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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Karma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-defence_and_soldiering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-defence_and_soldiering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Self-defence and soldiering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-defence_and_soldiering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedic_sacrifices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Vedic sacrifices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic_sacrifices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_epics_and_Jain_epics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_epics_and_Jain_epics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hindu epics and Jain epics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_epics_and_Jain_epics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jain_deities_and_Hindu_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jain_deities_and_Hindu_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jain deities and Hindu texts</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Decline of Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jains_and_the_Hindu_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jains_and_the_Hindu_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Jains and the Hindu society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jains_and_the_Hindu_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; 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text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jainism" title="Category:Jainism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/110px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/165px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/220px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ethics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Ethics of Jainism</a> <dl><dd><b>Mahavratas (major vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahiṃsā (non-violence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya#Jainism" title="Satya">Satya (truth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteya#Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya (non-stealing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya#In_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya (chastity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha (non-possession)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Anuvratas (further vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jain prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Micchami Dukkadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navkar_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navkar Mantra">Navkar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Ṇamōkāra mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jinendra" title="Jai Jinendra">Jai Jinendra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">The 24 Tirthankaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Pārśva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major sects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Schools and Branches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Agama (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dravyasamgraha" title="Dravyasamgraha">Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C4%ABvaka_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" title="Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi">Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valayapathi" title="Valayapathi">Valayapathi</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Pilgrimages</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Abu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girnar_Jain_temples" title="Girnar Jain temples">Girnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Jain symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_Jivanam" title="Parasparopagraho Jivanam">Parasparopagraho Jivanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics list</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #F5DEB3;border-bottom:1px solid #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism" title="Template:Jainism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism" title="Template talk:Jainism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jainism</b> and <b>Hinduism</b> are two ancient Indian religions. There are some similarities and differences between the two religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001135-136_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001135-136-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temples, gods, rituals, fasts and other religious components of Jainism are different from those of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001138_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Jain" is derived from the word <i>Jina</i>, referring to a human being who has conquered all inner passions (like anger, attachment, greed and pride) and possesses <a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">kevala jnana</a> (pure infinite knowledge). Followers of the path shown by the Jinas are called Jains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave200115_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave200115-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001164_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001164-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Followers of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> are called Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_similarities_and_differences">Philosophical similarities and differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Philosophical similarities and differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jainism and Hinduism have many similar characteristic features, including the concepts of <i><a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i>. However, they differ over the precise nature and meaning of these concepts. The doctrine Nyaya-Vaisheshika and samkhya school had minor similarities with Jain philosophy. The Jain doctrine teaches atomism which is also adopted in the Vaisheshika system and atheism which is found in Samkhya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999496_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999496-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the doctrine of Jainism, there exist many metaphysical concepts which are not known in Hinduism, some of which are <i>dharma</i> and Adharma tattva (which are seen as substances within the Jain metaphysical system), <a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthanas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesya" title="Lesya">Lesyas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999496_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999496-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epistemological concepts of <a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a> and Syadvada are not found in the Hindu system. There were, in the past, probable attempts made to merge the concepts of Hindu gods and the Tirthankara of Jainism. The cosmography of Hindus resembles that of the Jains and there are similar names of heavenly gods within these systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999497_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999497-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, there also occur the first statements of the view, dominant in Jainist teachings and elsewhere, that rebirth is undesirable and that it is possible by controlling or stopping one's actions to put an end to it and attain a state of deliverance (moksha) which lies beyond action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200215_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200215-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moksha_(liberation)"><span id="Moksha_.28liberation.29"></span>Moksha (liberation)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Moksha (liberation)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> means merging of soul with universal soul or eternal being and escaping the cycle of births and deaths; in Jainism, it is blissful existence with infinite knowledge. In Vedic philosophy, salvation is giving up the sense of being a doer and realizing Self to be the same as Universe and God.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Jainism, salvation can be achieved only through self-effort and is considered to be the right of human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001137_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001137-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Jainism, one definite path to attain liberation (<a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">moksha</a>) is prescribed. The prescribed threefold path consists of the <a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">three jewels of Jainism</a> (Right perception, Right knowledge, Right conduct). In Hinduism, one definite path to salvation is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001137_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001137-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universe">Universe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Universe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Jainism and non-creationism</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a>, the primary structure of the universe is eternal: it is neither created nor can it be destroyed, but undergoes continuous natural transformations within. In Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> is the unchanging ultimate reality and the single binding unity behind diversity in all that exists in the universe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karma">Karma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Karma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma in Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduism" title="Karma in Hinduism">Karma in Hinduism</a></div> <p>Karma is an invisible force in Hinduism, whereas in Jainism it is a form of particulate matter which can adhere to the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001137_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001137-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, the consequence of karma occurs by natural <i>nirjara</i> of karma particles from the soul. Hindus rejected this concept and believe that the God or the creator of this universe is <i>karmaphaldata</i>, and rewards the fruits of past actions to each individual.