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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>[2001.08106] Design and construction of a new detector to measure ultra-low radioactive-isotope contamination of argon</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/static/browse/0.3.4/images/icons/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/static/browse/0.3.4/images/icons/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/static/browse/0.3.4/images/icons/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/static/browse/0.3.4/images/icons/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/static/browse/0.3.4/images/icons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="/static/browse/0.3.4/css/arXiv.css?v=20241206" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="/static/browse/0.3.4/css/arXiv-print.css?v=20200611" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="/static/browse/0.3.4/css/browse_search.css" /> <script language="javascript" src="/static/browse/0.3.4/js/accordion.js" /></script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08106"/> <meta name="description" content="Abstract page for arXiv paper 2001.08106: Design and construction of a new detector to measure ultra-low radioactive-isotope contamination of argon"><meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="arXiv.org" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Design and construction of a new detector to measure ultra-low radioactive-isotope contamination of argon" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08106v1" /> <meta property="og:image" content="/static/browse/0.3.4/images/arxiv-logo-fb.png" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="/static/browse/0.3.4/images/arxiv-logo-fb.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="700" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="arXiv logo"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Large liquid argon detectors offer one of the best avenues for the detection of galactic weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) via their scattering on atomic nuclei. The liquid argon target allows exquisite discrimination between nuclear and electron recoil signals via pulse-shape discrimination of the scintillation signals. Atmospheric argon (AAr), however, has a naturally occurring radioactive isotope, $^{39}$Ar, a $尾$ emitter of cosmogenic origin. For large detectors, the atmospheric $^{39}$Ar activity poses pile-up concerns. The use of argon extracted from underground wells, deprived of $^{39}$Ar, is key to the physics potential of these experiments. The DarkSide-20k dark matter search experiment will operate a dual-phase time projection chamber with 50 tonnes of radio-pure underground argon (UAr), that was shown to be depleted of $^{39}$Ar with respect to AAr by a factor larger than 1400. Assessing the $^{39}$Ar content of the UAr during extraction is crucial for the success of DarkSide-20k, as well as for future experiments of the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration (GADMC). This will be carried out by the DArT in ArDM experiment, a small chamber made with extremely radio-pure materials that will be placed at the centre of the ArDM detector, in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) in Spain. The ArDM LAr volume acts as an active veto for background radioactivity, mostly $纬$-rays from the ArDM detector materials and the surrounding rock. This article describes the DArT in ArDM project, including the chamber design and construction, and reviews the background required to achieve the expected performance of the detector."/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@arxiv"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Design and construction of a new detector to measure ultra-low..."/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Large liquid argon detectors offer one of the best avenues for the detection of galactic weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) via their scattering on atomic nuclei. The liquid argon target..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static.arxiv.org/icons/twitter/arxiv-logo-twitter-square.png"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="arXiv logo"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" type="text/css" href="/static/browse/0.3.4/css/tooltip.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" type="text/css" href="https://static.arxiv.org/js/bibex-dev/bibex.css?20200709"/> <script src="/static/browse/0.3.4/js/mathjaxToggle.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-latest.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/js-cookie@2/src/js.cookie.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/dompurify@2.3.5/dist/purify.min.js"></script> <script src="/static/browse/0.3.4/js/toggle-labs.js?20241022" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/static/browse/0.3.4/js/cite.js" type="text/javascript"></script><meta name="citation_title" content="Design and construction of a new detector to measure ultra-low radioactive-isotope contamination of argon" /><meta name="citation_author" content="The DarkSide Collaboration" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Aalseth, C. 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J." /><meta name="citation_author" content="Williams, R." /><meta name="citation_author" content="Wilson, J." /><meta name="citation_author" content="Wojcik, Marcin" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Wojcik, Mariusz" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Wu, S." /><meta name="citation_author" content="Xiao, X." /><meta name="citation_author" content="Yang, C." /><meta name="citation_author" content="Ye, Z." /><meta name="citation_author" content="Zuffa, M." /><meta name="citation_author" content="Zuzel, G." /><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1088/1748-0221/15/02/P02024" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2020/01/22" /><meta name="citation_online_date" content="2020/01/22" /><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="http://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.08106" /><meta name="citation_arxiv_id" content="2001.08106" /><meta name="citation_abstract" content="Large liquid argon detectors offer one of the best avenues for the detection of galactic weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) via their scattering on atomic nuclei. The liquid argon target allows exquisite discrimination between nuclear and electron recoil signals via pulse-shape discrimination of the scintillation signals. Atmospheric argon (AAr), however, has a naturally occurring radioactive isotope, $^{39}$Ar, a $\beta$ emitter of cosmogenic origin. For large detectors, the atmospheric $^{39}$Ar activity poses pile-up concerns. The use of argon extracted from underground wells, deprived of $^{39}$Ar, is key to the physics potential of these experiments. The DarkSide-20k dark matter search experiment will operate a dual-phase time projection chamber with 50 