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<li id="toc-Late_1920s_to_mid-1930s:_Beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1920s_to_mid-1930s:_Beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Late 1920s to mid-1930s: Beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1920s_to_mid-1930s:_Beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1930s_to_mid-1940s:_Height_of_popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1930s_to_mid-1940s:_Height_of_popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Late 1930s to mid-1940s: Height of popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1930s_to_mid-1940s:_Height_of_popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Post-war decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin of the name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Western swing" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Swing" title="Western Swing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Western Swing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Western swing" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudokcidenta_svingo" title="Sudokcidenta svingo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sudokcidenta svingo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Western swing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Western swing" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Western swing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Western swing" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Western swing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Western swing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Western swing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Western swing" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subgenre of American country music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the <a href="/wiki/Musical_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical genre">musical subgenre</a>. For the dance, see <a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Swing" title="West Coast Swing">West Coast Swing</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Western swing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">old-time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/String_band" title="String band">string bands</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">1920s–1930s, <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neotraditional_country" title="Neotraditional country">Neotraditional country</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Texas swing</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Western swing</b> is a subgenre of American <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> that originated in the late 1920s in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> among the region's <a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/String_band" title="String band">string bands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is dance music, often with an up-tempo beat,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which attracted huge crowds to dance halls and clubs in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> during the 1930s and 1940s until a federal war-time nightclub tax in 1944 contributed to the genre's decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement was an outgrowth of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music is an amalgamation of <a href="/wiki/American_roots_music" class="mw-redirect" title="American roots music">rural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">cowboy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">old-time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dixieland_jazz" title="Dixieland jazz">Dixieland jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> blended with <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and played by a <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">hot</a> string band often augmented with drums, saxophones, pianos and, notably, the <a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel guitar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electrically amplified stringed instruments, especially the steel guitar, give the music a distinctive sound.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated71_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated71-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later incarnations have also included overtones of <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a>. </p><p>Western swing differs in several ways from the music played by the nationally popular horn-driven <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big swing bands</a> of the same era. In Western bands, even fully orchestrated bands, vocals, and other instruments followed the fiddle's lead, though like popular horn-led bands that arranged and scored their music, most Western bands improvised freely, either by soloists or collectively.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to country singer <a href="/wiki/Merle_Travis" title="Merle Travis">Merle Travis</a>, "Western swing is nothing more than a group of talented country boys, unschooled in music, but playing the music they feel, beating a solid two-four rhythm to the harmonies that buzz around their brains. When it escapes in all its musical glory, my friend, you have Western swing."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_swing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1920s_to_mid-1930s:_Beginnings">Late 1920s to mid-1930s: Beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_swing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Late 1920s to mid-1930s: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Light_Crust_Doughboys_in_Oh,_Susanna!.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Light_Crust_Doughboys_in_Oh%2C_Susanna%21.png/220px-The_Light_Crust_Doughboys_in_Oh%2C_Susanna%21.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Light_Crust_Doughboys_in_Oh%2C_Susanna%21.png/330px-The_Light_Crust_Doughboys_in_Oh%2C_Susanna%21.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Light_Crust_Doughboys_in_Oh%2C_Susanna%21.png/440px-The_Light_Crust_Doughboys_in_Oh%2C_Susanna%21.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Light Crust Doughboys in <i><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Susanna!_(1936_film)" title="Oh, Susanna! (1936 film)">Oh, Susanna!</a></i>, a 1936 film starring Gene Autry</figcaption></figure> <p>Western swing began in the dance halls of small towns throughout the lower <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> in the late 1920s and early 1930s,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> growing from house parties and ranch dances where fiddlers and guitarists played for dancers. During its early development, scores of groups from <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shreveport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shreveport">Shreveport</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a> played different songs with the same basic sound.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Hunt" title="Prince Albert Hunt">Prince Albert Hunt</a>'s Texas Ramblers out of <a href="/wiki/Terrell,_Texas" title="Terrell, Texas">Terrell</a> in East Texas, and <a href="/wiki/The_East_Texas_Serenaders" title="The East Texas Serenaders">the East Texas Serenaders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lindale,_Texas" title="Lindale, Texas">Lindale, Texas</a> both added jazz elements to traditional music in the later half of the 1920s through the early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fred "Papa" Calhoun played in a band in <a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Texas" title="Decatur, Texas">Decatur, Texas</a> that played swing music in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Five" title="Louisiana Five">Louisiana Five</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1930s, Bob Wills and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Brown" title="Milton Brown">Milton Brown</a> co-founded the string band that became the <a href="/wiki/Light_Crust_Doughboys" title="Light Crust Doughboys">Light Crust Doughboys</a>, the first professional western swing band. The group, with Fred "Papa" Calhoun on piano, played dance halls and was heard on radio. Photographs of the Light Crust Doughboys taken as early as 1931 show two guitars along with fiddle player Wills, although by 1933 they had three guitarists.<sup id="cite_ref-Bob_Wills_1976._pages_74-75_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bob_Wills_1976._pages_74-75-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 9, 1932, Brown, his brother Derwood, Bob Wills, and C.G. "Sleepy" Johnson were recorded by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Records">Victor Records</a> at the Jefferson Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a> under the name The Fort Worth Doughboys. Derwood Brown played guitar and Johnson played tenor guitar. Both "Sunbonnet Sue" and "Nancy Jane" were recorded that day. The group was credited as "Milton Brown and His Musical Brownies".