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worship">Worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hinduism, Gods are worshiped in several ways and for several reasons such as knowledge, peace, wisdom, health, and it also believed to be one's duty to pray god as God is considered as our maker (as we originated from them and we are staying in them and at last will merge with them), for moksha, and are also offered food as a respect, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001137_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001137-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953181_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953181-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Jainism, enlightened human perfect masters or <a href="/wiki/Siddha#Jainism" title="Siddha">siddhas</a> represent the true goal of all human beings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their qualities are worshiped by the Jains.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-defence_and_soldiering">Self-defence and soldiering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Self-defence and soldiering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jains and Hindus have opinion that violence in self-defence can be justified,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they agree that a soldier who kills enemies in combat is performing a legitimate duty.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jain communities accepted the use of military power for their defence, there were Jain monarchs, military commanders, and soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women">Women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The religion of Jains included women in their fourfold <i>sangha</i>; the religious order of Jain laymen, laywomen, monks and nuns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994121_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994121-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a disagreement between early Hinduism, and ascetic movements such as Jainism with the scriptural access to women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994121_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994121-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the early svetambara scriptures prevented pregnant women, young women or those who have a small child, to enter the ranks of nun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994122_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994122-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, the number of nuns given in those texts were always double the number of monks. <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, the two historical tirthankaras, had large numbers of female devotees and ascetics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994122_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994122-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahavira and other Jain monks are credited with raising the <a href="/wiki/Status_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of women">status of women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001147-148_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001147-148-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_texts">Religious texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindus do not accept any Jain text and Jains do not recognize any Hindu scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001136_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001136-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Vedas">The Vedas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Vedas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scriptures known as <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> are regarded by Hindus as one of the foundations of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a> those who rejected the Vedas as the prime source of religious knowledge were labeled "<a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">nāstika</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, Jainism and Buddhism were categorized as <i>nāstika <a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%9Bana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darśana">darśana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The orthodox schools of Hinduism, such as <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, claim the <a href="/wiki/Sruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sruti">Sruti</a> do not have any author and hence are supreme to other religious scriptures. This position was countered by Jains who said that saying Vedas are authorless was equivalent to saying that anonymous poems are written by nobody. <a href="/wiki/Jain_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain scriptures">Jain scriptures</a>, on the contrary, were believed by them to be of human origin, brought through omniscient teachers, and hence claimed greater worth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002234_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002234-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jains, the origin of Vedas lies with <a href="/wiki/Marichi" title="Marichi">Marichi</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Chakravarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Chakravarti">Bharata Chakravarti</a>, who was the son of the first Tirthankara Rishabha. Jains maintain that these scriptures were later modified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeynes1998xxiv_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeynes1998xxiv-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999497_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999497-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jains pointed that Hindus do not know their own scriptures since they were unaware of the names of tirthankaras present in Vedas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002234_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002234-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jains had a long-standing debate with <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a> school of Hinduism. <a href="/wiki/Kumarila_Bhatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumarila Bhatta">Kumarila Bhatta</a>, a proponent of Mimamsa school, argued that the Vedas are the source of all knowledge and it is through them that humans can differentiate between right and wrong. Jain monks, such as <a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a>, held that humans are already in possession of all the knowledge, which only needs to be illuminated or uncovered in order to gain the status of omniscience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQvarnström200691_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQvarnström200691-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vedic_sacrifices">Vedic sacrifices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vedic sacrifices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of Vedic animal sacrifices was opposed by Jains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Acharya Hemchandra</a>, a Jain monk, cites passages from <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a>, one of the law book of Hindus, to demonstrate how, in light of false scriptures, Hindus have resorted to violence. <a href="/wiki/Akalanka" title="Akalanka">Akalanka</a>, another Jain monk, sarcastically said that if killing can result in enlightenment, one should become a hunter or fisherman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002234_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002234-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_epics_and_Jain_epics">Hindu epics and Jain epics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hindu epics and Jain epics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rejection of Jain epics and scriptures were dominant in Hinduism since very early times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, central Hindu scriptures and epics like Vedas, Mahabharata and Ramayana are categorized as unreliable scriptures in Nandi-sutra,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002237_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002237-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (December 2013)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar200562_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar200562-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the svetambara's canonical literature. Later, Jains adapted various Hindu epics in accordance with their own system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchubring200017_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchubring200017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999497_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999497-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were disputes between Jains and Hindus in form of these epics.