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aria-controls="toc-Work_in_the_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work in the government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work_in_the_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Minister of Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regent-President_of_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regent-President_of_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Regent-President of Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regent-President_of_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-President_of_the_OHB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_the_OHB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>President of the OHB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_the_OHB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Declaration of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minority_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minority_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Minority rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minority_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_intervention_and_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_intervention_and_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Russian intervention and failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_intervention_and_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escape_and_tour_of_Britain_and_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escape_and_tour_of_Britain_and_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Escape and tour of Britain and United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Escape_and_tour_of_Britain_and_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>London</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-London-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle London subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attempted_leadership_in_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_leadership_in_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Attempted leadership in exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_leadership_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years:_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years:_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Later years: Italy</span> </div> </a> <button 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id="toc-European_federalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Kossuth_party"_in_the_Hungarian_parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Kossuth_party"_in_the_Hungarian_parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>The "Kossuth party" in the Hungarian parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Kossuth_party"_in_the_Hungarian_parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death,_legacy,_complete_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death,_legacy,_complete_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Death, legacy, complete works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death,_legacy,_complete_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Honors and memorials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors_and_memorials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors and memorials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>In Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>In Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>In Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>In the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rest_of_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rest_of_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Rest of Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rest_of_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>In Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Kurdistan,_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Kurdistan,_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>In Kurdistan, Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Kurdistan,_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lajos Kossuth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AA" title="لويوش كوشوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويوش كوشوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layo%C5%9F_Ko%C5%9Fut" title="Layoş Koşut – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Layoş Koşut" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%88_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D1%82" title="Лаяш Кошут – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лаяш Кошут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%88_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D1%82" title="Лаяш Кошут – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лаяш Кошут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D1%82" title="Лайош Кошут – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лайош Кошут" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AA" title="لایوش کشوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لایوش کشوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%88%ED%8A%B8_%EB%9F%AC%EC%9A%94%EC%8B%9C" title="코슈트 러요시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코슈트 러요시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%B7_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Լայոշ Կոշութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լայոշ Կոշութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%98" title="לאיוש קושוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאיוש קושוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ლაიოშ კოშუტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლაიოშ კოშუტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D1%82" title="Лайош Кошут – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лайош Кошут" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_Kossuth" title="Aloysius Kossuth – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aloysius Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajo%C5%A1s_Ko%C5%A1uts" title="Lajošs Košuts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lajošs Košuts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kossuth_Lajos" title="Kossuth Lajos – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kossuth Lajos" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D1%82" title="Лајош Кошут – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лајош Кошут" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ლაიოშ კოშუტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლაიოშ კოშუტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AA" title="لويوش كوشوت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويوش كوشوت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="コシュート・ラヨシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コシュート・ラヨシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AA" title="لایوش کشوت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لایوش کشوت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D1%82,_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Кошут, Лайош – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кошут, Лайош" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_Ko%C5%A1ut" title="Ľudovít Košut – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľudovít Košut" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D1%82" title="Лајош Кошут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лајош Кошут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D1%82" title="Лайош Кошут – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лайош Кошут" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95" title="ลอโยช โกชุต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลอโยช โกชุต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D1%82" title="Лайош Кошут – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лайош Кошут" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lajos Kossuth" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%8B%8F%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%A6%E4%BB%80" title="科苏特·拉约什 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科苏特·拉约什" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q157040#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The native form of this <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal name</a> is <i>udvardi és kossuthfalvi Kossuth Lajos</i>. This article uses <a href="/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order" title="Personal name">Western name order</a> when mentioning individuals.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Noble</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Lajos Kossuth</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;">de Udvard et Kossuthfalva</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth,_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth%2C_1852.jpg/250px-Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth%2C_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth%2C_1852.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth%2C_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth%2C_1852.jpg/500px-Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth%2C_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="2327" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> portrait by <a href="/wiki/Southworth_%26_Hawes" title="Southworth & Hawes">Southworth & Hawes</a>, May 1852</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="List of heads of state of Hungary">Governor-President of Hungary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 April 1849 – 11 August 1849</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bertalan_Szemere" title="Bertalan Szemere">Bertalan Szemere</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Art%C3%BAr_G%C3%B6rgey" class="mw-redirect" title="Artúr Görgey">Artúr Görgey</a> (as acting civil and military authority)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>2nd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">President of the Committee of National Defence</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 October 1848 – 2 May 1849</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a> (Prime Minister)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bertalan_Szemere" title="Bertalan Szemere">Bertalan Szemere</a> (Prime Minister)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Finance of Hungary">Minister of Finance of Hungary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 April 1848 – 12 September 1848</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lajos Kossuth de Udvard et Kossuthfalva</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1802-09-19</span>)</span>19 September 1802<br /><a href="/wiki/Monok" title="Monok">Monok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 March 1894<span style="display:none">(1894-03-20)</span> (aged 91)<br /><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kerepesi_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerepesi Cemetery">Kerepesi Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Hungary)" title="Opposition Party (Hungary)">Opposition Party</a> (1847–1848)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Terézia Meszlényi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Kossuth" title="Ferenc Kossuth">Ferenc Lajos Ákos</a></li><li>Vilma</li><li>Lajos Tódor Károly</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juraj_Ko%C5%A1%C3%BAt" title="Juraj Košút">Juraj Košút</a> (uncle)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_Lajos_al%C3%A1%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lajos Kossuth's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kossuth_Lajos_al%C3%A1%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa.jpg/128px-Kossuth_Lajos_al%C3%A1%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kossuth_Lajos_al%C3%A1%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa.jpg/192px-Kossuth_Lajos_al%C3%A1%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kossuth_Lajos_al%C3%A1%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa.jpg/256px-Kossuth_Lajos_al%C3%A1%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lajos Kossuth de Udvard et Kossuthfalva</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hungarian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈlɒjoʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkoʃut]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">udvardi és kossuthfalvi Kossuth Lajos</i>; <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Ľudovít Košút</i>; English: <span lang="en"><b>Louis Kossuth</b></span>; 19 September 1802 – 20 March 1894) was a Hungarian nobleman, lawyer, journalist, politician, statesman and governor-president of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">revolution of 1848–1849</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HeadlamEB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadlamEB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the help of his talent in oratory in political debates and public speeches, Kossuth emerged from a poor gentry family into regent-president of the Kingdom of Hungary. As the influential contemporary American journalist <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> said of Kossuth: "Among the orators, patriots, statesmen, exiles, he has, living or dead, no superior."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kossuth's powerful English and American speeches so impressed and touched the famous contemporary American orator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, that he wrote a book about Kossuth's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Webster/1851/Kossuth_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster/1851/Kossuth-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was widely honoured during his lifetime, including in Great Britain and the United States, as a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_fighter" title="Freedom fighter">freedom fighter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bellwether" title="Bellwether">bellwether</a> of democracy in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Kossuth's bronze bust can be found in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> with the inscription: <i>Father of Hungarian Democracy, Hungarian Statesman, Freedom Fighter, 1848–1849</i>. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> considered him to be "a truly revolutionary figure, a man who in the name of his people dares to accept the challenge of a desperate struggle, who for his nation is <a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Carnot</a> in one person<span class="nowrap"> </span>...".<sup id="cite_ref-MS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Special:EditPage/Lajos Kossuth">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lajos Kossuth was born into an untitled lower noble (gentry) family in <a href="/wiki/Monok" title="Monok">Monok</a>, Kingdom of Hungary, a small town in the county of <a href="/wiki/Zempl%C3%A9n_(county)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemplén (county)">Zemplén</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Borsod-Aba%C3%BAj-Zempl%C3%A9n_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County">Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hungary" title="Northern Hungary">Northern Hungary</a>. He was the eldest of five children in a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> noble family of <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovak</a> origin. His father, László Kossuth (1762–1839), belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Zeman_(nobleman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeman (nobleman)">lower nobility</a>, had a small estate and was a lawyer by profession. László had two brothers (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Kossuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Kossuth (page does not exist)">Simon Kossuth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kossuth" class="mw-redirect" title="György Kossuth">György Kossuth</a>) and one sister (Jana). </p><p>The family moved from Monok to Olaszliszka in 1803, and then to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1toralja%C3%BAjhely" title="Sátoraljaújhely">Sátoraljaújhely</a> in 1808. Lajos had four younger sisters. </p><p>Lajos' mother, Karolina, raised her children as strict Lutherans. As a result of their mixed ancestry, and as was quite common during his era, her children spoke three languages – <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> – even in their early childhood. </p><p>Lajos studied at the <a href="/wiki/Piarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Piarist">Piarist</a> college of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1toralja%C3%BAjhely" title="Sátoraljaújhely">Sátoraljaújhely</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> college of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1rospatak" title="Sárospatak">Sárospatak</a> (for one year) and the <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">University of Pest</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>). At nineteen he entered his father's legal practice. Between 1824 and 1832 he practiced law in his native Zemplén County. His career quickly took off, thanks also to his father, who was a lawyer for several higher aristocratic families, and thus involved his son in the administration, and his son soon took over some of his father's work. He first became a lawyer in the Lutheran parish of Sátoraljaújhely, in 1827 he became a judge, and later he became a prosecutor in Sátoraljaújhely. During this time, in addition to his office work, he made historical chronologies and translations. In the national census of 1828, in which taxpayers were counted in order to eliminate tax disparities, Kossuth assisted in the organization of the census of Zemplén county. He was popular locally, and having been appointed steward to the countess Szapáry, a widow with large estates, he became her voting representative in the county assembly and settled in <a href="/wiki/Pest_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pest (city)">Pest</a>. He was subsequently dismissed on the grounds of some misunderstanding in regards to estate funds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monok_(Kossuth_Lajos).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Monok_%28Kossuth_Lajos%29.jpg/200px-Monok_%28Kossuth_Lajos%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Monok_%28Kossuth_Lajos%29.jpg/300px-Monok_%28Kossuth_Lajos%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Monok_%28Kossuth_Lajos%29.jpg/400px-Monok_%28Kossuth_Lajos%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>The house in <a href="/wiki/Monok" title="Monok">Monok</a> where Kossuth was born</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kossuth_1838.jpg/220px-Kossuth_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kossuth_1838.jpg/330px-Kossuth_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kossuth_1838.jpg/440px-Kossuth_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Lajos Kossuth's earliest known portrait (1838)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_1842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kossuth_1842.jpg/250px-Kossuth_1842.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kossuth_1842.jpg/330px-Kossuth_1842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kossuth_1842.jpg/500px-Kossuth_1842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption>Lajos Kossuth in 1842</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_photograph_1847.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kossuth_photograph_1847.png/250px-Kossuth_photograph_1847.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kossuth_photograph_1847.png/330px-Kossuth_photograph_1847.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kossuth_photograph_1847.png/500px-Kossuth_photograph_1847.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Early photograph of Lajos Kossuth (1847) <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The House of Kossuth, into which Lajos was born, originated from the <a href="/wiki/Tur%C3%B3c_County" title="Turóc County">county of Turóc</a> (now partially <a href="/wiki/Turiec" title="Turiec">Turiec</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1%C3%BAty_(Martin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Košúty (Martin)">Košúty</a>, north-central <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>). They acquired the rank of nobility in 1263 from King <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parenicka_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parenicka-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chmelar_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chmelar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kossuths married into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zathureczky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zathureczky (page does not exist)">Zathureczky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nedeczky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nedeczky (page does not exist)">Nedeczky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borcs%C3%A1ny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borcsány (page does not exist)">Borcsány</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%B3nay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prónay (page does not exist)">Prónay</a> families, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lajos Kossuth's paternal grandmother was a Beniczky and her Beniczky ancestors had married into the following families: Farkas, Zmeskal (one-eight Polish ancestry); <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9vay" class="mw-redirect" title="Révay">Révay</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pajor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pajor (page does not exist)">Pajor</a> (one-quarter German Baierle Magyarized to Pajor); and finally, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%B3nay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prónay (page does not exist)">Prónay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lajos Kossuth's mother, Karolina Weber (1770–1853), was born to a Lutheran family (Kaltensteìn-Hidegkövy) of three-quarters-German and Magyarized-German (with one-quarter of their descent unknown),<sup id="cite_ref-arcanum.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arcanum.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacartneyEB2015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacartneyEB2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> living in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hungary" title="Upper Hungary">Upper Hungary</a> (today partially Slovakia). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family-tree">Family-tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family-tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption><span class="nowrap"> Ancestry (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Származása</i>): Family tree of Lajos Kossuth<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arcanum.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arcanum.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="8" align="center" style="width: 30pt;"><b>Lajos Kossuth</b> </td> <td rowspan="4" align="center" style="width: 120pt;"><b>László Kossuth</b> de Udvard <p>(Kossut, 23 June 1765–<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. (August 2024)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup> Alsódabas, 13 March 1839) <i>uradalmi ügyész</i> (financial and legal supervisor of a <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor</a>) </p> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="width: 200pt;"><b>Pál Kossuth</b> de Udvard <p>(Kisraksa, 20 May 1738 – 1791) a <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1blab%C3%ADr%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Táblabíró (page does not exist)">táblabíró</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/t%C3%A1blab%C3%ADr%C3%B3" class="extiw" title="hu:táblabíró">hu</a>]</span></i></span> (county court judge) in <a href="/wiki/Tur%C3%B3c_County" title="Turóc County">Turóc County</a> </p> </td> <td align="center" style="width: 150pt;"><b>György Kossuth</b> de Udvard<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>Katalin Raksányi</b> de Raksa (1701 – Kisraksa, 8 November 1759) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><b>Beniczky Zsuzsánna</b> de Benicze et Micsinye <p>(Pribóc, 10 January 1737<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – ?) </p> </td> <td align="center"><b>Péter Beniczky</b> de Benicze et Micsinye<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>Éva Prónay</b> <p>de Tótpróna et Blatnica </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" align="center"><b>Karolina Weber</b> de Tyrling <p>(Liszka, 1770 – <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, 28 December 1852) </p> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><b>András Weber</b> de Tyrling <p><a href="/wiki/Postmaster" title="Postmaster">postmaster</a> </p> </td> <td align="center">unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center">noble <b>Erzsébet Hidegkövy</b> (<b>Kaltenstein</b>) </td> <td align="center">noble Tóbiás <b>Hidegkövy</b> (<b>Kaltenstein</b>; born in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1toralja%C3%BAjhely" title="Sátoraljaújhely">Sátoraljaújhely</a>), <p>pharmacist<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>Anna Mária Musczler</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entry_into_national_politics">Entry into national politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Entry into national politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Lajos_Kossuth" title="Talk:Lajos Kossuth">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lajos+Kossuth%22">"Lajos Kossuth"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lajos+Kossuth%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lajos+Kossuth%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lajos+Kossuth%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lajos+Kossuth%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lajos+Kossuth%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Shortly after his dismissal by Countess Szapáry, Kossuth was appointed as deputy to Count Hunyady at the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diet of Hungary</a>. The Diet met during 1825–27 and 1832–36 in <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Pressburg</a> (Pozsony, present Bratislava), then capital of Hungary. </p><p>Only the upper aristocracy could vote in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Magnates" title="House of Magnates">House of Magnates</a> (similar to the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>) and Kossuth took little part in the debates as a deputy of Count Hunyady. At the time, a struggle to reassert a Hungarian national identity was beginning to emerge under leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Wessel%C3%A9nyi" title="Miklós Wesselényi">Miklós Wesselényi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9chenyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Széchenyi">Széchenyis</a>. In part, it was also a struggle for fundamental economic and political and societal reforms against the stagnant