The role of video evidence in Nigeria’s #EndSARS movement

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resizable=no, copyhistory=no, width=450,height=350, top='+ tops +', left='+ lefts)"> <i></i> <span class="hide-on-mobile">Read later </span> </span> </div> <div class="the-categories-div hide-on-mobile"> <span><i></i> Posted on</span> <a href="https://blog.witness.org/category/police-violence-2/" rel="category tag">Police Violence</a> </div> </div> <h1><a onclick="scrollto('.entry-content', 750, -30)" title="The role of video evidence in Nigeria’s #EndSARS movement" class="title ajaxlink">The role of video evidence in Nigeria’s #EndSARS movement</a></h1> <span class="meta"> <span class="author"> By <a class="ajaxlink" href="https://blog.witness.org/author/adebayookeowo/">Adebayo Okeowo</a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> var img = jQuery("<img />").attr('src', 'https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/IMG_5347.jpg?fit=750%2C937&ssl=1') .load(function() { if (!this.complete || typeof this.naturalWidth == "undefined" || this.naturalWidth == 0) { } else { jQuery('#card-28180 .image-background').animate({opacity: 1}, 540, function() {jQuery('.image-background.thumb').fadeOut()} ); } }); jQuery(function() { // ios viewport height (vh) fix $card = jQuery('#card-28180.article-card.squarebig'); var is_iphone = /(iPhone|iPod)/g.test( navigator.userAgent ); var is_ipad = /(iPad)/g.test( navigator.userAgent ); if(is_iphone) { $card.css("height", 600); $card.find('.image-background').css("height", 600); $card.find('.image-background').css("background-attachment", 'scroll'); }; if(is_ipad) { $card.css("height", 800); //$card.find('.image-background').css("height", 700); $card.find('.image-background').css("background-attachment", 'scroll'); }; }) </script> </div></div> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <article id="post-28180" class="post-28180 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-police-violence-2 tag-documentation tag-nigeria tag-police-violence tag-video-as-evidence"> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">20 October 2020</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On October 3, a </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/06/video-of-nigerian-police-shooting-man-in-street-sparks-outcry"><span style="font-weight: 400;">video</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> showing the extra-judicial killing of two civilians by the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) of the Nigeria Police, sparked outrage on social media. It led to more and more Nigerians sharing </span><a href="https://twitter.com/MrSomtoOkonkwo/status/1312654204033536000?s=20"><span style="font-weight: 400;">videos</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="https://twitter.com/Sisi_Yemmie/status/1316419798641840130?s=20"><span style="font-weight: 400;">personal stories</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of their brutal encounters with SARS operatives – a unit that became notorious for engaging in all manner of crimes, from armed robberies to unlawful arrests, rape, torture and even </span><a href="https://twitter.com/salemkinging/status/1317200292388143104?s=20"><span style="font-weight: 400;">murder</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. The avalanche of video evidence made it impossible to ignore the calls for an end to police brutality in Nigeria, just like we have witnessed in </span><a href="https://lab.witness.org/dispatch-from-brazil-if-killed-by-police-guilty-by-default-unless-theres-video/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Brazil</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and the </span><a href="https://blog.witness.org/2015/03/does-filming-police-violence-make-a-difference-a-survey-of-6-cases/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">US</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Soon, the online outrage spilled onto the streets as #EndSARS protests broke out across the country on October 8 with Nigerians demanding for SARS to be disbanded and the perpetrators held accountable. </span></p> <h3><b><i>Why you must keep filming</i></b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Not only did video trigger a civic reawakening, we have also continued to see it play a powerful role in galvanizing support for the #EndSARS protests. For instance, video evidence of </span><a href="https://twitter.com/tiwascott/status/1314523359900770305?s=20"><span style="font-weight: 400;">police violence</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> during the peaceful protests further strengthened the resolve of Nigerians to ensure there is an end to police brutality and impunity. It is ironic that the police decided to deploy brutal tactics as a response to peaceful protests against police brutality. </span></p> <p><iframe title="#EndSARS protests breakout in Nigeria" width="960" height="540" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8gIrcX2cmM?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also, thanks to </span><a href="https://twitter.com/BankyW/status/1315659409465507840?s=20"><span style="font-weight: 400;">video evidence</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, young people like Ademola Ojabodu, Treasure Nduka and Felicia Okpara got released after being unlawfully arrested during the protests. Lawyers who have been working hard to provide free legal aid during the protests have </span><a href="https://twitter.com/adetolaov/status/1317751657850175490?s=20"><span style="font-weight: 400;">reported</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that the police go as far as denying arresting protesters until they are confronted with video evidence. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Then, spurred by the mountain of video evidence, the governor of Lagos State </span><a href="https://twitter.com/jidesanwoolu/status/1317373507412570112?s=20"><span style="font-weight: 400;">announced</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> the commencement of orderly room trial for police officers who had been engaged in misconduct since the protests began. Also noteworthy is the fact that video has helped present irrefutable evidence of attacks on protesters by law enforcement agents even as there have been many desperate attempts to dub the protesters as being violent in a bid to delegitimize the movement. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All these point to the remarkable way video has been deployed to expose injustice and seek accountability. This is why the filming must continue, especially now that the Federal Government has instructed all 36 States of the federation to </span><a href="https://twitter.com/FMICNigeria/status/1317226661625167877?s=20"><span style="font-weight: 400;">set up</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> judicial panels of inquiry that will investigate the cases of police brutality with a view of delivering justice to the victims. Evidence will be needed during these investigations, therefore the opportunity to present compelling video evidence must not be lost. However, it all starts with effective documentation.