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Brown left the Doughboys later in 1932, he took his brother to play rhythm guitar in what became The Musical Brownies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1933, fiddler <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Brower" title="Cecil Brower">Cecil Brower</a>, playing harmony, joined Jesse Ashlock to create the first example of harmonizing twin fiddles in a western swing recording.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brower, a classically trained violinist, was the first to master <a href="/wiki/Joe_Venuti" title="Joe Venuti">Joe Venuti</a>'s <i>double shuffle</i> and his improvisational style was a major contribution to the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-Bob_Wills_1976._pages_74-75_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bob_Wills_1976._pages_74-75-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1933, Wills organized the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Playboys" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Playboys">Texas Playboys</a> in <a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco, Texas</a>. Recording rosters show that beginning in September 1935, Wills utilized two fiddles, two guitars, and <a href="/wiki/Leon_McAuliffe" title="Leon McAuliffe">Leon McAuliffe</a> playing steel guitar, banjo, drums and other instruments during recording sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amplified stringed instruments, especially the <a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel guitar</a>, gave the music its distinctive sound.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated71_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated71-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1934 or 1935 <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dunn_(musician)" title="Bob Dunn (musician)">Bob Dunn</a> electrified a Martin O-series acoustic guitar while playing with Milton Brown's Brownies, an idea he may have picked up from a Black guitarist he met while working at <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a> in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1930s, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a> was a hub for Western swing, particularly at the Crystal Springs Dance Pavilion, a country music dance venue that was popular until the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bands like Brown and His Musical Brownies played there, interspersing waltzes and ballads with faster songs.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A documented instance of a Western swing group adopting the newer, by then mainstream <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> meter swing jazz style, replacing the <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> style, was when producer Art Satherley required it at a September 1936 Light Crust Doughboy recording session.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1938 session rosters for Wills recordings show both lead guitar and electric guitar in addition to guitar and steel guitar.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "front line" of Wills' orchestra consisted of either fiddles or guitars after 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wills recalled the early days of Western swing music in a 1949 interview. Speaking of Milton Brown and himself—working with popular songs done by <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Davis" title="Jimmie Davis">Jimmie Davis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Skillet_Lickers" title="Skillet Lickers">Skillet Lickers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a>, songs he had learned from his father and others—Wills said, "We'd...pull these tunes down an set 'em in a dance category. ...They wouldn't be a runaway...and just lay a real beat behind it an' the people would began to really like it. ...It was nobody intended to start anything in the world. We was just tryin' to find enough tunes to keep 'em dancin' to not have to repeat so much."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1930s_to_mid-1940s:_Height_of_popularity">Late 1930s to mid-1940s: Height of popularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_swing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Late 1930s to mid-1940s: Height of popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Wills_photograph_-_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bob_Wills_photograph_-_Cropped.jpg/200px-Bob_Wills_photograph_-_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bob_Wills_photograph_-_Cropped.jpg/300px-Bob_Wills_photograph_-_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bob_Wills_photograph_-_Cropped.jpg/400px-Bob_Wills_photograph_-_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Bob Wills</figcaption></figure> <p>Western swing was extremely popular throughout the West in the years before World War II and blossomed on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-nfo.net_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nfo.net-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio broadcasts transmitted live shows to radio stations across the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>, reaching millions of listeners.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 1940s, the Light Crust Doughboys' shows were featured on 170 radio stations in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1934 to 1943, Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys played nightly at <a href="/wiki/Cain%27s_Ballroom" title="Cain's Ballroom">Cain's Ballroom</a> in Tulsa. 50,000-watt radio station <a href="/wiki/KTSB_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="KTSB (AM)">KVOO</a> broadcast daily programs. Regular shows continued until 1958 with <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Lee_Wills" title="Johnnie Lee Wills">Johnnie Lee Wills</a> as the bandleader.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phillips developed a circuit of dance halls and bands to play for them. Among these halls in 1942 were the Los Angeles County Barn Dance at the <a href="/wiki/Venice,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice, California">Venice</a> Pier Ballroom, the <a href="/wiki/Town_Hall_Party" title="Town Hall Party">Town Hall Ballroom</a> in Compton, the Plantation in Culver City, the Baldwin Park Ballroom, and the Riverside Rancho. These Western dances were a huge success.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One group which played at the Venice Pier Ballroom was led by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wakely" title="Jimmy Wakely">Jimmy Wakely</a> with Spade Cooley, his successor as bandleader, on fiddle. Several thousand dancers would turn out on Saturday nights.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Bob Wills played the Los Angeles Country Barn Dance at the Venice Pier for three nights shortly before he broke up his band to join the U.S. Army during World War II, the attendance was above 15,000. Fearing the dance floor would collapse, police stopped ticket sales at 11 p.m. The line outside at that time was ten deep and stretched into Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another source states Wills attracted 8,600 fans.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, Hank Penny and Armand Gautier opened the Palomino in North Hollywood, which became a major venue for country fans in Hollywood. "Western jazz" brought it its initial popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western swing bandleader <a href="/wiki/Hank_Thompson_(musician)" title="Hank Thompson (musician)">Hank Thompson</a>, who was stationed in <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles" title="San Pedro, Los Angeles">San Pedro</a> during World War II, said it was not uncommon to see "ten thousand people at the pier" at Redondo Beach.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fred "Poppa" Calhoun, piano player for Milton Brown, vividly remembered how people in Texas and Oklahoma danced when Bob Wills played. "They were pretty simple couples dances, two steps and the Lindy Hop with a few Western twirls added for good measure. By 1937 the jitterbug hit big in the West and allowed much greater freedom of movement. But the jitterbug was different in the West. It wasn't all out boogie woogie; it was 'swingier'—more smooth and subdued."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_decline">Post-war decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_swing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-war decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1944, with the United States' continuing involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a 30% <a href="/wiki/Excise_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Excise tax in the United States">federal excise tax</a> was levied against night clubs that featured dancing. Although the tax was later reduced to 20%, "No Dancing Allowed" signs went up all over the country. It has been argued that this tax had a significant role in the decline of public dancing as a recreational activity in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys remained popular after the war, and could not provide enough new recordings to fill demand. In 1947 Columbia reissued 70 of their older recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1953 <i>Billboard</i> reported <a href="/wiki/Spade_Cooley" title="Spade Cooley">Spade Cooley</a> played to 192,000 payees over 52 Saturday night dates at the Santa Monica Ballroom, grossing $220,000.