and conservative <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> government. Kossuth's duties to Count Hunyady included reporting on Diet proceedings in writing, as the Austrian government, fearing popular dissent, had banned published reports. </p><p>The high quality of Kossuth's letters led to their being circulated in manuscript among other <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> magnates. Readership demands led him to edit an organized parliamentary gazette (<i>Országgyűlési tudósítások</i>); spreading his name and influence further. Orders from the Official Censor halted circulation by <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithograph</a> printing. Distribution in manuscript by post was forbidden by the government, although circulation by hand continued. </p><p>In 1836, the Diet was dissolved. Kossuth continued to report (in letter form), covering the debates of the county assemblies. The newfound publicity gave the assemblies national political prominence. Previously, they had had little idea of each other's proceedings. His embellishment of the speeches from the liberals and reformers enhanced the impact of his newsletters. After the prohibition of his parliamentary gazette, Kossuth loudly demanded the legal declaration of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> and of speech in Hungary and in the entire Habsburg Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The government attempted in vain to suppress the letters, and, other means having failed, he was arrested in May 1837, with Wesselényi and several others, on a charge of high treason. </p><p>After spending a year in prison at <a href="/wiki/Ofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ofen">Buda</a> awaiting trial, he was condemned to four more years' imprisonment. Kossuth and his friend Count <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Wessel%C3%A9nyi" title="Miklós Wesselényi">Miklós Wesselényi</a> were placed in separated solitary cells. Count Wesselényi's cell did not have even a window, and he went blind in the darkness. Kossuth, however, had a small window and with the help of a politically well-informed young woman, Theresa Meszlényi, he remained informed about political events. Meszlényi lied to the prison commander, telling him she and Kossuth were engaged. In reality, Kossuth did not know Meszlényi before his imprisonment, but this permitted her to visit. Meszlényi also provided books. Strict confinement damaged Kossuth's health, but he spent much time reading. He greatly increased his political knowledge and acquired fluency in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> from study of the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> which he henceforth always spoke with a certain archaic eloquence. While Wesselényi was broken mentally, Kossuth, supported by Terézia Meszlényi's frequent visits, emerged from prison in much better condition. His arrest had caused great controversy. The Diet, which reconvened in 1839, demanded the release of the political prisoners and refused to pass any government measures. Austrian chancellor <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a> long remained obdurate, but the danger of war in 1840 obliged him to give way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the day of his release from the prison, Kossuth and Meszlényi were married, and she remained a firm supporter of his politics. She was a Catholic and her Church refused to bless the marriage since Kossuth, a proud Protestant, would not convert. At the time of their marriage it was unheard of that people of different religions married. According to the traditional practice, the bride or more rarely the fiancé had to convert to the religion of his or her spouse before the wedding ceremony. However Kossuth refused to convert to Roman Catholicism, and Meszlényi also refused to convert to Lutheranism. Their mixed religious marriage caused a great scandal at the time. This experience influenced Kossuth's firm defense of <a href="/wiki/Interreligious_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Interreligious marriage">mixed marriages</a>. The couple had three children: <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Kossuth" title="Ferenc Kossuth">Ferenc Lajos Ákos</a> (1841–1914), Minister for Trade between 1906 and 1910; Vilma (1843–1862); and Lajos Tódor Károly (1844–1918). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journalist_and_political_leader">Journalist and political leader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Journalist and political leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kossuth had now become a national icon. He regained full health in January 1841. In January 1841 he became editor of the Pesti Hírlap. The job was offered to him by Lajos Landerer, the owner of a big printing house company in Pest (in fact, Landerer was an undercover agent of the Vienna secret police). The government circles and the secret police believed that censorship and financial interests would curtail Kossuth's opposition, and they did not consider the small circulation of the paper to be dangerous anyway. However, Kossuth created modern Hungarian political journalism. His editorials dealt with the pressing problems of the economy, the social injustices and the existing legal inequality of the common people. The articles combined a critique of the present with an outline of the future, combining and supplementing the reform ideas that had emerged up to that point into a coherent programme. The paper achieved unprecedented success, soon reaching the then immense circulation of 7000 copies. A competing pro-government newspaper, <i>Világ</i>(World), started up, but despite its attacks against Kossuth's ideas, it became counterproductive, and it only served to increase Kossuth's visibility and add to the general political fervor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Paragraph is entirely un-cited. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kossuth's ideas stand on the enlightened Western European type <a href="/wiki/Liberal_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal nationalism">liberal nationalism</a> (based on the "<a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</a>" principle,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is the complete opposition of the typical Eastern European <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which based on "<a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">jus sanguinis</a>"). </p><p>Kossuth followed the ideas of the French nation state ideology, which was a ruling liberal idea of his era. Accordingly, he considered and regarded automatically everybody as "Hungarian" – regardless of their mother tongue and ethnic ancestry – who were born and lived in the territory of Hungary. He even quoted King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I of Hungary</a>'s admonition: "A nation of one language and the same customs is weak and fragile."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kossuth pleaded in the newspaper <i>Pesti Hírlap</i> for rapid <a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a>: "Let us hurry, let us hurry to Magyarize the <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxons</a>, for otherwise we shall perish".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1842 he argued that Hungarian had to be the exclusive language in public life.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stated that "in one country it is impossible to speak in a hundred different languages. There must be one language and in Hungary this must be Hungarian".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kossuth's assimilatory ambitions were disapproved by <a href="/wiki/Zsigmond_Kem%C3%A9ny" title="Zsigmond Kemény">Zsigmond Kemény</a>, though he supported a multinational state led by Hungarians.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A9chenyi" title="István Széchenyi">István Széchenyi</a> criticized Kossuth for "pitting one nationality against another".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He publicly warned Kossuth that his appeals to the passions of the people would lead the nation to revolution. Kossuth, undaunted, did not stop at the publicly reasoned reforms demanded by all Liberals: the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Fee_tail" title="Fee tail">entail</a>, the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> burdens and taxation of the nobles. He went on to broach the possibility of separating from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. By combining this nationalism with an insistence on the superiority of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian culture">Hungarian culture</a> to the culture of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavonic</a> inhabitants of Hungary, he sowed the seeds of both the collapse of Hungary in 1849 and his own political demise. </p><p>In 1844, Kossuth was dismissed from <i>Pesti Hírlap</i> after a dispute with the proprietor over salary. It is believed that the dispute was rooted in government intrigue. Kossuth was unable to obtain permission to start his own newspaper. In a personal interview, Metternich offered to take him into the government service. Kossuth refused and spent the next three years without a regular position. He continued to agitate on behalf of both political and commercial independence for Hungary. He adopted the economic principles of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a>, and was the founder of the popular <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A9degylet_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Védegylet society (page does not exist)">"Védegylet" society</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9degylet_(reformkor)" class="extiw" title="hu:Védegylet (reformkor)">hu</a>]</span> whose members consumed only Hungarian industrial products. He also argued for the creation of a Hungarian port at <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Fiume</a>. </p><p>Kossuth played a major role in the formation of the Opposition Party in 1847, whose programme was essentially formulated by him. </p><p>In autumn 1847, Kossuth was able to take his final key step. The support of <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a> during a keenly fought campaign made him be elected to the new Diet as member for <a href="/wiki/Pest_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pest (city)">Pest</a>. He proclaimed: "Now that I am a deputy, I will cease to be an agitator." He immediately became chief leader of the Opposition Party. <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Ferenc Deák</a> was absent. As Headlam noted, his political rivals, Batthyány, <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A9chenyi" title="István Széchenyi">István Széchenyi</a>, Szemere, and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="József Eötvös">József Eötvös</a>, believed: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>his intense personal ambition and egoism led him always to assume the chief place, and to use his parliamentary position to establish himself as leader of the nation; but before his eloquence and energy all apprehensions were useless. His eloquence was of that nature, in its impassioned appeals to the strongest emotions, that it required for its full effect the highest themes and the most dramatic situations. In a time of rest, though he could never have been obscure, he would never have attained the highest power. It was therefore a necessity of his nature, perhaps unconsciously, always to drive things to a crisis. The crisis came, and he used it to the full.<sup id="cite_ref-HeadlamEB1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadlamEB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"long_debate"_of_reformers_in_the_press"><span id="The_.22long_debate.22_of_reformers_in_the_press"></span>The "long debate" of reformers in the press</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The "long debate" of reformers in the press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Count Széchenyi judged the reform system of Kossuth in a pamphlet, <i>Kelet Népe</i> from 1841. According to Széchenyi, economic, political and social reforms must be instituted slowly and carefully so that Hungary would avoid the violent interference of the Habsburg dynasty. Széchenyi was listening to the spread of the expansion of Kossuth's ideas in Hungarian society, which did not consider good relations with the Habsburg dynasty. Kossuth believed that society could not be forced into a passive role by any reason through social change. According to Kossuth, the wider social movements can not be continually excluded from political life. Behind Kossuth's conception of society was a notion of freedom that emphasized the unitary origin of rights, which he saw manifested in universal suffrage. In exercising political rights, Széchenyi took into account wealth and education of the citizens, thus he supported only limited suffrage similar to the Western European (British, French and Belgian) limited suffrage of the era. In 1885, Kossuth called Széchenyi a liberal elitist aristocrat while Széchenyi considered himself to be a democrat.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Széchenyi was an isolationist politician while, according to Kossuth, strong relations and collaboration with international liberal and progressive movements are essential for the success of liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding foreign policy, Kossuth and his followers refused the isolationist policy of Széchenyi, thus they stood on the ground of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">liberal internationalism</a>: They supported countries and political forces that aligned with their moral and political standards. They also believed that governments and political movements sharing the same modern liberal values should form an alliance against the "feudal type" of monarchies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Széchenyi's economic policy based on <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> free-market principles, while Kossuth supported the protective tariffs due to the weaker Hungarian industrial sector. Kossuth wanted to build a rapidly industrialized country in his vision while Széchenyi wanted to preserve the traditionally strong agricultural sector as the main character of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_in_the_government">Work in the government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Work in the government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orsz%C3%A1ggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s_megnyit%C3%A1sa_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Orsz%C3%A1ggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s_megnyit%C3%A1sa_1848.jpg/260px-Orsz%C3%A1ggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s_megnyit%C3%A1sa_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Orsz%C3%A1ggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s_megnyit%C3%A1sa_1848.jpg/390px-Orsz%C3%A1ggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s_megnyit%C3%A1sa_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Orsz%C3%A1ggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s_megnyit%C3%A1sa_1848.jpg/520px-Orsz%C3%A1ggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s_megnyit%C3%A1sa_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>5 July 1848: The opening ceremony of the first parliament, which was based on popular representation. <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Batthyány</a>, Kossuth and other members of the first responsible government are on the balcony.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kollarz_Kossuth_Cegl%C3%A9den_1848.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kollarz_Kossuth_Cegl%C3%A9den_1848.JPG/330px-Kollarz_Kossuth_Cegl%C3%A9den_1848.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kollarz_Kossuth_Cegl%C3%A9den_1848.JPG/500px-Kollarz_Kossuth_Cegl%C3%A9den_1848.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kollarz_Kossuth_Cegl%C3%A9den_1848.JPG/960px-Kollarz_Kossuth_Cegl%C3%A9den_1848.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1684" /></a><figcaption>Kossuth inspired many Hungarians to rise up against the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> in a speech he made in the town of <a href="/wiki/Cegl%C3%A9d" title="Cegléd">Cegléd</a> on 24 September 1848.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Finance">Minister of Finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Minister of Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crisis came, and he used it to the full. On 3 March 1848, shortly after the news of the <a href="/wiki/The_Revolutions_of_1848_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="The Revolutions of 1848 in France">revolution in Paris</a> had arrived, in a speech of surpassing power he demanded parliamentary government for Hungary and constitutional government for the rest of Austria. </p><p>He appealed to the hope of the Habsburgs, "our beloved Archduke <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph</a>" (then seventeen years old), to perpetuate the ancient glory of the dynasty by meeting half-way the aspirations of a free people. He at once became the leader of the European revolution; his speech was read aloud in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> to the mob which overthrew Metternich (13 March); when a deputation from the Diet visited Vienna to receive the assent of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand</a> to their petition, Kossuth received the chief ovation. While Viennese masses celebrated Kossuth (and from the Diet in Pressburg a delegation went to Buda and sent the news of the Austrian Revolution) as their hero, revolution broke out in Buda on 15 March; Kossuth traveled home immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 March 1848 the Emperor assented and <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a> created the first Hungarian government, that was not anymore responsible to the King, but to the elected members of the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diet</a>. On 23 March 1848, Pm. Batthyány commended his government to the Diet. In the new government Kossuth was appointed as the Minister of Finance. </p><p>He began developing the internal resources of the country: re-establishing a separate Hungarian coinage, and using every means to increase national self-consciousness. Characteristically, the new Hungarian bank notes had Kossuth's name as the most prominent inscription; making reference to "Kossuth Notes" a future byword. </p><p>A new paper was started, to which was given the name of <i>Kossuth Hirlapja</i>, so that from the first it was Kossuth rather than the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_of_Hungary" title="Palatine of Hungary">Palatine</a> or prime minister Batthyány whose name was in the minds of the people associated with the new government. Much more was this the case when, in the summer, the dangers from the Croats, Serbs and the reaction at Vienna increased. </p><p>In a speech on 11 July he asked that the nation should arm in self-defense, and demanded 200,000 men; amid a scene of wild enthusiasm this was granted by acclamation. However the danger had been exacerbated by Kossuth himself through appealing exclusively to the Magyar notables rather than including the other subject minorities of the Habsburg empire too. The Austrians, meanwhile, successfully used the other minorities as allies against the Magyar uprising. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)">Croatian ban</a> <a href="/wiki/Josip_Jela%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Josip Jelačić">Josip Jelačić</a> was marching on Pest, the Hungarian government was in serious military crisis due to the lack of soldiers, Kossuth used his popularity, he went from town to town rousing the people to the defense of the country, and the popular force of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Landwehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungarian Landwehr">Honvéd</a> was his creation. When Batthyány resigned he was appointed with Szemere to carry on the government provisionally, and at the end of September he was made President of the Committee of National Defense. Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a>'s desperate attempts to mediate with the Viennese royal court to achieve reconciliation and restore peace were no longer successful. Due to his unsuccessful peace missions, Batthyány slowly began to become politically isolated and increasingly lost the support of the parliament. </p><p>On 6 September, Kossuth ordered the first Hungarian banknotes to be issued to cover defence expenses. </p><p>In early September 1848, after the Habsburg King of Hungary, Ferdinand V, compelled the Batthyány government to resign, the nation found itself once more bereft of executive authority.<sup id="cite_ref-auto23_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto23-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government meeting of 11 September, under Kossuth's leadership, adopted revolutionary decisions on finance and the military to defend the invaded homeland. Another attempt by Batthyány to form a cabinet failed, and Kossuth declared that until another government was appointed, he would retain his position as finance minister. </p><p>According to legend, it was in this year that Kossuth was attacked by the country's most famous <a href="/wiki/Bety%C3%A1r" title="Betyár">betyár</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_R%C3%B3zsa" title="Sándor Rózsa">Sándor Rózsa</a>. According to the story, Kossuth was on his way to <a href="/wiki/Cegl%C3%A9d" title="Cegléd">Cegléd</a> in a horse-drawn carriage when the bandit leader attacked him, but he kept his temper and persuaded him to join the national cause and stop robbing. The story might even be true, as Kossuth granted amnesty to the criminal on 23 October, who inturn launched an independent rebel group with 150 armed horsemen.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both men inspired legends in their time that are still alive today. In popular poetry, Rózsa is seen as a <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a>-like character, while Kossuth was the personification of the nation. Also, the Serbs referred to him as King Kossuth, whose carriage was said to be drawn by 600 horses.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regent-President_of_Hungary">Regent-President of Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regent-President of Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 December 1848, the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diet of Hungary</a> formally refused to acknowledge the title of the new king, Franz Joseph I, "as without the knowledge and consent of the diet no one could sit on the Hungarian throne" and called the nation to arms.<sup id="cite_ref-phillips_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phillips-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a legal point of view, according to the coronation oath, a crowned Hungarian King could not relinquish the Hungarian throne during his life; if the king was alive and unable to do his duty as ruler, a governor (or regent with proper English terminology) had to deputize the royal duties. Constitutionally, his uncle, Ferdinand remained still the legal <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>. If there was no possibility to inherit the throne automatically due to the death of the predecessor king (as Ferdinand was still alive), but the monarch wanted to relinquish his throne and appoint another king before his death, technically only one legal solution remained: the Diet had the power to depose the king and elect his successor as the new King of Hungary. Due to the legal and military tensions, the Hungarian parliament did not make that decision for Franz Joseph. This event gave to the revolt an excuse of legality. Actually, from this time until the collapse of the revolution, Lajos Kossuth (as elected regent-president) became the de facto and de jure ruler of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-phillips_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phillips-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="President_of_the_OHB">President of the OHB</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: President of the OHB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subsequent to 28 September, the National Defence Committee (Országos Honvédelmi Bizottmány, or OHB) assumed the reins of power, initially in a provisional capacity and then, upon a parliamentary decree issued on 8 October, in a permanent manner for wartime.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lajos Kossuth was elected president of the OHB, which operated as the de facto government.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Already on 14 September, a rapidly growing number of his supporters called in parliament for Kossuth to be given temporary dictatorial powers because of the critical and desperate war situation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For the first time in the revolutionary movements of 1848, for the first time since 1793, a nation surrounded by superior counterrevolutionary forces dares to counter the cowardly counterrevolutionary fury by revolutionary passion, the terreur blanche by the terreur rouge.</p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>For the first time after a long period we meet with a truly revolutionary figure, a man who in the name of his people dares to accept the challenge of desperate struggle, who for his nation is <a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Carnot</a> in one person – Lajos Kossuth</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> about Kossuth (January 1849) <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>From this time he had increased amounts of power. The direction of the whole government was in his hands. Without military experience, he had to control and direct the movements of armies; he was unable to keep control over the generals or to establish that military co-operation so essential to success. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_G%C3%B6rgey" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Görgey">Arthur Görgey</a> in particular, whose great abilities Kossuth was the first to recognize, refused obedience; the two men were very different personalities. Twice Kossuth removed him from command; twice he had to restore him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declaration_of_Independence">Declaration of Independence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Declaration of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The House of Lorraine-Habsburg is unexampled in the compass of its perjuries<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Its determination to extinguish the independence of Hungary has been accompanied by a succession of criminal acts, comprising robbery, destruction of property by fire, murder, maiming<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Humanity will shudder when reading this disgraceful page of history.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] "The house of Habsburg has forfeited the throne". </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kossuth, In Liszt, <i>The Weimar Years</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minority_rights">Minority rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Minority rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarians_in_Hungary_(1890).