tonnes of radio-pure underground argon (UAr), that was shown to be depleted of $^{39}$Ar with respect to AAr by a factor larger than 1400. Assessing the $^{39}$Ar content of the UAr during extraction is crucial for the success of DarkSide-20k, as well as for future experiments of the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration (GADMC). This will be carried out by the DArT in ArDM experiment, a small chamber made with extremely radio-pure materials that will be placed at the centre of the ArDM detector, in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) in Spain. The ArDM LAr volume acts as an active veto for background radioactivity, mostly $\gamma$-rays from the ArDM detector materials and the surrounding rock. This article describes the DArT in ArDM project, including the chamber design and construction, and reviews the background required to achieve the expected performance of the detector." /> </head> <body class="with-cu-identity"> <div class="flex-wrap-footer"> <header> <a href="#content" class="is-sr-only">Skip to main content</a>  <div class="columns is-vcentered is-hidden-mobile" id="cu-identity"> <div class="column" id="cu-logo"> <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/"><img src="/static/browse/0.3.4/images/icons/cu/cornell-reduced-white-SMALL.svg" alt="Cornell University" /></a> </div><div class="column" id="support-ack"> <span id="support-ack-url">We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about/ourmembers.html">member institutions</a>, and all contributors.</span> <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about/donate.html" class="btn-header-donate">Donate</a> </div> </div> <div id="header" class="is-hidden-mobile"> <a aria-hidden="true" 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class="descriptor">Authors:</span>The <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=DarkSide+Collaboration" rel="nofollow">DarkSide Collaboration</a>: <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Aalseth,+C+E" rel="nofollow">C. E. Aalseth</a> (1), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Abdelhakim,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Abdelhakim</a> (2), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Acerbi,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Acerbi</a> (3 and 4), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Agnes,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Agnes</a> (5), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ajaj,+R" rel="nofollow">R. Ajaj</a> (6), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Albuquerque,+I+F+M" rel="nofollow">I. F. M. Albuquerque</a> (7), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Alexander,+T" rel="nofollow">T. Alexander</a> (1), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Alici,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Alici</a> (8 and 9), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Alton,+A+K" rel="nofollow">A. K. Alton</a> (10), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Amaudruz,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Amaudruz</a> (11), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ameli,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Ameli</a> (12), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Anstey,+J" rel="nofollow">J. Anstey</a> (6), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Antonioli,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Antonioli</a> (9), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Arba,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Arba</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Arcelli,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Arcelli</a> (8 and 9), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ardito,+R" rel="nofollow">R. Ardito</a> (14 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Arnquist,+I+J" rel="nofollow">I. J. Arnquist</a> (1), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Arpaia,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Arpaia</a> (16 and 17), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Asner,+D+M" rel="nofollow">D. M. Asner</a> (18), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Asunskis,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Asunskis</a> (19), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ave,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Ave</a> (7), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Back,+H+O" rel="nofollow">H. O. Back</a> (1), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Olmedo,+A+B" rel="nofollow">A. Barrado Olmedo</a> (20), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Batignani,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Batignani</a> (21 and 22), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bisogni,+M+G" rel="nofollow">M. G. Bisogni</a> (21 and 22), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bocci,+V" rel="nofollow">V. Bocci</a> (12), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bondar,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Bondar</a> (23 and 24), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bonfini,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Bonfini</a> (25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bonivento,+W" rel="nofollow">W. Bonivento</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Borisova,+E" rel="nofollow">E. Borisova</a> (23 and 24), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bottino,+B" rel="nofollow">B. Bottino</a> (26 and 27), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Boulay,+M+G" rel="nofollow">M. G. Boulay</a> (6), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Bunker,+R" rel="nofollow">R. 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Cheng</a> (39 and 40), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Chepurnov,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Chepurnov</a> (41), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Cical%C3%B2,+C" rel="nofollow">C. Cical貌</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Cifarelli,+L" rel="nofollow">L. Cifarelli</a> (8 and 9), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Citterio,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Citterio</a> (15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Cocco,+A+G" rel="nofollow">A. G. Cocco</a> (17), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Cocco,+V" rel="nofollow">V. Cocco</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Colocci,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Colocci</a> (8 and 9), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Consiglio,+L" rel="nofollow">L. Consiglio</a> (42), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Cossio,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Cossio</a> (39 and 40), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Covone,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Covone</a> (36 and 17), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Crivelli,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Crivelli</a> (31), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=D'Antone,+I" rel="nofollow">I. D'Antone</a> (9), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=D'Incecco,+M" rel="nofollow">M. D'Incecco</a> (25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=D'Urso,+D" rel="nofollow">D. D'Urso</a> (33 and 34), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Da+Rocha+Rolo,+M+D" rel="nofollow">M. D. Da Rocha Rolo</a> (39), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Dadoun,+O" rel="nofollow">O. Dadoun</a> (43), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Daniel,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Daniel</a> (20), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Davini,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Davini</a> (27), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=De+Candia,+A" rel="nofollow">A. De Candia</a> (36 and 17), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=De+Cecco,+S" rel="nofollow">S. De Cecco</a> (12 and 44), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=De+Deo,+M" rel="nofollow">M. De Deo</a> (25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=De+Falco,+A" rel="nofollow">A. De Falco</a> (13 and 30), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=De+Filippis,+G" rel="nofollow">G. De Filippis</a> (36 and 17), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=De+Gruttola,+D" rel="nofollow">D. De Gruttola</a> (45), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=De+Guido,+G" rel="nofollow">G. De Guido</a> (46 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=De+Rosa,+G" rel="nofollow">G. De Rosa</a> (36 and 17), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Dellacasa,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Dellacasa</a> (39), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Demontis,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Demontis</a> (33 and 34 and 47), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=DePaquale,+S" rel="nofollow">S. DePaquale</a> (45), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Derbin,+A+V" rel="nofollow">A. V. Derbin</a> (48), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Devoto,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Devoto</a> (30 and 13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Di+Eusanio,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Di Eusanio</a> (49 and 25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Di+Noto,+L" rel="nofollow">L. Di Noto</a> (26 and 27), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Di+Pietro,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Di Pietro</a> (25 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Di+Stefano,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Di Stefano</a> (50), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Dionisi,+C" rel="nofollow">C. Dionisi</a> (12 and 44), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Dolganov,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Dolganov</a> (51), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Dordei,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Dordei</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Downing,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Downing</a> (52), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Edalatfar,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Edalatfar</a> (11), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Empl,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Empl</a> (5), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Diaz,+M+F" rel="nofollow">M. Fernandez Diaz</a> <script type="text/javascript">  </script> <div id="long-author-list" style="display: none;"> (20), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ferri,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Ferri</a> (3 and 4), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Filip,+C" rel="nofollow">C. Filip</a> (53), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Fiorillo,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Fiorillo</a> (36 and 17), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Fomenko,+K" rel="nofollow">K. Fomenko</a> (54), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Franceschi,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Franceschi</a> (55), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Franco,+D" rel="nofollow">D. Franco</a> (56), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Froudakis,+G+E" rel="nofollow">G. E. Froudakis</a> (57), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Gabriele,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Gabriele</a> (25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Gabrieli,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Gabrieli</a> (33 and 34), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Galbiati,+C" rel="nofollow">C. Galbiati</a> (49 and 42), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Abia,+P+G" rel="nofollow">P. Garcia Abia</a> (20), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Fora,+D+G" rel="nofollow">D. Gasc贸n Fora</a> (58), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Gendotti,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Gendotti</a> (31), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ghiano,+C" rel="nofollow">C. Ghiano</a> (25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ghisi,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Ghisi</a> (14 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Giagu,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Giagu</a> (12 and 44), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Giampa,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Giampa</a> (11), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Giampaolo,+R+A" rel="nofollow">R. A. Giampaolo</a> (39 and 40), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Giganti,+C" rel="nofollow">C. Giganti</a> (43), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Giorgi,+M+A" rel="nofollow">M. A. Giorgi</a> (22 and 21), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Giovanetti,+G+K" rel="nofollow">G. K. Giovanetti</a> (49), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Gligan,+M+L" rel="nofollow">M. L. Gligan</a> (53), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Gola,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Gola</a> (3 and 4), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Gorchakov,+O" rel="nofollow">O. Gorchakov</a> (54), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Grab,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Grab</a> (59), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Diaz,+R+G" rel="nofollow">R. Graciani