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, Decca Records, in what <i>Billboard</i> called "an ambitious project", issued seven albums of "country dance music" featuring "swingy arrangements of your customers 'c&w' dance favorites". Milton Brown and His Brownies, Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys, Spade Cooley and His Buckle-Busters, Adolph Hofner and His San Antonians, Tex Williams and His String Band, <a href="/wiki/Grady_Martin" title="Grady Martin">Grady Martin</a> and His Winging Strings, and Billy Gray and His Western Okies all had their own albums.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November, <i>Billboard</i> reported Decca was rushing out three more albums in the series, albeit with less of a Western swing flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_name">Origin of the name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_swing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origin of the name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genre now called Western swing originated from the dance music of the 1920s–1930s, but lacked a coherent label until after the Second World War. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing music</a></i>, referring to <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> dance music, did not come into use until the 1932 Duke Ellington hit "<a href="/wiki/It_Don%27t_Mean_a_Thing_(If_It_Ain%27t_Got_That_Swing)" title="It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)">It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recording companies came up with several names before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> trying to market the strain that would eventually be known as "Western" swing—<a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">hillbilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">old-time music</a>, novelty hot dance, hot string band, and even Texas swing for music coming out of Texas and Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the big Western dance bandleaders simply referred to themselves as Western bands and their music as Western dance music, many adamantly refusing the hillbilly label.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a> and others believed the term Western swing was first used for his music while he and his band were still in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a> between 1939 and 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Los Angeles-area <i>Wilmington Press</i> carried ads for an unidentified "Western Swing Orchestra" at a local nightspot in April 1942. That winter, influential LA-area jazz and swing disc jockey Al Jarvis held a radio contest for top popular band leaders. The winner would be named "the King of Swing". When <a href="/wiki/Spade_Cooley" title="Spade Cooley">Spade Cooley</a> unexpectedly received the most votes, besting favorites <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_James" title="Harry James">Harry James</a>, Jarvis declared Cooley to be the King of <i>Western</i> Swing.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1942, Cooley's promoter, <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockey</a> <a href="/wiki/Burt_Phillips" title="Burt Phillips">"Foreman" Phillips</a>, began using "Western swing" to advertise his client.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1944, the term had become solidified. On May 6, 1944, <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)"><i>Billboard</i></a> magazine contained the following: "Spade Cooley, who moved in with his Western swing boys several months ago, has released the Breakfast Club."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 10, 1944, the same magazine wrote: "...what with the trend to Western music in this section, Cooley's Western swing band is a natural."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more widely-known "first use" was an October 1944 <i>Billboard</i> item mentioning a forthcoming songbook by Cooley titled <i><a href="/wiki/Spade_Cooley%27s_Western_Swing_Song_Folio" title="Spade Cooley's Western Swing Song Folio">Western Swing</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, the style became known as Western swing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_swing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western swing influenced honky-tonk, rockabilly, and country rock music,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> popularizing electrically amplified instruments in country music, along with drums reinforcing a strong backbeat, expanded instrumentation, a heavy backbeat superimposed over a polka or waltz beat, and jazz/blues solo styles.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas Legislature</a> adopted a resolution designating western swing as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols" title="List of Texas state symbols">official "State Music of Texas"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_swing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing_fiddle" title="Western swing fiddle">Western swing fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swing_musicians" title="List of swing musicians">List of swing musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Western_swing_musical_groups" title="Category:Western swing musical groups">Category:Western swing musical groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Western_swing_performers" title="Category:Western swing performers">Category:Western swing performers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_swing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brink, <i>Western Swing</i>, p. 550</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Logsdon, "Folk Songs", p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend, <i>San Antonio Rose</i>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malone, <i>Stars of Country Music</i>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray2000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murray2000_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Stomping the Blues</i>. Albert Murray. Da Capo Press. 2000. page 109, 110. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02211-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02211-1">978-0-252-02211-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06508-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06508-5">0-252-06508-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd, <i>Jazz of the Southwest</i>, p. ix-x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend, <i>San Antonio Rose</i>, p. 63: "Without exception, every former member of Wills's band interviewed for this study concluded, as Wills himself did, that what they were playing was always closer in music, lyrics, and style to jazz and swing that any other genre."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, "Jazz Guitar and Western Swing", p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, "Jazz Guitar and Western Swing", p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coffey, <i>Merl Lindsay and His Oklahoma Nite Riders</i>, pp. 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated71-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated71_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated71_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolff, <i>Country Music</i>, "Big Balls in Cowtown: Western Swing From Fort Worth to Fresno", p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd, "Western Swing", p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jemfquarterlyser1980john">"Merle Travis on 'Western Swing'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>JEMF Quarterly</i>. <b>16</b> (57): <span class="nowrap">215–</span>216. Spring 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JEMF+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Merle+Travis+on+%27Western+Swing%27&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=57&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjemfquarterlyser1980john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kienzle, <i>Southwest Shuffle</i>, Preface, pp. vii-xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carney, "Country Music", p. 535</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Workin' Man Blues - Country Music in California</i>. Gerald W. Haslan. University of California Press. 1999. page 72, 73. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21800-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21800-0">978-0-520-21800-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd, Jean Ann. <i>Jazz of the Southwest: An Oral History of Western Swing</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998. page 13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70859-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70859-4">978-0-292-70859-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Milton Brown and the Founding of Western Swing</i>. Cary Ginell. 1994. University of Illinois Press. page 81. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02041-4">978-0-252-02041-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bob_Wills_1976._pages_74-75-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bob_Wills_1976._pages_74-75_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bob_Wills_1976._pages_74-75_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>San Antonio Rose - The Life and Music of Bob Wills</i>. Charles R. Townsend. 1976. University of Illinois. between pages 74-75. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00470-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00470-4">978-0-252-00470-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend, between pp. 73 and 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaffle2000" class="citation cs2">Saffle, Michael (2000), <i>Perspectives on American Music, 1900-1950</i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2145-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2145-3"><bdi>978-0-8153-2145-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+American+Music%2C+1900-1950&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-2145-3&rft.aulast=Saffle&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend, pp. 339 and 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Workin' Man Blues - Country Music in California</i>. Gerald W. Haslan. University of California Press. 1999. page 74. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21800-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21800-0">978-0-520-21800-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Milton Brown and the Founding of Western Swing</i>. Cary Ginell. 1994. University of Illinois Press. page 109. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02041-4">978-0-252-02041-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.2010" class="citation web cs1">H., WILSON, CHRISTINA (June 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/xdc01">"CRYSTAL SPRING DANCE PAVILION"</a>. <i>Tshaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tshaonline.org&rft.atitle=CRYSTAL+SPRING+DANCE+PAVILION&rft.date=2010-06-12&rft.aulast=H.&rft.aufirst=WILSON%2C+CHRISTINA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fxdc01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Milton Brown and the Founding of Western Swing</i>. Cary Ginell. 1994. University of Illinois Press. page 131. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02041-4">978-0-252-02041-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Milton Brown and the Founding of Western Swing</i>. Cary Ginell. 1994. University of Illinois Press. page 134. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02041-4">978-0-252-02041-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>We're the Light Crust Doughboys from Burrus Mill: an oral history</i>. Jean Ann Boyd. University of Texas Press. 2003. page 54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70925-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-70925-0">0-292-70925-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend, pp. 342 and 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend, p.237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wills, Bob, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honkytonks.org/showpages/lonestar.htm">part 9</a> of <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honkytonks.org/">Honky Tonks, Hymns and the Blues</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. Series published 2003, archival interview from 1949.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nfo.net-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nfo.net_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nfo.net/usa/weswing.html">title=nfo.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040402131341/http://nfo.net/usa/weswing.html">Archived</a> April 2, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carolinacotton.org/Frame-3-musicpage3.html?refresh=1183331131607">"CAROLINA COTTON.ORG"</a>. <i>Carolinacotton.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carolinacotton.org&rft.atitle=CAROLINA+COTTON.ORG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carolinacotton.org%2FFrame-3-musicpage3.html%3Frefresh%3D1183331131607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockabillyhall.com/Doughboys1.html">"Light Crust Dough Boys"</a>. <i>Rockabillyhall.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rockabillyhall.com&rft.atitle=Light+Crust+Dough+Boys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockabillyhall.com%2FDoughboys1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindblad2019" class="citation book cs1">Lindblad, Elven (September 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6p35DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22bob+wills%22+cain%27s+ballroom&pg=PA197"><i>Tulsa Sounds: Celebrating the City's Musical Heritage</i></a>. Elven Lindblad.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tulsa+Sounds%3A+Celebrating+the+City%27s+Musical+Heritage&rft.pub=Elven+Lindblad&rft.date=2019-09-01&rft.aulast=Lindblad&rft.aufirst=Elven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6p35DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522bob%2Bwills%2522%2Bcain%2527s%2Bballroom%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiordano2010" class="citation book cs1">Giordano, Ralph G. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k7EGYPuWoRoC&dq=%22bob+wills%22+cain%27s+ballroom&pg=PA18"><i>Country & Western Dance</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36554-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36554-6"><bdi>978-0-313-36554-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+%26+Western+Dance&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36554-6&rft.aulast=Giordano&rft.aufirst=Ralph+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk7EGYPuWoRoC%26dq%3D%2522bob%2Bwills%2522%2Bcain%2527s%2Bballroom%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Workin' Man Blues - Country Music in California</i>. Gerald W. Haslan. University of California Press. 1999. page 87. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21800-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21800-0">0-520-21800-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Workin' Man Blues - Country Music in California</i>. Gerald W. Haslan. University of California Press. 1999. pages 111,112. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21800-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21800-0">0-520-21800-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>L.A. Despair: A Landscape of Crimes & Bad Times</i>. John Gilmore. 2005. Amok Books. Page 313. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878923-16-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878923-16-5">978-1-878923-16-5</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878923-16-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878923-16-5">978-1-878923-16-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The King of Western Swing - Bob Wills Remembered</i>. Rosetta Wills. 1998. Billboard Books. page 119. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7744-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7744-1">978-0-8230-7744-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Country Music, U.S.A.: Second Revised Edition</i>. By Bill C. Malone. University of Texas Press. 2002. page 186. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75262-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75262-7">978-0-292-75262-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75262-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75262-7">978-0-292-75262-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Workin' Man Blues - Country Music in California</i>. Gerald W. Haslan. University of California Press. 1999. page 111. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21800-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21800-0">0-520-21800-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock 'n' Roll. By Nick Tosches</i>. Da Capo Press. 1996. page 159. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80713-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80713-8">978-0-306-80713-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80713-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80713-8">978-0-306-80713-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Complete Book of Country Swing & Western Dancing and a Bit about Cowboys</i> Peter Livingston, Boulder Books 1981 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-17601-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-17601-9">978-0-385-17601-9</a> page 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelten2013" class="citation news cs1">Felten, Eric (March 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323628804578348050712410108.html">"How the Taxman Cleared the Dance Floor"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=How+the+Taxman+Cleared+the+Dance+Floor&rft.date=2013-03-17&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Felten&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424127887323628804578348050712410108.