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<li id="toc-Digital_audio_laser-disc_prototypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_audio_laser-disc_prototypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Digital audio laser-disc prototypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_audio_laser-disc_prototypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaboration_and_standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration_and_standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Collaboration and standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaboration_and_standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Red_Book_CDs_and_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Red_Book_CDs_and_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>First <i>Red Book</i> CDs and players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Red_Book_CDs_and_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_development_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_development_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Further development and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_development_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_workings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_workings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Inner workings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inner_workings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inner workings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inner_workings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analog_signal_recovery_from_the_disc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog_signal_recovery_from_the_disc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Analog signal recovery from the disc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog_signal_recovery_from_the_disc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_signal_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_signal_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Digital signal processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_signal_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Player_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Player_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Player control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Player_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tray_design_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tray_design_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tray design types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tray_design_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tray design types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tray_design_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tray_loading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tray_loading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tray loading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tray_loading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_loading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_loading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vertical loading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_loading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top_loading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_loading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Top loading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_loading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tray_loading_with_sliding_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tray_loading_with_sliding_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tray loading with sliding mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tray_loading_with_sliding_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slot_loading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slot_loading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Slot loading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slot_loading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pickup_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pickup_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pickup mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pickup_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mechanical components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CD_player_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD_player_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>CD player features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CD_player_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portable_CD_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portable_CD_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Portable CD players</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portable_CD_players-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Portable CD players subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Portable_CD_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Small_portable_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_portable_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Small portable players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_portable_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boomboxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boomboxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Boomboxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boomboxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DJ_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DJ_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>DJ equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DJ_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">CD player</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="جهاز سي دي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاز سي دي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_p%C5%99ehr%C3%A1va%C4%8D" title="CD přehrávač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="CD přehrávač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd-afspiller" title="Cd-afspiller – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cd-afspiller" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Spieler" title="CD-Spieler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="CD-Spieler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductor_de_CD" title="Reproductor de CD – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reproductor de CD" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="سی‌دی پلی‌یر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سی‌دی پلی‌یر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platine_CD" title="Platine CD – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Platine CD" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="CD 플레이어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="CD 플레이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riproduttore_di_CD_audio" title="Riproduttore di CD audio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riproduttore di CD audio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd-speler" title="Cd-speler – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cd-speler" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC" title="CDプレーヤー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="CDプレーヤー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-spiller" title="CD-spiller – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="CD-spiller" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-spelar" title="CD-spelar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="CD-spelar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odtwarzacz_CD" title="Odtwarzacz CD – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odtwarzacz CD" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitor_de_CD" title="Leitor de CD – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leitor de CD" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Player" title="CD-Player – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="CD-Player" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Проигрыватель компакт-дисков – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Проигрыватель компакт-дисков" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc_player" title="Compact disc player – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Compact disc player" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_prehr%C3%A1va%C4%8D" title="CD prehrávač – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="CD prehrávač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-soitin" title="CD-soitin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="CD-soitin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-spelare" title="CD-spelare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="CD-spelare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="సిడి ప్లేయర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సిడి ప్లేయర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_%C3%A7alar" title="CD çalar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="CD çalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87" title="CD-програвач – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="CD-програвач" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD%E6%A9%9F" title="CD機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="CD機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD%E6%92%AD%E6%94%BE%E6%9C%BA" title="CD播放机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="CD播放机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1023100#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the electronic device. For the Microsoft Windows Software, see <a href="/wiki/CD_Player_(Windows)" title="CD Player (Windows)">CD Player (Windows)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panasonic_SL-S250C_with_Philips_LC0305_20110106.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Panasonic_SL-S250C_with_Philips_LC0305_20110106.jpg/170px-Panasonic_SL-S250C_with_Philips_LC0305_20110106.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Panasonic_SL-S250C_with_Philips_LC0305_20110106.jpg/255px-Panasonic_SL-S250C_with_Philips_LC0305_20110106.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Panasonic_SL-S250C_with_Philips_LC0305_20110106.jpg/340px-Panasonic_SL-S250C_with_Philips_LC0305_20110106.