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png/220px-Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png/330px-Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png/440px-Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>The percentage of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Hungarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Hungarians">ethnic Hungarians</a> (Magyars) in Hungary in 1890.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite appealing exclusively to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Hungarian nobility</a> in his speeches, Kossuth played an important part in the shaping of the law of <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a> in 1849. It was the first law which recognized minority rights in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gave minorities the freedom to use their mother tongue within the local administration and courts, in schools, in community life and even within the national guard of non-Magyar councils.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, he did not support any kind of regional administration within Hungary based on the nationality principle. Kossuth accepted some national demands of the <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlach</a> (like the independence of the Vlach clergy<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the Croats, but he showed no understanding for the requests of the <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his father's Slovak origin and the fact that his uncle <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kossuth" class="mw-redirect" title="György Kossuth">György Kossuth</a> was the main supporter of Slovak national movement, Kossuth considered himself Hungarian and went so far as to reject the very notion of a Slovak nation in the Kingdom of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Oszk%C3%A1r_J%C3%A1szi" title="Oszkár Jászi">Oszkár Jászi</a>, a huge part of the reason as to why Kossuth opposed giving large-scale <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> (such as a separate <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>) to various ethnic groups in Hungary (such as the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, Slovaks, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>) is because he was afraid that this would be the first step towards a fragmentation and break-up of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-foreign_affairs_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreign_affairs-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kossuth did not believe that a Hungary that was limited to its <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic borders">linguistic borders</a> would actually be a viable state.<sup id="cite_ref-foreign_affairs_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreign_affairs-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_intervention_and_failure">Russian intervention and failure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Russian intervention and failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Special:EditPage/Lajos Kossuth">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lajos+Kossuth%22">"Lajos Kossuth"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lajos+Kossuth%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lajos+Kossuth%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lajos+Kossuth%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lajos+Kossuth%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lajos+Kossuth%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During all the terrible winter that followed, Kossuth overcame the reluctance of the army to march to the relief of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>; after the defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schwechat" title="Battle of Schwechat">Battle of Schwechat</a>, at which he was present, he sent <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Bem" title="Józef Bem">Józef Bem</a> to carry on the war in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. </p><p>At the end of the year, when the Austrians were approaching Pest, he asked for the mediation of <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Stiles" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Stiles">William Henry Stiles</a>, the American envoy. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_I,_Prince_of_Windisch-Gr%C3%A4tz" title="Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz">Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz</a>, however, refused all terms, and the Diet and government fled to <a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a>, Kossuth taking with him the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_St_Stephen" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of St Stephen">Crown of St Stephen</a>, the sacred emblem of the Hungarian nation. In November 1848, Emperor Ferdinand abdicated in favour of Franz Joseph. The new Emperor revoked all the concessions granted in March and outlawed Kossuth and the Hungarian government, set up lawfully on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/April_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="April laws">April laws</a>. </p><p>By April 1849, when the Hungarians had won many successes, after sounding the army, he issued the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Hungarian Declaration of Independence">Hungarian Declaration of Independence</a>, in which he declared that "the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a>, perjured in the sight of God and man, had forfeited the Hungarian throne." It was a step characteristic of his love for extreme and dramatic action, but it added to the dissensions between him and those who wished only for autonomy under the old dynasty, and his enemies did not scruple to accuse him of aiming for kingship. The dethronement also made any compromise with the Habsburgs practically impossible. </p><p>For the time the future form of government was left undecided, and Kossuth was appointed regent-president (to satisfy both royalists and republicans). Kossuth played a key role in tying down the Hungarian army for weeks for the siege and recapture of <a href="/wiki/Buda_castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Buda castle">Buda castle</a>, finally successful on 4 May 1849. The hopes of ultimate success were, however, frustrated by the intervention of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a>, who acted as the protector of ruling legitimism and as guardian against revolution; all appeals to the western powers were vain, and on 11 August Kossuth abdicated in favor of Görgey, on the ground that in the last extremity, the general alone could save the nation. Görgey <a href="/wiki/Surrender_at_Vil%C3%A1gos" title="Surrender at Világos">capitulated at Világos</a> (now <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eiria" class="mw-redirect" title="Şiria">Şiria</a>, Romania) to the Russians, who handed over the army to the Austrians. Görgey was spared, at the insistence of the Russians. Reprisals were taken on the rest of the Hungarian army, including the execution of the <a href="/wiki/13_Martyrs_of_Arad" class="mw-redirect" title="13 Martyrs of Arad">13 Martyrs of Arad</a>. Kossuth steadfastly maintained until his death that Görgey alone was responsible for the humiliation. </p><p>Kossuth's calls for independence and cut off ties with the Habsburgs did not become British policy. Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> told parliament that Britain would consider it a great misfortune to Europe if Hungary became independent. He argued that a united Austrian Empire was a European necessity and a natural ally of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, Hungarian lawyer <a href="/wiki/George_Lichtenstein_(musician)" title="George Lichtenstein (musician)">George Lichtenstein</a> served as Kossuth's private secretary. After the revolution, Lichtenstein fled to <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> and eventually settled in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, where he became noted as a musician and influence on musical culture of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2015)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escape_and_tour_of_Britain_and_United_States">Escape and tour of Britain and United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Escape and tour of Britain and United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haynau_in_Britain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Haynau_in_Britain.jpg/250px-Haynau_in_Britain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Haynau_in_Britain.jpg/330px-Haynau_in_Britain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Haynau_in_Britain.jpg/500px-Haynau_in_Britain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Austrian General <a href="/wiki/Julius_Jacob_von_Haynau" title="Julius Jacob von Haynau">Julius Jacob von Haynau</a> was attacked by Londoners due to the brutal suppression of Hungarian revolution. Plaque in London, Park Street in Southwark</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_Lajos_Kossuth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Photo_of_Lajos_Kossuth.jpg/200px-Photo_of_Lajos_Kossuth.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Photo_of_Lajos_Kossuth.jpg/300px-Photo_of_Lajos_Kossuth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Photo_of_Lajos_Kossuth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Photo of Kossuth</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_egykori_lakhelye_Londonban.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kossuth_egykori_lakhelye_Londonban.JPG/250px-Kossuth_egykori_lakhelye_Londonban.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kossuth_egykori_lakhelye_Londonban.JPG/330px-Kossuth_egykori_lakhelye_Londonban.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kossuth_egykori_lakhelye_Londonban.JPG/500px-Kossuth_egykori_lakhelye_Londonban.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Kossuth's villa in London</figcaption></figure> <p>Kossuth's time in power was at an end. A solitary fugitive, he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> frontier. He was hospitably received by the Ottoman authorities, who were supported by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>. The Ottomans refused to surrender him and other fugitives to Austria, notwithstanding the threats of the allied emperors. In January 1850, he was removed from <a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a>, where he had been kept under house arrest, to <a href="/wiki/Shumen" title="Shumen">Shumen</a>, and thence to <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya" title="Kütahya">Kütahya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. There, he was joined by his children, who had been confined at Pressburg; his wife (a price had been set on her head) had joined him earlier, having escaped in disguise. </p><p>On 10 August 1851 the release of Kossuth was decided by the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>, in spite of threats by Austria and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> approved having Kossuth come there, and on 1 September 1851, he boarded the ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(1841)" title="USS Mississippi (1841)">USS <i>Mississippi</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">Smyrna</a>, with his family and fifty exiled followers. </p><p>The Hungarian asked the crew of <i>Mississippi</i> to leave the shipboard at <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his journey on board the American frigate Mississippi on his way to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, an enormous <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> crowd waited to welcome Kossuth at the port of <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>. However the French authorities did not allow the dangerous revolutionary to come ashore.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Marseille, Kossuth sought permission to travel through <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, but Prince-President <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis Napoleon</a> denied the request. Kossuth protested publicly, and officials saw that as a blatant disregard for the neutral position of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lajos_Kossuth_Arrives_at_Southampton_Docks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lajos_Kossuth_Arrives_at_Southampton_Docks.jpg/250px-Lajos_Kossuth_Arrives_at_Southampton_Docks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lajos_Kossuth_Arrives_at_Southampton_Docks.jpg/330px-Lajos_Kossuth_Arrives_at_Southampton_Docks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lajos_Kossuth_Arrives_at_Southampton_Docks.jpg/500px-Lajos_Kossuth_Arrives_at_Southampton_Docks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2726" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>Lajos Kossuth Arrives at Southampton Docks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lajos_Kossuth_addresses_the_crowd_from_the_balcony_of_Andrew%E2%80%99s_coach_factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lajos_Kossuth_addresses_the_crowd_from_the_balcony_of_Andrew%E2%80%99s_coach_factory.jpg/220px-Lajos_Kossuth_addresses_the_crowd_from_the_balcony_of_Andrew%E2%80%99s_coach_factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lajos_Kossuth_addresses_the_crowd_from_the_balcony_of_Andrew%E2%80%99s_coach_factory.jpg/330px-Lajos_Kossuth_addresses_the_crowd_from_the_balcony_of_Andrew%E2%80%99s_coach_factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lajos_Kossuth_addresses_the_crowd_from_the_balcony_of_Andrew%E2%80%99s_coach_factory.jpg/440px-Lajos_Kossuth_addresses_the_crowd_from_the_balcony_of_Andrew%E2%80%99s_coach_factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2629" data-file-height="1634" /></a><figcaption>Lajos Kossuth addresses the crowd from the balcony of Andrew's coach factory.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_in_the_in_the_Guildhall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kossuth_in_the_in_the_Guildhall.jpg/220px-Kossuth_in_the_in_the_Guildhall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kossuth_in_the_in_the_Guildhall.jpg/330px-Kossuth_in_the_in_the_Guildhall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kossuth_in_the_in_the_Guildhall.jpg/440px-Kossuth_in_the_in_the_Guildhall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2276" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>Lajos Kossuth's reception among businessmen industrialists and bankers in the Guildhall above the Bargate</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 October, Kossuth landed at <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> and spent three weeks in England, where he was generally feted. After his arrival, the press characterized the atmosphere of the streets of London as this: "It had seemed like a coronation day of Kings".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary reports noticed: "Trafalgar Square was 'black with people' and Nelson's Monument peopled 'up to the fluted shaft.'"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addresses were presented to him at Southampton, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and other towns; he was officially entertained by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_the_City_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of the City of London">Lord Mayor of the City of London</a>; at each place, he spoke eloquently in English for the Hungarian cause; and he indirectly caused <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> to stretch the limits of her constitutional power over her Ministers to avoid embarrassment and eventually helped cause the fall of the government in power. </p><p>Having learned English during an earlier political imprisonment with the aid of a volume of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, his spoken English was "wonderfully archaic" and theatrical.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, generally cool towards the revolutionaries of 1848 in general and Kossuth in particular, nevertheless reported that his speeches were "clear" and that a three-hour talk was not unusual for him;<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also, that if he was occasionally overcome by emotion when describing the defeat of Hungarian aspirations, "it did not at all reduce his effectiveness". </p><p>At Southampton, he was greeted by a crowd of thousands outside the Mayor's balcony, who presented him with a flag of the Hungarian Republic. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a> accompanied him in procession through the city, and the way to the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a> was lined by thousands of cheering people. He went thereafter to <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and Birmingham; at Birmingham the crowd that gathered to see him ride under the triumphal arches erected for his visit was described, even by his severest critics, as 75,000 individuals. </p><p>Many leading British politicians tried to suppress the so-called "Kossuth mania" in Britain without any success, the Kossuth mania proved to be unstoppable. When <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> tried to fiercely attack Kossuth, the copies of the newspaper were publicly burned in public houses, coffee houses, and in other public spaces throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Back in London, he addressed the Trades Unions at <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen Fields">Copenhagen Fields</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a>. Some twelve thousand "respectable artisans" formed a parade at <a href="/wiki/Russell_Square" title="Russell Square">Russell Square</a> and marched out to meet him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (September 2015)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> At the Fields themselves, the crowd was enormous; but the hostile newspaper <i>The Times</i> estimated it conservatively at 25,000,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while the <i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Chronicle">Morning Chronicle</a></i> described it as 50,000,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the demonstrators themselves 100,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, who had already proved himself a friend of the losing sides in several of the failed revolutions of 1848, was determined to receive him at his country house, <a href="/wiki/Broadlands" title="Broadlands">Broadlands</a>. The Cabinet had to vote to prevent it; Victoria reputedly was so incensed by the possibility of her Foreign Secretary supporting an outspoken republican that she asked the Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a> for Palmerston's resignation, but Russell claimed that such a dismissal would be drastically unpopular at that time and over that issue. When Palmerston upped the ante by receiving at his house, instead of Kossuth, a delegation of Trade Unionists from Islington and <a href="/wiki/Finsbury" title="Finsbury">Finsbury</a> and listened sympathetically as they read an address that praised Kossuth and declared the Emperors of Austria and Russia "despots, tyrants and odious assassins",<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was noted as a mark of indifference to royal displeasure. That, together with Palmerston's support of Louis Napoleon, eventually caused the <a href="/wiki/First_Russell_ministry" title="First Russell ministry">Russell government</a> to fall. </p><p>Due to Kossuth activity, the anti-Austrian sentiment became strong in Britain, when Austrian general <a href="/wiki/Julius_Jacob_von_Haynau" title="Julius Jacob von Haynau">Julius Jacob von Haynau</a> was recognized on the street, he was attacked by British draymen on his journey in England.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1856, Kossuth toured <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> extensively, giving lectures in major cities and small towns alike.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the indignation that he aroused against <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> policy had much to do with the strong anti-Russian feeling, which made the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> possible. During the Crimean War, the activism of Kossuth also intensified in London, but since Austria did not side with Russia, there was no chance of Hungarian independence being achieved with Anglo-French military help.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following years, Kossuth hoped that the conflicts between the great powers would allow the liberation of Hungary after all, and so he contacted the French Emperor Napoleon III. When Napoleon III and the Prime Minister of Sardinia, <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a>, promised to help liberate Hungary in the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Franco-Sardinian-Austrian war of 1859</a>, Lajos Kossuth founded the Hungarian National Directorate with László Teleki and György Klapka and began to organise the Hungarian Legion. Following Napoleon III's unexpected peace with Austria after his brilliant victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Solferino</a>, Kossuth sought to link the liberation of Hungary more and more clearly to the movement of the peoples fighting for their independence. However, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>'s invasion of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> in 1860 raised new hopes. Many Hungarians fought among his <a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a>, and his successes could have led to another Italo-Austrian war. In the event, the Hungarian Legion was re-established, and Kossuth negotiated cooperation with the Italians. But the war was not fought. Although Hungary remained under Austrian rule, the decline of Habsburg power increasingly forced compromise on the Austrian government. Hungarian passive resistance and the foreign activities of the Kossuth group reinforced each other. Kossuth and the émigré movement's armed preparations and negotiations with the great powers, on the other hand, were backed by the political backdrop of a silent and passively resistant country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:When_Kossuth_rode_up_Broadway._Below,_left-_Louis_Kossuth,_the_great_Hungarian_patriot,_received_with_cheers_by_100,000_Americans_upon_his_arrival_in_New_York_on_December_6th,_1851_(NYPL_Hades-1788354-1659158).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/When_Kossuth_rode_up_Broadway._Below%2C_left-_Louis_Kossuth%2C_the_great_Hungarian_patriot%2C_received_with_cheers_by_100%2C000_Americans_upon_his_arrival_in_New_York_on_December_6th%2C_1851_%28NYPL_Hades-1788354-1659158%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/When_Kossuth_rode_up_Broadway._Below%2C_left-_Louis_Kossuth%2C_the_great_Hungarian_patriot%2C_received_with_cheers_by_100%2C000_Americans_upon_his_arrival_in_New_York_on_December_6th%2C_1851_%28NYPL_Hades-1788354-1659158%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/When_Kossuth_rode_up_Broadway._Below%2C_left-_Louis_Kossuth%2C_the_great_Hungarian_patriot%2C_received_with_cheers_by_100%2C000_Americans_upon_his_arrival_in_New_York_on_December_6th%2C_1851_%28NYPL_Hades-1788354-1659158%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5434" data-file-height="4241" /></a><figcaption>"When Kossuth Rode up Broadway" (New York on 6 December 1851)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The-Reception-Of-General-Louis-Kossuth-In-New-York-City,-6th-December-1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The-Reception-Of-General-Louis-Kossuth-In-New-York-City%2C-6th-December-1851.jpg/220px-The-Reception-Of-General-Louis-Kossuth-In-New-York-City%2C-6th-December-1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The-Reception-Of-General-Louis-Kossuth-In-New-York-City%2C-6th-December-1851.jpg/330px-The-Reception-Of-General-Louis-Kossuth-In-New-York-City%2C-6th-December-1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The-Reception-Of-General-Louis-Kossuth-In-New-York-City%2C-6th-December-1851.jpg/440px-The-Reception-Of-General-Louis-Kossuth-In-New-York-City%2C-6th-December-1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>The dress parade of US. Army in New York for Kossuth on 6 December 1851</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Kossuth_in_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Louis_Kossuth_in_New_York.jpg/220px-Louis_Kossuth_in_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Louis_Kossuth_in_New_York.jpg/330px-Louis_Kossuth_in_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Louis_Kossuth_in_New_York.jpg/440px-Louis_Kossuth_in_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Grand reception of Kossuth: "the champion of Hungarian Independence" at the City Hall, New York</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_szabadkomuves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kossuth_szabadkomuves.jpg/220px-Kossuth_szabadkomuves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kossuth_szabadkomuves.jpg/330px-Kossuth_szabadkomuves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kossuth_szabadkomuves.jpg/440px-Kossuth_szabadkomuves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Kossuth's admission to Freemason Grand Lodge of Cincinnati, US, 1852 (Manuscript from University of Szeged<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</figcaption></figure> <p>From Britain Kossuth went to the United States of America aboard the Humboldt postal vessel. He was warmly welcomed since the Congress in a letter inviting him to the country as the 'guest of the nation'. On 6 December 1851, this revolutionary hero arrived in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to a reception that only <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a> had received before. The mayor of New York City introduced him as "a champion of human progress, an eloquent proclaimer of universal freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the posters and in the news, he appeared as an ambassador of the European nations yearning for freedom and democracy, an implacable opponent of the tyranny embodied by the Habsburgs and the Russian <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanovs</a>. Like the more than 600 other speeches he has given in America, it as well ended with applause. </p><p>The report of <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York_City)" title="The Sun (New York City)"><i>The Sun</i></a> about the arrival of Kossuth in New York: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thus immediately previous to the Christmas of 1851 New York city underwent a period of Kossuth mania, and it affected the holiday presents. Every New Year's gift associated itself in some designation with Kossuth and Hungary. Restaurants abounded with Hungarian goulash, a savory dish of boiled beef and vegetables strongly infused with red peppers; and there were Kossuth cravats (formidable bands of satin or silk wound around the neck, with ends liberally folded over the shirt front), Kossuth pipes, Kossuth umbrellas, Kossuth belts and buckles, Kossuth purses, Kossuth jackets, and Kossuth braid and tassels for wearing apparel...The <a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_American_Museum" title="Barnum's American Museum">American Museum</a> on Broadway "was literally covered with paintings and flags. One, a portrait of Kossuth, in the folds of Hungarian and American flags, with the words at the bottom: 'Kossuth, the Washington of Hungary.'