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCOPELAND1945" class="citation journal cs1">COPELAND, JOHN (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23404801">"Some Effects of the Changes in the Federal Cabaret Tax in 1944"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Taxation Under the Auspices of the National Tax Association</i>. <b>38</b>: <span class="nowrap">321–</span>339. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2329-9045">2329-9045</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23404801">23404801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Annual+Conference+on+Taxation+Under+the+Auspices+of+the+National+Tax+Association&rft.atitle=Some+Effects+of+the+Changes+in+the+Federal+Cabaret+Tax+in+1944&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23404801%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2329-9045&rft.aulast=COPELAND&rft.aufirst=JOHN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23404801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2010" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Constance Valis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tapdancingameric0000hill"><i>Tap dancing America : a cultural history</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York, N.Y. : Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539082-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539082-7"><bdi>978-0-19-539082-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tap+dancing+America+%3A+a+cultural+history&rft.pub=New+York%2C+N.Y.+%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539082-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Constance+Valis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftapdancingameric0000hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend, Charles. <i>San Antonio Rose: The Life and Music of Bob Wills</i>. University of Illinois Press, 1986. pages 240, 241. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01362-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01362-1">978-0-252-01362-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Billboard</i>, January 30, 1954, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Billboard</i>, October 15, 1955, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Billboard</i>, November 5, 1955, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marble, <i>Freedom On My Mind</i>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lang, <i>Smile When You Call Me a Hillbilly</i>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lang, p.63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend, Charles R. <i>San Antonio Rose - The Life and Music of Bob Wills</i> (University of Illinois, 1976), p. 203. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00470-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00470-4">978-0-252-00470-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Proud to Be an Okie: Cultural Politics, Country Music, and Migration to Southern California</i>. Peter La Chapelle. 2007. University of California Press. pages 81, 262. citing an article in <i>National Hillbilly News</i>, 1946. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520248892" title="Special:BookSources/9780520248892">9780520248892</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092531/http://www.pencilstubs.org/default.asp?cmd=pg&NID=1747">"A Lot More Western Swing - October 2004"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pencilstubs.org/default.asp?cmd%3Dpg%26NID%3D1747">the original</a> on September 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Lot+More+Western+Swing+-+October+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pencilstubs.org%2Fdefault.asp%3Fcmd%253Dpg%2526NID%253D1747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231055341/http://www.seattlewesternswingmusicsociety.com/roots.htm">"Roots of Western Swing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlewesternswingmusicsociety.com/roots.htm">the original</a> on December 31, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Western+Swing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlewesternswingmusicsociety.com%2Froots.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Logsdon, "The Cowboy's Bawdy Music," p.137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Komorowski, <i>Spade Cooley</i>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UwwEAAAAMBAJ">"Ace Hudkins Booked Into Breakfast Club"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. May 6, 1944. p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2023</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Ace+Hudkins+Booked+Into+Breakfast+Club&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1944-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUwwEAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgwEAAAAMBAJ">"Spade Cooley"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. June 10, 1944. p. 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2023</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Spade+Cooley&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1944-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgwEAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lang,<!given name?--> <i>Smile When You Call Me a Hillbilly</i>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On. Michael Campbell. page 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On. Michael Campbell. page 176, 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527202744/http://www.pegasusnews.com/news/2011/may/24/texas-legislates-state-music-western-swing/">"Texas legislates an official state music: western swing | www.pegasusnews.com | Dallas/Fort Worth"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pegasusnews.com/news/2011/may/24/texas-legislates-state-music-western-swing/">the original</a> on May 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+legislates+an+official+state+music%3A+western+swing+%26%23124%3B+www.pegasusnews.com+%26%23124%3B+Dallas%2FFort+Worth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pegasusnews.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2Fmay%2F24%2Ftexas-legislates-state-music-western-swing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/html/SC00035F.htm">"82(R) SCR 35 - Enrolled version - Bill Text"</a>. <i>Legis.state.tx.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legis.state.tx.us&rft.atitle=82%28R%29+SCR+35+-+Enrolled+version+-+Bill+Text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legis.state.tx.us%2Ftlodocs%2F82R%2Fbilltext%2Fhtml%2FSC00035F.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_swing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boyd, Jean Ann. <i>Jazz of the Southwest: An Oral History of Western Swing</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70859-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70859-4">978-0-292-70859-4</a></li> <li>Boyd, Jean A. "Western Swing: Working-Class Southwestern Jazz of the 1930s and 1940s". <i>Perspectives on American Music, 1900-1950</i> (ch. 7, pp. 193–214), edited by Michael Saffle. Routledge, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2145-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2145-3">978-0-8153-2145-3</a></li> <li>Brink, Pamela H. "Western Swing". <i>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Wishart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Wishart (page does not exist)">David J. Wishart</a> (ed.), p. 550. University of Nebraska Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4787-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4787-1">978-0-8032-4787-1</a></li> <li>Carney, George O. "Country Music". <i>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains</i>, David J. Wishart (ed.), pp. 535–537. University of Nebraska Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4787-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4787-1">978-0-8032-4787-1</a></li> <li>Coffey, Kevin. <i>Merl Lindsay and his Oklahoma Nite Riders; 1946-1952</i>. (Krazy Kat KKCD 33, 2004) booklet.</li> <li>Ginell, Cary. <i>Milton Brown and the Founding of Western Swing</i>. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02041-4">978-0-252-02041-4</a></li> <li>Ginell, Cary; Kevin Coffey. <i>Discography of Western Swing and Hot String Bands, 1928-1942</i>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31116-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31116-1">978-0-313-31116-1</a></li> <li>Kienzle, Rich. <i>Southwest Shuffle: Pioneers of Honky Tonk, Western Swing, and Country Jazz</i>. New York: Routledge, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94102-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94102-0">978-0-415-94102-0</a></li> <li>Komorowski, Adam. <i>Spade Cooley: Swingin' The Devil's Dream</i>. (Proper PVCD 127, 2003) booklet.