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A portable CD player</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>CD player</b> is an electronic device that plays audio <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a>, which are a <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">data storage</a> format. CD players were first sold to consumers in 1982. CDs typically contain recordings of audio material such as music or <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a>. CD players may be part of home <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereo</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Car_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Car audio">car audio</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Portable_CD_player" title="Portable CD player">portable CD players</a> such as CD <a href="/wiki/Boombox" title="Boombox">boomboxes</a>. Most CD players produce an output signal via a <a href="/wiki/Headphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headphone">headphone</a> jack or <a href="/wiki/RCA_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA jack">RCA jacks</a>. To use a CD player in a home stereo system, the user connects an RCA cable from the RCA jacks to a <a href="/wiki/Hi-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-fi">hi-fi</a> (or other <a href="/wiki/Power_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Power amplifier">amplifier</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a> for listening to music. To listen to music using a CD player with a headphone output jack, the user plugs headphones or earphones into the headphone jack. </p><p>Modern units can play audio formats other than the original CD <a href="/wiki/PCM" class="mw-redirect" title="PCM">PCM</a> audio coding, such as <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">WMA</a>. <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJs</a> playing <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a> at clubs often use specialized players with an adjustable playback speed to alter the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> and tempo of the music. <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineers</a> using CD players to play music for an event through a <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound reinforcement system</a> use professional audio-grade CD players. CD playback functionality is also available on <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">CD-ROM/DVD-ROM</a> drive equipped computers as well as on <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD players</a> and most optical disc-based <a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">home video game consoles</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDP101a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CDP101a.jpg/220px-CDP101a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CDP101a.jpg/330px-CDP101a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CDP101a.jpg/440px-CDP101a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sony_CDP-101" title="Sony CDP-101">Sony CDP-101</a> from 1982, the first commercially released <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a> player for <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CD_player.jpg/220px-CD_player.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CD_player.jpg/330px-CD_player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CD_player.jpg/440px-CD_player.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_CD100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips CD100 (page does not exist)">Philips CD100</a> from 1983, the first commercially released CD player in the USA and Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>American inventor <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_(inventor)" title="James Russell (inventor)">James T. Russell</a> is known for inventing the first system to record digital video information on an optical <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">transparent</a> <a href="/wiki/Foil_(metal)" title="Foil (metal)">foil</a> that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell's patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970. Following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russell's recording patents (then held by a Canadian company, Optical Recording Corp.) in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The compact disc is not based on Russell's invention; it is an evolution of <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> technology, where a focused <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> independently in the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the <i><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Red Book</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a> standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sony_CDP-101" title="Sony CDP-101">Sony CDP-101</a>, released in 1982, was the world's first commercially released compact disc player. It was originally sold only in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike early <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> players, first CD players already used <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diodes</a> instead of larger <a href="/wiki/Helium-neon_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium-neon laser">helium-neon lasers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_audio_laser-disc_prototypes">Digital audio laser-disc prototypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Digital audio laser-disc prototypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, Lou Ottens, director of the audio division of <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog<sup id="cite_ref-Immink_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immink-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm (7.9 in) and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Immink_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immink-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm (4.5 in), the diagonal of an audio cassette.<sup id="cite_ref-Immink_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immink-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-peek_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peek-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heitaro_Nakajima" title="Heitaro Nakajima">Heitaro Nakajima</a>, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> in 1970, became general manager of <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>'s audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital <a href="/wiki/PCM_adaptor" title="PCM adaptor">PCM adaptor</a> audio tape recorder using a <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm (12 in) disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using <a href="/wiki/Run-length_limited" title="Run-length limited">MFM</a> modulation.<sup id="cite_ref-SonyHistorical_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SonyHistorical-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and <a href="/wiki/Cross-interleaved_Reed-Solomon_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding">cross-interleaved</a> <a href="/wiki/Error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Error correction">error correction</a> code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard compact disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd <a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">AES</a> Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SonyHistorical_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SonyHistorical-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc"<sup id="cite_ref-BBC6950933_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC6950933-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilipsHistorical_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilipsHistorical-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaboration_and_standardization">Collaboration and standardization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Collaboration and standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Time_destroyed_CD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Time_destroyed_CD.JPG/220px-Time_destroyed_CD.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Time_destroyed_CD.JPG/330px-Time_destroyed_CD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Time_destroyed_CD.JPG/440px-Time_destroyed_CD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>This disc is <a href="/wiki/Disc_rot" title="Disc rot">highly corroded</a>. The error correction cannot correct all errors. Two minutes can be played, however.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sony executive <a href="/wiki/Norio_Ohga" title="Norio Ohga">Norio Ohga</a>, later CEO and chairman of Sony, and <a href="/wiki/Heitaro_Nakajima" title="Heitaro Nakajima">Heitaro Nakajima</a> were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohgaobituary_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohgaobituary-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a><sup id="cite_ref-Imminknature_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imminknature-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Toshitada_Doi" title="Toshitada Doi">Toshitada Doi</a>, the research pushed forward <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC6950933_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC6950933-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the <i><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Red Book</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a> standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996. </p><p>Philips coined the term <i>compact disc</i> in line with another audio product, the <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-peek_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peek-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contributed the general <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial process">process</a>, based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed <a href="/wiki/Eight-to-fourteen_modulation" title="Eight-to-fourteen modulation">eight-to-fourteen modulation</a> (EFM), which offers a certain resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints, while Sony contributed the <a href="/wiki/Error-correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Error-correction">error-correction</a> method, <a href="/wiki/Cross-Interleaved_Reed-Solomon_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Coding">CIRC</a>. The <i>Compact Disc Story</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Immink_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immink-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around four to eight persons,<sup id="cite_ref-Immink2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immink2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knopper_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knopper-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though according to Philips, the compact disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team."