<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> entertained Kossuth at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> on 31 December 1851 and 3 January 1852. The US Congress organized a banquet for Kossuth, which was supported by all political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1852, Kossuth, accompanied by his wife, his son Ferenc, and <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Pulszky" title="Theresa Pulszky">Theresa Pulszky</a>, toured the American Midwest, South, and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kossuth was the second foreigner after the Marquis de Lafayette to address a Joint Meeting of the United States Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave a speech before the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly" title="Ohio General Assembly">Ohio General Assembly</a> in February 1852 that probably influenced <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>: "The spirit of our age is Democracy. All for the people, and all by the people. Nothing about the people without the people – That is Democracy!<span class="nowrap"> </span>..."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kossuth's cult spread far and wide across the continent. Even babies were named after him during his American tour. At the same time, dozens of books, hundreds of pamphlets, articles, and essays, as well as about 250 poems were written to, for, or about him in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Queen Victoria had a negative remark about the American version of Kossuth fever too: "the popular Kossuth fever of the time to ignorance of the man in whom they (the Americans) see a second Washington, when the fact is that he is an ambitious and rapacious humbug."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no evidence that Kossuth ever met Abraham Lincoln, although Lincoln did organize a celebration in Kossuth's honor in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calling him a "most worthy and distinguished representative of the cause of civil and religious liberty on the continent of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kossuth believed that by appealing directly to European immigrants in the American heartland that he could rally them behind the cause of a free and democratic Hungary. United States officials feared that Kossuth's efforts to elicit support for a failed revolution were fraught with mischief. He would not denounce <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> or stand up for the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, and when Kossuth declared George Washington had never intended for the policy of non-interference to serve as constitutional dogma, he caused further defection. Luckily for him, it was unknown then that he entertained a proposal to raise 1,500 mercenaries, who would overthrow <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> with officers from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">US Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> praised Kossuth: "You have earned your own nobility at home. We admit you ad eundem (as they say at College). We admit you to the same degree, without new trial. We suspend all rules before so paramount a merit. You may well sit a doctor in the college of liberty. You have achieved your right to interpret our Washington."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the issue of slavery was tearing America apart. Kossuth infuriated the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionists</a> by refusing to say anything offensive to the pro-slavery establishment, which, however, did not give him much support. Abolitionists said that Kossuth's "hands off" position regarding <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">American slavery</a> was unacceptable. <a href="/wiki/Wm._Lloyd_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. Lloyd Garrison">Wm. Lloyd Garrison</a>, on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a>, published a pamphlet "exposing the Hungarian as a self-seeking toady."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kossuth left the U.S. with only a fraction of the money he had hoped to earn on his tour.<sup id="cite_ref-Religious_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religious-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 198">: 198 </span></sup> However it is proven by captain of the artillery Károly László's contemporary diary entries, that the Hungarian delegation was disgusted by the treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a>. He also condemned <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a> in his entries. He describes a slave auction he saw in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> this way: "Here we have seen how the owners put their fellow human beings who are just as advanced and perhaps more sensitive than they are, up for sale as if they were animals, and how they are scrutinised by buyers. We have seen how [a trader] sold a mother and her 10-year-old son as a calving cow.... Seeing such things makes you feel sick."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kossuth was of the same opinion, as he expressed his ideas on the matter on several <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Hungarian diets</a>. In 1833 he compares slavery to serfdom and condemns both,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on another occasion, expressed the need for the immediate liberation of the serfs, which just as emancipation, must be radical.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1834 he declares that <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition</a> is the most glorious act, nobler than any victory in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In America, he is afraid to do such a thing, because he feared that there would be fewer like-minded people in America, having seen the South. This would be proven wrong 13 years later by the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_Lajos_sz%C3%ADnezett_litogr%C3%A1fia_1848_Prinzhofer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kossuth_Lajos_sz%C3%ADnezett_litogr%C3%A1fia_1848_Prinzhofer.jpg/250px-Kossuth_Lajos_sz%C3%ADnezett_litogr%C3%A1fia_1848_Prinzhofer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kossuth_Lajos_sz%C3%ADnezett_litogr%C3%A1fia_1848_Prinzhofer.jpg/330px-Kossuth_Lajos_sz%C3%ADnezett_litogr%C3%A1fia_1848_Prinzhofer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kossuth_Lajos_sz%C3%ADnezett_litogr%C3%A1fia_1848_Prinzhofer.jpg/500px-Kossuth_Lajos_sz%C3%ADnezett_litogr%C3%A1fia_1848_Prinzhofer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3993" data-file-height="5786" /></a><figcaption>Coloured lithograph by August Prinzhofer and Johann Rauh (c. 1848)</figcaption></figure> <p>Kossuth ruined all chances for backing when he openly recommended to German Americans they should choose <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> for president. The gaffe brought him back to London in July 1852. </p><p>Early the next year, he sent <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Pulszky" title="Ferenc Pulszky">Ferenc Pulszky</a> to meet with Pierce to obtain support for intervention in Europe. Pulszky was to also meet in secret with Lt. <a href="/wiki/William_%22Bull%22_Nelson" title="William "Bull" Nelson">William Nelson</a> USN and make plans for an expedition against Haiti and <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>. The plot ended with the failure of the Milanese riots of 1853, and Kossuth made no further efforts to win backing from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="London">London</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_leadership_in_exile">Attempted leadership in exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Attempted leadership in exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After returning from America to Europe, he lived permanently in London for eight years, where he gained many important connections in British parliamentary, writer and journalistic circles. He also liaised with circles of French, Italian, Russian, German, and Polish emigrants, most notably <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Gabriel_Worcell" title="Stanisław Gabriel Worcell">Stanisław Gabriel Worcell</a>, who were influential in organizing unsubstantiated uprising attempts in the early 1850s. In the following years, Kossuth expected that the conflicts between the great powers would still make it possible to liberate Hungary, and therefore he had even several personal talks with Emperor Napoleon III in Paris. </p><p>He made a close connection with his friend Giuseppe Mazzini, by whom, with some misgiving, he was persuaded to join the Revolutionary Committee. Quarrels of a kind only too common among exiles followed. </p><p>He watched with anxiety every opportunity of once more freeing his country from Austria. An attempt to organize a Hungarian legion during the Crimean War was stopped; but in 1859, he entered into negotiations with Napoleon III, left England for Italy and began the organization of a Hungarian legion, which was to make a descent on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Villafranca">Peace of Villafranca</a> made that impossible. There were still significant international forces supporting the Habsburgs to maintain their empire, because Austria was seen as an important element in the balance of great powers. </p><p>Gradually, his autocratic style and uncompromising outlook destroyed any real influence among the Hungarian expatriate community. Other Hungarian exiles protested against his appearing to claim to be the only national hero of the revolution. Count <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1zm%C3%A9r_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Kázmér Batthyány">Kázmér Batthyány</a> attacked him in <i>The Times</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Bertalan_Szemere" title="Bertalan Szemere">Bertalan Szemere</a>, who had been prime minister under him, published a bitter criticism of his acts and character, accusing him of arrogance, cowardice and duplicity. Hungarians were especially offended by his continuing use of the title of Regent. Kossuth considered the use of his regent title constitutionally justified until the next democratic elections in Hungary. Accordingly, he used his title until the <a href="/wiki/1869_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1869 Hungarian parliamentary election">1869 Hungarian parliamentary election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years:_Italy">Later years: Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Later years: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embittered_break_with_Hungarian_patriots">Embittered break with Hungarian patriots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Embittered break with Hungarian patriots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_villa_Collegno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kossuth_villa_Collegno.jpg/250px-Kossuth_villa_Collegno.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kossuth_villa_Collegno.jpg/500px-Kossuth_villa_Collegno.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>The villa where Kossuth lived in Collegno al Baraccone from 1874 until 1882. Kossuth himself is visible standing on the balcony.</figcaption></figure><p>There were still significant international forces supporting the Habsburgs to maintain their empire, because Austria was seen as an important element in the continental balance of power. However, Garibaldi's invasion of Sicily in 1860 raised new hopes for Kossuth. Many Hungarian 1848 veterans fought among the Italian soldiers, and the Italian successes could have led to another Italian-Austrian war. To this end, the Hungarian Legion was re-established, and Kossuth negotiated cooperation with the Italians. </p><p>However the promise of the international conference never took root. In 1861, Kossuth moved to <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy, had to watch <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Ferenc Deák</a> guide Hungary toward a compromise with the Austrian monarchy. He did so with a bitter heart, and on the day before the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i>Ausgleich</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i>Kiegyezés</i>), he published an open letter condemning it and Deák. This so-called "<a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a> letter" rallied the opponents of the Compromise, but they could not prevent its adoption and subsequent continuation.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Kossuth_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Kossuth-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kossuth blamed Deák for giving up the nation's right of true independence and asserted that the conditions he had accepted went against the interests of the state's very existence. In the letter, his vision predicted that Hungary, having bound its fate to that of the Austrian German nation and the Habsburgs, would go down with them. He adumbrated a subsequent devastating European-scale war on the Continent, which would be fueled and induced by extremist nationalism, with Hungary on the side of a "dying empire". </p><p>"I see in the Compromise the death of our nation," he wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From then on, Kossuth remained in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. He refused to follow the other Hungarian patriots, who, under the lead of Deák, negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a> and the ensuing amnesty. It is doubted whether Emperor Franz Joseph would have allowed the amnesty to extend to Kossuth. </p><p>In 1874 Kossuth bought a villa in the village of <a href="/wiki/Collegno" title="Collegno">Collegno</a> with a large garden in a small hamlet called Baraccone not far from the train station, and spent his days with gardening, botanical expeditions to the Alps, writing his memoirs and receiving Hungarian guests. He was forced to sell the villa in 1882 due to financial difficulties plaguing him since he lost most of his wealth in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">1873 financial crisis</a>. Reluctantly he moved back to the city of Turin.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Facing financial hardships, he struggled in his later years. However, encouraged by Ignác Helfy, he started compiling his life memories in 1879, focusing particularly on documents related to emigration history. Additionally, he allowed British, American, French, and Italian publishers to print his renowned speeches and political debates. The remarkable success of his books swiftly reinstated his financial stability and wealth, and throughout his later years, he took pride in the knowledge that he was still making a living through his work.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890, a delegation of Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> in Turin recorded a short patriotic speech delivered by the elderly Lajos Kossuth. The original recording<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on two <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> cylinders for the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Edison</a> <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> survives to this day, barely audible<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of excess playback and unsuccessful early restoration attempts. Recording Kossuth's voice was one of the earliest applications of phonograph,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his few sentences are the earliest known recorded Hungarian speech.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the discovery of a recording of <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Helmuth von Moltke</a> in 2012, Lajos Kossuth was the person with the earliest birth date from whom a sound recording was known.<sup id="cite_ref-The_1880s_Speak_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_1880s_Speak-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_federalism">European federalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: European federalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_%C3%A9s_fiai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kossuth_%C3%A9s_fiai.jpg/250px-Kossuth_%C3%A9s_fiai.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kossuth_%C3%A9s_fiai.jpg/375px-Kossuth_%C3%A9s_fiai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kossuth_%C3%A9s_fiai.jpg/500px-Kossuth_%C3%A9s_fiai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption>Louis Kossuth and his sons. Lajos Tódor Károly is on the left, Ferenc on the right.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_Turin_1892_EllingerA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kossuth_Turin_1892_EllingerA.jpg/250px-Kossuth_Turin_1892_EllingerA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kossuth_Turin_1892_EllingerA.jpg/330px-Kossuth_Turin_1892_EllingerA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kossuth_Turin_1892_EllingerA.jpg/440px-Kossuth_Turin_1892_EllingerA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Kossuth in Turin, 1892</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="84" data-mwtitle="Voice_of_Lajos_Kossuth.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Voice_of_Lajos_Kossuth.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Voice_of_Lajos_Kossuth.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Voice_of_Lajos_Kossuth.ogg/Voice_of_Lajos_Kossuth.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Lajos Kossuth's voice was recorded in Turin (Italy) on 20 September 1890.</figcaption></figure> <p>Publicly, Kossuth remained unreconciled to the house of Habsburg and committed to a fully independent state. He expressed the idea of uniting with the Hungarian and neighbouring peoples in his plans for the future, which also contained many utopian elements, and in his equally utopian plan for the future confederation of the already liberated peoples under the name of Republics of Danubian Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though elected to the Diet of 1869, he never took his seat. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Kossuth_party"_in_the_Hungarian_parliament"><span id="The_.22Kossuth_party.22_in_the_Hungarian_parliament"></span>The "Kossuth party" in the Hungarian parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The "Kossuth party" in the Hungarian parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Independence_and_%2748" title="Party of Independence and '48">Party of Independence and '48</a></div> <p>The Party of Independence and '48 was established in 1884 by a merger of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_Party_(Hungary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independence Party (Hungary) (page does not exist)">Independence Party</a> and the Party of 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-VM_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Kossuth had never returned to Hungary, he was the spiritual leader of this opposition party until he died in 1894, and the party was also referred to as the "Kossuth Party" thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-VM_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/1896_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1896 Hungarian parliamentary election">1896 elections</a> onwards, it was the main opposition to the ruling <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Hungary)" title="Liberal Party (Hungary)">Liberal Party</a>. The Kossuth party won the <a href="/wiki/1905_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1905 Hungarian parliamentary election">1905</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1906_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1906 Hungarian parliamentary election">1906 elections</a>, his older son <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Kossuth" title="Ferenc Kossuth">Ferenc Kossuth</a> was Minister for Trade between 1906 and 1910. However it lost the <a href="/wiki/1910_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1910 Hungarian parliamentary election">1910 elections</a> to the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Work" title="National Party of Work">National Party of Work</a>. Kossuth's political legacy achieved that ethnic Hungarians did not vote for the ruling pro-compromise Liberal Party in the Hungarian parliamentary elections, thus the political maintenance of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise was mostly a result of the popularity of the pro-compromise Liberal Party among the ethnic minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death,_legacy,_complete_works"><span id="Death.2C_legacy.2C_complete_works"></span>Death, legacy, complete works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Death, legacy, complete works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Headlam noted, Kossuth died in Turin, after which "his body was taken to Pest (Budapest), where he was buried amid the mourning of the whole nation, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3r_J%C3%B3kai" title="Mór Jókai">Mór Jókai</a> delivering the funeral oration"; furthermore, a "bronze statue (was) erected by public subscription, in the <a href="/wiki/Kerepesi_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerepesi Cemetery">Kerepesi Cemetery</a>..." which commemorates Kossuth as "Hungary's purest patriot and greatest orator."<sup id="cite_ref-HeadlamEB1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadlamEB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Hungarian language version of his complete works were published in Budapest between 1880 and 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-HeadlamEB1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadlamEB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_Lajos_v%C3%A1r%C3%A1sa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waiting for the arrival of the coffin of Kossuth at the Western Railway terminal of Budapest in 1894"><img alt="Waiting for the arrival of the coffin of Kossuth at the Western Railway terminal of Budapest in 1894" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kossuth_Lajos_v%C3%A1r%C3%A1sa.jpg/120px-Kossuth_Lajos_v%C3%A1r%C3%A1sa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kossuth_Lajos_v%C3%A1r%C3%A1sa.jpg/250px-Kossuth_Lajos_v%C3%A1r%C3%A1sa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="974" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Waiting for the arrival of the coffin of Kossuth at the <a href="/wiki/Budapest-Nyugati_Railway_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest-Nyugati Railway Terminal">Western Railway terminal of Budapest</a> in 1894</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_funeral_procession_1894.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kossuth funeral procession in Budapest"><img alt="Kossuth funeral procession in Budapest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kossuth_funeral_procession_1894.png/120px-Kossuth_funeral_procession_1894.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kossuth_funeral_procession_1894.png/250px-Kossuth_funeral_procession_1894.png 1.5x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kossuth funeral procession in Budapest</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_funeral_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kossuth's funeral procession in Budapest in 1894"><img alt="Kossuth's funeral procession in Budapest in 1894" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/Kossuth_funeral_2.jpg/120px-Kossuth_funeral_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/Kossuth_funeral_2.jpg/180px-Kossuth_funeral_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/Kossuth_funeral_2.jpg/240px-Kossuth_funeral_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kossuth's funeral procession in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> in 1894</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_Lajos_emlekmu_P8270223.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mausoleum in Kerepesi Cemetery"><img alt="Mausoleum in Kerepesi Cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kossuth_Lajos_emlekmu_P8270223.jpg/114px-Kossuth_Lajos_emlekmu_P8270223.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kossuth_Lajos_emlekmu_P8270223.jpg/171px-Kossuth_Lajos_emlekmu_P8270223.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kossuth_Lajos_emlekmu_P8270223.jpg/228px-Kossuth_Lajos_emlekmu_P8270223.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mausoleum in <a href="/wiki/Kerepesi_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerepesi Cemetery">Kerepesi Cemetery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiumei_-_Kossuth_Mauz%C3%B3leum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The coffin in the mausoleum"><img alt="The coffin in the mausoleum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Fiumei_-_Kossuth_Mauz%C3%B3leum.JPG/120px-Fiumei_-_Kossuth_Mauz%C3%B3leum.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Fiumei_-_Kossuth_Mauz%C3%B3leum.JPG/250px-Fiumei_-_Kossuth_Mauz%C3%B3leum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coffin in the mausoleum</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_memorials">Honors and memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Honors and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Hungary">In Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lajos_Kossuth,_Hungry_issues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Lajos_Kossuth%2C_Hungry_issues.jpg/290px-Lajos_Kossuth%2C_Hungry_issues.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Lajos_Kossuth%2C_Hungry_issues.jpg/435px-Lajos_Kossuth%2C_Hungry_issues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Lajos_Kossuth%2C_Hungry_issues.jpg/580px-Lajos_Kossuth%2C_Hungry_issues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>In 1944 the Hungarian government released four postage stamps in Lajos Kossuth's honor</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kossuth_Square" title="Kossuth Square">main square</a> of Budapest with the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Parliament_Building" title="Hungarian Parliament Building">Hungarian Parliament Building</a> is named after Kossuth, and the <a href="/wiki/Kossuth_Memorial" title="Kossuth Memorial">Kossuth Memorial</a> is an important scene of national ceremonies. Most cities in Hungary have streets named after Kossuth, see: <a href="/wiki/Public_place_names_of_Budapest" title="Public place names of Budapest">Public place names of Budapest</a>. The first public statue commemorating Kossuth was erected in <a href="/wiki/Miskolc" title="Miskolc">Miskolc</a> in 1898. <a href="/wiki/Kossuth_R%C3%A1di%C3%B3" title="Kossuth Rádió">Kossuth Rádió</a>, the main radio station of Hungary, is named after Lajos Kossuth. </p><p><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> also wrote a <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a> named <i><a href="/wiki/Kossuth_(Bart%C3%B3k)" title="Kossuth (Bartók)">Kossuth</a>,</i> the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_march" title="Funeral march">funeral march</a> which was <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(music)" title="Transcription (music)">transcribed</a> for piano and published in Bartók's lifetime. </p><p>The memorials to Lajos Kossuth in the territories lost by Hungary after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and again after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, were sooner or later demolished in neighboring countries. A few of them were re-erected following the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> by local councils or private associations. They play an important role as symbols of national identity of the Hungarian minority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (October 2012)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Lajos_Kossuth" title="Talk:Lajos Kossuth">disputed</a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Magyar_Posta" title="Magyar Posta">Magyar Posta</a> paid homage to Kossuth by bringing out eight postage stamps.