creek_Nature_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandy Creek Nature Center (page does not exist)">Sandy Creek Nature Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah%E2%80%93Ogeechee_Canal" title="Savannah–Ogeechee Canal">Savannah-Ogeechee Canal Museum & Nature Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidelands_Nature_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tidelands Nature Center (page does not exist)">Tidelands Nature Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tybee_Island_Marine_Science_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tybee Island Marine Science Center (page does not exist)">Tybee Island Marine Science Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Atlanta_Watershed_Alliance_Outdoor_Activity_Center" title="West Atlanta Watershed Alliance Outdoor Activity Center">West Atlanta Watershed Alliance Outdoor Activity Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Georgia Department of Natural Resources">Georgia Department of Natural Resources</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Forestry_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Forestry Commission">Georgia Forestry Commission</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_architectural_style_categories" title="National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories">Architectural style categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state" title="List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state">List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arizona" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arkansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Connecticut" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Idaho" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Illinois" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Indiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kentucky" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Louisiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maine" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maryland" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Massachusetts" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnesota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nebraska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nevada" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Hampshire" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Jersey" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Mexico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ohio" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oklahoma" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oregon" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pennsylvania" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhode_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tennessee" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Utah" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Vermont" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_state" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington state">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wisconsin" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_American_Samoa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guam" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Puerto_Rico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by associated state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Palau" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C." title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier" title="American Legation, Tangier">American Legation, Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act" title="National Historic Preservation Act">National Historic Preservation Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund" title="Historic Preservation Fund">Historic Preservation Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jails_and_prisons_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places">List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places">University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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