<sup id="cite_ref-PhilDoss_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilDoss-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Red_Book_CDs_and_players">First <i>Red Book</i> CDs and players</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First Red Book CDs and players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Red Book</i> was the first standard in the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a> series of standards. </p><p>Philips established the Polydor Pressing Operations plant in <a href="/wiki/Langenhagen" title="Langenhagen">Langenhagen</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and quickly passed a series of milestones. </p> <ul><li>The first <i>test pressing</i> was of a recording of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/An_Alpine_Symphony" title="An Alpine Symphony">Eine Alpensinfonie</a></i> (<i>An Alpine Symphony</i>) played by the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a> and conducted by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a>, who had been enlisted as an ambassador for the format in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMR-3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first <i>public demonstration</i> was on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> television program <i><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_World" title="Tomorrow's World">Tomorrow's World</a></i> in 1981, when the <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>' album <i><a href="/wiki/Living_Eyes_(Bee_Gees_album)" title="Living Eyes (Bee Gees album)">Living Eyes</a></i> (1981) was played.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMR-4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first <i>commercial</i> compact disc was produced on 17 August 1982. It was a recording from 1979 of <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a> performing Chopin waltzes (Philips 400 025-2). Arrau was invited to the Langenhagen plant to press the start button.</li> <li>The first <i>popular music</i> CD produced at the new factory was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Visitors_(ABBA_album)" title="The Visitors (ABBA album)">The Visitors</a></i> (1981) by <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMR-5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first 50 titles were <i>released</i> in Japan on 1 October 1982, with the first-cataloged CD in this wave being a reissue of <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/52nd_Street_(album)" title="52nd Street (album)">52nd Street</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMR-6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles).<sup id="cite_ref-G&M_1983-03-05_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&M_1983-03-05-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event is often seen<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">audiophile</a> communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a>, the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was <a href="/wiki/Dire_Straits" title="Dire Straits">Dire Straits</a>, with their 1985 album <i><a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(album)" title="Brothers in Arms (album)">Brothers in Arms</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMR-7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, whose 15 studio albums were made available by <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a> in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMR-8_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMR-9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_CD_Walkman_D-E330_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sony_CD_Walkman_D-E330_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sony_CD_Walkman_D-E330_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sony_CD_Walkman_D-E330_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sony_CD_Walkman_D-E330_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sony_CD_Walkman_D-E330_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sony_CD_Walkman_D-E330_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>Sony CD Walkman D-E330</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_development_and_decline">Further development and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further development and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JVC_CD_player.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/JVC_CD_player.JPG/220px-JVC_CD_player.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/JVC_CD_player.JPG/330px-JVC_CD_player.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/JVC_CD_player.JPG/440px-JVC_CD_player.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a> FS-SD5R CD player from the 1990s with a transparent plastic cover and blue backlight</figcaption></figure> <p>The CD was planned to be the successor of the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">gramophone record</a> for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium, but from its origins as a format for music, its use has grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Immink</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Braat" title="Joseph Braat">Braat</a> presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd <a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">AES</a> Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1985, the computer-readable <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> (read-only memory) was introduced and, in 1990, the <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-Recordable</a>, also developed by both Sony and Philips.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMR-10_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without the defects introduced in the compression used in other <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> methods. Other newer video formats such as <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward compatible">backward compatible</a> with audio CD. </p><p>By the early 2000s, the CD player had largely replaced the <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">audio cassette</a> player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the US to have a factory-equipped cassette player.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20120718_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20120718-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, with the increasing popularity of portable digital audio players, such as mobile phones, and solid state music storage, CD players are being phased out of automobiles in favor of minijack auxiliary inputs and connections to USB devices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some CD players incorporate disc changers. Commonly these can hold 3, 5, 6, or 10 discs at once and change from one disc to the next without user intervention. Disc changers capable of holding up to 400 discs at once were available. Also, the user can manually choose the disc to be played, making it similar to a <a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">jukebox</a>. They were often built into car audio and home stereo systems, although 7 disc CD changers were once made by <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakamichi" title="Nakamichi">Nakamichi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nakamichi_MBR-7_7_Disc_CD_ROM_Changer_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakamichi_MBR-7_7_Disc_CD_ROM_Changer-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for PCs. Some could also play DVD and Blu-ray discs. </p><p>Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Internet-based distribution</a> of files in <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossily-compressed</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio format">audio formats</a> such as <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 and 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMR-11_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-11-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better (according to figures released 30 March 2009), and CDs still continue to sell greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMR-12_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, compact cassettes, vinyl records, and CDs are still being released by some musicians, primarily as merchandise, to allow fans to provide financial support while receiving something tangible in return. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inner_workings">Inner workings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inner workings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of playing an audio CD, touted as a digital audio storage medium, starts with the plastic polycarbonate compact disc, a medium that contains the digitally encoded data. The disc is placed in a tray that either opens up (as with portable CD players) or slides out (the norm with in-home CD players, computer disc drives and game consoles). In some systems, the user slides the disc into a slot (e.g., car stereo CD players). Once the disc is loaded into the tray, the data is read out by a mechanism that scans the circular data tracks using a <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> beam. An electric motor spins the disc. The tracking control is done by analog servo amplifiers and then the high-frequency analog signal read from the disc is digitized, processed and decoded into analog audio and digital control data which is used by the player to position the playback mechanism on the correct track, do the skip and seek functions and display track, time, index and, on newer players in the 2010s, display title and artist information on a display placed in the front panel.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog_signal_recovery_from_the_disc">Analog signal recovery from the disc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Analog signal recovery from the disc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/CD_player" title="Special:EditPage/CD player">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philips_RAFOC_CD_Optical_tracking_device..png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Philips_RAFOC_CD_Optical_tracking_device..png/220px-Philips_RAFOC_CD_Optical_tracking_device..png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Philips_RAFOC_CD_Optical_tracking_device..png/330px-Philips_RAFOC_CD_Optical_tracking_device..