</span></p> <h3><b><i>How to film effectively and safely</i></b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is important to remember that for your video to help secure justice and accountability, it should show the crime being committed and by who it is being committed. However, if a video does not contain both elements (i.e. the who and the what), it does not mean it is worthless. Such video can still be used as corroborating evidence or lead evidence. For example, if you find a video online that claims to confirm that the police fired tear gas canisters at peaceful protesters, but all you see in the video are people in respiratory distress, such video does not unilaterally prove the alleged crime. It however can serve as corroborating evidence when combined with other pieces of evidence that reveal the police indeed fired tear gas at protesters. Consider it as one giant puzzle, and every video evidence is a piece of that puzzle. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">To increase the trustworthiness of your video footage while filming police brutality during these protests, here are some things to bear in mind:</span></p> <ol> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Try to record what took place before the conflict broke out. While it is not easy to anticipate when the police will retaliate against protesters, filming everything happening on the protests grounds ensures that we have footage of what or who may have provoked the conflict. Having this can be useful in dispelling false claims that may seek to accuse the protesters of inciting violence.</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Do not break your recording. Having a footage that starts and stops at different intervals can increase skepticism around the reliability of the video. It gives people the excuse to dismiss it as having been manipulated. It is therefore key to record without interruptions so as to eliminate accusations of “filming bias” and to also ensure that critical pieces of evidence are not missing.</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Capture the violation but also the violator. Do not forget that to achieve accountability, the perpetrator of a crime as well as their crime have to be established. To this end, make sure you document details of the perpetrator such as their name badge, uniform, type of weapon used, amongst others. If the perpetrator is acting based on orders from a superior on the scene, it is important to capture that too.</span></li> </ol> <h3><b><i>Challenges to filming effectively</i></b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the prevalent challenges to filming police brutality is that witnesses may face retaliation from the police. This can be in the form of confiscation of camera, arrest and torture of the digital witnesses (like we saw in the </span><a href="https://cpj.org/2019/06/nigerian-journalist-kofi-bartels-says-police-beat-/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">case</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of Nigerian journalist – Kofi Bartels), or targeting of the protesters whose identities were traced using protest videos posted online. To guard against these scenarios, it is best not to film when it is not safe to do so. However, if you do choose to film, here are some of the things you can do:</span></p> <ol> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Livestream the event so that whatever violation is occurring can be captured and broadcast real time. This can help mobilize necessary support should any harm come to you</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Set your phone to automatically backup your footage on the cloud in the event that your footage is forcefully deleted.</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Use apps such as </span><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.witness.proofmode&hl=en"><span style="font-weight: 400;">ProofMode</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> or </span><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.camera.easy&hl=en"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Eyewitness to Atrocities</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to preserve the integrity of your footage. This becomes essential if your video will be used in court because then the prosecution will need to prove chain of custody.</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">To protect the identity of your fellow protesters, avoid filming their faces. As an alternative you can film their backs or use a blur tool like </span><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.witness.sscphase1&hl=en"><span style="font-weight: 400;">ObscuraCam</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to conceal their identities before publishing your footage online. The goal is to expose the perpetrators for their crimes and not make fellow protesters vulnerable targets for retaliation.</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">An effective strategy around filming police brutality is to ponder on when is the best time to release/publish your video evidence. Publishing at the right time can be the difference between the utility of your evidence and you becoming a target of retaliation yourself. We have seen this play out in the US where Ramsey Orta, the man who filmed the killing of Eric Garner, was </span><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/10/1/ny-man-who-filmed-eric-garners-death-heading-to-jail"><span style="font-weight: 400;">targeted</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> by the police and eventually imprisoned.</span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is encouraging that we have started to see citizen video evidence being used to pursue justice in Nigerian courts, such as in the </span><a href="https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/08/06/at-last-justice-for-the-aluu-four/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">ALUU 4</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> case. This is a precursor to what we can anticipate when the volumes of video evidence relating to #EndSARS start making their way into courtroom prosecutions. Hopefully they will help secure justice for the countless victims of police brutality in Nigeria. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">To find out more about Video as Evidence, go to <a href="http://vae.witness.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">vae.witness.org</a></span></p> <div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-28180" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.witness.org/2020/10/role-video-evidence-nigerias-endsars-movement/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-28180" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.witness.org/2020/10/role-video-evidence-nigerias-endsars-movement/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-pinterest-28180" class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.witness.org/2020/10/role-video-evidence-nigerias-endsars-movement/?share=pinterest" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Pinterest" ><span>Pinterest</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-28180" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.witness.org/2020/10/role-video-evidence-nigerias-endsars-movement/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20The%20role%20of%20video%20evidence%20in%20Nigeria%E2%80%99s%20%23EndSARS%20movement&body=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.witness.org%2F2020%2F10%2Frole-video-evidence-nigerias-endsars-movement%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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The role of video evidence in Nigeria’s #EndSARS movement - WITNESS Blog