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jain_deities_and_Hindu_texts">Jain deities and Hindu texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jain deities and Hindu texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Jainism" title="Rama in Jainism">Rama in Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rishabha_(Hinduism)" title="Rishabha (Hinduism)">Rishabha (Hinduism)</a></div> <p>Within the doctrine of Jainism, the <i>tirthankara</i> holds the highest status. Hemachandra Acharya says that a <i>Jindeva</i> is the one who has conquered his internal desires and passions. This requirement, according to him, was fulfilled only by the tirthankara. Hence their path for spiritual upliftment and salvation is rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Jains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jains">Jains</a>. </p><p> Some personages mentioned in the Vedas and Jain scriptures are identified to be the same. There is mention of <a href="/wiki/Rishabha_(Hinduism)" title="Rishabha (Hinduism)">Rishabha</a>, identified with the first tirthankara, <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rigveda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a>. The Rigveda, X. 12. 166 states:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain192974_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain192974-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>0 Rudra-like Divinity ! do thou produce amongst us, of high descent, a Great God, like Rishabha Deva, by becoming Arhan, which is the epithet of the first World Teacher; let Him become the destroyer of the enemies !</p></blockquote> <p>The Vishnu Purana also names Rishabha: </p> <dl><dd>ऋषभो मरुदेव्याश्च ऋषभात भरतो भवेत्</dd> <dd>भरताद भारतं वर्षं, भरतात सुमतिस्त्वभूत्</dd> <dd>Rishabha was born to Marudevi, Bharata was born to Rishabha,</dd> <dd>Bharatavarsha (India) arose from Bharata, and Sumati arose from Bharata. <dl><dd>—Vishnu Purana (2,1,31)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a> (chapter 37) it is stated that "Rishabha was the son of <a href="/wiki/Nabhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabhiraja">Nabhiraja</a>, and Rishabha had a son named Bharata, and after the name of this Bharata, this country is known as Bharata-varsha."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001106_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001106-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Brahmottara-candam section of the <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i>, the narrator Suta describes many matters relating to Shaivism and in the 16th portion, there is a story about Bhadrabahu receiving instructions in a mantra from a <i><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a></i> named Rishabha.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i> states that in every <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> incarnates on earth, and that in one Kali Yuga he was a <a href="/wiki/Yogeshvara" title="Yogeshvara">Yogeshvara</a> (one of his 28 incarnations) named Rishabha.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i>, in order to assist the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a> against the tyranny of the <a href="/wiki/Tripurasura" title="Tripurasura">Tripurasura</a> brothers, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> sought to convert the <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asuras</a> from their devotion to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and Vedic practices to beliefs that are implied to be Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created a man called <a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihat</a>, instructing him to use his <i><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">maya</a></i> (illusory power) to create a deceptive sacred scripture that opposes the <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">shruti</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">smriti</a></i> texts, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">ashrama</a> systems. The man and his followers initiated the Tripurasura brothers into their religion, abandoning the worship of the Hindu gods and traditional rites. This offers Shiva the pretext of destroying the <a href="/wiki/Tripura_(mythology)" title="Tripura (mythology)">three cities</a> of the asuras, who had previously worshipped him, and restore order.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jainism is considered to be distinct and separate from Vedic religion and originated from <i>Sramana</i> or <i>Arahata</i> tradition<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008317-318_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008317-318-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jains and Hindus have coexisted in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindu country (page does not exist)">Hindu country</a> since at least the second century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort1998187_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort1998187-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Competition between Jains and Vedic <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahmans</a>, between Jains and Hindu <a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaivas</a>, is a frequent motif of all medieval western Indian narratives, but the two communities for the most part coexisted and coprospered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort199887_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort199887-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaiva kings patronised Jain mendicants, and Jain officials patronised Brahmana poets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort199887_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort199887-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_Jainism">Decline of Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Decline of Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the 8th century CE, Hindu philosopher <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Ādi Śaṅkarācārya</a> tried to restore the Vedic religion. Śaṅkarācārya brought forward the doctrine of Advaita. The Vaishnavism and Shaivism also began to rise. This was particularly in the southern Indian states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp199970_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp199970-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a Saivite legend, the Pandya king <a href="/wiki/Koon_Pandiyan" title="Koon Pandiyan">Koon Pandiyan</a> ordered a massacre of 8,000 Jain monks. This event is depicted graphically in walls of Tivatur in <a href="/wiki/North_Arcot" title="North Arcot">North Arcot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp199970–71_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp199970–71-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this legend is not found in any Jain text, and is believed to be a fabrication made up by the Saivites to prove their dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashim1984_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashim1984-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nilakantha1976_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilakantha1976-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jains_and_the_Hindu_society">Jains and the Hindu society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Jains and the Hindu society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hinduism_and_Jainism##" title="Talk:Hinduism and Jainism">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Jain scholars and some monks in general allowed a sort of cautious integration with the Hindu society.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In today's date, there are a lot of common aspects in social and cultural life of Hindus and Jains. It is quite difficult to differentiate a lay Jain from a lay Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999493_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999493-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jain code of conduct is quite similar to that which is found in Hindu Dharmasashtra, Manusmriti and other Law books of Brahmans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999494_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999494-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999494_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999494-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabb19963–4_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabb19963–4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference in the rituals of practitioners of the two religions would be that the Jains do not give any importance to bathing in holy water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999494_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999494-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to religious scholar M. Whitney Kelting, some of the "names and narratives" in the Hindu's list of satis are also found in the Jain tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Hindu context, a sati is a virtuous wife who protects her husband and his family and has the "intention to die before, or with," her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelting notes that those satis who die on the funeral pyre of their husband, or who "intended to die" but were prevented from death, may attain a status called satimata.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting200922_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelting200922-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelting says that the Jain tradition, due to principle of non-violence and equanimity, does not allow self-immolation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting200921_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelting200921-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They, instead, see renunciation rather than self-sacrifice as the highest ideal for a Jain sati.