Diaz</a> (58), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Granato,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Granato</a> (60), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Grassi,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Grassi</a> (21), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Grate,+J+W" rel="nofollow">J. W. Grate</a> (1), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Grigoriev,+G+Y" rel="nofollow">G. Y. Grigoriev</a> (51), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Grobov,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Grobov</a> (51 and 61), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Gromov,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Gromov</a> (41), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Guan,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Guan</a> (62), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Guerra,+M+B+B" rel="nofollow">M. B. B. Guerra</a> (19), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Guerzoni,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Guerzoni</a> (9), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Gulino,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Gulino</a> (63 and 34), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Haaland,+R+K" rel="nofollow">R. K. Haaland</a> (64), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Hackett,+B+R" rel="nofollow">B. R. Hackett</a> (65), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Hallin,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Hallin</a> (66), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Harrop,+B" rel="nofollow">B. Harrop</a> (49), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Hoppe,+E+W" rel="nofollow">E. W. Hoppe</a> (1), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Horikawa,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Horikawa</a> (42 and 25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Hosseini,+B" rel="nofollow">B. Hosseini</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Hubaut,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Hubaut</a> (67), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Humble,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Humble</a> (1), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Hungerford,+E+V" rel="nofollow">E. V. Hungerford</a> (5), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ianni,+A" rel="nofollow">An. Ianni</a> (49 and 25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ilyasov,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Ilyasov</a> (51 and 61), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ippolito,+V" rel="nofollow">V. Ippolito</a> (12), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Jillings,+C" rel="nofollow">C. Jillings</a> (68 and 69), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Keeter,+K" rel="nofollow">K. Keeter</a> (19), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Kendziora,+C+L" rel="nofollow">C. L. Kendziora</a> (70), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Kim,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Kim</a> (60), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Kochanek,+I" rel="nofollow">I. Kochanek</a> (25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Kondo,+K" rel="nofollow">K. Kondo</a> (42), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Kopp,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Kopp</a> (49), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Korablev,+D" rel="nofollow">D. Korablev</a> (54), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Korga,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Korga</a> (5 and 25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Kubankin,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Kubankin</a> (71), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Kugathasan,+R" rel="nofollow">R. Kugathasan</a> (39 and 40), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Kuss,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Kuss</a> (21), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ku%C5%BAniak,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Ku藕niak</a> (6 and 72), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=La+Commara,+M" rel="nofollow">M. La Commara</a> (73 and 17), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=La+Delfa,+L" rel="nofollow">L. La Delfa</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Lai,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Lai</a> (30 and 13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Langrock,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Langrock</a> (68), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Lebois,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Lebois</a> (2), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Lehnert,+B" rel="nofollow">B. Lehnert</a> (66), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Levashko,+N" rel="nofollow">N. Levashko</a> (51 and 61), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Li,+X" rel="nofollow">X. Li</a> (49), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Liqiang,+Q" rel="nofollow">Q. Liqiang</a> (2), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Lissia,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Lissia</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Lodi,+G+U" rel="nofollow">G. U. Lodi</a> (46 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Longo,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Longo</a> (36 and 17), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Manzano,+R+L" rel="nofollow">R. L贸pez Manzano</a> (20), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Lussana,+R" rel="nofollow">R. Lussana</a> (74 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Luzzi,+L" rel="nofollow">L. Luzzi</a> (75 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Machado,+A+A" rel="nofollow">A. A. Machado</a> (76), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Machulin,+I+N" rel="nofollow">I. N. Machulin</a> (51 and 61), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Mandarano,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Mandarano</a> (42 and 25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Mapelli,+L" rel="nofollow">L. Mapelli</a> (49), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Marcante,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Marcante</a> (77 and 4 and 3), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Margotti,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Margotti</a> (9), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Mari,+S+M" rel="nofollow">S. M. Mari</a> (28 and 29), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Mariani,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Mariani</a> (75 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Maricic,+J" rel="nofollow">J. Maricic</a> (65), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Marinelli,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Marinelli</a> (26 and 27), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Marras,+D" rel="nofollow">D. Marras</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Mart%C3%ADnez,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Mart铆nez</a> (38 and 78), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Morales,+J+M" rel="nofollow">J.J. Mart铆nez