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, a set of four stamps commemorating 50th anniversary of the death of Lajos Kossuth were issued by Hungary on 20 March 1944<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Slovakia">In Slovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important memorial outside the present-day borders of Hungary is a statue in <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%BE%C5%88ava" title="Rožňava">Rožňava</a>, that was knocked down twice but restored after much controversy in 2004. </p><p>Mlynská ulica in <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a>, an important street in the historic city center used to be called Lajos Kossut utca for most of its history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Romania">In Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only Kossuth statue that remained on its place after 1920 in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> stands in <a href="/wiki/Salonta" title="Salonta">Salonta</a>. The demolished Kossuth Memorial of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu-Mure%C5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Târgu-Mureş">Târgu-Mureş</a> was re-erected in 2001 in the little <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székely</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Ciumani" title="Ciumani">Ciumani</a>. The Kossuth Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Romania" title="Arad, Romania">Arad</a>, the work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ede_Marg%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ede Margó (page does not exist)">Ede Margó</a> from 1909, was removed by the order of the <a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Brătianu</a> government in 1925. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_Kingdom">In the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> on No. 39 Chepstow Villas, the house in <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill" title="Notting Hill">Notting Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, where Kossuth lived from 1850 to 1859. A street in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>, also in London, is named Kossuth Street after him. There is a letter of support from Kossuth on display at the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Monument" title="Wallace Monument">Wallace Monument</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>. The building of the monument, dedicated to Scottish patriot <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> coincided with Kossuth's visit to Scotland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rest_of_Europe">Rest of Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Rest of Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> there are two statues of Kossuth in <a href="/wiki/Stara_Moravica" title="Stara Moravica">Stara Moravica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novi_Itebej" title="Novi Itebej">Novi Itebej</a>. Memorials in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> are situated in <a href="/wiki/Berehove" title="Berehove">Berehove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiachiv" title="Tiachiv">Tiachiv</a>. Lajos Kossuth Street exists in the cities of Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, Mukachevo, Tyachiv, Uzhhorod. The house where Kossuth lived in exile in <a href="/wiki/Shumen" title="Shumen">Shumen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, has been turned into the Lajos Kossuth Memorial House, exhibiting documents and items related to Kossuth's work and the Hungarian Revolution. A street in the centre of the Bulgarian capital <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> also bears his name. </p><p>The house where Kossuth lived when in exile, on Macar Street (meaning <i>Hungarian Street</i> in Turkish) in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya" title="Kütahya">Kütahya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, is now a museum (Kossuth Evi Müzesi). The house is on a hill, with two stories in the back and one facing Macar Street. The walled back yard has a life size statue of Kossuth. The interior is furnished with period pieces, and houses a portrait of Kossuth and a map of his travels. </p><p>In Turin, Italy, there is a plaque on the building in which Kossuth lived, as well as a street bearing his name (Corso Luigi Kossuth). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lajos_Kossuth,_4c_%26_8c,1958_issues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lajos_Kossuth%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C1958_issues.jpg/370px-Lajos_Kossuth%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C1958_issues.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lajos_Kossuth%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C1958_issues.jpg/555px-Lajos_Kossuth%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C1958_issues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lajos_Kossuth%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C1958_issues.jpg/740px-Lajos_Kossuth%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C1958_issues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>In 1958 the US Government issued two postage stamps honoring Lajos Kossuth; part of the <a href="/wiki/Champion_of_Liberty_commemorative_stamps" title="Champion of Liberty commemorative stamps">Champion of Liberty commemorative series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kossuth_County,_Iowa" title="Kossuth County, Iowa">Kossuth County, Iowa</a>, is named in Kossuth's honor. A statue of the freedom fighter stands in front of the county Court House in <a href="/wiki/Algona,_Iowa" title="Algona, Iowa">Algona, Iowa</a>, the county seat. The small towns of <a href="/wiki/Kossuth,_Ohio" title="Kossuth, Ohio">Kossuth, Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kossuth,_Mississippi" title="Kossuth, Mississippi">Kossuth, Mississippi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kossuth,_Maine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kossuth, Maine (page does not exist)">Kossuth, Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kossuth,_Pennsylvania" title="Kossuth, Pennsylvania">Kossuth, Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kossuth,_Wisconsin" title="Kossuth, Wisconsin">Kossuth, Wisconsin</a>, as well as a populated area within the town of <a href="/wiki/Bolivar,_New_York" title="Bolivar, New York">Bolivar, New York</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are named in honor of Kossuth. </p><p>A bust of Kossuth sits in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, which also boasts a Hungarian-American cultural center called Kossuth House<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (owned and operated by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Reformed_Federation_of_America" title="Hungarian Reformed Federation of America">Hungarian Reformed Federation of America</a>). A statue of Kossuth stands in New York City on <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Drive_(Manhattan)" title="Riverside Drive (Manhattan)">Riverside Drive</a> at 113th Street near the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> campus. Other statues of Kossuth are sprinkled throughout the US, including in <a href="/wiki/University_Circle" title="University Circle">University Circle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a> There is a Kossuth Park at the intersection of East 121st Street and East Shaker Boulevard, just west of <a href="/wiki/Shaker_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaker Square">Shaker Square</a>, in Cleveland. There are streets named in his honor in <a href="/wiki/Bronx,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx, New York">the Bronx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronkonkoma,_New_York" title="Ronkonkoma, New York">Ronkonkoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bohemia,_New_York" title="Bohemia, New York">Bohemia</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a>; <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haledon,_New_Jersey" title="Haledon, New Jersey">Haledon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wharton,_New_Jersey" title="Wharton, New Jersey">Wharton</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>; <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">Lafayette, Indiana</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>. There is also a neighborhood in <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Kossuth_Colony_Historic_District" title="Kossuth Colony Historic District">Kossuth Colony Historic District</a>. </p><p>During an impassioned eulogy of Kossuth in New York, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kohut" title="Alexander Kohut">Alexander Kohut</a>, a distinguished rabbinic scholar, took ill, and died several weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-jewe_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewe-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bust of Kossuth that was added to the United States Capitol in 1990 is presently displayed in that building's "Freedom Foyer" alongside busts of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Canada">In Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kossuth Road in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario" title="Cambridge, Ontario">Cambridge, Ontario</a>, Canada was named in Kossuth's honor as is Kossuth Park Wainfleet, Ontario Port Colborne, Ontario. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Kurdistan,_Iraq"><span id="In_Kurdistan.2C_Iraq"></span>In Kurdistan, Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: In Kurdistan, Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main street in <a href="/wiki/Rawanduz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawanduz">Rawanduz</a> was renamed in Kossuth's honor in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_104th_RSD_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kossuth statue in 113th Street and Riverside Drive, New York City"><img alt="Kossuth statue in 113th Street and Riverside Drive, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kossuth_104th_RSD_jeh.JPG/60px-Kossuth_104th_RSD_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="59" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kossuth_104th_RSD_jeh.JPG/120px-Kossuth_104th_RSD_jeh.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="2696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kossuth statue in <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of streets in Manhattan">113th Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Drive_(Manhattan)" title="Riverside Drive (Manhattan)">Riverside Drive</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_032.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kossuth statue in Pécs"><img alt="Kossuth statue in Pécs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_032.jpg/120px-Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_032.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_032.jpg/180px-Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_032.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_032.jpg/240px-Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_032.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kossuth statue in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_szobor.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kossuth Memorial, originally in Budapest, moved to Orczy Park in 2014."><img alt="Kossuth Memorial, originally in Budapest, moved to Orczy Park in 2014." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kossuth_szobor.JPG/120px-Kossuth_szobor.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kossuth_szobor.JPG/250px-Kossuth_szobor.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kossuth_Memorial" title="Kossuth Memorial">Kossuth Memorial</a>, originally in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, moved to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orczy_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orczy Park (page does not exist)">Orczy Park</a> in 2014.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5_0086.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The statue of Kossuth on the Hősök tere (Heroes' Square), Budapest"><img alt="The statue of Kossuth on the Hősök tere (Heroes' Square), Budapest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5_0086.jpg/90px-Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5_0086.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5_0086.jpg/135px-Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5_0086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5_0086.jpg/180px-Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5_0086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="4416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The statue of Kossuth on the <a href="/wiki/H%C5%91s%C3%B6k_tere" class="mw-redirect" title="Hősök tere">Hősök tere</a> (Heroes' Square), Budapest</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Kossuth_(4644584118).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kossuth blue plaque in London"><img alt="Kossuth blue plaque in London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Louis_Kossuth_%284644584118%29.jpg/120px-Louis_Kossuth_%284644584118%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Louis_Kossuth_%284644584118%29.jpg/180px-Louis_Kossuth_%284644584118%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Louis_Kossuth_%284644584118%29.jpg/240px-Louis_Kossuth_%284644584118%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="1778" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kossuth <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lajos_(Louis)_Kossuth_(225710109).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kossuth Road in Cambridge, Canada"><img alt="Kossuth Road in Cambridge, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lajos_%28Louis%29_Kossuth_%28225710109%29.jpg/120px-Lajos_%28Louis%29_Kossuth_%28225710109%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lajos_%28Louis%29_Kossuth_%28225710109%29.jpg/250px-Lajos_%28Louis%29_Kossuth_%28225710109%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="873" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kossuth Road in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario" title="Cambridge, Ontario">Cambridge</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kossuth Museum in Kütahya, Turkey"><img alt="Kossuth Museum in Kütahya, Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kossuth_Museum.JPG/120px-Kossuth_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kossuth_Museum.JPG/180px-Kossuth_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kossuth_Museum.JPG/240px-Kossuth_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kossuth Museum in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya" title="Kütahya">Kütahya</a>, Turkey</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_plaque,_Lord_Nelson_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaque installed in 2017 commemorating speeches made in Liverpool in 1856"><img alt="Plaque installed in 2017 commemorating speeches made in Liverpool in 1856" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kossuth_plaque%2C_Lord_Nelson_Street.jpg/80px-Kossuth_plaque%2C_Lord_Nelson_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kossuth_plaque%2C_Lord_Nelson_Street.jpg/120px-Kossuth_plaque%2C_Lord_Nelson_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kossuth_plaque%2C_Lord_Nelson_Street.jpg/160px-Kossuth_plaque%2C_Lord_Nelson_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plaque installed in 2017 commemorating speeches made in Liverpool in 1856</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works <span class="anchor" id="Kossuth's_writings"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Kossuth">Works by Lajos Kossuth</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoriesmyexile00kossgoog"><i>Memories of My Exile</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futurenations00kossgoog"><i>The Future of Nations</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kossuthinneweng00kossgoog"><i>Kossuth in New England: A Full Account of the Hungarian Governor's Visit to Massachusetts, with His Speeches</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeoflouiskossu00headuoft"><i>The life of Louis Kossuth, Governor of Hungary, including notices of the men and scenes of the Hungarian revolution; to which is added an appendix containing his Principal speeches, &c</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gesammeltewerke00kossgoog"><i>Gesammelte Werke: Aus dem ungarischen</i> "Selected Works" Vol. I</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gesammeltewerke01kossgoog"><i>Gesammelte Werke: Aus dem ungarischen</i> "Selected Works" Vol. II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diekatastrophei00kossgoog"><i>Die Katastrophe in Ungarn</i> By Lajos Kossuth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meineschriftena01kossgoog"><i>Meine Schriften aus der Emigration</i> By Lajos Kossuth'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apragmaticasanc00kossgoog"><i>A Pragmatica sanctio Magyarországban. Történeti, jogi és politikai szempontokból</i> By Charles, Lajos Kossuth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feleletgrfszche00szgoog"><i>Felelet gróf Széchenyi Istvánnak Kossuth Lajostól</i> By Lajos Kossuth, gróf István Széchenyi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HeadlamEB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HeadlamEB1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeadlamEB1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeadlamEB1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeadlamEB1911_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeadlam1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Wycliffe_Headlam" class="mw-redirect" title="James Wycliffe Headlam">Headlam, James Wycliffe</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kossuth,_Lajos" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kossuth, Lajos">Kossuth, Lajos</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">916–</span>918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kossuth%2C+Lajos&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E916-%3C%2Fspan%3E918&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Headlam&rft.aufirst=James+Wycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630022644/http://captainjamesdavis.net/2014/02/27/hungarian-president-louis-kossuth-concerning-the-centralization-of-power/">"Hungarian President Louis Kossuth Concerning the Centralization of Power"</a>. <i>Captainjamesdavis.net</i>. 27 February 2014. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kossuth-edc.com/community/kossuthbio.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kossuth-edc.com&rft.atitle=Kossuth+County+EDC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kossuth-edc.com%2Fcommunity%2Fkossuthbio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster/1851/Kossuth-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webster/1851/Kossuth_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebster1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster, Daniel</a> (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vDosAAAAYAAJ"><i>Sketch of the Life of Louis Kossuth, Governor of Hungary: Together with the Declaration of Hungarian Independence; Kossuth's Address to the People of the United States; All His Great Speeches in England; and the Letter of Daniel Webster to Chevalier Hulsemann</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stringer_%26_Townsend" class="mw-redirect" title="Stringer & Townsend">Stringer & Townsend</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketch+of+the+Life+of+Louis+Kossuth%2C+Governor+of+Hungary%3A+Together+with+the+Declaration+of+Hungarian+Independence%3B+Kossuth%27s+Address+to+the+People+of+the+United+States%3B+All+His+Great+Speeches+in+England%3B+and+the+Letter+of+Daniel+Webster+to+Chevalier+Hulsemann&rft.pub=Stringer+%26+Townsend&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvDosAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MS_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEngels1849" class="citation journal cs1">Engels, Frederick (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.architexturez.net/archive/marx/works/1849/01/13.htm">"Magyar Struggle"</a>. <i>Neue Rheinsiche Zeitung</i> (194)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neue+Rheinsiche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Magyar+Struggle&rft.issue=194&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarxists.architexturez.net%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1849%2F01%2F13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVas1976" class="citation book cs1">Vas (1976). <i>Kossuth Lajos élete</i>. <a href="/wiki/Magvet%C5%91" title="Magvető">Magvető kiadó</a>. p. 835.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kossuth+Lajos+%C3%A9lete&rft.pages=835&rft.pub=Magvet%C5%91+kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Vas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parenicka-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parenicka_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParenička1990" class="citation journal cs1">Parenička, Pavel (14 November 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025003907/http://kosutm.aspx.sk/kosutovci/kosut_kossuth.htm">"Košút versus Kossuth"</a>. <i>Slovenské Národné Noviny</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slovensk%C3%A9+N%C3%A1rodn%C3%A9+Noviny&rft.atitle=Ko%C5%A1%C3%BAt+versus+Kossuth&rft.date=1990-11-14&rft.aulast=Pareni%C4%8Dka&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkosutm.aspx.sk%2Fkosutovci%2Fkosut_kossuth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chmelar-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chmelar_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChmelár2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chmelár, Eduard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213232626/http://www.noveslovo.sk/clanok.asp?id=15700">"Filozofia slovenských dejín (2): Zrodenie národa"</a>. <i>Slovo</i> (38). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slovo&rft.atitle=Filozofia+slovensk%C3%BDch+dej%C3%ADn+%282%29%3A+Zrodenie+n%C3%A1roda&rft.issue=38&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Chmel%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noveslovo.sk%2Fclanok.asp%3Fid%3D15700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Turul-turul-1883-1950-1/1894-7A52/1894-2-7C73/kossuth-lajos-eredete-elso-kozlemeny-7C74/i-7C7A/">"I. | Turul 1883-1950 | Kézikönyvtár"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I.+%26%23124%3B+Turul+1883-1950+%26%23124%3B+K%C3%A9zik%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcanum.com%2Fhu%2Fonline-kiadvanyok%2FTurul-turul-1883-1950-1%2F1894-7A52%2F1894-2-7C73%2Fkossuth-lajos-eredete-elso-kozlemeny-7C74%2Fi-7C7A%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/P%C3%A9ter-Beniczky/6000000007211335428">"Péter Beniczky"</a>. 26 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%C3%A9ter+Beniczky&rft.date=2022-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FP%25C3%25A9ter-Beniczky%2F6000000007211335428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arcanum.com-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arcanum.com_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arcanum.com_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Nagyivan-nagy-ivan-magyarorszag-csaladai-1/hatodik-kotet-4391/kossuth-csalad-kossuthfalvi-es-udvardi-509F/">"Kossuth család. (Kossuthfalvi és udvardi.) | Nagy Iván: Magyarország családai | Kézikönyvtár"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kossuth+csal%C3%A1d.+%28Kossuthfalvi+%C3%A9s+udvardi.%29+%26%23124%3B+Nagy+Iv%C3%A1n%3A+Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+csal%C3%A1dai+%26%23124%3B+K%C3%A9zik%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcanum.com%2Fhu%2Fonline-kiadvanyok%2FNagyivan-nagy-ivan-magyarorszag-csaladai-1%2Fhatodik-kotet-4391%2Fkossuth-csalad-kossuthfalvi-es-udvardi-509F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacartneyEB2015-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacartneyEB2015_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacartney2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlile_Aylmer_Macartney" title="Carlile Aylmer Macartney">Macartney, Carlile Aylmer</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lajos-Kossuth">"Lajos Kossuth: Hungarian political leader"</a>. <i>The Encyclopædia Britannica (online) [Dale Hoiberg, ed.]</i><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lajos+Kossuth%3A+Hungarian+political+leader&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%28online%29+%5BDale+Hoiberg%2C+ed.%5D&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Macartney&rft.aufirst=Carlile+Aylmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLajos-Kossuth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9vai_nagy_lexikona" title="Révai nagy lexikona"><i>Révay Nagy Lexikona: Lovas–Mons</i></a>. 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Budapest: Révai Brothers Literary Institute. 1915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9vay+Nagy+Lexikona%3A+Lovas%E2%80%93Mons&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=R%C3%A9vai+Brothers+Literary+Institute&rft.date=1915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KSTL-RHH">"sign-in required"</a>. <i>Family Search</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Family+Search&rft.atitle=sign-in+required&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamilysearch.org%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AKSTL-RHH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (August 2024)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KSTL-RHH">https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KSTL-RHH</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/D%C3%A1niel-Kossuth-de-Udvard/6000000007211245266">"Dániel Kossuth de Udvard"</a>. 27 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A1niel+Kossuth+de+Udvard&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FD%25C3%25A1niel-Kossuth-de-Udvard%2F6000000007211245266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KH7B-J9Y">https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KH7B-J9Y</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Tam%C3%A1s-Beniczky-de-Benicze/6000000020437913244">"Tamás Beniczky, de Benicze"</a>. 