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Philips_RAFOC_CD_Optical_tracking_device..png/440px-Philips_RAFOC_CD_Optical_tracking_device..png 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>Photodiode array on the Philips RAFOC single-beam tracking optical device used in many CDM optical assemblies</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BenQ_DW1640_-_laser_unit_-_lens_with_coils-0612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/BenQ_DW1640_-_laser_unit_-_lens_with_coils-0612.jpg/220px-BenQ_DW1640_-_laser_unit_-_lens_with_coils-0612.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/BenQ_DW1640_-_laser_unit_-_lens_with_coils-0612.jpg/330px-BenQ_DW1640_-_laser_unit_-_lens_with_coils-0612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/BenQ_DW1640_-_laser_unit_-_lens_with_coils-0612.jpg/440px-BenQ_DW1640_-_laser_unit_-_lens_with_coils-0612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2597" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption>Movable lens with coils</figcaption></figure> <p>To read the data from the disc, a laser beam shines on the surface of the disc. Surface differences between discs being played, and tiny position differences once loaded, are handled by using a movable lens with a very close focal length to focus the light on the disc. A low-mass lens coupled to an electromagnetic coil is in charge of keeping focused the beam on the 600 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a> wide data track. </p><p>When the player tries to read from a stop, it first does a focus seek program that moves the lens up and down from the surface of the disc until a reflection is detected; when there is a reflection, the servo electronics lock in place keeping the lens in perfect focus while the disc rotates and changes its relative height from the optical block. </p><p>Different brands and models of optical assemblies use different methods of focus detection. On most players, the focus position detection is made using the difference in the current output of a block of four photodiodes. The photodiode block and the optics are arranged in such a way that a perfect focus projects a circular pattern on the block while a far or near focus projects an ellipse differing in the position of the long edge in north–south or west-southwest. That difference is the information that the servo amplifier uses to keep the lens at the proper reading distance during the playback operation, even if the disc is warped.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another servo mechanism in the player is in charge of keeping the focused beam centered on the data track. </p><p>Two optical pick-up designs exist, the original CDM series from Philips use a magnetic actuator mounted on a swing-arm to do coarse and fine tracking. Using only one laser beam and the 4 photodiode block, the servo knows if the track is centered by measuring side-by-side movement of the light of beam hitting on the block and corrects to keep the light on the center. </p><p>The other design by Sony uses a diffraction grating to part the laser light into one main beam and two sub-beams. When focused, the two peripheral beams cover the border of the adjacent tracks a few <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometers</a> apart from the main beam and reflect back on two photodiodes separated from the main block of four. The servo detects the RF signal being received on the peripheral receivers and the difference in output between these two diodes conform the tracking error signal that the system uses to keep the optics in the proper track. The tracking signal is fed to two systems, one integrated in the focus lens assembly can do fine tracking correction and the other system can move the entire optical assembly side by side to do coarse track jumps. </p><p>The sum of the output from the four photodiodes makes the RF or high-frequency signal which is an electronic mirror of the pits and lands recorded on the disc. The RF signal, when observed on an oscilloscope, has a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Eye_pattern" title="Eye pattern">eye pattern</a> and its usefulness in servicing the machine is paramount for detecting and diagnosing problems, and calibrating CD players for operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_signal_processing">Digital signal processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Digital signal processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first stage in the processing chain for the analog RF signal (from the photoreceptor device) is digitizing it. Using various circuits like a simple comparator or a data slicer, the analog signal becomes a chain of two binary digital values, 1 and 0. This signal carries all the information in a CD and is modulated using a system called <a href="/wiki/Eight-to-Fourteen_Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation">EFM</a> (Eight-to-fourteen modulation). The second stage is demodulating the EFM signal into a data frame that contains the audio samples, error correction parity bits, according with the <a href="/wiki/Cross-interleaved_Reed-Solomon_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding">CIRC</a> error correction code, and control data for the player display and micro-computer. The EFM demodulator also decodes part of the CD signal and routes it to the proper circuits, separating audio, parity and control (subcode) data. </p><p>After demodulating, a CIRC error corrector takes each audio data frame, stores it in a <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Random_Access_Memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Random Access Memory">SRAM</a> memory and verifies that it has been read correctly, if it is not, it takes the parity and correction bits and fixes the data, then it moves it out to a <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">DAC</a> to be converted to an analog audio signal. If the data missing is enough to make recovery impossible, the correction is made by interpolating the data from subsequent frames so the missing part is not noticed. Each player has a different interpolation ability. If too many data frames are missing or unrecoverable, the audio signal may be impossible to fix by interpolation, so an audio mute flag is raised to mute the DAC to avoid invalid data to be played back. </p><p>The Redbook standard dictates that, if there is invalid, erroneous or missing audio data, it cannot be output to the speakers as digital noise, it has to be muted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Player_control">Player control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Player control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Audio CD format requires every player to have enough processing power to decode the CD data; this is normally made by application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). ASICs do not work by themselves, however; they require a main microcomputer or <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> to orchestrate the entire machine. The <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> of basic CD players typically is a <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">real-time operating system</a>. </p><p>Some early optical computer drives are equipped with an audio connector and buttons for standalone CD playback functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tray_design_types">Tray design types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tray design types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tray_loading">Tray loading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tray loading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintagedenon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vintagedenon.jpg/250px-Vintagedenon.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vintagedenon.jpg/375px-Vintagedenon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vintagedenon.jpg/500px-Vintagedenon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>A 1980s-era <a href="/wiki/Denon" title="Denon">Denon</a> CD player with the chassis cover removed to show the electronic and mechanical components.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> released its <a href="/wiki/Sony_CDP-101" title="Sony CDP-101">CDP-101</a> CD player<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1982 with a slide-out tray design for the CD. As it was easy to manufacture and to use, most CD player manufacturers stayed with the tray style ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tray mechanism is also used in many modern <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">cases</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">Philips CD-i</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>. However, there have been some notable exceptions to this common CD tray design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertical_loading">Vertical loading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vertical loading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the launch of the first prototype <i>Goronta</i> CD player<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> at the Japanese Audio Fair in 1982, Sony showcased the vertical loading design. Although the Sony prototype design was never put into volume production, the concept was for a time adopted for production by a number of early Japanese CD player manufacturers, including <a href="/wiki/Luxman" title="Luxman">Alpine/Luxman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Panasonic Corporation">Matsushita</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Technics_(brand)" title="Technics (brand)">Technics</a> brand, <a href="/wiki/Kenwood_Corporation" title="Kenwood Corporation">Kenwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba/Aurex</a>. For the early vertical loading players, Alpine sourced their AD-7100 player designs for Luxman,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kenwood and Toshiba (using their Aurex brand). Kenwood added their <i>Sigma Drive</i> outputs to this design as a modification. A picture of this early design can be seen on the Panasonic Web site.