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindus think Jainism is simply another branch of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999494_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999494-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jain historians like <a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a>, held that Hindus are Jaina <a href="/wiki/Allegorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorists">allegorists</a> who have allegorised the Jain teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain1929154_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain1929154-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999497_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999497-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_revivalism_and_Indian_identities">Hindu revivalism and Indian identities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hindu revivalism and Indian identities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the onset of British colonialism, select groups of Indians developed responses to the British dominance and the British critique of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERambachan199438_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan199438-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, various responses toward Jainism developed.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dayanand_Saraswati_and_the_Arya_Samaj">Dayanand Saraswati and the Arya Samaj</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dayanand Saraswati and the Arya Samaj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arya Samaj was founded by <a href="/wiki/Dayanand_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayanand Saraswati">Dayanand Saraswati</a> (1824–1883), who authored Satyarth Prakash,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicker200638_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicker200638-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a book containing the basic teachings of Saraswati and the Arya Samaj.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicker200638-39_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicker200638-39-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains "Dayananda's bitter criticisms of the major <i>non-Vedic</i> religions of Indian origins."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicker200639_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicker200639-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Satyarth_Prakash" title="Satyarth Prakash">Satyarth Prakash</a></i>, he writes that he regarded Jainism as "the most dreadful religion",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel200092_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel200092-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Jains are "possessed of defective and childish understanding." However, several scholars say that none of his claims have any solid foundation and that they are merely aggressive, negative, unexplained and devoid of context, and intolerant in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel200092_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel200092-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent <a href="/wiki/Svetambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetambara">Svetambara</a> Jain monk, Acharya Labdhisuri, wrote a scripture <i>Dayananda Kutarka Timiratarani</i> to refute these claims made by Dayanand Saraswati.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations">Relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Subhatavarman" title="Subhatavarman">Subhatvarman</a> (1194–1209 CE), a Parmara ruler in central India, Jainism faced hardships as a result of the ruler's animosity towards the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subhatavarman attacked Gujarat and plundered large number of Jain temples in Dabhoi and Cambay in 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subhatavarman, during his campaigns in Lata, destroyed numerous Jain temples. Throughout the centuries, there were periods of hostility in the South as well, affecting both Buddhism and Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions from the Srisailam area of Andhra Pradesh record the pride taken by Veerashaiva chiefs in beheading of shwetambar Jains.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Jainism_as_a_distinct_religion_in_India" title="Legal status of Jainism as a distinct religion in India">Legal status of Jainism as a distinct religion in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_harmony_in_India" title="Religious harmony in India">Religious harmony in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History of Jainism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElst2002" class="citation book cs1">Elst, Koenraad (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGPXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Who is a Hindu?: Hindu Revivalist Views of Animism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Other Offshoots of Hinduism</i></a>. Voice of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185990743" title="Special:BookSources/9788185990743"><bdi>9788185990743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+is+a+Hindu%3F%3A+Hindu+Revivalist+Views+of+Animism%2C+Buddhism%2C+Sikhism%2C+and+Other+Offshoots+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788185990743&rft.aulast=Elst&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGPXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230904/http://bharatvani.org/books/wiah/ch7.htm">Ch. 7</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniels cites Dayanand in his investigation of the claim that "Hinduism is the most tolerant of all religions and Hindu tolerance is the best answer in fostering peace and harmony in a multi-religious society",<sup id="cite_ref-EBC_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking Swami Vivekananda, Swami Dayananda and Mahatama Gandhi as cases.<sup id="cite_ref-EBC_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asks the question "Why was Dayananda so aggressive and negative in his response to other religions?".<sup id="cite_ref-EBC_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panicker also mentions that Dayanand's views are "strongly condemnatory, predominantly negative and positively intolerant and aggressive."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicker200639_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicker200639-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001135-136-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001135-136_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2001">Sangave 2001</a>, p. 135-136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001138-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001138_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2001">Sangave 2001</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave200115-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave200115_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2001">Sangave 2001</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001164-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001164_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2001">Sangave 2001</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism">"Hinduism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hinduism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHinduism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999496-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999496_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999496_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlasenapp1999">Glasenapp 1999</a>, p. 496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999497-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999497_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999497_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999497_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999497_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlasenapp1999">Glasenapp 1999</a>, p. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200215-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200215_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKajaria2019" class="citation book cs1">Kajaria, Vish (13 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-yaOxgEACAAJ&q=moksha"><i>Moksha: Self-Liberation Through Self-Knowledge</i></a>. Independently Published. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-09-791542-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-09-791542-2"><bdi>978-1-09-791542-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moksha%3A+Self-Liberation+Through+Self-Knowledge&rft.pub=Independently+Published&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft.isbn=978-1-09-791542-2&rft.aulast=Kajaria&rft.aufirst=Vish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-yaOxgEACAAJ%26q%3Dmoksha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001137-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001137_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001137_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001137_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001137_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2001">Sangave 2001</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKothari2000" class="citation web cs1">Kothari, Pukhraj Ajay (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7JIRAQAAIAAJ&q=karma+nirjara">"The Concept of Divinity in Jainism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Divinity+in+Jainism&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kothari&rft.aufirst=Pukhraj+Ajay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7JIRAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkarma%2Bnirjara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953181-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953181_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1953">Zimmer 1953</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1953">Zimmer 1953</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2009" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Arun Kumar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y4aVRLGhf-8C"><i>Faith & Philosophy of