6 November 1475.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tam%C3%A1s+Beniczky%2C+de+Benicze&rft.date=1475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FTam%25C3%25A1s-Beniczky-de-Benicze%2F6000000020437913244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vö.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagy_Iv%C3%A1n_(t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9n%C3%A9sz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagy Iván (történész) (page does not exist)">Nagy Iván</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/09300/09379/pdf/mo_csaladai_01.pdf"><i>Magyarország családai czímerekkel és nemzékrendi táblákkal: I. kötet (Aaron - Benyovszky).</i></a> Pest: Friebeisz István. 1857. 296. o. III. tábla, Zsuzsa, a IV. Péter (Prónay Évától)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vö.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagy_Iv%C3%A1n_(t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9n%C3%A9sz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagy Iván (történész) (page does not exist)">Nagy Iván</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/09300/09379/pdf/mo_csaladai_05.pdf"><i>Magyarország családai czímerekkel és nemzékrendi táblákkal: V. kötet (Haagen - Justh).</i></a> Pest: Ráth Mór. 1859. 110. o.: "Hidegkőy család: Hidegkőy előbb Klatenstein Tóbiás 1792-ben kelt czimeres nemes levél által nemesittetett meg. (...)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195167771.001.0001/acref-9780195167771-e-0326"><i>Kossuth, Louis : Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass Oxford Reference</i></a>. Oxfordreference.com. 6 April 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195167771" title="Special:BookSources/9780195167771"><bdi>9780195167771</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kossuth%2C+Louis+%3A+Encyclopedia+of+African+American+History%2C+1619%E2%80%931895%3A+From+the+Colonial+Period+to+the+Age+of+Frederick+Douglass+Oxford+Reference&rft.pub=Oxfordreference.com&rft.date=2006-04-06&rft.isbn=9780195167771&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195167771.001.0001%2Facref-9780195167771-e-0326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMotyl2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Motyl" title="Alexander J. Motyl">Motyl, Alexander J.</a> (2000). <i>Encyclopedia of Nationalism</i>. Vol. 2. Elsevier. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080545240" title="Special:BookSources/9780080545240"><bdi>9780080545240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Nationalism&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780080545240&rft.aulast=Motyl&rft.aufirst=Alexander+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinkelman1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Finkelman" title="Paul Finkelman">Finkelman, Paul</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hissoulgoesmarch00fink"><i>His Soul Goes Marching On: Responses to John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid</i></a></span>. University Press of Virginia. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hissoulgoesmarch00fink/page/148">148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813934600" title="Special:BookSources/9780813934600"><bdi>9780813934600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Soul+Goes+Marching+On%3A+Responses+to+John+Brown+and+the+Harpers+Ferry+Raid&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780813934600&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhissoulgoesmarch00fink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_FriedliAline_Gohard-RadenkovicFrancois_Ruegg2017" class="citation book cs1">Andrea Friedli; Aline Gohard-Radenkovic; Francois Ruegg (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz9BDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Eastern+European%22+%22ethnic+nationalism%22&pg=PA75"><i>Nation-Building and Identities in Post-Soviet Societies: New Challenges for Social Sciences Volume 47 of Freiburg Studies in Social Anthropology/Freiburger Sozialanthropologische Studien Series Freiburg Studies in Social Anthropology/ Freiburger Sozialanthropologische Studien Volume 47 of Freiburger Sozialanthropologische Studien</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/LIT_Verlag_M%C3%BCnster" class="mw-redirect" title="LIT Verlag Münster">LIT Verlag Münster</a>. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643802187" title="Special:BookSources/9783643802187"><bdi>9783643802187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation-Building+and+Identities+in+Post-Soviet+Societies%3A+New+Challenges+for+Social+Sciences+Volume+47+of+Freiburg+Studies+in+Social+Anthropology%2FFreiburger+Sozialanthropologische+Studien+Series+Freiburg+Studies+in+Social+Anthropology%2F+Freiburger+Sozialanthropologische+Studien+Volume+47+of+Freiburger+Sozialanthropologische+Studien&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783643802187&rft.au=Andrea+Friedli&rft.au=Aline+Gohard-Radenkovic&rft.au=Francois+Ruegg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZz9BDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Eastern%2BEuropean%2522%2B%2522ethnic%2Bnationalism%2522%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiskolczy1999" class="citation book cs1">Miskolczy, Ambrus (1999). "The Dialogue Among Hungarian and Romanian Exiles in 1850–1851". In Király, Béla K.; Romsics, Ignác (eds.). <i>Geopolitics in the Danube Region: Hungarian Reconciliation Efforts, 1848–1998</i>. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7829%2Fj.ctv1wvms9m.9">10.7829/j.ctv1wvms9m.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-29-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-29-0"><bdi>978-963-9116-29-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/630204542">630204542</a>. p. 107: <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A nation of one language and the same customs is weak and fragile.' [King Stephen I of Hungary]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dialogue+Among+Hungarian+and+Romanian+Exiles+in+1850%E2%80%931851&rft.btitle=Geopolitics+in+the+Danube+Region%3A+Hungarian+Reconciliation+Efforts%2C+1848%E2%80%931998&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F630204542&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7829%2Fj.ctv1wvms9m.9&rft.isbn=978-963-9116-29-0&rft.aulast=Miskolczy&rft.aufirst=Ambrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Lupa%C8%99" title="Ioan Lupaș">Ioan Lupaș</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0ppAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+Croats,+the+Romanians+and+the+saxons%22">The Hungarian Policy of Magyarization</a> (p. 14). The Center for Transylvanians Studies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/357.html">"The Hungarian Liberal Opposition's Approach to Nationalities and Social Reform"</a>. Mek.oszk.hu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hungarian+Liberal+Opposition%27s+Approach+to+Nationalities+and+Social+Reform&rft.pub=Mek.oszk.hu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F357.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laszlo Deme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r91nAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+one+country+it+is+impossible+to+speak%22"><i>The radical left in the Hungarian revolution of 1848</i></a>; accessed 31 October 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew P. Fitzpatrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uczFAAAAQBAJ&dq=Sz%C3%A9chenyi+kossuth+magyarization&pg=PA97"><i>Liberal Imperialism in Europe</i></a>; accessed 31 October 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Frank" title="Tibor Frank">Tibor Frank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&dq=szechenyi+was+more+conciliatory&pg=PA200"><i>A History of Hungary</i></a>; accessed 31 October 3017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mihály Lackó: <i>Széchenyi és Kossuth vitája</i>, Gondolat, 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lacko p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/hungary_europe_liberal_conservative_foreign_policy_reform_era">"Hungary's Place in Europe: Liberal–Conservative Foreign Policy Disputes in the Reform Era"</a>. 29 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730110111/https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/hungary_europe_liberal_conservative_foreign_policy_reform_era">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungary%27s+Place+in+Europe%3A+Liberal%E2%80%93Conservative+Foreign+Policy+Disputes+in+the+Reform+Era&rft.date=2023-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarianconservative.com%2Farticles%2Fculture_society%2Fhungary_europe_liberal_conservative_foreign_policy_reform_era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gróf Széchenyi István írói és hírlapi vitája Kossuth Lajossal</i> [Count Stephen Széchenyi's Literary and Publicistic Debate with Louis Kossuth], ed. Gyula Viszota, 2 vols. (Budapest: Magyar Történelmi Társulat, 1927–1930)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, <i><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Frank" title="Tibor Frank">Tibor Frank</a>: A History of Hungary</i> (Indiana University Press, 1994) p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto23-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto23_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Róbert: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.hu/2839887-Magyarorszag-forradalom-es-szabadsagharc-1848-1849-hermann-robert.html">Magyarország története 14.</a> Kossuth Kiadó, 2009 Budapest, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mult-kor.hu/a-legenda-szerint-kossuth-lajost-is-ki-akarta-rabolni-rozsa-sandor-20240716">"A legenda szerint Kossuth Lajost is ki akarta rabolni Rózsa Sándor"</a>. <i>Múlt-kor történelmi magazin</i> (in Hungarian). 16 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%BAlt-kor+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi+magazin&rft.atitle=A+legenda+szerint+Kossuth+Lajost+is+ki+akarta+rabolni+R%C3%B3zsa+S%C3%A1ndor&rft.date=2024-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmult-kor.hu%2Fa-legenda-szerint-kossuth-lajost-is-ki-akarta-rabolni-rozsa-sandor-20240716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung Károly: Adatok és Legendák Kossuth és Kossuthné menekülésének történetéről, adattar.vmmi.org/cikkek/17104/hid_2002_08-09_13_jung.pdf</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phillips-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phillips_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phillips_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hungary" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hungary">Hungary</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 917.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hungary&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=917&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpira1959">Spira 1959</a>, pp. 259–263, 293–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpira1959">Spira 1959</a>, pp. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGyörgy_Ráthkay1850" class="citation book cs1">György Ráthkay (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wCn0yQtjpIC&dq=kossuth+megv%C3%A1laszt%C3%A1sa+bizottm%C3%A1ny&pg=RA1-PA95"><i>Kossuth parlamenti élete</i></a>. Heckenast Gusztáv sajátja. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kossuth+parlamenti+%C3%A9lete&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Heckenast+Guszt%C3%A1v+saj%C3%A1tja&rft.date=1850&rft.au=Gy%C3%B6rgy+R%C3%A1thkay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wCn0yQtjpIC%26dq%3Dkossuth%2Bmegv%25C3%25A1laszt%25C3%25A1sa%2Bbizottm%25C3%25A1ny%26pg%3DRA1-PA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHal_DraperErnest_Haberkern2010" class="citation book cs1">Hal Draper; Ernest Haberkern (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Y2XBwAAQBAJ&q=Marx+kossuth+danton&pg=PT41"><i>Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Volume 5</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/NYU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Press">NYU Press</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583675229" title="Special:BookSources/9781583675229"><bdi>9781583675229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%27s+Theory+of+Revolution%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781583675229&rft.au=Hal+Draper&rft.au=Ernest+Haberkern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Y2XBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DMarx%2Bkossuth%2Bdanton%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Walker1997" class="citation book cs1">Alan Walker (1997). <i>Franz Liszt: The Weimar years, 1848–1861</i>. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801497216" title="Special:BookSources/9780801497216"><bdi>9780801497216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt%3A+The+Weimar+years%2C+1848%26ndash%3B1861&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780801497216&rft.au=Alan+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laszlo Peter, Martyn C. Rady, Peter A. Sherwood: Lajos Kossuth sent word...: Papers delivered on the occasion of the bicentenary of Kossuth's birth (p. 101)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Frucht: <i>Eastern Europe</i>, Volume I, (an introduction to the people lands and culture) p. 354. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-800-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-800-0">1-57607-800-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1848 on 20 August, for example, a Vlah envoy called on the government to act, because the local Vlah church was subordinate to the Serbs', who have incited the Vlahs against the local Hungarians via the church. Kossuth supported this, then stressed the importance of separating church and nation, but condemned Eftimie Murgu's Transylvanian national assembly, which tried to rule without involving the other ethnic groups. www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Kossuth-kossuth-lajos-osszes-munkai-1/kossuth-lajos-osszes-munkai-xii-DDF2/kossuth-lajos-184849-ben-ii-kossuth-lajos-az-elso-magyar-felelos-miniszteriumban-1848-aprilisszeptember-DDFD/429-budapest-1848-augusztus-26-kossuth-felszolalasa-a-kepviselohazban-a-roman-kerdes-helyes-megoldasarol-F828/?list=eyJmaWx0ZXJzIjogeyJNVSI6IFsiTkZPX0tPTllfS29zc3V0aF8xIl19LCAicXVlcnkiOiAicm9tXHUwMGUxbiJ9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrej?í2005" class="citation book cs1">Krej?í, Oskar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38ciAe4J4VMC&q=%22did+not+include+any+conception+of+regional+administration+within+Hungary+based+on+the+nationality+%22&pg=PA219"><i>Geopolitics of the Central European Region: The View from Prague and Bratislava</i></a>. VEDA, Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788022408523" title="Special:BookSources/9788022408523"><bdi>9788022408523</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span> – via Google Cărţi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geopolitics+of+the+Central+European+Region%3A+The+View+from+Prague+and+Bratislava&rft.pub=VEDA%2C+Publishing+House+of+the+Slovak+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788022408523&rft.aulast=Krej%3F%C3%AD&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38ciAe4J4VMC%26q%3D%2522did%2Bnot%2Binclude%2Bany%2Bconception%2Bof%2Bregional%2Badministration%2Bwithin%2BHungary%2Bbased%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bnationality%2B%2522%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wherever we look in Hungary, there is no entity that would constitute a Slovak nationality/nation." ("Bármerre tekintünk is Magyarországon, sehol sem látunk anyagot ily tót nemzetiségre."); A. B. [Lajos Kossuth], "Visszapillantás a szláv mozgalmakra." <i>Pesti Hírlap</i>, 26 June 1842.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kossuth rejected the very idea of a Slovak nation.<span class="nowrap"> </span>..."; Piotr Stefan Wandycz, <i>The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present.</i> 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Though partly Slovak by birth, he [Lajos Kossuth] denied the existence of a Slovak nation.<span class="nowrap"> </span>..."; A[lan] J[ohn] P[ercivale] Taylor, <i>From Napoleon to Lenin: Historical Essays.</i> 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foreign_affairs-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_affairs_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_affairs_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbert" class="citation magazine cs1">Albert, Eleanor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/hungary/1933-10-01/kossuth-and-treaty-trianon">"Kossuth and the Treaty of Trianon"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Kossuth+and+the+Treaty+of+Trianon&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fhungary%2F1933-10-01%2Fkossuth-and-treaty-trianon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klari Kingston, "Gunboat liberalism: Palmerston, Europe and 1848 " <i>History Today</i> 47.2 (1997): 37–43 at p 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q44PAAAAYAAJ&q=G.+Lichtenstein+music&pg=PA156"><i>Musical Times</i></a>. Vol. 34. 1893<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Times&rft.date=1893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ44PAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DG.%2BLichtenstein%2Bmusic%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2015)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1851/09/18/issue.html">"TimesMachine: Thursday September 18, 1851"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=TimesMachine%3A+Thursday+September+18%2C+1851&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1851%2F09%2F18%2Fissue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald A. Clark, The Notorious "Bull" Nelson: Murdered Civil War General (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2011), 23–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Lendvai2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lendvai" title="Paul Lendvai">Paul Lendvai</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2C33DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA249"><i>The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691200279" title="Special:BookSources/9780691200279"><bdi>9780691200279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hungarians%3A+A+Thousand+Years+of+Victory+in+Defeat&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780691200279&rft.au=Paul+Lendvai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2C33DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phineas Camp Headley: <i>The Life of Louis Kossuth: Governor of Hungary</i>, p. 241, Publisher: Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 1856</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Bucur, Nancy Meriwether Wingfield: <i>Staging the Past: The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to the Present</i> p. 256, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557531612" title="Special:BookSources/9781557531612">9781557531612</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freifeld, Alice (2000). <i>Nationalism and the Crowd in Liberal Hungary, 1848–1914,</i> p. 112, Washington, DC, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801864629" title="Special:BookSources/9780801864629">9780801864629</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hague Academy of International Law: Recueil Des Cours, Volume 326 p. 20, Publisher Hachette, 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gkzAQAAIAAJ&q=his+spoken+English+was+%22wonderfully+archaic%22+and+theatrical">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Hague Academy of International Law: Recueil Des Cours</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Diamond2004" class="citation book cs1">Michael Diamond (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_GR8CAAAQBAJ&q=haynau+kossuth+england&pg=PA49"><i>Victorian Sensation: Or the Spectacular, the Shocking and the Scandalous in Nineteenth-Century Britain, Anthem Nineteenth-Century Series</i></a>. Anthem Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857289308" title="Special:BookSources/9780857289308"><bdi>9780857289308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Sensation%3A+Or+the+Spectacular%2C+the+Shocking+and+the+Scandalous+in+Nineteenth-Century+Britain%2C+Anthem+Nineteenth-Century+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780857289308&rft.au=Michael+Diamond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_GR8CAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhaynau%2Bkossuth%2Bengland%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jasper Ridley: Lord Palmerston, Publisher Pan Macmillan (2013), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447244196" title="Special:BookSources/9781447244196">9781447244196</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxjEikA7Iy0C&dq=%22despots%2C+tyrants+and+odious+assassins%2C%22&pg=PT365">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Paterson2001" class="citation book cs1">David Paterson (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KfCAX_E-OwQC&q=haynau+kossuth+england&pg=PA112"><i>Liberalism and Conservatism, 1846–1905, Heinemann advanced history</i></a>. Heinemann. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435327378" title="Special:BookSources/9780435327378"><bdi>9780435327378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism+and+Conservatism%2C+1846%E2%80%931905%2C+Heinemann+advanced+history&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780435327378&rft.au=David+Paterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKfCAX_E-OwQC%26q%3Dhaynau%2Bkossuth%2Bengland%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVictuallers2022" class="citation cs2">Victuallers (10 December 2022), <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:County_Hotel,_Lajos_Kossuth_former_governor_of_Hungary_3-11_High_Street,_Selkirk.jpg"><i>English: County Hotel, 3–11 High Street, Selkirk (hotel building in Selkirk, Scottish Borders, Scotland, UK)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English%3A+County+Hotel%2C+3%E2%80%9311+High+Street%2C+Selkirk+%28hotel+building+in+Selkirk%2C+Scottish+Borders%2C+Scotland%2C+UK%29&rft.date=2022-12-10&rft.au=Victuallers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ACounty_Hotel%2C_Lajos_Kossuth_former_governor_of_Hungary_3-11_High_Street%2C_Selkirk.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIgnác_Romsics1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ign%C3%A1c_Romsics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignác Romsics (page does not exist)">Ignác Romsics</a> (1998). <i>Nemzet, nemzetiség és állam Kelet-Közép- és Délkelet-Európában a 19. és 20. században</i>. Napvilág Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9639082139" title="Special:BookSources/9639082139"><bdi>9639082139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nemzet%2C+nemzetis%C3%A9g+%C3%A9s+%C3%A1llam+Kelet-K%C3%B6z%C3%A9p-+%C3%A9s+D%C3%A9lkelet-Eur%C3%B3p%C3%A1ban+a+19.+%C3%A9s+20.+sz%C3%A1zadban&rft.pub=Napvil%C3%A1g+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9639082139&rft.au=Ign%C3%A1c+Romsics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sk-szeged.hu/statikus_html/kiallitas/kossuth/szabadkom.html">"Kossuth Lajos felvételi kérelme a szabadkõmûves páholyba"</a>. Sk-szeged.hu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kossuth+Lajos+felv%C3%A9teli+k%C3%A9relme+a+szabadk%C3%B5m%C3%BBves+p%C3%A1holyba&rft.pub=Sk-szeged.hu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sk-szeged.hu%2Fstatikus_html%2Fkiallitas%2Fkossuth%2Fszabadkom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rubicon.hu/cikkek/abraham-lincoln-megtartja-gettysburgi-beszedet-kossuth-lajos-gondolatai-koszonnek-vissza-belole?rovat=naptar">"Abraham Lincoln megtartja gettysburgi beszédét – Kossuth Lajos gondolatai köszönnek vissza belőle?"</a>. <i>Rubicon</i> (in Hungarian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rubicon&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+megtartja+gettysburgi+besz%C3%A9d%C3%A9t+%E2%80%93+Kossuth+Lajos+gondolatai+k%C3%B6sz%C3%B6nnek+vissza+bel%C5%91le%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frubicon.hu%2Fcikkek%2Fabraham-lincoln-megtartja-gettysburgi-beszedet-kossuth-lajos-gondolatai-koszonnek-vissza-belole%3Frovat%3Dnaptar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.be/2013/05/the-1928-kossuth-monument-riverside.html">"Daytonian in Manhattan: The 1928 Kossuth Monument – Riverside Drive at 113th Street"</a>. Daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.be. 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daytonian+in+Manhattan%3A+The+1928+Kossuth+Monument+%E2%80%93+Riverside+Drive+at+113th+Street&rft.pub=Daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.be&rft.date=2013-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaytoninmanhattan.blogspot.be%2F2013%2F05%2Fthe-1928-kossuth-monument-riverside.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLester_H._Brun2003" class="citation book cs1">Lester H. Brun (2003). <i>Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1607–1932</i>. Routledge. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415939157" title="Special:BookSources/9780415939157"><bdi>9780415939157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronological+History+of+U.S.+Foreign+Relations%3A+1607%E2%80%931932&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415939157&rft.au=Lester+H.+Brun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOliver1928" class="citation journal cs1">Oliver, John W. (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897151">"Louis Kossuth's Appeal to the Middle West--1852"</a>. <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">481–</span>495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1897151">10.2307/1897151</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-391X">0161-391X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897151">1897151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Louis+Kossuth%27s+Appeal+to+the+Middle+West--1852&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E481-%3C%2Fspan%3E495&rft.date=1928&rft.issn=0161-391X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1897151%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1897151&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1897151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2015" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Tim (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26376714">"Lajos Kossuth and the Permeable American Orient of the Mid-Nineteenth Century"</a>. <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>39</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">793–</span>818. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhu070">10.1093/dh/dhu070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26376714">26376714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Lajos+Kossuth+and+the+Permeable+American+Orient+of+the+Mid-Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E793-%3C%2Fspan%3E818&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26376714%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhu070&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26376714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_J._Mancini2006" class="citation book cs1">Matthew J. Mancini (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexisdetocquevi0000manc"><i>Alexis de Tocqueville and American Intellectuals: From His Times to Ours</i></a></span>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexisdetocquevi0000manc/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742523449" title="Special:BookSources/9780742523449"><bdi>9780742523449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexis+de+Tocqueville+and+American+Intellectuals%3A+From+His+Times+to+Ours&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780742523449&rft.au=Matthew+J.