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vertical loading is similar the one common in <a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">cassette decks</a>, where the holder opens, and disc is dropped to it. The holder is closed manually, by motor after pressing a button, or completely automatically. Some CD players combine vertical loading with slot loading due to the disc being drawn further into the disc holder as it closes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top_loading">Top loading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Top loading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philips_CD_100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Philips_CD_100.jpg/220px-Philips_CD_100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Philips_CD_100.jpg/330px-Philips_CD_100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Philips_CD_100.jpg/440px-Philips_CD_100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Philips CD100 Player</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, at the US and European launch of the CD format, showcased the first top loading CD tray designs with their CD100 CD player.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Philips audio products were sold as <a href="/wiki/Magnavox" title="Magnavox">Magnavox</a> in the US at the time.) The design had a clamp on the lid which meant the user had to close this over the CD when it was placed inside the machine. Later, <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Audio,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Meridian Audio, Ltd.">Meridian</a> introduced their MCD high end CD player,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Meridian electronics in the Philips CD100 chassis. </p><p>Top-loading was adopted on various equipment designs such as mini systems and portable CD players, but among stereo component CD players, only a handful of top-loading models have been made. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Luxman" title="Luxman">Luxman</a>'s D-500 and D-500X series<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> players and <a href="/wiki/Denon" title="Denon">Denon</a>'s DP-S1,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both launched in 1993. Top-loading is also common in players intended for broadcast and live sound DJ use, such as Technics' SL-P50 (1984–1985) and Technics SL-P1200 (1986–1992). They more closely mimic the physical arrangement and ergonomics of record turntables used in those applications. </p><p>The top-loading disc tray design is also used in most <a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fifth generation of video game consoles">fifth-generation</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">consoles</a> (<a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer" class="mw-redirect" title="3DO Interactive Multiplayer">3DO Interactive Multiplayer</a>), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a>, <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wii_Mini" class="mw-redirect" title="Wii Mini">Wii Mini</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tray_loading_with_sliding_mechanism">Tray loading with sliding mechanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tray loading with sliding mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/CD_player" title="Special:EditPage/CD player">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Philips CD303 of 1983-1984 was the first player to adopt tray loading with a sliding play mechanism. Basically, as the tray came out to collect the CD, the entire player's transport system also came out as one unit. The <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Audio,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Meridian Audio, Ltd.">Meridians</a> 200 and 203 players were of this type. They were also the first to use a design in which the audio electronics were in a separate enclosure from the CD drive and pickup mechanism. A similar mechanism is used in slim optical disc drives (also known as slim internal DVD drive, optical drive or DVD burner), which were once commonly used in laptop computers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slot_loading">Slot loading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Slot loading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/CD_player" title="Special:EditPage/CD player">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Slot loading is the preferred loading mechanism for car audio players. There is no tray that pops out, and a motor is used to assist disc insertion and removal. Some slot-loading mechanisms and changers can load and play back <a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini-CDs</a> without the need of an adapter (such as the original <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> model's standard-sized disc slot being capable of accepting smaller <a href="/wiki/GameCube_Game_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="GameCube Game Disc">GameCube Game Discs</a>) but they may work with limited functionality (a disc changer with a Mini CD inserted will refuse to operate until such disc is removed, for example). <a href="/wiki/Shaped_Compact_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaped Compact Disc">Non-circular CDs</a> cannot be used on such loaders because they cannot handle non-circular discs. When inserted, such discs may become stuck and damage the mechanism. It is also used on some laptop computers, the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3_models" title="PlayStation 3 models">original and slim</a> <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>, the Wii's original model and its Family Edition and most <a href="/wiki/Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Eighth generation of video game consoles">eighth-generation</a> video game consoles (the <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a>), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Ninth generation of video game consoles">ninth-generation</a> <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Series X">Xbox Series X</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pickup_mechanisms">Pickup mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pickup mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical_Deck_Bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Optical_Deck_Bottom.jpg/220px-Optical_Deck_Bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Optical_Deck_Bottom.jpg/330px-Optical_Deck_Bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Optical_Deck_Bottom.jpg/440px-Optical_Deck_Bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Underside view showing a radial-type tracking mechanism with screw drive</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philips_CDM4_Swing_Arm_CD_mechanism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Philips_CDM4_Swing_Arm_CD_mechanism.jpg/220px-Philips_CDM4_Swing_Arm_CD_mechanism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Philips_CDM4_Swing_Arm_CD_mechanism.jpg/330px-Philips_CDM4_Swing_Arm_CD_mechanism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Philips_CDM4_Swing_Arm_CD_mechanism.jpg/440px-Philips_CDM4_Swing_Arm_CD_mechanism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Philips swing arm optical mechanism</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_Player_Photodetector_Chip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/CD_Player_Photodetector_Chip.jpg/220px-CD_Player_Photodetector_Chip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/CD_Player_Photodetector_Chip.jpg/330px-CD_Player_Photodetector_Chip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/CD_Player_Photodetector_Chip.jpg/440px-CD_Player_Photodetector_Chip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>The optical chip extracted from a CD player. The three dark rectangles are photosensitive, read the data from the disk and keep the beam focused. Electronic tracking, aided with the two photodiodes at the sides, keeps the laser beam centered on the middle of the data track.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two types of optical tracking mechanisms exist: </p> <ul><li>The <b>swing-arm mechanism</b>, originally designed by Philips<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the lens moves at the end of an arm, in a manner similar to the tone arm assembly of a <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">record player</a>. Used in earliest Philips CD players and later replaced with cheaper radial mechanisms.</li> <li>The <b>radial mechanism</b>, designed by Sony, which is the one used in most CD players in the 2000s – the lens moves on a radial rail being driven by a rotating gear from a motor or a linear magnetic assembly. The motor or linear magnetic assembly consists of a solenoid mounted to the moving laser assembly, wound over a permanent magnetic field attached to the base of the mechanism. It is also known as three-beam linear tracking.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philips_1_beam_tracking_Laser_Optical_Assembly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Philips_1_beam_tracking_Laser_Optical_Assembly.jpg/220px-Philips_1_beam_tracking_Laser_Optical_Assembly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Philips_1_beam_tracking_Laser_Optical_Assembly.jpg/330px-Philips_1_beam_tracking_Laser_Optical_Assembly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Philips_1_beam_tracking_Laser_Optical_Assembly.jpg/440px-Philips_1_beam_tracking_Laser_Optical_Assembly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Philips one-beam laser assembly</figcaption></figure> <p>The swing-arm mechanism has a distinctive advantage over the other in that it does not skip when the rail becomes dirty. The swing arm mechanisms tend to have a much longer life than their radial counterparts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The main difference between the two mechanisms is the way they read the data from the disc. The swing-arm mechanism uses a magnetic coil wound over a permanent magnet to provide the tracking movement to the laser assembly in a similar way a <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drive</a> moves its head across the data tracks. It also uses another magnetic movement mechanism attached to the focusing lens to focus the laser beam on the disc surface. By operating the tracking or the focus actuators, the laser beam can be positioned on any part of the disc. This mechanism employs a single laser beam and a set of four photodiodes to read, focus and keep track of the data coming from the disc.