Jainism</i></a>. Gyan Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178357232" title="Special:BookSources/9788178357232"><bdi>9788178357232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+%26+Philosophy+of+Jainism&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788178357232&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Arun+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy4aVRLGhf-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nisithabhasya</i> (in <i>Nisithasutra</i>) 289; Jinadatta Suri: <i>Upadesharasayana</i> 26; Dundas pp. 162–163; Tähtinen p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jindal pp. 89–90; Laidlaw pp. 154–155; Jaini, Padmanabh S.: <i>Ahimsa and "Just War" in Jainism</i>, in: <i>Ahimsa, Anekanta and Jainism</i>, ed. Tara Sethia, New Delhi 2004, p. 52–60; Tähtinen p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harisena, <i>Brhatkathakosa</i> 124 (10th century); Jindal pp. 90–91; Sangave p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994121-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994121_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994121_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalbir1994">Balbir 1994</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994122-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994122_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalbir1994122_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalbir1994">Balbir 1994</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001147-148-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001147-148_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2001">Sangave 2001</a>, p. 147-148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2008">George 2008</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001136-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001136_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2001">Sangave 2001</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson2010">Nicholson 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002234-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002234_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002234_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002234_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeynes1998xxiv-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeynes1998xxiv_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeynes1998">Feynes 1998</a>, p. xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQvarnström200691-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQvarnström200691_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQvarnström2006">Qvarnström 2006</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002237-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002237_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar200562-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar200562_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIyengar2005">Iyengar 2005</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchubring200017-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchubring200017_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchubring2000">Schubring 2000</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidya2001" class="citation book cs1">Vaidya, Chintaman Vinayak (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmOUq73LZLgC&q=jains+on+mahabharata&pg=PA359"><i>Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1564-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1564-9"><bdi>978-81-206-1564-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+India%2C+Or%2C+India+as+Described+in+the+Mahabharata+and+the+Ramayana&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1564-9&rft.aulast=Vaidya&rft.aufirst=Chintaman+Vinayak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdmOUq73LZLgC%26q%3Djains%2Bon%2Bmahabharata%26pg%3DPA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain192974-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain192974_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain1929">Jain 1929</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001106-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001106_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2001">Sangave 2001</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 88, <i>Madras Journal of Literature and Science</i>, Volume 11 By Madras Literary Society and Auxiliary of the Royal Asiatic Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 16 <i>Linga Purana</i> By Vinay. The list is in order is: Shweta, Sutara, Madana, Suhotra, Kanchana, Lokakshee, Jagishavya, Dadhivahana, Rishabha, Muni, Ugra, Atri, Vali, Gautama, Vedashrira, Gokarna, Guhavasi, Shikhandabhriti, Jatamali, Attahasa, Daruka, Langali, Mahakaya, Shuli, Mundishvara, Sahishnu, Somasharma, and Jagadguru.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna2007" class="citation book cs1">Krishna, Nanditha (16 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VwhtAwAAQBAJ&dq=tripurantaka+Taraka&pg=PT152"><i>The Book of Demons</i></a>. Penguin UK. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-144-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-144-6"><bdi>978-93-5118-144-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Demons&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-144-6&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Nanditha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVwhtAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtripurantaka%2BTaraka%26pg%3DPT152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShastri2000" class="citation book cs1">Shastri, J. L. (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkfmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA820"><i>The Siva Purana Part 2: Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 2</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 820–830. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3869-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3869-7"><bdi>978-81-208-3869-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siva+Purana+Part+2%3A+Ancient+Indian+Tradition+and+Mythology+Volume+2&rft.pages=820-830&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3869-7&rft.aulast=Shastri&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkfmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008317-318-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008317-318_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2008">George 2008</a>, p. 317-318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort1998187-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort1998187_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_E._Cort1998">John E. Cort 1998</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort199887-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort199887_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort199887_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_E._Cort1998">John E. Cort 1998</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp199970-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp199970_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlasenapp1999">Glasenapp 1999</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp199970–71-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp199970–71_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlasenapp1999">Glasenapp 1999</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashim1984-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashim1984_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshim_Kumar_Roy1984" class="citation book cs1">Ashim Kumar Roy (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jainworld.com/book/historyofjainism/ch9a.asp">"9. History of the Digambaras"</a>. <i>A history of the Jainas</i>. Gitanjali<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+History+of+the+Digambaras&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Jainas&rft.pub=Gitanjali&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Ashim+Kumar+Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jainworld.com%2Fbook%2Fhistoryofjainism%2Fch9a.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nilakantha1976-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nilakantha1976_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._A._Nilakanta_Sastri1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">K. A. Nilakanta Sastri</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjxuAAAAMAAJ"><i>A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-560686-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-560686-7"><bdi>978-0-19-560686-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+South+India+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+fall+of+Vijayanagar&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-19-560686-7&rft.au=K.+A.+Nilakanta+Sastri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFjxuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999493-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999493_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlasenapp1999">Glasenapp 1999</a>, p. 493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999494-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999494_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999494_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999494_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1999494_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlasenapp1999">Glasenapp 1999</a>, p. 494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabb19963–4-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabb19963–4_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBabb1996">Babb 1996</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting2006183_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelting2006">Kelting 2006</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelting200922-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting200922_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelting2009">Kelting 2009</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelting200921-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelting200921_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelting2009">Kelting 2009</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain1929154-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain1929154_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain1929">Jain 1929</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan199438-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERambachan199438_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRambachan1994">Rambachan 1994</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodsonHatcher2013" class="citation book cs1">Dodson, Michael S.; Hatcher, Brian A. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48445-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48445-2"><bdi>978-1-136-48445-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trans-Colonial+Modernities+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-136-48445-2&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.au=Hatcher%2C+Brian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZoTDAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DJainism%2Bcolonial%2Bindia%26pg%3DPT157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicker200638-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicker200638_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanicker2006">Panicker 2006</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicker200638-39-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicker200638-39_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanicker2006">Panicker 2006</a>, p. 38-39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicker200639-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicker200639_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicker200639_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanicker2006">Panicker 2006</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel200092-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel200092_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel200092_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel2000">Daniel 2000</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBC-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBC_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBC_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBC_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207064923/http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=3165">"Eastern Book Company, <i>About the Book:, Hindu Response to Religious Pluralism</i> (P.S. Daniels (2000))"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=3165">the original</a> on 7 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+Book+Company%2C+About+the+Book%3A%2C+Hindu+Response+to+Religious+Pluralism+%28P.S.+Daniels+%282000%29%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easternbookcorporation.com%2Fmoreinfo.php%3Ftxt_searchstring%3D3165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabdhisuri" class="citation web cs1">Labdhisuri, Acharya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wg763/page/n10/mode/1up">"Dayananda Kutarka Timiratarani"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dayananda+Kutarka+Timiratarani&rft.aulast=Labdhisuri&rft.aufirst=Acharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwg763%2Fpage%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFREDDY2022" class="citation book cs1">REDDY, Prof Dr PEDARAPU CHENNA (24 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfNgEAAAQBAJ&q=Subhatavarman+jain+temple"><i>Nagabharana: Recent Trends in Jainism Studies</i></a>. Blue Rose Publishers. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5611-446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5611-446-3"><bdi>978-93-5611-446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nagabharana%3A+Recent+Trends+in+Jainism+Studies&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Blue+Rose+Publishers&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.isbn=978-93-5611-446-3&rft.aulast=REDDY&rft.aufirst=Prof+Dr+PEDARAPU+CHENNA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfNgEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DSubhatavarman%2Bjain%2Btemple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishraSingh1991" class="citation web cs1">Mishra, Vinay Chandra; Singh, Parmanand (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tjwaAAAAIAAJ&q=Subhatavarman+jain+temples">"Ram Janmabhoomi, Babri Masjid: Historical Documents, Legal Opinions, and Judgements"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ram+Janmabhoomi%2C+Babri+Masjid%3A+Historical+Documents%2C+Legal+Opinions%2C+and+Judgements&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Vinay+Chandra&rft.au=Singh%2C+Parmanand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtjwaAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DSubhatavarman%2Bjain%2Btemples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar1994" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mlluAAAAMAAJ"><i>Cultural Transaction and Early India: Tradition and Patronage</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563364-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563364-1"><bdi>978-0-19-563364-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Transaction+and+Early+India%3A+Tradition+and+Patronage&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563364-1&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmlluAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vensus_A._George&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vensus A. George (page does not exist)">George, Vensus A.</a> (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaRePV92YwC"><i>Paths to the Divine: Ancient and Indian</i></a>, vol. XII, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Council_for_Research_in_Values_and_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy (page does not exist)">The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-248-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-248-6"><bdi>978-1-56518-248-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+to+the+Divine%3A+Ancient+and+Indian&rft.pub=The+Council+for+Research+in+Values+and+Philosophy&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56518-248-6&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Vensus+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYaRePV92YwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringer2012" class="citation cs2">Springer (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/journal/11407/16/3/page/1"><i>International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 16, No. 3, December 2012</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies%2C+Vol.+16%2C+No.+3%2C+December+2012&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fjournal%2F11407%2F16%2F3%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2010" class="citation cs2">Nicholson, Andrew J. (2010), <i>Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History</i>, Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unifying+Hinduism%3A+Philosophy+and+Identity+in+Indian+Intellectual+History&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelting2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Whitney_Kelting" title="Mary Whitney Kelting">Kelting, M. Whitney</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-txAd-dK0tEC"><i>Heroic Wives Rituals, Stories and the Virtues of Jain Wifehood</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973679-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973679-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroic+Wives+Rituals%2C+Stories+and+the+Virtues+of+Jain+Wifehood&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973679-9&rft.aulast=Kelting&rft.aufirst=M.+Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-txAd-dK0tEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockard2007" class="citation cs2">Lockard, Craig A. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJPlCpzOY_QC&pg=PA50"><i>Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500</i></a>, Cengage Learning, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618386123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618386123"><bdi>978-0618386123</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies%2C+Networks%2C+and+Transitions.+Volume+I%3A+to+1500&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0618386123&rft.aulast=Lockard&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJPlCpzOY_QC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelting2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Whitney_Kelting" title="Mary Whitney Kelting">Kelting, Whitney</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cAoLg0R1jZIC&pg=PA181">"Thinking collectively about Jain Satis: The uses of Jain Sati name lists"</a>, in Peter Flügel (ed.), <i>Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues</i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-00853-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-00853-9"><bdi>978-0-203-00853-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thinking+collectively+about+Jain+Satis%3A+The+uses+of+Jain+Sati+name+lists&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Jaina+History+and+Culture%3A+Disputes+and+Dialogues&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-203-00853-9&rft.aulast=Kelting&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcAoLg0R1jZIC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanicker2006" class="citation cs2">Panicker, P.L. John (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4s2kBMLeXoEC"><i>Gandhi on Pluralism and Communalism</i></a>, ISPCK, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172149055" title="Special:BookSources/9788172149055"><bdi>9788172149055</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+on+Pluralism+and+Communalism&rft.pub=ISPCK&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788172149055&rft.aulast=Panicker&rft.aufirst=P.L.