</li> <li>Lange, Jeffrey J.<i>Smile When You Call Me a Hillbilly: Country Music's Struggle for Respectability, 1939-1954</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2623-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2623-8">978-0-8203-2623-8</a></li> <li>Logsdon, Guy. "The Cowboy's Bawdy Music". <i>The Cowboy: Six-Shooters, Songs, and Sex</i> (pp. 127–138) edited by Charles W. Harris and Buck Rainey. University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1341-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1341-8">978-0-8061-1341-8</a></li> <li>Logsdon, Guy. "Folk Songs". <i>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains</i>, David J. Wishart (ed.), pp. 298–299. University of Nebraska Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4787-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4787-1">978-0-8032-4787-1</a></li> <li>Malone, Bill C.; <a href="/wiki/Judith_McCulloh" title="Judith McCulloh">Judith McCulloh</a> (eds.) <i>Stars of Country Music: Uncle Dave Macon to Johnny Rodriguez</i>. University of Illinois Press, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00527-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00527-5">978-0-252-00527-5</a></li> <li>Marble, Manning; John McMillian; Nishani Frazier (eds.). <i>Freedom on My Mind: The Columbia Documentary History of the African American Experience</i>. Columbia University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10890-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10890-4">978-0-231-10890-4</a></li> <li>Price, Michael H. "Jazz Guitar and Western Swing". pp. 81–88 <i>The Guitar in Jazz: An Anthology</i>, James Sallis (ed.). University of Nebraska Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4250-0">978-0-8032-4250-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaffle2000" class="citation cs2">Saffle, Michael (2000), <i>Perspectives on American Music, 1900-1950</i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2145-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2145-3"><bdi>978-0-8153-2145-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+American+Music%2C+1900-1950&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-2145-3&rft.aulast=Saffle&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+swing" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Townsend, Charles. <i>San Antonio Rose: The Life and Music of Bob wills</i>. University of Illinois Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01362-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01362-1">978-0-252-01362-1</a></li> <li>Wetlock, E. Clyde; Richard Drake Saunders (eds.). <i>Music and dance in Texas, Oklahoma, and the Southwest.</i> Hollywood, CA: Bureau of Musical Research, 1950.</li> <li>Wills, Bob. 1949 interview from <i>Honky Tonks, Hymns and the Blues</i>. Part 2: "Raising the Roof",<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first broadcast by NPR July–September 2003. Written by Kathie Farnell, Margaret Moos Pick, Steve Rathe.</li> <li>Wolff, Kurt; Orla Duane. <i>Country Music: The Rough Guide</i>. Rough Guides, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-534-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-534-4">978-1-85828-534-4</a></li> <li>Zolten, Jerry. <i>Western Swingtime Music: A Cool Breeze in the American Desert</i>. Sing Out! The Folk Song Magazine. Volume 23/Number 2, 1974.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_swing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/xgm01">Milton Brown biography at TSHA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pencilstubs.com/magazine/MagPage.asp?NID=319">"A Short History of Western Swing"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swinginwest.com/history/swingin-west-radio-history/">"Swingin West Radio Show History"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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title="Christian country music">Christian country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music#Latin_America" title="Country music">Country en Español</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_and_Irish" title="Country and Irish">Country and Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_pop" title="Country pop">Country pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bro-country" title="Bro-country">Bro-country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_pop" title="Cowboy pop">Cowboy pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rap" title="Country rap">Country rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_country" title="Alternative country">Alternative country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_music" title="Americana music">Americana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">Cowpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_country" title="Gothic country">Gothic country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothabilly" title="Gothabilly">Gothabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">Psychobilly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">Heartland rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Honky-tonk music">Honky-tonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotraditional_country" title="Neotraditional country">Neotraditional country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">Norteño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_country" title="Progressive country">Progressive country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertanejo_music" title="Sertanejo music">Sertanejo music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">Southern soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_blues" title="Talking blues">Talking blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Traditional country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck-driving_country" title="Truck-driving country">Truck-driving country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dirt_music" title="Red dirt music">Red dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western swing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_music_in_Atlanta" title="Country music in Atlanta">Atlantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_country_music" title="Australian country music">Australian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_band" title="Bush band">Bush band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_sound" title="Bakersfield sound">Bakersfield sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_country_music" title="Canadian country music">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_fiddle" title="Canadian fiddle">Canadian fiddle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling" title="Cape Breton fiddling">Cape Breton fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_fiddle" title="Métis fiddle">Métis fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_fiddle" title="Quebec fiddle">Quebec fiddle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Music of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland & Labrador</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas#Music" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sound" title="Nashville sound">Nashville sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music_in_Nigeria" title="Country music in Nigeria">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_country_music" class="mw-redirect" title="British country music">UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrumpy_and_Western" title="Scrumpy and Western">West Country / Scrumpy and Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_country" title="Classic country">Classic country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_radio" title="Country radio">Country radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jazz351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: Pink"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jazz" title="Template:Jazz"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jazz" title="Template talk:Jazz"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jazz" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jazz"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jazz351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_jazz" title="Outline of jazz">Outline of jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(word)" title="Jazz (word)">Jazz (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_band" title="Jazz band">Jazz band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_improvisation" title="Jazz improvisation">Jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_session" title="Jam session">Jam session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (jazz performance style)">Swing performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_bass" title="Jazz bass">Jazz bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_drumming" title="Jazz drumming">Jazz drumming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_guitar" title="Jazz