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_Player_focusing_lens_assembly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CD_Player_focusing_lens_assembly.jpg/220px-CD_Player_focusing_lens_assembly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CD_Player_focusing_lens_assembly.jpg/330px-CD_Player_focusing_lens_assembly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CD_Player_focusing_lens_assembly.jpg/440px-CD_Player_focusing_lens_assembly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Sharp laser optical assembly. All six focusing and tracking coils can be seen.</figcaption></figure> <p>The linear tracking mechanism uses a motor and reduction gears to move the laser assembly radially across the tracks of the disc and it also has a set of six coils mounted in the focusing lens over a permanent magnetic field. One set of two coils moves the lens closer to the disc surface, providing the focusing motion, and the other set of coils moves the lens radially, providing a finer tracking motion. This mechanism uses the three-beam tracking method in which a main laser beam is used to read and focus the data track of the disc using three or four photodiodes, depending on the focus method, and two smaller beams read the adjacent tracks at each side to help the servo keep the tracking using two more helper <a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">photodiodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanical_components">Mechanical components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mechanical components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/CD_player" title="Special:EditPage/CD player">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dismantled_Philips_EXP2582_portable_CD_player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dismantled_Philips_EXP2582_portable_CD_player.jpg/220px-Dismantled_Philips_EXP2582_portable_CD_player.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dismantled_Philips_EXP2582_portable_CD_player.jpg/330px-Dismantled_Philips_EXP2582_portable_CD_player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dismantled_Philips_EXP2582_portable_CD_player.jpg/440px-Dismantled_Philips_EXP2582_portable_CD_player.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> Portable CD player disassembled</figcaption></figure> <p>A CD player has three major mechanical components: a <b>drive motor</b>, a <b><a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lens</a> system</b> or pickup head, and a <b>tracking mechanism</b>. The drive motor (also called spindle) spins the disc to a scanning velocity of 1.2–1.4 m/s (<a href="/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity" title="Constant linear velocity">constant linear velocity</a>) – equivalent to approximately 500 RPM at the inside of the disc, and approximately 200 RPM at the outside edge. (A disc played from beginning to end slows its rotation rate during playback.) The tracking mechanism moves the lens system along the spiral tracks in which information is encoded, and the lens assembly reads the information using a <a href="/wiki/Laser_beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser beam">laser beam</a> produced by a <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diode</a>. The laser reads information by focusing a beam on the CD, which is reflected off the disc's mirrored surface back to a <a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">photodiode</a> array sensor. The sensor detects changes in the beam, and a digital processing chain interprets these changes as binary data. The data are processed and eventually converted to <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converter</a> (DAC). </p><p>A TOC or Table of Contents is located after the <i>lead-in</i> area of the disc, which is located in an inner ring of the disc, and contains roughly five kilobytes of available space. It is the first information that the player reads when the disc is loaded in the player and contains information on the total number of audio tracks, the running time on the CD, the running time of each track, and other information such as ISRC and the format structure of the disc. The TOC is of such vital importance for the disc that if it is not read correctly by the player, the CD could not be played back. That is why it is repeated three times before the first music program starts. The <i>lead out</i> area in the end (the outer peripheral) of the disc tells the player that disc has come to an end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CD_player_features">CD player features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: CD player features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/CD_player" title="Special:EditPage/CD player">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>CD players can employ a number of ways to improve performance or reduce component count or price. Features such as oversampling, one-bit DACs, dual DACs, interpolation (error correction), anti-skip buffering, digital and optical outputs are, or were, likely to be found. Other features improve functionality, such as track programming, random play and repeat, or direct track access. Yet others are related to the CD player's intended target, such as anti-skip for car and portable CD players, pitch control and queuing for a DJ's CD player, remote and system integration for household players. Description of some features follows: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oversampling" title="Oversampling">Oversampling</a></i> is a way to improve the performance of the low pass filter present at the output of most CD players. By using a higher sampling frequency, a multiple of the 44.1 kHz used by CD encoding, it can employ a filter with much lower requirements.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation#Digital-to-analog_conversion" title="Delta-sigma modulation">One-bit DACs</a></i> were less expensive than other types of DACs, while providing similar performance.</li> <li><i>Dual DACs</i> were sometimes advertised as a feature because some of the early CD players used a single DAC, and switched it between channels. This required additional supporting circuits, possibly degrading sound quality.</li> <li><i>Anti-skip or Antishock</i>, is a way for the CD player to avoid interrupting the audio output when mechanical shock is experienced by the disc playback mechanism. It consists of an additional data processor and a <a href="/wiki/RAM_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM chip">RAM chip</a> installed on the player that reads the disc at double speed and stores various frames of audio data in a RAM <a href="/wiki/Memory_buffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory buffer">memory buffer</a> for later decoding. Some players may compress the audio data prior to buffering to use lower capacity (and less expensive) RAM chips. Typical players can store about 44 seconds of audio data on a 16 Mbit RAM chip.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portable_CD_players">Portable CD players</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Portable CD players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_portable_players">Small portable players</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Small portable players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discman_D121.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Discman_D121.jpg/170px-Discman_D121.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Discman_D121.jpg/255px-Discman_D121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Discman_D121.jpg/340px-Discman_D121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="2073" /></a><figcaption>An early portable player, a <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> <a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a> model D-121</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Portable_CD_player" title="Portable CD player">portable CD player</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Portable_audio_player" title="Portable audio player">portable audio player</a> used to play <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a>. Portable CD players are powered by batteries and they have a 1/8" headphone jack into which the user plugs a pair of <a href="/wiki/Headphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headphone">headphones</a>. The first portable CD player released was the <a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">D-50</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aye_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aye-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The D-50 was made available on the market in 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adopted for Sony's entire portable CD player line. </p><p>In 1998, portable <a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 players</a> began to compete with portable CD players. After <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> entered the music player market with its <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a> line, within ten years it became the dominant seller of portable <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> players, "...while former giant <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> (maker of the [portable] <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a> and [CD] <a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a> [was] struggling."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This market shift was initiated when the first portable digital audio player, the <a href="/wiki/Rio_digital_music_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio digital music player">Rio digital music player</a>, was introduced. The 64 MB Rio MP3 player enabled users to store about 20 songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Fries_2005_112–113_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fries_2005_112–113-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the benefits of the Rio over portable CD players was that since the Rio had no moving parts, it offered skip-free playback.<sup id="cite_ref-Fries_2005_112–113_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fries_2005_112–113-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1998, the price of portable digital audio players has dropped and the storage capacity has increased significantly. In the 2000s, users can "carry [their] entire music collection in a [digital audio] player the size of a cigarette package."<sup id="cite_ref-Fries_2005_112–113_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fries_2005_112–113-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 4 GB iPod, for example, holds over 1,000 songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Fries_2005_112–113_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fries_2005_112–113-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boomboxes">Boomboxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Boomboxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Boombox_circa_2005.