+Mancini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexisdetocquevi0000manc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414134246/https://ohiohistoryhost.org/ohiomemory/archives/3834">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"All For the People, and All By the People"–Lajos Kossuth's Fight for Hungarian Independence ohiohistoryhost.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohiohistoryhost.org/ohiomemory/archives/3834">the original</a> on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22All+For+the+People%2C+and+All+By+the+People%22%E2%80%93Lajos+Kossuth%27s+Fight+for+Hungarian+Independence+ohiohistoryhost.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohiohistoryhost.org%2Fohiomemory%2Farchives%2F3834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven B. Várdy, Ph.D.: (2008) "A Celebrated, Disillusioned Hungarian Revolutionary's Visit to Pittsburgh in 1852", p. 20 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://journals.psu.edu/wph/article/download/7815/7588/">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Porter: The Refugee Question in Mid-Victorian Politics, p. 106, Publisher: Cambridge University Press (2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521088152" title="Special:BookSources/9780521088152">9780521088152</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_L._Krannawitter2010" class="citation book cs1">Thomas L. Krannawitter (2010). <i>Vindicating Lincoln: Defending the Politics of Our Greatest President</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742559738" title="Special:BookSources/9780742559738"><bdi>9780742559738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vindicating+Lincoln%3A+Defending+the+Politics+of+Our+Greatest+President&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780742559738&rft.au=Thomas+L.+Krannawitter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLincolnCuomoHolzer2004" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Abraham; Cuomo, Mario Matthew; Holzer, Harold (2004). <i>Lincoln on Democracy</i>. Fordham Univ Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823223459" title="Special:BookSources/9780823223459"><bdi>9780823223459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+on+Democracy&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Fordham+Univ+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780823223459&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft.au=Cuomo%2C+Mario+Matthew&rft.au=Holzer%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLincolnCuomoHolzer2004" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Abraham; Cuomo, Mario Matthew; Holzer, Harold (2004). <i>Lincoln on Democracy</i>. Fordham Univ Press. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823223459" title="Special:BookSources/9780823223459"><bdi>9780823223459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+on+Democracy&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Fordham+Univ+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780823223459&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft.au=Cuomo%2C+Mario+Matthew&rft.au=Holzer%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emersoncentral.com/texts/miscellanies/address-to-kossuth/">Ralph Waldo Emerson: Address to Kossuth at Concord, May 11, 1852</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarrison1852" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">Garrison, Wm. Lloyd</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASPC0001979700/mode/1up"><i>A letter to Louis Kossuth concerning freedom and slavery in the United States : in behalf of the American Anti-Slavery Society</i></a>. Boston: R. F. Wallcut, for the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+letter+to+Louis+Kossuth+concerning+freedom+and+slavery+in+the+United+States+%3A+in+behalf+of+the+American+Anti-Slavery+Society.&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=R.+F.+Wallcut%2C+for+the+American+Anti-Slavery+Society&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASPC0001979700%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religious-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Religious_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeCaro2002" class="citation book cs1">DeCaro, Louis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Qnpl2_NSgC"><i>"Fire from the Midst of You": A Religious Life of John Brown</i></a>. New York: NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814719220" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814719220"><bdi>978-0814719220</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Fire+from+the+Midst+of+You%22%3A+A+Religious+Life+of+John+Brown&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0814719220&rft.aulast=DeCaro&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_Qnpl2_NSgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ildikó, Pordán: LÁSZLÓ KÁROLY BESZÁMOLÓJA KOSSUTH AMERIKAI ÚTJÁRÓL, 1996, mek.oszk.hu/02200/02216/02216.htm</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Kossuth-kossuth-lajos-osszes-munkai-1/kossuth-lajos-osszes-munkai-ii-7F65/orszaggyulesi-tudositasok-ii-1833-augusztus-51834-marcius-24-7F66/76-8195/a-1833-augusztus-30-orszagos-ules-targy-az-urberi-iv-t-c-6-2-3-4-pontja-a-robot-teljesitesenek-modozatai-8196/?list=eyJmaWx0ZXJzIjogeyJNVSI6IFsiTkZPX0tPTllfS29zc3V0aF8xIl19LCAicXVlcnkiOiAic3plcmVjc2VuIn0">a) 1833 augusztus 30 Országos ülés. Tárgy: Az úrbéri IV. t. c. 6. §. 2., 3., 4, pontja: a robot teljesitésének módozatai. | KOSSUTH LAJOS ÖSSZES MUNKÁI | Kézikönyvtár</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Kossuth-kossuth-lajos-osszes-munkai-1/kossuth-lajos-osszes-munkai-ii-7F65/orszaggyulesi-tudositasok-ii-1833-augusztus-51834-marcius-24-7F66/81-8334/b-1833-szeptember-17-18-19-a-forendek-ulesei-targy-az-urberi-torvenycikkek-szovegenek-tovabbi-vitaja-8359/?list=eyJmaWx0ZXJzIjogeyJNVSI6IFsiTkZPX0tPTllfS29zc3V0aF8xIl19LCAicXVlcnkiOiAic3plcmVjc2VuIn0">"B) 1833 szeptember 17, 18, 19 a főrendek ülései: Tárgy: Az úrbéri törvénycikkek szövegének további vitája. | KOSSUTH LAJOS ÖSSZES MUNKÁI | Kézikönyvtár"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%29+1833+szeptember+17%2C+18%2C+19+a+f%C5%91rendek+%C3%BCl%C3%A9sei%3A+T%C3%A1rgy%3A+Az+%C3%BArb%C3%A9ri+t%C3%B6rv%C3%A9nycikkek+sz%C3%B6veg%C3%A9nek+tov%C3%A1bbi+vit%C3%A1ja.+%26%23124%3B+KOSSUTH+LAJOS+%C3%96SSZES+MUNK%C3%81I+%26%23124%3B+K%C3%A9zik%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcanum.com%2Fhu%2Fonline-kiadvanyok%2FKossuth-kossuth-lajos-osszes-munkai-1%2Fkossuth-lajos-osszes-munkai-ii-7F65%2Forszaggyulesi-tudositasok-ii-1833-augusztus-51834-marcius-24-7F66%2F81-8334%2Fb-1833-szeptember-17-18-19-a-forendek-ulesei-targy-az-urberi-torvenycikkek-szovegenek-tovabbi-vitaja-8359%2F%3Flist%3DeyJmaWx0ZXJzIjogeyJNVSI6IFsiTkZPX0tPTllfS29zc3V0aF8xIl19LCAicXVlcnkiOiAic3plcmVjc2VuIn0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Kossuth-kossuth-lajos-osszes-munkai-1/kossuth-lajos-osszes-munkai-iii-8AA5/orszaggyulesi-tudositasok-iii-1834-marcius-25november-29-8AA6/173-91C0/az-augusztus-19-21-22-es-23-i-keruleti-ulesekben-a-tizeddel-kapcsolatban-elhangzott-vitak-reszletesebb-ismertetese-i-eltoroltessek-e-a-tized-91C1/?list=eyJmaWx0ZXJzIjogeyJNVSI6IFsiTkZPX0tPTllfS29zc3V0aF8xIl19LCAicXVlcnkiOiAic3plcmVjc2VuIn0">"Az augusztus 19., 21., 22., és 23-i kerületi ülésekben a tizeddel kapcsolatban elhangzott viták részletesebb ismertetése: [I.] El… | KOSSUTH LAJOS ÖSSZES MUNKÁI | Kézikönyvtár"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Az+augusztus+19.%2C+21.%2C+22.%2C+%C3%A9s+23-i+ker%C3%BCleti+%C3%BCl%C3%A9sekben+a+tizeddel+kapcsolatban+elhangzott+vit%C3%A1k+r%C3%A9szletesebb+ismertet%C3%A9se%3A+%26%2391%3BI.%26%2393%3B+El%E2%80%A6+%26%23124%3B+KOSSUTH+LAJOS+%C3%96SSZES+MUNK%C3%81I+%26%23124%3B+K%C3%A9zik%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcanum.com%2Fhu%2Fonline-kiadvanyok%2FKossuth-kossuth-lajos-osszes-munkai-1%2Fkossuth-lajos-osszes-munkai-iii-8AA5%2Forszaggyulesi-tudositasok-iii-1834-marcius-25november-29-8AA6%2F173-91C0%2Faz-augusztus-19-21-22-es-23-i-keruleti-ulesekben-a-tizeddel-kapcsolatban-elhangzott-vitak-reszletesebb-ismertetese-i-eltoroltessek-e-a-tized-91C1%2F%3Flist%3DeyJmaWx0ZXJzIjogeyJNVSI6IFsiTkZPX0tPTllfS29zc3V0aF8xIl19LCAicXVlcnkiOiAic3plcmVjc2VuIn0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald S. Spencer, <i>Louis Kossuth and Young America A Study in Sectionalism and Foreign Policy 1848–1852</i> (Colombia, 1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John H. Komlus, <i>Louis Kossuth in America 1851–1852</i> (Buffalo, 1973)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis and Theresa Pulszky, "White, Red, Black: Sketches of American Society", <i>Living Age</i> 37 (9 April 1853)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Béla Várdy, "Kossuth's Effort to Enlist America into the Hungarian Cause," Duquesne University Hungarian Studies (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Kabdebo, <i>Diplomat in Exile Francis Pulsky's Political Activities in England 1849–1860</i> (New York, 1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanárky_Gyula1961" class="citation book cs1">Tanárky Gyula (1961). <i>A Kossuth-emigráció szolgálatában. Tanárky Gyula naplója (1849–1866)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Kossuth-emigr%C3%A1ci%C3%B3+szolg%C3%A1lat%C3%A1ban.+Tan%C3%A1rky+Gyula+napl%C3%B3ja+%281849%E2%80%931866%29&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Tan%C3%A1rky+Gyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Kossuth-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Kossuth_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica Kossuth</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/hunspir/hsp36.htm">"An Era of Light and Shadow"</a>. Hungarianhistory.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Era+of+Light+and+Shadow&rft.pub=Hungarianhistory.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarianhistory.com%2Flib%2Fhunspir%2Fhsp36.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rubicon.hu/cikkek/a-turini-remete-2">László Csorba: A turini remete, in: Rubicon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJózsef_Révai1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_R%C3%A9vai" title="József Révai">József Révai</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybldAQAACAAJ"><i>Lajos Kossuth</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Szikra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szikra (page does not exist)">Szikra</a>. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lajos+Kossuth&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Szikra&rft.date=1947&rft.au=J%C3%B3zsef+R%C3%A9vai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DybldAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://kincsestar.radio.hu/rolunk/hengern.jpg">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051027033731/http://kincsestar.radio.hu/rolunk/hengern.jpg">Archived</a> 27 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_SBwVB83WU">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcWhirter1999" class="citation book cs1">McWhirter, Norris (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0oT0m2HIWdsC&q=%22The+earliest+born+celebrity+to+be+recorded+was+Hungarian+revolutionary+Lajos+Kossuth%22"><i>Norris McWhirter's book of millennium records: the story of human achievement ...</i></a> Book People. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856136860" title="Special:BookSources/9781856136860"><bdi>9781856136860</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norris+McWhirter%27s+book+of+millennium+records%3A+the+story+of+human+achievement+...&rft.pub=Book+People&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781856136860&rft.aulast=McWhirter&rft.aufirst=Norris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0oT0m2HIWdsC%26q%3D%2522The%2Bearliest%2Bborn%2Bcelebrity%2Bto%2Bbe%2Brecorded%2Bwas%2BHungarian%2Brevolutionary%2BLajos%2BKossuth%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAttali1985" class="citation book cs1">Attali, Jacques (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHe7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22In+conformity+with+this+prognosis,+the+phonograph+was+first+used+to+disseminate+the+voices+of+leaders+(Kossuth,+Gladstone,+etc.)%22&pg=PA92"><i>Noise: The Political Economy of Music</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719014710" title="Special:BookSources/9780719014710"><bdi>9780719014710</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noise%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Music&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780719014710&rft.aulast=Attali&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHe7AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522In%2Bconformity%2Bwith%2Bthis%2Bprognosis%2C%2Bthe%2Bphonograph%2Bwas%2Bfirst%2Bused%2Bto%2Bdisseminate%2Bthe%2Bvoices%2Bof%2Bleaders%2B%28Kossuth%2C%2BGladstone%2C%2Betc.%29%2522%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxQQAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Kossuth's+few+sentences+preserved+by+the+phonograph+are+the+earliest+spoken+Hungarian+words+that+we+possess%22"><i>Hungarian Digest</i></a>. 10 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarian+Digest&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkxQQAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Kossuth%27s%2Bfew%2Bsentences%2Bpreserved%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bphonograph%2Bare%2Bthe%2Bearliest%2Bspoken%2BHungarian%2Bwords%2Bthat%2Bwe%2Bpossess%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_1880s_Speak-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_1880s_Speak_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Feaster2012" class="citation cs2">Patrick Feaster (19 May 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OD3ZmD_t5I&t=2022s">"The 1880s Speak: Recent Developments in Archeophony"</a>, <i>Annual Conference of the Association for Recorded Sound Collections</i>, Rochester, New York<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Conference+of+the+Association+for+Recorded+Sound+Collections&rft.atitle=The+1880s+Speak%3A+Recent+Developments+in+Archeophony&rft.date=2012-05-19&rft.au=Patrick+Feaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0OD3ZmD_t5I%26t%3D2022s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.niif.hu/04800/04882/html/szabadku0178.html">A „Dunai Szövetség” tervezete (1862. május 1.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VM-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VM_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vincent E McHale (1983) <i>Political parties of Europe</i>, Greenwood Press, p. 509 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-23804-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-23804-9">0-313-23804-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">András Gerő (2014). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geroandras.hu/2014_Nationalities_and_the_Hungarian_Parliament.pdf">Nationalities and the Hungarian Parliament (1867–1918)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425200559/http://www.geroandras.hu/2014_Nationalities_and_the_Hungarian_Parliament.pdf">Archived</a> 25 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 July 1932, Scott Catalog # 475, 30 filler; on 15 March 1947, Scott Catalog # 821, 40 filler; on 15 March 1952, Scott Catalog # 990, 20 filler this stamp shows Kossuth and speech at Debrecen; 17 February 1994, Scott Catalog # 3424, 19 forint in the Personalities series,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott # 621-24, denominations 4,20,30,50 filler</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1980.2493.5251">"8-cent Lajos Kossuth single"</a>. US Post Office / Smithsonian National Postal Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8-cent+Lajos+Kossuth+single&rft.pub=US+Post+Office+%2F+Smithsonian+National+Postal+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalmuseum.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fnpm_1980.2493.5251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newyork.hometownlocator.com/ny/allegany/kossuth.cfm">"Kossuth Populated Place Profile / Allegany County, New York Data"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kossuth+Populated+Place+Profile+%2F+Allegany+County%2C+New+York+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewyork.hometownlocator.com%2Fny%2Fallegany%2Fkossuth.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018185913/http://www.kossuthhouse.org/">"Kossuthhouse.org"</a>. Kossuthhouse.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kossuthhouse.org/">the original</a> on 18 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kossuthhouse.org&rft.pub=Kossuthhouse.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kossuthhouse.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewe-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewe_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingerGeorge_Alexander_KohutCyrus_Adler" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_Kohut" title="George Alexander Kohut">George Alexander Kohut</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Adler" title="Cyrus Adler">Cyrus Adler</a>. "Kohut, Alexander". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=333&letter=K&search=George%20Alexander%20Kohut"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kohut%2C+Alexander&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rft.au=George+Alexander+Kohut&rft.au=Cyrus+Adler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D333%26letter%3DK%26search%3DGeorge%2520Alexander%2520Kohut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailynewshungary.com/kurdish-poetry-anthology-published-hungarian/">"Kurdish poetry anthology published in Hungarian"</a>. <i>Daily News Hungary</i>. 24 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Hungary&rft.atitle=Kurdish+poetry+anthology+published+in+Hungarian&rft.date=2017-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailynewshungary.com%2Fkurdish-poetry-anthology-published-hungarian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpira1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spira, György (1959). <i>A magyar forradalom 1848-49-ben </i>("The Hungarian Revolution in 1848-49")<i><span></span></i> (in Hungarian). Budapest: A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Történettudományi Intézete. p. 678.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+magyar+forradalom+1848-49-ben+%28%22The+Hungarian+Revolution+in+1848-49%22%29&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=678&rft.pub=A+Magyar+Tudom%C3%A1nyos+Akad%C3%A9mia+T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nettudom%C3%A1nyi+Int%C3%A9zete&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Spira&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Deák, István. <i>Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians 1848–1849</i> (Phoenix, 2001)</li> <li>Godwin, Parke. "Louis Kossuth." In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curtisedwinbooth00godwrich/page/106/mode/2up"><i>Commemorative Addresses</i></a> (1895), 107ff.</li> <li>Horvath, Eugene. "Kossuth and Palmerston (1848–1849)." <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i> 9#27 (1931): 612–631. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4202564">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Lada, Zsuzsanna. "The Invention of a Hero: Lajos Kossuth in England (1851)." <i>European History Quarterly</i> 43.1 (2013): 5–26.</li> <li>Laszlo Peter, Martyn Rady & Peter Sherwood, eds. <i>Lajos Kossuth Sent Word</i> (2003) scholarly essays <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SSEES0026">online</a></li> <li>Moore, John Bassett. "Kossuth: A Sketch of a Revolutionist. I." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 10.1 (1895): 95–131. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139581">in JSTOR free</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139732">part II in JSTOR free</a></li> <li>Nobili, Johann. <i>Hungary 1848: The Winter Campaign</i>. Edited and translated Christopher Pringle. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Ltd., 2021.</li> <li>Roberts, Tim. "Lajos Kossuth and the Permeable American Orient of the Mid-Nineteenth Century." <i>Diplomatic History</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018185913/http://dh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/12/01/dh.dhu070.short">online</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> doi: 10.1093/dh/dhu070</li> <li>Spencer, Donald S. <i>Louis Kossuth and young America: a study of sectionalism and foreign policy 1848–1852</i> (Univ of Missouri Press, 1977)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebster1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster, Daniel</a> (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vDosAAAAYAAJ"><i>Sketch of the Life of Louis Kossuth, Governor of Hungary: Together with the Declaration of Hungarian Independence; Kossuth's Address to the People of the United States; All His Great Speeches in England; and the Letter of Daniel Webster to Chevalier Hulsemann</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stringer_%26_Townsend" class="mw-redirect" title="Stringer & Townsend">Stringer & Townsend</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketch+of+the+Life+of+Louis+Kossuth%2C+Governor+of+Hungary%3A+Together+with+the+Declaration+of+Hungarian+Independence%3B+Kossuth%27s+Address+to+the+People+of+the+United+States%3B+All+His+Great+Speeches+in+England%3B+and+the+Letter+of+Daniel+Webster+to+Chevalier+Hulsemann&rft.pub=Stringer+%26+Townsend&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvDosAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=psQEAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Life of Gov. Louis Kossuth: With His Public Speeches in the United States, and a Brief History of the Hungarian War of Independence</i></a>. New York: W. Lord. 1852.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Gov.+Louis+Kossuth%3A+With+His+Public+Speeches+in+the+United+States%2C+and+a+Brief+History+of+the+Hungarian+War+of+Independence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+Lord&rft.date=1852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpsQEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lajos_Kossuth" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Lajos Kossuth">Lajos Kossuth</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" class="extiw" title="commons:Lajos Kossuth"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Lajos Kossuth</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1897" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Anonymous (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eminentpersonsbi06timeiala/page/100">"Louis Kossuth (1802–1894) (Obituary Notice, Wednesday, March 21, 1894)"</a>. <i>Eminent Persons; Biographies reprinted from The Times</i>. Vol. VI (1893–1894). London and New York: Macmillan and Co & The Times Office. pp. <span class="nowrap">100–</span>115<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Louis+Kossuth+%281802%E2%80%931894%29+%28Obituary+Notice%2C+Wednesday%2C+March+21%2C+1894%29&rft.btitle=Eminent+Persons%3B+Biographies+reprinted+from+The+Times&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co+%26+The+Times+Office&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feminentpersonsbi06timeiala%2Fpage%2F100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALajos+Kossuth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321133351/http://digitalnewspapers.libraries.psu.edu/Default/Skins/BasicArch/Client.asp?Skin=BasicArch&&AppName=2&enter=true&BaseHref=EOB/1849/06/16&EntityId=Ar00103">1849 newspaper article</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030213/1851-10-20/ed-1/seq-5/">1851 Address to the American People (NY Tribune October 20, 1851 p. 5)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skocia.co.uk">Lajos Kossuth in Scotland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923063149/http://www.skocia.co.uk/">Archived</a> 23 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050908200542/http://hungary.ciw.edu/kossuth/">Lajos Kossuth in North America</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1851/12/31/87825654.pdf">Kossuth at the Capital</a>, NY Times article, 30 December 1851.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/news_kossuth.htm">The American Hungarian Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050207070543/http://www.thehungarypage.com/kossuth.htm">The Hungary Page, featuring Nobel Prize Winners and Famous Hungarians</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_SBwVB83WU"><span class="plainlinks">Part of his speech</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> on a wax <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">phonograph cylinder</a> (1890)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/keywordsearch.arc">Early articles of "The Times" about Lajos Kussuth</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/search/query?frow=0&n=10&srcht=s&daterange=period&query=Louis+Kossuth&srchst=p&hdlquery=&bylquery=&mon1=01&day1=18&year1=1851&mon2=12&day2=31&year2=1870&submit.x=42&submit.y=14">Early New York Times articles about Kossuth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/06700/06720/index.phtml">Kossuth in New England</a> (MEK)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Kossuth,+Lajos">Works by Lajos Kossuth</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Kossuth%2C%20Lajos%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lajos%20Kossuth%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kossuth%2C%20Lajos%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lajos%20Kossuth%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kossuth%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Lajos%20Kossuth%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kossuth%2C%20Lajos%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lajos%20Kossuth%22%29%20OR%20%28%221802-1894%22%20AND%20Kossuth%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Lajos Kossuth</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">post created</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Finance of Hungary">Minister of Finance</a> </b><br />1848 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a><br /><small>as Prime Minister</small></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">President of the Committee of National Defence</a> </b><br />1848–1849 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bertalan_Szemere" title="Bertalan Szemere">Bertalan Szemere</a><br /><small>as Prime Minister</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">post created</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">Governor-President of Hungary</a> </b><br />1849 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Art%C3%BAr_G%C3%B6rgey" class="mw-redirect" title="Artúr Görgey">Artúr Görgey</a><br /><small>as acting civil and military authority</small></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="Template:Prime ministers of Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Hungary766" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime ministers of Hungary</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="List of prime ministers of Hungary">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary_by_tenure" title="List of prime ministers of Hungary by tenure">By length of term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary_(graphical)" title="List of prime ministers of Hungary (graphical)">Graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="Records of prime ministers of Hungary">Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Batthyány</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/%C3%81d%C3%A1m_R%C3%A9csey" title="Ádám Récsey">Récsey</a>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertalan_Szemere" title="Bertalan Szemere">Szemere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Kingdom (1867–1918)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy" title="Gyula Andrássy">Andrássy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyh%C3%A9rt_L%C3%B3nyay" title="Menyhért Lónyay">Lónyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Szl%C3%A1vy" title="József Szlávy">Szlávy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bitt%C3%B3" title="István Bittó">Bittó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Wenckheim" title="Béla Wenckheim">Wenckheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="Kálmán Tisza">K. Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Szap%C3%A1ry" title="Gyula Szapáry">Szapáry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Wekerle" title="Sándor Wekerle">Wekerle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezs%C5%91_B%C3%A1nffy" title="Dezső Bánffy">Bánffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A9ll" title="Kálmán Széll">Széll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Khuen-H%C3%A9derv%C3%A1ry" title="Károly Khuen-Héderváry">Khuen-Héderváry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="István Tisza">I. Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Fej%C3%A9rv%C3%A1ry" title="Géza Fejérváry">Fejérváry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Wekerle" title="Sándor Wekerle">Wekerle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Khuen-H%C3%A9derv%C3%A1ry" title="Károly Khuen-Héderváry">Khuen-Héderváry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="László Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="István Tisza">I. Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3ric_Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Móric Esterházy">Esterházy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Wekerle" title="Sándor Wekerle">Wekerle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Hadik" title="János Hadik">Hadik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">M. Károlyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nes_Berinkey" title="Dénes Berinkey">Berinkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Soviet Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Garbai" title="Sándor Garbai">Garbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Peidl" title="Gyula Peidl">Peidl</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">opposed by <a href="/wiki/Gyula_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Gyula Károlyi">G. Károlyi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dezs%C5%91_Pattanty%C3%BAs-%C3%81brah%C3%A1m" title="Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám">Pattantyús-Ábrahám</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Republic (1919–20)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Friedrich" title="István Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Husz%C3%A1r" title="Károly Huszár">Huszár</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom (1920–1946)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Simonyi-Semadam" title="Sándor Simonyi-Semadam">Simonyi-Semadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Teleki" title="Pál Teleki">Teleki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bethlen" title="István Bethlen">Bethlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Gyula Károlyi">G. Károlyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Dar%C3%A1nyi" title="Kálmán Darányi">Darányi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Imr%C3%A9dy" title="Béla Imrédy">Imrédy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Teleki" title="Pál Teleki">Teleki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Keresztes-Fischer" title="Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer">Keresztes-Fischer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_B%C3%A1rdossy" title="László Bárdossy">Bárdossy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Keresztes-Fischer" title="Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer">Keresztes-Fischer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_K%C3%A1llay" title="Miklós Kállay">Kállay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6me_Szt%C3%B3jay" title="Döme Sztójay">Sztójay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Lakatos" title="Géza Lakatos">Lakatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Mikl%C3%B3s" title="Béla Miklós">Miklós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Tildy" title="Zoltán Tildy">Tildy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Rákosi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Nagy" title="Ferenc Nagy">F. Nagy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Rákosi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Dinny%C3%A9s" title="Lajos Dinnyés">Dinnyés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Dobi" title="István Dobi">Dobi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Dobi" title="István Dobi">Dobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">I. Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Heged%C3%BCs" title="András Hegedüs">Hegedüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">I. Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Ferenc Münnich">Münnich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_K%C3%A1llai" title="Gyula Kállai">Kállai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Fock" title="Jenő Fock">Fock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_L%C3%A1z%C3%A1r" title="György Lázár">Lázár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_N%C3%A9meth" title="Miklós Németh">Németh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_N%C3%A9meth" title="Miklós Németh">Németh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Antall" title="József Antall">Antall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Boross" title="Péter Boross">Boross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Medgyessy" title="Péter Medgyessy">Medgyessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Gyurcs%C3%A1ny" title="Ferenc Gyurcsány">Gyurcsány</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bajnai" title="Gordon Bajnai">Bajnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates interim officeholders.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_finance_of_Hungary_(since_1848)324" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungarian_finance_ministers" title="Template:Hungarian finance ministers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungarian_finance_ministers" title="Template talk:Hungarian finance ministers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian_finance_ministers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian finance ministers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_finance_of_Hungary_(since_1848)324" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Finance of Hungary">Ministers of finance of Hungary</a> (since 1848)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Batthyány</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Duschek" title="Ferenc Duschek">Duschek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menyh%C3%A9rt_L%C3%B3nyay" title="Menyhért Lónyay">Lónyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Kerkapoly" title="Károly Kerkapoly">Kerkapoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Szl%C3%A1vy" title="József Szlávy">Szlávy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Ghyczy" title="Kálmán Ghyczy">Ghyczy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A9ll" title="Kálmán Széll">Széll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="Kálmán Tisza">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Szap%C3%A1ry" title="Gyula Szapáry">Szapáry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="Kálmán Tisza">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Wekerle" title="Sándor Wekerle">Wekerle Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="László Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Fej%C3%A9rv%C3%A1ry" title="Géza Fejérváry">Fejérváry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Heged%C5%B1s_(politician)" title="Ferenc Hegedűs (politician)">Hegedűs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Wekerle" title="Sándor Wekerle">Wekerle Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="László Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Teleszky" title="János Teleszky">Teleszky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guszt%C3%A1v_Gratz" title="Gusztáv Gratz">Gratz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Wekerle" title="Sándor Wekerle">Wekerle Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Popovics" title="Sándor Popovics">Popovics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transition period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">M. Károlyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Szende" title="Pál Szende">Szende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Varga" title="Eugen Varga">J. Varga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Sz%C3%A9kely" title="Béla Székely">Székely</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Lengyel" title="Gyula Lengyel">Lengyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Sz%C3%A9kely" title="Béla Székely">Székely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Mi%C3%A1kits" title="Ferenc Miákits">Miákits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Peidl" title="Gyula Peidl">Peidl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Gr%C3%BCnn" title="János Grünn">Grünn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigyes_Kor%C3%A1nyi_(politician)" title="Frigyes Korányi (politician)">Korányi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the World Wars">Regency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3r%C3%A1nt_Heged%C3%BCs" title="Lóránt Hegedüs">Hegedüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Hegyeshalmi" title="Lajos Hegyeshalmi">Hegyeshalmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bethlen" title="István Bethlen">Bethlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_K%C3%A1llay" title="Tibor Kállay">Kállay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Walko" title="Lajos Walko">Walko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigyes_Kor%C3%A1nyi_(politician)" title="Frigyes Korányi (politician)">Korányi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Bud" title="János Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Wekerle_Jr." title="Sándor Wekerle Jr.">Wekerle Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Gyula Károlyi">G. Károlyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigyes_Kor%C3%A1nyi_(politician)" title="Frigyes Korányi (politician)">Korányi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Imr%C3%A9dy" title="Béla Imrédy">Imrédy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiham%C3%A9r_Fabinyi" title="Tihamér Fabinyi">Fabinyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Rem%C3%A9nyi-Schneller" title="Lajos Reményi-Schneller">Reményi-Schneller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transition period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_V%C3%A1s%C3%A1ry" title="István Vásáry">Vásáry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Oltv%C3%A1nyi" title="Imre Oltványi">Oltványi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Gordon" title="Ferenc Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_R%C3%A1cz_(Minister_of_Finance)" title="Jenő Rácz (Minister of Finance)">Rácz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Ny%C3%A1r%C3%A1di" title="Miklós Nyárádi">Nyárádi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Ger%C5%91" title="Ernő Gerő">Gerő</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Communist Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Kossa" title="István Kossa">Kossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Olt" title="Károly Olt">Olt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Kossa" title="István Kossa">Kossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Antos" title="István Antos">Antos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezs%C5%91_Nyers" title="Rezső Nyers">Nyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_T%C3%ADm%C3%A1r" title="Mátyás Tímár">Tímár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_V%C3%A1lyi" title="Péter Vályi">Vályi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Faluv%C3%A9gi" title="Lajos Faluvégi">Faluvégi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Het%C3%A9nyi" title="István Hetényi">Hetényi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Medgyessy" title="Péter Medgyessy">Medgyessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Vill%C3%A1nyi" title="Miklós Villányi">Villányi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_B%C3%A9kesi" title="László Békesi">Békesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Republic of Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Rab%C3%A1r" title="Ferenc Rabár">Rabár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Kupa" title="Mihály Kupa">Kupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Szab%C3%B3" title="Iván Szabó">Szabó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_B%C3%A9kesi" title="László Békesi">Békesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Bokros" title="Lajos Bokros">Bokros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Medgyessy" title="Péter Medgyessy">Medgyessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zsigmond_J%C3%A1rai" title="Zsigmond Járai">Járai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Varga" title="Mihály Varga">M. Varga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csaba_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_(politician)" title="Csaba László (politician)">László</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Draskovics" title="Tibor Draskovics">Draskovics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Veres" title="János Veres">Veres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Oszk%C3%B3" title="Péter Oszkó">Oszkó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Matolcsy" title="György Matolcsy">Matolcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Varga" title="Mihály Varga">M. Varga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Hungary541" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="Template:Heads of state of Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Hungary541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="List of heads of state of Hungary">Heads of state of Hungary</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kossuth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art%C3%BAr_G%C3%B6rgei" title="Artúr Görgei">Görgei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Kingdom (1867–1918)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">Károlyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Soviet Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Garbai" title="Sándor Garbai">Garbai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Peidl" title="Gyula Peidl">Peidl</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Republic (1919–20)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_August_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph August of Austria">Joseph August</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Friedrich" title="István Friedrich">Friedrich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Husz%C3%A1r" title="Károly Huszár">Huszár</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom (1920–46)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Mikl%C3%B3s" title="Béla Miklós">Miklós</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High_National_Council" title="High National Council">High National Council</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Tildy" title="Zoltán Tildy">Tildy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Szakasits" title="Árpád Szakasits">Szakasits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Szakasits" title="Árpád Szakasits">Szakasits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_R%C3%B3nai" title="Sándor Rónai">Rónai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Dobi" title="István Dobi">Dobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Losonczi" title="Pál Losonczi">Losonczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_N%C3%A9meth_(politician)" title="Károly Németh (politician)">Németh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%B3_Ferenc_Straub" title="Brunó Ferenc Straub">Straub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_Sz%C5%B1r%C3%B6s" title="Mátyás Szűrös">Szűrös</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_G%C3%B6ncz" title="Árpád Göncz">Göncz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_M%C3%A1dl" title="Ferenc Mádl">Mádl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_S%C3%B3lyom" title="László Sólyom">Sólyom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Schmitt" title="Pál Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_K%C3%B6v%C3%A9r" title="László Kövér">Kövér</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_%C3%81der" title="János Áder">Áder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Nov%C3%A1k" title="Katalin Novák">Novák</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_K%C3%B6v%C3%A9r" title="László Kövér">Kövér</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Sulyok" title="Tamás Sulyok">Sulyok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates acting officeholders.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848360" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Template:Hungarian Revolution of 1848"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Template talk:Hungarian Revolution of 1848"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian Revolution of 1848"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848360" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belligerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Force#Habsburg_Hungarian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Defence Force">Hungarian Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pretext</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_Laws" title="April Laws">April Laws</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C3%A1kozd" title="Battle of Pákozd">Pákozd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schwechat" title="Battle of Schwechat">Schwechat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%B3r" title="Battle of Mór">Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%A1polna" title="Battle of Kápolna">Kápolna</a></li> <li>Battles of Komárom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kom%C3%A1rom_(1849)" title="First Battle of Komárom (1849)">First battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kom%C3%A1rom_(1849)" title="Second Battle of Komárom (1849)">Second battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kom%C3%A1rom_(1849)" title="Third Battle of Komárom (1849)">Third battle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isaszeg_(1849)" title="Battle of Isaszeg (1849)">Isaszeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1849)" title="Siege of Buda (1849)">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pered" title="Battle of Pered">Pered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Segesv%C3%A1r" title="Battle of Segesvár">Segesvár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sz%C5%91reg" title="Battle of Szőreg">Szőreg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Temesv%C3%A1r" title="Battle of Temesvár">Temesvár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kishegyes" title="Battle of Kishegyes">Kishegyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848%E2%80%931849_massacres_in_Transylvania" title="1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania">1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Uprising" title="Vienna Uprising">Vienna Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Hungarian Declaration of Independence">Hungarian Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_at_Vil%C3%A1gos" title="Surrender at Világos">Surrender at Világos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> Leaders for Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Clam-Gallas" title="Eduard Clam-Gallas">Eduard Clam-Gallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Jacob_von_Haynau" title="Julius Jacob von Haynau">Julius Jacob von Haynau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Jela%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Josip Jelačić">Josip Jelačić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Franz_de_Paula_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Franz de Paula of Liechtenstein">Prince Franz de Paula of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schlik" title="Franz Schlik">Franz Schlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_I,_Prince_of_Windisch-Gr%C3%A4tz" title="Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz">Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png/25px-Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png/38px-Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png/50px-Flag_of_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="398" /></a></span> Leaders for Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Bem" title="Józef Bem">Józef Bem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Damjanich" title="János Damjanich">János Damjanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Dembi%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Dembiński">Henryk Dembiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antal_Vetter" title="Antal Vetter">Antal Vetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arisztid_Dessewffy" title="Arisztid Dessewffy">Arisztid Dessewffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_G%C3%A1sp%C3%A1r_(general)" title="András Gáspár (general)">András Gáspár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art%C3%BAr_G%C3%B6rgei" title="Artúr Görgei">Artúr Görgey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Guyon" title="Richard Guyon">Richard Guyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Klapka" title="György Klapka">György Klapka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kmety" title="György Kmety">György Kmety</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lajos Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilmos_L%C3%A1z%C3%A1r" title="Vilmos Lázár">Vilmos Lázár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1z%C3%A1r_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros" title="Lázár Mészáros">Lázár Mészáros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1nos_M%C3%B3ga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="János Móga (page does not exist)">János Móga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Monti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alessandro Monti (page does not exist)">Alessandro Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Ottinger" title="Ferenc Ottinger">Ferenc Ottinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3r_Perczel" title="Mór Perczel">Mór Perczel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A9chenyi" title="István Széchenyi">István Széchenyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertalan_Szemere" title="Bertalan Szemere">Bertalan Szemere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_(1858).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%29.svg/25px-Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%29.svg/38px-Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%29.svg/50px-Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Leaders for Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_L%C3%BCders" title="Alexander von Lüders">Alexander von Lüders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Panutin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Panutin">Fyodor Sergeevich Panyutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Skariatin" title="Grigory Skariatin">Grigory Yakovlevich Skariatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Paskevich" title="Ivan Paskevich">Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zass" title="Grigory Zass">Grigory Khristoforovich Zass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Engelhardt" title="Nikolai Engelhardt">Nikolai Fyodorovich Engelhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maksim_Grotenhelm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maksim Grotenhelm (page does not exist)">Maksim Maksimovich Grotenhelm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157040#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3334" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157040#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157040#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118565702">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50042689">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941153s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941153s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35901170">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990004568&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5303033">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070623856">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90748851">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000085677&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000345074">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=250687">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mpsb6t10ht28j">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810640778705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/71242">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007274868805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058528315206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13948008">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07223513?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118565702">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1138067">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118565702.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118565702">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027350665">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mw2kc3">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/51007039">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&oldid=1282106890">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Kossuth&oldid=1282106890</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1802_births" title="Category:1802 births">1802 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1894_deaths" title="Category:1894 deaths">1894 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Monok" title="Category:People 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