guitar">Jazz guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn_in_jazz" title="French horn in jazz">French horn in jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_piano" title="Jazz piano">Jazz piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_trombone" title="Jazz trombone">Jazz trombone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_violin" title="Jazz violin">Jazz violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_jazz" title="Vocal jazz">Vocal jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Women in jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_genres" title="List of jazz genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Avant-garde jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_bop" title="Hard bop">Hard bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-bop" title="Neo-bop">Neo-bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-bop" title="Post-bop">Post-bop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_jazz" title="Chamber jazz">Chamber jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz">Cool jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_jazz" title="Folk jazz">Folk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">Gypsy jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">Jazz-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">Jazz rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Base" title="M-Base">M-Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_jazz" title="Mainstream jazz">Mainstream jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_jazz" title="Modal jazz">Modal jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_jazz" title="Nu jazz">Nu jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_jazz" title="Orchestral jazz">Orchestral jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_trio" title="Organ trio">Organ trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive jazz">Progressive jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_jazz" title="Ska jazz">Ska jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">Soul jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_jazz" title="Spiritual jazz">Spiritual jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_jazz" title="Sacred jazz">Sacred jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stride_(music)" title="Stride (music)">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_revival" title="Swing revival">Swing revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trad_jazz" title="Trad jazz">Trad jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians" title="List of jazz musicians">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_bassists" title="List of jazz bassists">Bassists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians#Clarinet" title="List of jazz musicians">Clarinetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_drummers" title="List of jazz drummers">Drummers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_guitarists" title="List of jazz guitarists">Guitarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_organists" title="List of jazz organists">Organists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_percussionists" title="List of jazz percussionists">Percussionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_pianists" title="List of jazz pianists">Pianists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_saxophonists" title="List of jazz saxophonists">Saxophonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trombonists" title="List of jazz trombonists">Trombonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trumpeters" title="List of jazz trumpeters">Trumpeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphonists" title="List of vibraphonists">Vibraphonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_violinists" title="List of jazz violinists">Violinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_vocalists" title="List of jazz vocalists">Vocalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Musicians by genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bebop_musicians" title="List of bebop musicians">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chamber_jazz_musicians" title="List of chamber jazz musicians">Chamber jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cool_jazz_and_West_Coast_jazz_musicians" title="List of cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians">Cool jazz and West Coast jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hard_bop_musicians" title="List of hard bop musicians">Hard bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_fusion_musicians" title="List of jazz fusion musicians">Jazz fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scat_singers" title="List of scat singers">Scat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smooth_jazz_musicians" title="List of smooth jazz musicians">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soul_jazz_musicians" title="List of soul jazz musicians">Soul jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swing_musicians" title="List of swing musicians">Swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards" title="List of pre-1920 jazz standards">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1920s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1920s jazz standards">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1930s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1930s jazz standards">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1940s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1940s jazz standards">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-1950_jazz_standards" title="List of post-1950 jazz standards">post-1950</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Discographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Records" title="Bethlehem Records">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Note_Records_discography" title="Blue Note Records discography">Blue Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYG_Records" title="BYG Records">BYG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone_Records" title="Cobblestone Records">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Records" title="Contemporary Records">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTI_Records" title="CTI Records">CTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECM_Records" title="ECM Records">ECM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESP-Disk" title="ESP-Disk">ESP-Disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman_Records" title="Flying Dutchman Records">Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Records" title="Freedom Records">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Merchant" title="Groove Merchant">Groove Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse!_Records_discography" title="Impulse! Records discography">Impulse!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Navigation" title="India Navigation">India Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMT_Records" title="JMT Records">JMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Records" title="Landmark Records">Landmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Records" title="Mainstream Records">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestone_Records_discography" title="Milestone Records discography">Milestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPS_Records" title="MPS Records">MPS Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPS_Records_discography" title="MPS Records discography">MPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muse_Records" title="Muse Records">Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestige_Records_discography" title="Prestige Records discography">Prestige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Records_discography" title="Riverside Records discography">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strata-East_Records" title="Strata-East Records">Strata-East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verve_Records_discography" title="Verve Records discography">Verve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_%26_Winter_Records" title="Winter & Winter Records">Winter & Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_festivals" title="List of jazz festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Beaches International Jazz Festival">Beaches (Toronto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Cape Town International Jazz Festival">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Jazz_Festival" title="Chicago Jazz Festival">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Jazz_Festival" title="Copenhagen Jazz Festival">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Detroit International Jazz Festival">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_Java_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival" title="Monterey Jazz Festival">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreal International Jazz Festival">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreux Jazz