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sony_Boombox_circa_2005.JPG/220px-Sony_Boombox_circa_2005.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sony_Boombox_circa_2005.JPG/330px-Sony_Boombox_circa_2005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sony_Boombox_circa_2005.JPG/440px-Sony_Boombox_circa_2005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A Sony CD boombox from 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Boombox" title="Boombox">boombox</a> is a common term for a portable <a href="/wiki/Cassette_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette player">cassette</a> and AM/FM radio that consists of an amplifier, two or more <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a> and a carrying handle. Beginning in the 1990s, boomboxes typically included a CD player. The boombox CD player is the only type of CD player that produces sound audible by the listener independently, without the need for <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a> or an additional amplifier or speaker system. Designed for portability, boomboxes can be powered by <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a> as well as by line current. The boombox was introduced to the American market during the mid-1970s. The desire for louder and heavier bass led to bigger and heavier boxes; by the 1980s, some boomboxes had reached the size of a <a href="/wiki/Suitcase" title="Suitcase">suitcase</a>. Most boomboxes were battery-operated, leading to extremely heavy, bulky boxes.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most boomboxes from the 2010s typically include a CD player compatible with <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a>, which allows the user to carry their own music compilations on a higher fidelity medium. Many also permit iPod and similar devices to be plugged into them through one or more auxiliary input jacks. Some also support formats such as <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">WMA</a>. Another modern variant is a DVD player/boombox with a top-loading CD/<a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> drive and an <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> video screen in the position once occupied by a cassette deck.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many models of this type of boombox include inputs for external video (such as <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> broadcasts) and outputs to connect the DVD player to a full-sized television. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DJ_equipment">DJ equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: DJ equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behringer_VMX-200_DJ_mixer_%2B_Denon_DN-2500F_dual_CD_player_%2B_RC-44_remote_controller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Behringer_VMX-200_DJ_mixer_%2B_Denon_DN-2500F_dual_CD_player_%2B_RC-44_remote_controller.jpg/170px-Behringer_VMX-200_DJ_mixer_%2B_Denon_DN-2500F_dual_CD_player_%2B_RC-44_remote_controller.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Behringer_VMX-200_DJ_mixer_%2B_Denon_DN-2500F_dual_CD_player_%2B_RC-44_remote_controller.jpg/255px-Behringer_VMX-200_DJ_mixer_%2B_Denon_DN-2500F_dual_CD_player_%2B_RC-44_remote_controller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Behringer_VMX-200_DJ_mixer_%2B_Denon_DN-2500F_dual_CD_player_%2B_RC-44_remote_controller.jpg/340px-Behringer_VMX-200_DJ_mixer_%2B_Denon_DN-2500F_dual_CD_player_%2B_RC-44_remote_controller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1659" /></a><figcaption>This example of a CD player used by DJs is the Denon DN-2500 dual CD player, on the right side of the picture. A Behringer VMX-200 <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a> is also shown in the left side, in the foreground.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockeys</a> (DJs) who are playing a mix of <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">songs</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Dance_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance club">dance club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclub</a> create their dance mixes by having songs playing on two or more sound sources and using a <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a> to transition seamlessly between songs. In the 1970s <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> era, DJs typically used two <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">record players</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1980s to the 1990s, two <a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">compact cassette</a> players became a popular sound source for DJs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent decades, DJs shifted to CDs and then to <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio player">digital audio players</a>. DJs who use CDs and CD players typically use specialized DJ CD players that have features not available on regular CD players. </p><p>DJs who are performing <a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a>–the creation of rhythmic sounds and sound effects from sound recordings–traditionally used <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl record">vinyl records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">turntables</a>. In the 2010s, some specialized DJ CD players can be used to create the same scratching effects using songs on CDs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/29px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/43px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/57px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-end_audio" title="High-end audio">High-end audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compact_disc_player_manufacturers" title="List of compact disc player manufacturers">List of compact disc player manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_CD" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 CD">MP3 CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio cassette">Radio cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">Radio receiver</a>, includes information about Radio CD/DVD.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_changer" title="Record changer">Record changer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_(recording)" title="Transport (recording)">Transport (recording)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3501586">U.S. patent 3,501,586</a></span> Analog to digital to optical photographic recording and playback system, March 1970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3795902">U.S. patent 3,795,902</a></span> Method and apparatus for synchronizing photographic records of digital information, March 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrier_Dudley2004" class="citation news cs1">Brier Dudley (29 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2002103322_cdman29.html">"Scientist's invention was let go for a song"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Scientist%27s+invention+was+let+go+for+a+song&rft.date=2004-11-29&rft.au=Brier+Dudley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.com%2Fhtml%2Fbusinesstechnology%2F2002103322_cdman29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reed.edu/news_center/press_releases/2000-2001/288.html">"Inventor and physicist James Russell '53 will receive Vollum Award at Reed's convocation"</a> (Press release). Reed College public affairs office. 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventor+and+physicist+James+Russell+%2753+will+receive+Vollum+Award+at+Reed%27s+convocation&rft.pub=Reed+College+public+affairs+office&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freed.edu%2Fnews_center%2Fpress_releases%2F2000-2001%2F288.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030417162935/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html">"Inventor of the Week - James T. Russell - The Compact Disc"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>. December 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventor+of+the+Week+-+James+T.+Russell+-+The+Compact+Disc&rft.pub=MIT&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Finvent%2Fiow%2Frussell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.philips.com/technologies/projects/cd/">"The History of the CD"</a>. Philips Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+CD&rft.pub=Philips+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.philips.com%2Ftechnologies%2Fprojects%2Fcd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasen1985" class="citation web cs1">Rasen, Edward (May 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spin.com/1985/05/compact-discs-sound-of-the-future/">"Compact Discs: Sound of the Future"</a>. <i>Spin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spin&rft.atitle=Compact+Discs%3A+Sound+of+the+Future&rft.date=1985-05&rft.aulast=Rasen&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spin.com%2F1985%2F05%2Fcompact-discs-sound-of-the-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/_Tx6TYnPat8">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123170700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx6TYnPat8">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx6TYnPat8"><i>Introducing the amazing Compact Disc (1982)</i></a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luxman+DX-104+CD+Player&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevintageknob.org%2FDAD%2FDX104%2FDX104.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006075040/http://panasonic.net/history/corporate/products/inp1982.html">"Panasonic History - Innovative Products - 1982 - CD Player"</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panasonic.net/history/corporate/products/inp1982.html">the original</a> on 2008-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panasonic+History+-+Innovative+Products+-+1982+-+CD+Player&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpanasonic.net%2Fhistory%2Fcorporate%2Fproducts%2Finp1982.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marantzphilips.nl/philips_cd100_first_cdplayer/">Philips CD100 Player</a> - Marantz-Philips Nederlands website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.philips.com/technologies/projects/cd/introduction.html">The history of the CD - The introduction</a>, Philips Research.