Morales</a> (20), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Rojas,+A+D+M" rel="nofollow">A. D. Martinez Rojas</a> (39 and 40), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Martoff,+C+J" rel="nofollow">C. J. Martoff</a> (60), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Mascia,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Mascia</a> (79 and 13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Mason,+J" rel="nofollow">J. Mason</a> (6), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Masoni,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Masoni</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Mazzi,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Mazzi</a> (3 and 4), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=McDonald,+A+B" rel="nofollow">A. B. McDonald</a> (50), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Messina,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Messina</a> (12 and 44), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Meyers,+P+D" rel="nofollow">P. D. Meyers</a> (49), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Miletic,+T" rel="nofollow">T. Miletic</a> (65), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Milincic,+R" rel="nofollow">R. Milincic</a> (65), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Moggi,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Moggi</a> (21), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Moioli,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Moioli</a> (46 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Monroe,+J" rel="nofollow">J. Monroe</a> (80), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Morrocchi,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Morrocchi</a> (21), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Mroz,+T" rel="nofollow">T. Mroz</a> (59), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Mu,+W" rel="nofollow">W. Mu</a> (31), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Muratova,+V+N" rel="nofollow">V. N. Muratova</a> (48), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Murphy,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Murphy</a> (31), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Muscas,+C" rel="nofollow">C. Muscas</a> (35 and 13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Musico,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Musico</a> (27), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Nania,+R" rel="nofollow">R. Nania</a> (9), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Napolitano,+T" rel="nofollow">T. Napolitano</a> (55), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Agasson,+A+N" rel="nofollow">A. Navrer Agasson</a> (43), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Nessi,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Nessi</a> (81), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Nikulin,+I" rel="nofollow">I. Nikulin</a> (71), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Oleinik,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Oleinik</a> (71), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Oleynikov,+V" rel="nofollow">V. Oleynikov</a> (23 and 24), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Orsini,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Orsini</a> (25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ortica,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Ortica</a> (82 and 83), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pagani,+L" rel="nofollow">L. Pagani</a> (84), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pallavicini,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Pallavicini</a> (26 and 27), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Palmas,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Palmas</a> (79 and 13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pandola,+L" rel="nofollow">L. Pandola</a> (34), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pantic,+E" rel="nofollow">E. Pantic</a> (84), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Paoloni,+E" rel="nofollow">E. Paoloni</a> (21 and 22), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Paternoster,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Paternoster</a> (3 and 4), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pavletcov,+V" rel="nofollow">V. Pavletcov</a> (41), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pazzona,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Pazzona</a> (33 and 34), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Peeters,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Peeters</a> (85), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pegoraro,+P+A" rel="nofollow">P. A. Pegoraro</a> (35 and 13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pelczar,+K" rel="nofollow">K. Pelczar</a> (25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pellegrini,+L+A" rel="nofollow">L. A. Pellegrini</a> (46 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pellegrino,+C" rel="nofollow">C. Pellegrino</a> (9 and 32), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pelliccia,+N" rel="nofollow">N. Pelliccia</a> (82 and 83), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Perotti,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Perotti</a> (14 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pesudo,+V" rel="nofollow">V. Pesudo</a> (20), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Picciau,+E" rel="nofollow">E. Picciau</a> (30 and 13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Piemonte,+C" rel="nofollow">C. Piemonte</a> (3 and 4), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pietropaolo,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Pietropaolo</a> (81), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pocar,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Pocar</a> (52), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pollman,+T" rel="nofollow">T. Pollman</a> (86), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Portaluppi,+D" rel="nofollow">D. Portaluppi</a> (74 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Poudel,+S+S" rel="nofollow">S. S. Poudel</a> (5), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pralavorio,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Pralavorio</a> (67), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Price,+D" rel="nofollow">D. Price</a> (87), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Radics,+B" rel="nofollow">B. Radics</a> (31), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Raffaelli,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Raffaelli</a> (21), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ragusa,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Ragusa</a> (88 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Razeti,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Razeti</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Razeto,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Razeto</a> (25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Regazzoni,+V" rel="nofollow">V. Regazzoni</a> (77 