+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4s2kBMLeXoEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQvarnström2006" class="citation cs2">Qvarnström, Olle (2006), Peter, Flügel (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cAoLg0R1jZIC&pg=PA91">"The Jain-Mimamsa Debate on Omniscience"</a>, <i>Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues</i>: 89–106, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203008539-6">10.4324/9780203008539-6</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203008539" title="Special:BookSources/9780203008539"><bdi>9780203008539</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Jaina+History+and+Culture%3A+Disputes+and+Dialogues&rft.atitle=The+Jain-Mimamsa+Debate+on+Omniscience&rft.pages=89-106&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203008539-6&rft.isbn=9780203008539&rft.aulast=Qvarnstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Olle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcAoLg0R1jZIC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyengar2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/K._R._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar">Iyengar, Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CU92nFk5fU4C&pg=PA80"><i>Asian Variations In Ramayana</i></a>, Sahitya Akademi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1809-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1809-3"><bdi>978-81-260-1809-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Variations+In+Ramayana&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1809-3&rft.aulast=Iyengar&rft.aufirst=Kodaganallur+Ramaswami+Srinivasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCU92nFk5fU4C%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangave2001" class="citation cs2">Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001), <i>Aspects of Jaina religion</i> (3 ed.), Bharatiya Jnanpith, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-263-0626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-263-0626-8"><bdi>978-81-263-0626-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Jaina+religion&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Jnanpith&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-263-0626-8&rft.aulast=Sangave&rft.aufirst=Vilas+Adinath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort2001" class="citation cs2">Cort, John E. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC"><i>Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India: Religious Values and Ideology in India</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803037-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803037-9"><bdi>978-0-19-803037-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jains+in+the+World+%3A+Religious+Values+and+Ideology+in+India%3A+Religious+Values+and+Ideology+in+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803037-9&rft.aulast=Cort&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPZk-4HOMzsoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2001" class="citation cs2">King, Richard (2001), <i>Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"</i>, Taylor & Francis e-Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+Religion%3A+Post-Colonial+Theory%2C+India+and+%22The+Mystic+East%22&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+e-Library&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchubring2000" class="citation cs2">Schubring, Walther (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sYXKD2IAu00C"><i>The Doctrine of the Jainas: Described After the Old Sources</i></a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0933-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0933-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0933-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+the+Jainas%3A+Described+After+the+Old+Sources&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0933-8&rft.aulast=Schubring&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsYXKD2IAu00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel2000" class="citation cs2">Daniel, P.S. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207064923/http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=3165"><i>Hindu Response to Religious Pluralism</i></a>, Kant Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8186218105" title="Special:BookSources/978-8186218105"><bdi>978-8186218105</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=3165">the original</a> on 7 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Response+to+Religious+Pluralism&rft.pub=Kant+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8186218105&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=P.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easternbookcorporation.com%2Fmoreinfo.php%3Ftxt_searchstring%3D3165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini2000a" class="citation cs2">Jaini, Padmanabh S. (2000a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPggiM7y1aYC">"Jaina Purana: A counter Puranic Tradition"</a>, <i>Collected Papers on Jaina Studies</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1691-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1691-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1691-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jaina+Purana%3A+A+counter+Puranic+Tradition&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+on+Jaina+Studies&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1691-6&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPggiM7y1aYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini2000b" class="citation cs2">Jaini, Padmanabh S. (2000b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPggiM7y1aYC">"Jina Rsabha as an Avatara of Visnu"</a>, <i>Collected Papers on Jaina Studies</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1691-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1691-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1691-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jina+Rsabha+as+an+Avatara+of+Visnu&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+on+Jaina+Studies&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1691-6&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPggiM7y1aYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasenapp1999" class="citation cs2">Glasenapp, Helmuth von (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC"><i>Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation</i></a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1376-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Indian+Religion+of+Salvation&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1376-2&rft.aulast=Glasenapp&rft.aufirst=Helmuth+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzEzXDk0v6sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeynes1998" class="citation cs2">Feynes, R.C.C (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=quNpKVqABGMC&pg=PR24"><i>The Lives of the Jain Elders</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283227-6"><bdi>978-0-19-283227-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Jain+Elders&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283227-6&rft.aulast=Feynes&rft.aufirst=R.C.C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DquNpKVqABGMC%26pg%3DPR24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1998" class="citation cs2">Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C"><i>The Jaina Path of Purification</i></a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1578-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1578-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jaina+Path+of+Purification&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1578-0&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwE6v6ahxHi8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Cort1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a>, ed. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC"><i>Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3785-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3785-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-3785-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Boundaries%3A+Jain+Communities+and+Cultures+in+Indian+History&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3785-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoHfm7BgqTgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabb1996" class="citation book cs1">Babb, Lawrence A. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/absentlordasceti0000babb"><i>Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91708-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91708-8"><bdi>978-0-520-91708-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absent+Lord%3A+Ascetics+and+Kings+in+a+Jain+Ritual+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91708-8&rft.aulast=Babb&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabsentlordasceti0000babb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRambachan1994" class="citation cs2">Rambachan, Anatanand (1994), <i>The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas</i>, University of Hawaii Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Scripture%3A+Vivekananda%27s+Reinterpretation+of+the+Vedas&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Rambachan&rft.aufirst=Anatanand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalbir1994" class="citation cs2">Balbir, Nalini (1994), "Women in Jainism", in Sharma, Arvind (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPmlL55RNAQC&pg=PA121"><i>Religion and Women</i></a>, SUNY Press, p. 121, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1690-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1690-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-1690-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+in+Jainism&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Women&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1690-7&rft.aulast=Balbir&rft.aufirst=Nalini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPmlL55RNAQC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Dundas, Paul</a> (2002) [1992], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Jains</i></a> (Second ed.), <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5"><bdi>978-0-415-26605-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26605-5&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanujan1991" class="citation cs2">Ramanujan, A.K. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XkifYfljHP4C">"Three Hundred Ramayanas: Five Examples and Three Thoughts on Translation"</a>, in Paula Richman (ed.), <i>Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia</i>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07589-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07589-4"><bdi>978-0-520-07589-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Three+Hundred+Ramayanas%3A+Five+Examples+and+Three+Thoughts+on+Translation&rft.btitle=Many+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87as%3A+The+Diversity+of+a+Narrative+Tradition+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07589-4&rft.aulast=Ramanujan&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkifYfljHP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1989" class="citation cs2">Zimmer, Heinrich (1989), <i>Philosophies of India</i>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+India&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbree1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Embree" title="Ainslie Embree">Embree, Ainslie T.</a> (1988), <i>Sources of Indian Tradition. Second Edition. volume One. From the beginning to 1800</i>, Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Indian+Tradition.+Second+Edition.+volume+One.+From+the+beginning+to+1800&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Ainslie+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1953" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Zimmer, Heinrich</a> (1953), Joseph Campbell (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer"><i>Philosophies Of India</i></a>, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120807396" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120807396"><bdi>978-8120807396</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+Of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-8120807396&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPhilosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain1929" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Jain, Champat Rai</a> (1929), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RisabhaDeva-TheFounderOfJainism"><i>Risabha Deva - The Founder of Jainism</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>: The Indian Press Limited, <q>Not in Copyright</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Risabha+Deva+-+The+Founder+of+Jainism&rft.place=Allahabad&rft.pub=The+Indian+Press+Limited&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Champat+Rai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FRisabhaDeva-TheFounderOfJainism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F5DEB3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Template:Jainism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism_topics" title="Template talk:Jainism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px_Jainism_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:In-jain-o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/20px-In-jain-o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/30px-In-jain-o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/40px-In-jain-o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="217" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_epistemology" title="Jain epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jñāna</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jaina logic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekāntavāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddhashila" title="Siddhashila">Siddhashila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">Heavenly beings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Karma_(Jainism)" title="Types of Karma (Jainism)">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_karma_in_Jainism" title="Causes of karma in Jainism">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">Ajiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudgala" title="Pudgala">Pudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Asrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mokṣa</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Jainism" title="Death in Jainism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_(Jainism)" title="Kashaya (Jainism)">Kashaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangha">Mula Sangha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangha" title="Kashtha Sangha">Kashtha Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_Panth" title="Taran Panth">Taran Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispanthi">Bispanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_Terapanth" title="Digambara Terapanth">Terapanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapaniya">Yapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji Panth">Kanji Panth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murtipujaka" title="Murtipujaka">Murtipujaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">Gaccha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharatara_Gaccha" title="Kharatara Gaccha">Kharatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristutik_Gaccha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristutik Gaccha">Tristutik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB" title="Sthānakavāsī">Sthānakavāsī</a></li> <li>Terapanth</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshamavani" title="Kshamavani">Kshamavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadhan" title="Upadhan">Upadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Scriptures">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Shatkhandagama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a></li> <li>Mantra <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptamimamsa" title="Aptamimamsa">Aptamimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhachakra" title="Siddhachakra">Siddhachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_dreams_in_Jainism" title="Auspicious dreams in Jainism">Auspicious dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Ascetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">Aryika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshullak" title="Kshullak">Kshullak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Balbir" title="Nalini Balbir">Nalini Balbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Caillat" title="Colette Caillat">Colette Caillat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandabai" title="Chandabai">Chandabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Hermann Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampan%C4%81" title="Hampanā">Hampa Nagarajaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Patil" title="Bal Patil">Bal Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinendra_Varni" title="Jinendra Varni">Jinendra Varni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">Śrāvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarak" title="Sarak">Sarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil</a></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambar_Jain_Mahasabha" title="Digambar Jain Mahasabha">Digambar Jain Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Jain_Sangathan" title="Vishwa Jain Sangathan">Vishwa Jain Sangathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAINA" title="JAINA">JAINA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Bundelkhand" title="Jainism in Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Delhi" title="Jainism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Goa" title="Jainism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Haryana" title="Jainism in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Jainism in North Karnataka">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Rajasthan" title="Jainism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Jainism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jainism in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Australia" title="Jainism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium" title="Jainism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Europe" title="Jainism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jainism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Singapore" title="Jainism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Jainism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Non-creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Dynasties and empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santara_dynasty" title="Santara dynasty">Santara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi" title="Pañca-Parameṣṭhi">Pañca-Parameṣṭhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratima_(Jainism)" title="Pratima (Jainism)">Pratima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Śalākāpuruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ahimsa" title="Statue of Ahimsa">Statue of Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigoda" title="Nigoda">Nigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_terms_and_concepts" title="Jain terms and concepts">Jain terms and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differences_in_Jainism" title="Sexual differences in Jainism">Sexual differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">List of Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_temples" title="List of Jain temples">List of Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_monks" title="List of Jain monks">List of Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Digambar_Jain_ascetics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Digambar Jain ascetics">List of Digambar Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics List (index)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Navboxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gods" title="Template:Jain Gods">Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Agamas" 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