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204043147/http://www.meridian-audio.com/p_cd_history.htm">"Meridian CD History"</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meridian-audio.com/p_cd_history.htm">the original</a> on 2007-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meridian+CD+History&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meridian-audio.com%2Fp_cd_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070717004455/http://k-nisi.hp.infoseek.co.jp/d-500-xs.html">"Luxman D-500X (in Japanese)"</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://k-nisi.hp.infoseek.co.jp/d-500-xs.html">the original</a> on 2007-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luxman+D-500X+%28in+Japanese%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fk-nisi.hp.infoseek.co.jp%2Fd-500-xs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204103139/http://denon.jp/museum/products/dps1.html">"Denon Museum - Model History - 1993 - DP-S1 (in Japanese)"</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://denon.jp/museum/products/dps1.html">the original</a> on 2007-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denon+Museum+-+Model+History+-+1993+-+DP-S1+%28in+Japanese%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdenon.jp%2Fmuseum%2Fproducts%2Fdps1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siber-sonic.com/audio/swingarm.html">"Swing-arm mechanism description"</a>. Siber-sonic.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swing-arm+mechanism+description&rft.pub=Siber-sonic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiber-sonic.com%2Faudio%2Fswingarm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philips CD100 Service Manual</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sony CDP-101 Service Manual</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aye-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aye_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLungu,_R.2008" class="citation cs2">Lungu, R. 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Sony Press Release<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sony+Celebrates+Walkman+20th+Anniversary&rft.pub=Sony+Press+Release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.net%2FSonyInfo%2FNews%2FPress_Archive%2F199907%2F99-059%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyerGodfreyJensenBryce2005" class="citation book cs1">Dyer, Jeffrey H.; Godfrey, Paul; Jensen, Robert; Bryce, David (2005). <i>Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases</i>. 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O'Reilly Media Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalaudioesse0000frie/page/112">112–113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596008567" title="Special:BookSources/9780596008567"><bdi>9780596008567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Audio+Essentials&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780596008567&rft.aulast=Fries&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Fries%2C+Marty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdigitalaudioesse0000frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npr_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2009" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Frannie (22 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2009/04/22/103363836/a-eulogy-for-the-boombox">"A Eulogy For The Boombox"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of California Press, 2010. p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.playlistresearch.com/djmixing.htm">"Art and History of DJ Mixing by Alex Cosper"</a>. <i>www.playlistresearch.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.playlistresearch.com&rft.atitle=Art+and+History+of+DJ+Mixing+by+Alex+Cosper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playlistresearch.com%2Fdjmixing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD+player" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD_player&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:CD_players" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:CD players">CD players</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wecanfigurethisout.org/VL/CD_DVD.htm">The Inner Workings of CD/DVD Drives</a> WeCanFigureThisOut.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audiocircuit.com/index.php?bs=e&cc=940">The Audio Circuit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006222811/http://www.audiocircuit.com/index.php?bs=e&cc=940">Archived</a> 2013-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — a complete list of CD-player brands</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070127085629/http://www.ee.washington.edu/conselec/CE/kuhn/cdmulti/cdtext.htm">Technical information about CD players</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517184829/http://www.consumersearch.com/www/electronics/cd_players/review.html">Mega-disc CD players</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Compact_disc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Compact_disc" title="Template:Compact disc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Compact_disc" title="Template talk:Compact disc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compact_disc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Compact disc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Compact_disc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a> <ul><li>Red Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> <ul><li>Orange Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> <ul><li>Yellow Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_(packet_writing)" title="Mount Rainier (packet writing)">CD-MRW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">CD-i</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Book_(CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Book (CD standard)">Green Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(CD_standard)" title="Blue Book (CD standard)">CD+</a> <ul><li>Blue Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_%2B_Extended_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc + Extended Graphics">CD+EG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a> (Karaoke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_compact_disc" title="Gold compact disc">Gold CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Mode_CD" title="Mixed Mode CD">Mixed Mode CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a> <ul><li>Beige Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMCD" title="PMCD">PMCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaped_compact_disc" title="Shaped compact disc">shaped CD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootable_business_card" title="Bootable business card">business card CD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Book_(CD_standard)" title="White Book (CD standard)">White Book</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">CD authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">CD burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection" title="Compact Disc and DVD copy protection">CD copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_image#Uses" title="Disk image">CD emulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc manufacturing">CD manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping">CD ripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_rot" title="Disc rot">CD rot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc_bronzing" title="Compact disc bronzing">CD bronzing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_subcode" title="Compact Disc subcode">CD subcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C2_error" title="C2 error">C2 error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-i_Ready" title="CD-i Ready">CD-i Ready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-channel_Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-channel Compact Disc Digital Audio">4ch CD-DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo file system">Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Resolution_Compact_Disc" title="Extended Resolution Compact Disc">XRCD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware/software/content</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">CD Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">CD drive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD player</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_CD_player" title="Portable CD player">Portable CD player</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">CD recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_ripper" title="CD ripper">CD ripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_CD_single" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini CD single">Mini CD single</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orange-Book-Standard" title="Orange-Book-Standard">Orange-Book-Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection_schemes" title="List of Compact Disc and DVD copy protection schemes">CD copy protection schemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compact_disc_player_manufacturers" title="List of compact disc player manufacturers">CD player manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_disc_authoring_software" title="List of optical disc authoring software">Optical disc authoring software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants based on CD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5.1_Music_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="5.1 Music Disc">5.1 Music Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATRAC_CD" title="ATRAC CD">ATRAC CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">Video Single Disc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDVD" title="CDVD">cDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-density_compact_disc" title="Double-density compact disc">DD-CD</a> <ul><li>Purple Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Definition_Compatible_Digital" title="High Definition Compatible Digital">HDCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">Hybrid DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Hybrid SACD</a> <ul><li>Scarlet Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieCD" title="MovieCD">MovieCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_audio_optical_disc" title="Compressed audio optical disc">MP3 CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_CD" title="Picture CD">Picture CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoNow" title="VideoNow">VideoNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once_read_many" title="Write once read many">WORM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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