and 4 and 3), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Regenfus,+C" rel="nofollow">C. Regenfus</a> (31), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Renshaw,+A+L" rel="nofollow">A. L. Renshaw</a> (5), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Rescia,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Rescia</a> (18), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Rescigno,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Rescigno</a> (12), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Retiere,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Retiere</a> (11), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Rignanese,+L+P" rel="nofollow">L. P. Rignanese</a> (8 and 9 and 32), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Rivetti,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Rivetti</a> (39), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Romani,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Romani</a> (82 and 83), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Romero,+L" rel="nofollow">L. Romero</a> (20), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Rossi,+N" rel="nofollow">N. Rossi</a> (12 and 25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Rubbia,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Rubbia</a> (31), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Sablone,+D" rel="nofollow">D. Sablone</a> (60 and 25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Sala,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Sala</a> (81), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Salatino,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Salatino</a> (89 and 17), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Samoylov,+O" rel="nofollow">O. Samoylov</a> (54), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Garc%C3%ADa,+E+S" rel="nofollow">E. S谩nchez Garc铆a</a> (20), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Sanfilippo,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Sanfilippo</a> (29 and 28), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Sant,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Sant</a> (33 and 34), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Santone,+D" rel="nofollow">D. Santone</a> (80), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Santorelli,+R" rel="nofollow">R. Santorelli</a> (20), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Savarese,+C" rel="nofollow">C. 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Sheshukov</a> (54), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Siddhanta,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Siddhanta</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Simeone,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Simeone</a> (89 and 17), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Singh,+P+N" rel="nofollow">P. N. Singh</a> (5), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Skensved,+P" rel="nofollow">P. Skensved</a> (50), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Skorokhvatov,+M+D" rel="nofollow">M. D. Skorokhvatov</a> (51 and 61), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Smirnov,+O" rel="nofollow">O. Smirnov</a> (54), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Sobrero,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Sobrero</a> (27), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Sokolov,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Sokolov</a> (23 and 24), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Sotnikov,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Sotnikov</a> (54), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Stainforth,+R" rel="nofollow">R. Stainforth</a> (6), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Steri,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Steri</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Stracka,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Stracka</a> (21), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Strickland,+V" rel="nofollow">V. Strickland</a> (6), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Suffritti,+G+B" rel="nofollow">G. B. Suffritti</a> (33 and 34 and 47), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Sulis,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Sulis</a> (35 and 13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Suvorov,+Y" rel="nofollow">Y. Suvorov</a> (36 and 17 and 51), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Szelc,+A+M" rel="nofollow">A. M. Szelc</a> (87), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Tartaglia,+R" rel="nofollow">R. Tartaglia</a> (25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Testera,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Testera</a> (27), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Thorpe,+T" rel="nofollow">T. Thorpe</a> (42 and 25), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Tonazzo,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Tonazzo</a> (56), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Tosi,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Tosi</a> (74 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Tuveri,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Tuveri</a> (13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Unzhakov,+E+V" rel="nofollow">E. V. Unzhakov</a> (48), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Usai,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Usai</a> (13 and 30), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Vacca,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Vacca</a> (79 and 13), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=V%C3%A1zquez-J%C3%A1uregui,+E" rel="nofollow">E. V谩zquez-J谩uregui</a> (90), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Verducci,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Verducci</a> (12 and 44), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Viant,+T" rel="nofollow">T. Viant</a> (31), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Viel,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Viel</a> (6), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Villa,+F" rel="nofollow">F. Villa</a> (74 and 15), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Vishneva,+A" rel="nofollow">A. Vishneva</a> (54), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Vogelaar,+R+B" rel="nofollow">R. B. Vogelaar</a> (37), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Wada,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Wada</a> (13 and 72), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Wahl,+J" rel="nofollow">J. Wahl</a> (1), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Walding,+J+J" rel="nofollow">J. J. Walding</a> (80), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Wang,+H" rel="nofollow">H. Wang</a> (91), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Wang,+Y" rel="nofollow">Y. Wang</a> (91), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Westerdale,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Westerdale</a> (6), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Wheadon,+R+J" rel="nofollow">R. J. Wheadon</a> (39), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Williams,+R" rel="nofollow">R. Williams</a> (1), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Wilson,+J" rel="nofollow">J. Wilson</a> (2), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Wojcik,+M" rel="nofollow">Marcin Wojcik</a> (59), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Wojcik,+M" rel="nofollow">Mariusz Wojcik</a> (92), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Wu,+S" rel="nofollow">S. Wu</a> (31), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Xiao,+X" rel="nofollow">X. Xiao</a> (91), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Yang,+C" rel="nofollow">C. Yang</a> (62), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Ye,+Z" rel="nofollow">Z. Ye</a> (5), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Zuffa,+M" rel="nofollow">M. Zuffa</a> (9), <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/astro-ph?searchtype=author&query=Zuzel,+G" rel="nofollow">G. Zuzel</a> (59) ((1) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA, (2) Institut de Physique Nucl猫aire d'Orsay, France, (3) Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Povo, Italy, (4) Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, Povo, Italy, (5) Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, USA, (6) Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, (7) Instituto de F铆sica, Universidade de S茫o Paulo, Brazil, (8) Physics Department, Universit脿 degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, (9) INFN Bologna, Italy, (10) Physics Department, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, USA, (11) TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, Canada, (12) INFN Sezione di Roma, Italy, (13) INFN Cagliari, Italy, (14) Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, (15) INFN Milano, Italy, (16) Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Universit脿 degli Studi Federico II di Napoli, Italy, (17) INFN Napoli, Italy, (18) Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA, (19) School of Natural Sciences, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, USA, (20) CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energ茅ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol贸gicas, Madrid, Spain, (21) INFN Pisa, Italy, (22) Physics Department, Universit脿 degli Studi di Pisa, Italy, (23) Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia, (24) Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, (25) INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy, (26) Physics Department, Universit脿 degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy, (27) INFN Genova, Italy, (28) INFN Roma Tre, Italy, (29) Mathematics and Physics Department, Universit脿 degli Studi Roma Tre, Italy, (30) Physics Department, Universit脿 degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, (31) Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Z眉rich, Switzerland, (32) Museo della fisica e Centro studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Roma, Italy, (33) Chemistry and Pharmacy Department, Universit脿 degli Studi di Sassari, Italy, (34) INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy, (35) Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universit脿 degli Studi, Cagliari, Italy, (36) Physics Department, Universit脿 degli Studi Federico II di Napoli, Italy, (37) Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA, (38) Centro de Astropart铆culas y F铆sica de Altas Energ铆as, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, (39) INFN Torino, Italy, (40) Department of Electronics and Communications, Politecnico di Torino, Italy, (41) Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, (42) Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy, (43) LPNHE, CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Universit茅, Universit茅 Paris Diderot, France, (44) Physics Department, Sapienza Universit脿 di Roma, Italy, (45) INFN Salerno, Italy, (46) Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Department G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, (47) Interuniversity Consortium for Science and Technology of Materials, Firenze, Italy, (48) Saint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia, (49) Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, USA, (50) Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada, (51) National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia, (52) Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA, (53) National Institute for R\&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, (54) Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia, (55) INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy, (56) APC, Universit茅 Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Obs de Paris, USPC, France, (57) Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece, (58) Universitat de Barcelona, Spain, (59) M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, (60) Physics Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA, (61) National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia, (62) Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China, (63) Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Universit脿 di Enna Kore, Enna, Italy, (64) Department of Physics and Engineering, Fort Lewis College, Durango, USA, (65) Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, USA, (66) Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, (67) Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, (68) Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada, (69) SNOLAB, Lively, Canada, (70) Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, USA, (71) Radiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod, Russia, (72) AstroCeNT, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, (73) Pharmacy Department, Universit脿 degli Studi Federico II di Napoli, Italy, (74) Electronics, Information, and Bioengineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, (75) Energy Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, (76) Physics Institute, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, (77) Physics Department, Universit脿 degli Studi di Trento, Povo, Italy, (78) ARAID, Fundaci贸n Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigaci贸n y el Desarrollo, Gobierno de Arag贸n, Zaragoza, Spain, (79) Department of Mechanical, Chemical, and Materials Engineering, Universit脿 degli Studi, Cagliari, Italy, (80) Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK, (81) CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland, CERN, (82) Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Department, Universit脿 degli Studi di Perugia, Italy, (83) INFN Perugia, Italy, (84) Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, USA, (85) Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, (86) Physik Department, Technische Universit盲t M眉nchen, Germany, (87) The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, (88) Physics Department, Universit脿 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy, (89) Chemical, Materials, and Industrial Production Engineering Department, Universit脿 degli Studi Federico II di Napoli, Italy, (90) Instituto de F铆sica, Universidad Nacional Aut贸noma de M茅xico (UNAM), (91) Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA, (92) Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Poland) </div> <a href="javascript:toggleAuthorList('long-author-list','et al. (231 additional authors not shown)');" title="Show Entire Author List" id="toggle"> et al. (231 additional authors not shown)</a> <noscript> You must enable JavaScript to view entire author list.