Festival">Montreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival" title="New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival" title="Newport Jazz Festival">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Jazz_Festival" title="North Sea Jazz Festival">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pori_Jazz" title="Pori Jazz">Pori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lucia Jazz Festival">Saint Lucia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_contrafacts" title="List of jazz contrafacts">Contrafacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_institutions_and_organizations" title="List of jazz institutions and organizations">Institutions and organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_poetry" title="Jazz poetry">Jazz poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_royalty" title="Jazz royalty">Jazz royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_harmony" title="Jazz harmony">Jazz theory</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Jazz_theory" title="Template:Jazz theory">See Template: Jazz theory</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_line_(parades)" title="Second line (parades)">Second line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_venues" title="List of jazz venues">Venues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethio-jazz" title="Ethio-jazz">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi#Malawian_jazz" title="Music of Malawi">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_jazz" title="South African jazz">South African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_jazz" title="Zimbabwean jazz">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_jazz" title="Armenian jazz">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_jazz" title="Azerbaijani jazz">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_mugham" title="Jazz mugham">Jazz mugham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_China" title="Jazz in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_India" title="Jazz in India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo_jazz" title="Indo jazz">Indo jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar_in_jazz" title="Sitar in jazz">Sitar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_jazz" title="Japanese jazz">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_jazz" title="Balkan jazz">Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_jazz" title="Bulgarian jazz">Bulgarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_jazz" title="Belgian jazz">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_jazz" title="British jazz">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Jazz in Czechoslovakia">Czech and Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_jazz" title="Danish jazz">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_jazz" title="Dutch jazz">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_free_jazz" title="European free jazz">European free jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_jazz" title="French jazz">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_jazz" title="German jazz">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_jazz" title="Italian jazz">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_jazz" title="Polish jazz">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_jazz" title="Russian jazz">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_jazz" title="Spanish jazz">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_jazz" title="Swedish jazz">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">North American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_jazz" title="Canadian jazz">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-jazz" title="Mini-jazz">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Cuban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="American8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Baltimore#Jazz" title="Music of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chicago#Jazz" title="Music of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Detroit#Jazz" title="Music of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_jazz" title="Kansas City jazz">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Orleans#Jazz" title="Music of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Blues_and_jazz" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington,_D.C.#Jazz" title="Music of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_jazz" title="West Coast jazz">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Oceanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_jazz" title="Australian jazz">Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">South American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jazz" title="Brazilian jazz">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethno_jazz" title="Ethno jazz">Ethno jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_jazz" title="Bibliography of jazz">Bibliography of jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-ahead_jazz" title="Straight-ahead jazz">Straight-ahead jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards" title="List of pre-1920 jazz standards">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920s_in_jazz" title="1920s in jazz">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930s_in_jazz" title="1930s in jazz">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940s_in_jazz" title="1940s in jazz">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_jazz" title="1950s in jazz">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_jazz" title="1960s in jazz">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_jazz" title="1970s in jazz">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_jazz" title="1980s in jazz">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_jazz" title="1990s in jazz">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_jazz" title="2000s in jazz">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_jazz" title="2010s in jazz">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_jazz" title="2020 in jazz">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_jazz" title="2021 in jazz">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_jazz" title="2022 in jazz">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contradanza" title="Contradanza">Contradanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">Jump blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_blues" title="New Orleans blues">New Orleans blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">Brass band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotica" title="Exotica">Exotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugg (music)">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">Quiet storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_piano" title="Novelty piano">Novelty ragtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West African music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_covers_of_Blue_Note_Records" title="Album covers of Blue Note Records">Album covers of Blue Note Records</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bird_(1988_film)" title="Bird (1988 film)">Bird</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(miniseries)" title="Jazz (miniseries)"><i>Jazz</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Round_Midnight_(film)" title="Round Midnight (film)">Round Midnight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk:_Straight,_No_Chaser" title="Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser">Straight, No Chaser</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: Pink"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxo_Boca1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/15px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/23px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/30px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="230" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jazz" title="Portal:Jazz">Jazz portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_folk_music66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americanrootsmusic" title="Template:Americanrootsmusic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americanrootsmusic" title="Template talk:Americanrootsmusic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americanrootsmusic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americanrootsmusic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_folk_music66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">Old-time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_pop" title="Swamp pop">Swamp pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">Folk revival</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dirt_music" title="Red dirt music">Red dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100906123052/http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2003/honkytonks/">"NPR : Honky Tonks, Hymns and the Blues"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. 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