CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "journals.aps.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e7265089d539ba2',cH: 'GUJOtHxT7ftM3uevP9wi10s6yOnrafb9m4ZMhGNYgEU-1732377862-1.2.1.1-.twInjfBwt4HkOnP15I9qXNwWHmNqyVr9G3DL5hmIOnggDFOsMrvmqT9SNoBWnRt',cUPMDTk: "\/pr\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRev.53.318?__cf_chl_tk=oYRlp3vhEtKBMgzkWQb7Myx3Hz_rLgMGGwXrFIDamsY-1732377862-1.0.1.1-D0eNDVWy.Z0XmlAnCV5j.1eDx.8_dp4ID0HaoIxrCUM",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732377862',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/pr\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRev.53.318?__cf_chl_f_tk=oYRlp3vhEtKBMgzkWQb7Myx3Hz_rLgMGGwXrFIDamsY-1732377862-1.0.1.1-D0eNDVWy.Z0XmlAnCV5j.1eDx.8_dp4ID0HaoIxrCUM",md: "Q_hRoFjGPcafQCoPbTBRYLg6PP3w0B_pREO4zC0Ntmc-1732377862-1.2.1.1-9BtPTGD1NR.SOmoLyAgz1ON6aI09dxczZwG4VggYWUOJPm0MFywjIfoPAKW3SlEC7lmS2GVbRazYTAyrbmEj5RXgIpdpe7OqquyiYQk7rL76aPUUBGRYXw8jG9gMTcx9nC50whf.mLsllDAzobBgogNL20NSmNbhWOnsynoxzmQ.I7zzzahVRj8cQfPFypbeJ3F4iMm2p_TWo18LwsGEd0.O46KdnJxDYKPnkV5tgpyCQLDjcH_6NOqB0gzqABySzapI2l1G1aVAZFi0LTGZml8kzsybl2xEika2knD0J_hsA.OFqUyEYMOcHGr9dpV7RE5gK9sKUTPM67uL4ySGqiyaHS0q.791Cp_IoGQFd_mBoQLtrnYoJdMTgxm12CTvKUqoUm64Qw3qxQNg2CStaX4lqAB0Fony0Otb5ocRpLR9Xo5wQtKNiyCkdAgmL.Tws4gu19wL_YJc8KcJ9RbpGBAoqzWP7U1o3WQXPLqAhplJxiuHlltbTvB0apyWozOzdk_caZKNPLUCg86BkgYUuitRzZ5_ZMD_jpGnhN6NQzi_RJSb.YCjGpOlEKnTc0ZsGQWnh5WwxwySpM9Fqgi4o8dUj.LFO9gxmQ_LhKb.QxYktx0Gt9.5Ol4xzz4NQ0ZkjoBLGS1ew.IbItwXklPMRXZtAdcChcSh3j0mfQ.4_6m_Ljk5E9qPvLDpIx.NXSe6ApYwosDnSvhAtfPT.0vG7cX791NCZIcrJSzU7F9CsxZCiyDUqJb7ONxeppsXMtyoi9pXseJSnAiPtK0k7Y3dL83PjU2SYXcq9ka3hDOPL20n0tCH8XhPfcH.RH5xo2_2cihsQ6AgsxE09KJFmwRwu9vWQytQ2TZOIGuZMTTEthix3MN4SgrFUYHO1vNiwzX8gjRTj0sqp2qiS0fFi2xXB2bJsc8sbQGeecq1X3Wyf1mzqN2qFYlC7e5_qFjU0b7YtYtNNDq7SoFEcj.xlIYfjCxEUm6Y_QanhjdV20J8ocyknkzsKqqtw42fjZVhGU532JAWF.HUxpojWdNeY5QpbPySYItwzGBdB8tOH0a9WwhEP8Zecv_rZVrqLYupCJCT24JUqvtQuWfTj80_QaErhjOYC7.wsAWb0WQ8gLTRevQmy31a9u0iUdKwVihXlz25ENR3wqp5X_HCFRs0BEbGRyEQzctWmKgF6ZbW4Y5fDErqwSuJgz6.82xm9VytHcl7J_TkS2xmgtA6STjhafzqBreHg6yNPacUex0KftfuL1xO2XEfXo3AoA_2FXdywd0OO5bGYEAhJC4DaW5IkGhOVVK5e2hyTurfzxZFET98GnWa_z4_X9f8cg8xJtvURwVbcNzHAYTYV_3QLQut_ghQPnk.VsjytdtNy.r3WzqezokUw3rOLlSE_U7LwSKZQIGADQGjCrJbR1ZjPRnPJtK36nR7OTBT0zLTSB_O_7UyhVmAPHO.d3ABrlZOOhqhTSAys0OJXWR9X0AvXfKW0p98oogXUBm_hGve6fKVXBOgU63Rv80QiIAsVzaBmE5mixR5FRMmu4inaPYZjVobf97XXIieTW_9J8X_9YeajL8Cs7Kd9r6yFEuojYR7ErKn.WNtBSB2LXApf0wf61HZ18OGqL_6vEORvpesuo5woBA54CdRd8S9CzqaiMGJVoWhqF0FIHqjT0NFTrbDZD511p8olqdAPJUK8HhpqPEKJLLYiUjx2CABzcD6HSsKc3wkcrJdYaAigpHxkwvdgipdZl3MhCuGN.U5pN73qXxFm7WTqIX13CmXI8pmV9wZUHAHiOMOy58ecdMi6YvGMi4U2vwlCCNjsElLQVthljPZlPBQwlFeprMYT_3DJIwlWxl_HcZ6QVaGiVPeY2I6FIMSlsPYw696SzSa8_kK9FTM6RmJ6JOSexYg7axIm2iFiZVDCv781nIMK4xv8cjoJyorOVedBnFyK5F3ZgT5fnIr0.flNShARND64RUgjtAT6jr1XXvbpuU4V_b1Gl5lZUxLjsJ88O7OJskOYo.nQtkSzN8Y9GcTmIouqFltu3CSHU8CW4HwkXPHpD43CuOxw__aevgNmgQbuh.JS3Z3upDfrvc2BbBqnyWe3TLlc3Wve03_.n4N39B.sBzLyK_x0BynB5G76FXG2gPU.hpNltJHu30DbdymLuRLL9O7cPdCoPaoReN7_hB7oKTwLx3U1CqM0y2Deby9TX6oHUSKsdPWioGxMInaZ0.w41vPBF_5fANPysXw5CkWp6Y.qYNULfeOaDKE_QHBJmKhyKZZhMXiCQGLoWTs1U8BoXcxvC3YI54BshQgAa4WNR40H16j8qBjHM3I4gCjm3h9g0JmqV1cOUvlhV865V8S87IWWrg0sA1JcEqrPHNGzGXzITC_Dm67mNF2qqdpqg0zCoED5FcLtwp9erVOKoNg.zOG7kI2tFzApFZ5cfiFXLjDfXjW8IDopNkYTEqFXUgnaXeyOsC4_NDy2XOD87fk.yjZ2TWm0TIfxACieNQko8epWsXfaSU3EGR8nvEb3zvjF3d23Q4nOMMUbu52Cgw_Kv2D4cmG_AoP5cCTMlPkNJsOSLPiNjEG.D1NHXKYxWTW5_hHZPEe.PAmT8uw42_zIsaX5s855zYweZFa9WvhN71PkRfTXNbK2BwrQdF8UQgdMH9MTRnpds_g.7mKGTBTHE97ou1vD9.qe_DcQ86SVNT1uWRsTQmddnbsEkLHo_m4UGbK6TTs3DAndOu5bRKFRmda.JDCMYZ_pNqa4yQPdYJUvJBlR65RkRrW0pvNJaXwcy9eorXMJWhMEEH1KJcM_sq5XxJMKOkiXUV2MeDsWDPb.9l8ZJe8Ul6zQ3HLIn5Je4a0_XiJvPUKVaSaiwi8t57P376cYJSM0dGSKySt7wJgm_nR.cPcODQkI8atzgjHJ0TMxZj0OVEdoARnQo2tsxnCkFG6LSIYjfRVr1ZUAZcAkMCA1NYlOWsROw",mdrd: "pgYIfIAD3u5vCye71nF4Nw3feU2xaRNSO7A2W6vWr44-1732377862-1.2.1.1-V0zG6sUq4n1uUA3OZcrIJgMNvkb_9RZdgtV.HwBXdrPIZPoxxGQS08ESKwMkxD2pBS9fkQ08cK7h.uFo4sZDSxJu6VlWE_aKfERkMZY3VymRcrGLKbOt9iWKnXGdlci6opSlWuOLYvEAsjGaEPX9FeApOhfZYevQPVe4rQfD.HfJsL6f53MCsQIyD6bgvW4slMsLKL57lReRKfrMrwQBVmEeVyGFT7MVdgbBPKmsxhcBQ8xp1CWgLISqqX75_Zbx8a2558nqXdNwvtih97DZGJTyhj4aixIpirGkleRV.YsvHWij6fTAHagt.1v0cD5TqnoZAnLpUv0AsKYR9No7vp6.jyj4G8jGCQ8XhDXkRsar6rlOr0Z1rs_hrW0hrAO6Ks9OCCYyoI26RDjhQR_LT0QBQNIAcV05WjbUo_GnIJuoo0AaBMbEwr_8FCdn2ysAptPd3mx8VvNSMhD_3yOpMO07klGnYLUHbc5OIpLX6CaLsAt5KLBj8gpPXEzESdSO6SkrJyXGzXSR9VaD9LocmdjL2pIaWM.L4hPNODty_7nJdvVOaEXOsrfSlvOPMk2mxjHu32dS.UD_06U_KSDFdjdZf2JPY77zvtd.Ka3Z8a9Po5sisXULjCCmlEadd2KAhzGmLDMDjJNg_ifHazTNyv6lZfEM5dMC.EhyhvQZITE3PoVONfEBqLrsB95doZdAMaflP6NJ5bT9B8c87jNTgnCG_7qkAHLNqpgG6Q.z6jEoedDwis4HlU7HZPoTgVsaa.fnlnmSrPZVbQMXWsCD36Qkv6fOp6kBG6OhDGiHQyYu5xwAF.um3P1ojAzZlkXj1mC06lA78tcaurOQ5njpREe3fIiYBMzrxwvR7m6oTPrnk.xpMozvOMNcmyOGGuFNuUnG2urIvv5MkiQTubU.xBsuVCnAV.THr9NX6wM_5gAkI57f41uU40ioPAF3oW4cBmrKHUGQnZ2RZvNvVetr39.Cbll9fqUztamMXT2TLX3QIc6BA2VDJ.cS9adwROz854heFBaJ3U4JYn4gfnKw.TWZVJ8oxtBZPUMdZcfYmL1yq8TJkzPuUGzgLJGS90Q3P5yYv6GDl7BRCAK1ujmPR5fUsokZe.IRG2Vl2LlKAL1w9uCVLUpjyMn5VwSoZ8baNVf69VMOMNmuzAcfr9Oi4QdaqymgOW5KSaB1PaNXG_ZL5MoK4HjOA7iR62tfbQQJeb_Q4wJat89RBEsu2tM4FufmjQ.BBRdD168xanWPRnmSTxB1PmENhilmujsZCuQ2Obp2BmQeYpdmm3eIljA0dTMHEKQp57qjdU2fa131w.GIK77rhRqx85mVYGvuBlJE0EpmCkUAc3VNfgMH3vcWoyjqBlBG3E21WhOiYIZqjwpuRf58Hn19YdNPfJT9U7AnCzfYuAdCH1fANfvBLyuHReTHhp79EZXnb37Er_htFY0vvsMIIHpwaf3FZat7bB.ufLaNyoR42RN0jHPHigKaevS7.o.DmZD6i5FMqoS8kc9zLsFq2VKrq.7KI8KAv0ckgGaHVGxvbTbq_EHo03pJ_xbdrFFtYgpB1cvTCDBY9gY_FRk0P5qU9I.DSyA29BlSAAvRx1DM98lU6YQgD9wN0abVsRoFfLF4HOafv4FdrRSMJ0O1fg3BtrqCNRhLvuldDLZOYWyjJKp8UPPfSOMQRD5jSgThkjul7ELgEniajjhXvl2jlgU3_sXkeacJBtxDtACy.UBNxkDvSqi17LtivrpS7IkxmWylWplxmidu5JYbP0EY6ThcOZeIPJDqZ0R7ERSrOeALgowHhRhQMO7YJ.HhFvOKL0rPj2QFodaBA8wcCxG7KadR4khd9ufSK.T5RjS0r0iTMtRhWe1qscOlyM1mg2G__iJPceJ3sAxM1zJ5YYyUiWvWUV3Vu_lC2kKLc5JrGxC8kzjKH4QX0fiJ9o0X2TAU.4ruoDot77eDXUBeEs350Yw3xBFyqqLrTS7nU2gyxA5PdxmmY4AqOx96aA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e7265089d539ba2';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/pr\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRev.53.318?__cf_chl_rt_tk=oYRlp3vhEtKBMgzkWQb7Myx3Hz_rLgMGGwXrFIDamsY-1732377862-1.0.1.1-D0eNDVWy.Z0XmlAnCV5j.1eDx.8_dp4ID0HaoIxrCUM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>