</noscript></div> <div id="download-button-info" hidden>View a PDF of the paper titled Design and construction of a new detector to measure ultra-low radioactive-isotope contamination of argon, by The DarkSide Collaboration: C. E. Aalseth (1) and 648 other authors</div> <a class="mobile-submission-download" href="/pdf/2001.08106">View PDF</a> <blockquote class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="descriptor">Abstract:</span>Large liquid argon detectors offer one of the best avenues for the detection of galactic weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) via their scattering on atomic nuclei. The liquid argon target allows exquisite discrimination between nuclear and electron recoil signals via pulse-shape discrimination of the scintillation signals. Atmospheric argon (AAr), however, has a naturally occurring radioactive isotope, $^{39}$Ar, a $\beta$ emitter of cosmogenic origin. For large detectors, the atmospheric $^{39}$Ar activity poses pile-up concerns. The use of argon extracted from underground wells, deprived of $^{39}$Ar, is key to the physics potential of these experiments. The DarkSide-20k dark matter search experiment will operate a dual-phase time projection chamber with 50 tonnes of radio-pure underground argon (UAr), that was shown to be depleted of $^{39}$Ar with respect to AAr by a factor larger than 1400. Assessing the $^{39}$Ar content of the UAr during extraction is crucial for the success of DarkSide-20k, as well as for future experiments of the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration (GADMC). This will be carried out by the DArT in ArDM experiment, a small chamber made with extremely radio-pure materials that will be placed at the centre of the ArDM detector, in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) in Spain. The ArDM LAr volume acts as an active veto for background radioactivity, mostly $\gamma$-rays from the ArDM detector materials and the surrounding rock. This article describes the DArT in ArDM project, including the chamber design and construction, and reviews the background required to achieve the expected performance of the detector. </blockquote>  <div class="metatable"> <table summary="Additional metadata"> <tr> <td class="tablecell label">Comments:</td> <td class="tablecell comments mathjax">13 pages, 8 figures. Corresponding author: E. S谩nchez Garc铆a</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tablecell label">Subjects:</td> <td class="tablecell subjects"> <span class="primary-subject">Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)</span>; Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)</td> </tr><tr> <td class="tablecell label">Cite as:</td> <td class="tablecell arxivid"><span class="arxivid"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08106">arXiv:2001.08106</a> [astro-ph.IM]</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tablecell label"> </td> <td class="tablecell arxividv">(or <span class="arxivid"> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08106v1">arXiv:2001.08106v1</a> [astro-ph.IM]</span> for this version) </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tablecell label"> </td> <td class="tablecell arxivdoi"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2001.08106" id="arxiv-doi-link">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2001.08106</a><div class="button-and-tooltip"> <button class="more-info" aria-describedby="more-info-desc-1"> <svg height="15" role="presentation" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 8C119.043 8 8 119.083 8 256c0 136.997 111.043 248 248 248s248-111.003 248-248C504 119.083 392.957 8 256 8zm0 110c23.196 0 42 18.804 42 42s-18.804 42-42 42-42-18.804-42-42 18.804-42 42-42zm56 254c0 6.627-5.373 12-12 12h-88c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h12v-64h-12c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h64c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12v100h12c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12v24z" class=""></path></svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Focus to learn more</span> </button>  <div role="tooltip" id="more-info-desc-1"> <span class="left-corner"></span> arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite</div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tablecell label"> <abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">Related DOI</abbr>: </td> <td class="tablecell doi"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/02/P02024" data-doi="10.1088/1748-0221/15/02/P02024" class="link-https link-external" rel="external noopener nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/02/P02024</a>  <div class="button-and-tooltip"> <button class="more-info" aria-describedby="more-info-desc-1"> <svg height="15" role="presentation" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 8C119.043 8 8 119.083 8 256c0 136.997 111.043 248 248 248s248-111.003 248-248C504 119.083 392.957 8 256 8zm0 110c23.196 0 42 18.804 42 42s-18.804 42-42 42-42-18.804-42-42 18.804-42 42-42zm56 254c0 6.627-5.373 12-12 12h-88c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h12v-64h-12c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h64c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12v100h12c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12v24z" class=""></path></svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Focus to learn more</span> </button>  <div role="tooltip" id="more-info-desc-1"> <span class="left-corner"></span> DOI(s) linking to related resources </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="submission-history"> <h2>Submission history</h2> From: Edgar S谩nchez Garc铆a [<a href="/show-email/4937e097/2001.08106" rel="nofollow">view email</a>] <br/> <strong>[v1]</strong> Wed, 22 Jan 2020 16:10:16 UTC (4,030 KB)<br/> </div> </div>  <div class="extra-services"> <div class="full-text"> <a name="other"></a> <span class="descriptor">Full-text links:</span> <h2>Access Paper:</h2> <ul> <div id="download-button-info" hidden> View a PDF of the paper titled Design and construction of a new detector to measure ultra-low radioactive-isotope contamination of argon, by The DarkSide Collaboration: C. 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