CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134acd77d379fd4',cH: 'hPlrYVEf4Nh3HoenhMFMNG478AYuG9fnzH9U99kZy7w-1739783750-1.2.1.1-Y9HqySZv0u7uSG_iQIlpAKpsw0H8hLtuO9HPn6D2XuNg9qI9L7E57U7YHDkMKwvA',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Mustapha%20%20Abdulkadir%20Gana&__cf_chl_tk=vhDi_uhINFKeRi_ZlWcVzlpYhpSsUVHqhLs1OYi.Nbk-1739783750-1.0.1.1-PE4qkoLcOU.G_nze6ZQdDIHaa64D0AAvqZGtYXQWGbM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739783750',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Mustapha%20%20Abdulkadir%20Gana&__cf_chl_f_tk=vhDi_uhINFKeRi_ZlWcVzlpYhpSsUVHqhLs1OYi.Nbk-1739783750-1.0.1.1-PE4qkoLcOU.G_nze6ZQdDIHaa64D0AAvqZGtYXQWGbM",md: "3_os9nEDDbgnFS0gobXntp3FSENWrJbrUtfVogxQaak-1739783750-1.2.1.1-Axp736._IjE1ok1MeDfjOWfnp98z4PHvXMPneilXuvfRfcCLemVq1XL86AdXtDzqGV_yAww7im4p26H896P3eZzb6.w2.RbyWxEg9uykit.Cp1FOedJaP9TZd5swZxGzKri_XoiI2L.W980KU5SwjXAxEh1B6VD4gU5Z_bvxrNBRaT0EtgB1AT.agz5eu2MwNNGlCtnLrGuwFWo3zdyykt579M65HAdIXKWEmV_qqLHz9qYoJV3LvfPw4oFfy1P1nIL1BHThTkeQZsngYKI.nRqOJiHTpSEPXPmIytfOMB39ERs6QXQ0BEWj.UyeO.Ohu6S8nFjEpb1ZtecT6t7xaiMmY51RrlGsqLJa1kDNrm_iFpHTFOPVdjkxnmna6WgWl_JQU.U89WNhqEWDJAxS.xylZp7oICS8qY7niJ20HC52ddTYeRO4Gjfy2uUQRAoDAHYLSjiWjP7yk6vv3gyjcTRN3BDiBSKK96BnuyltzyXGEsnzihYZArtdMiNC_NUIJaqxv.EI5qklxTMtcHOvQmoO8jfa_BXAT0ksIhKbGgOAJ9TW2oexmD9eH8_KImUPCy7u6E6jjLh08q3QEcNIWaslFEd6epBGl5tD1z58SHgH9gKOZ2olM7PzCPIGfeS5WxksKOY6sOjpkiKiW1uLvQKZ8Fisrv4QnVTCi9GLjSAPxTSAlVmDof5jtVrTG7Zhu7rWh6T7Jzc2DcWVCnWqIIh4Z18tz7lXwcOLnLmw4pHfNc7SdqrD1TAGB_FMIVbIxijWKiNDrQfgICIaYKJ04tRbsxM0B9DDLPVtwxkjuw9udqlCkKP7Mh6HQNBCbxuUM7CPHE05_8WGwg9yw1QLczL7HHsMhlx1LSLcdoa2cK7YsDr4PhniZRnB.igqSYYUjYPhYEJkBOPmUKOud2zfUAhG_m5lIn6.iTygp._s0eEslD7RlgpugUJO8qG4uDW2UxyDTERLwFkU5px0XdCvSkiPlgtGkOzu1ZnIOpxNg_5fRXipkhXX_wUAwjHBJCEUydeirjOpEZOeOm4Kh8n5r0zNt_zK4N9eAvSWoGuv1nvanl0LNf0xWSc.u6GXzaCLPChZPVULBQdf0eaDqUePJAfFY9V3N0Q1semR0X1vPR7LqKE0eY5JehxXWghiAXedjQBwmBwyT9WosojDRm_2qIisXTtfW1RSv8BxgFO88drrBy99dafoTrvmnuoI_2Pio_cRqVoYWjs8gXZSISv4YZ6MMu9A4DpmFOBrNLc2T4gnqU3SFQJYfkAREOGjd1Fsm5GeMnveK3rItpQXLUvds.av9J.Q1olARRuoExMQleYhgcAbV_SfA.FNwpD7WSx_Aj5rNLfax2HfvZm7ZWXho79u6TqEdS_zejso10C7Lcu8iRTqi2NUF6M7GzfXVnLJilTbj0uwy701GHTWOH3SzdDkrTbFCLKGeOQg0e1gJ1uAUVQzLqOaIxE6p0UyjYc_HoaN28Ixm5Nv9e7CKZdPre5rJfn5Xr.LElz701MuhCfvYYWrP4NWrviz4fnAg5_0zybbciGe9h3wHkDNob8wPuUcRmXECeq7us18oSZZ9y4B6b.Iy3cuf3DBaUjfBuvig2jXASF8ZZjfLm6oVck_lSzY_VHVGhx4cnyyJ1Pgk95rJxLvhKVSBMdd74ICJ6RazVKPbpvUeZW__eOph8uK1BkKlg2nLLKUpOdMnTXgMvD.i_RlPMaoMW.xLPT3493PbLFK22jwS...omode9UYa4Qi6HEIeXMZnnnd0FpNdCyOn0nHv0Z7WDH3jHIZOY_XfFl5i45LNhbs87ONAxMF8ZguYeC1m7n0H92afHxBS_aqmUu8ZypnC9LZhDu7FHm4QLm6fCqIvWt2D_zVNqBTfYEiz4gmF9dKkkCuh6qJYSmRZzmhuCCOeUkGLw_F2lr8_rXOfJePVbtp4llqq2W5WfVZ1qcBMX39fbI9d8MAAxp8NEXVQRk8pZ7700d_SWFduvku9RTpxkOr19hNAkBNAw",mdrd: "NQoAOOt.5xgWr6gh1t825ABVxqBjfL0stb9aUXfDHHs-1739783750-1.2.1.1-rLh2.pdjqc3tTsOf_O0bLCwZZx5U5THaQ7KnregVEbqU7bfFkehUR337gaRcsnS981KjEeCRKBCpqeXwxljbkRwoADWk7Orwvrt_PWvnhvvQi4LznI8NCD2RE6P9kxNlP5WPG3C2TriytqBeVgz5v7nTIL8kZIwFxCGdEmYHaVHCE8HFqrD4GDyRRdcbXxq4JDOk8g84FhttmEk2LE_o0zHoVD3yfhHVhT7wfI50MvoE9TVp57QY.W6qFLz125sS3FpTVqUpxT_4es27ILXl5M9J6g0gCto2O54ZKO66FHESlmSU0OC_IKzU_Uvq8g4WwQ1wDhxoEgt2nLkMVU75TeHis67JI.az5rz_PChci3Cm05fabZV9Unl5cPcI85j4r.88w_pENvvhvW.NOqxm8a4RkWspwlf5upLNtqKTMme4.4SjtYhcl2diim3kjyULCSp5k1IzfOcjkVZBSAG8YYpt9mvsGONg3pgHjkLkoa6xB0.UBQFFZIVsCeX7mzexevgfatoxi491kTEtPQWp1EiGiPKRoVtgkiMj6kWdSk66emUPQKXEvs67WQP8cV63xapaR70.gBGcey84pva_oNX23ygiYo.mPIHZf8sNIILI8qqxDBtaSHxZU807Bu05.INGzjnJcaxblOIN7yj5v1RijKcH2NnCnHILhc3FGRBsarUu3bjiY5_lahcIlf8mxyo1EMmFBtf7SAu3GAQnl8Rt9lXxQW22uOAenvHEcus1T1xI_kKuCJQCbuMKw9OuBJ_g47KrcY66t3F6cS2eUMHeqYgYz_MCr3d5FkDULsOmBB6SCeFIRyUn7SZge43BYkmXyhmrpLCAsa863Y9Hpc.MKm0i9hCYiS9a9pMtdaGmNe2n8bpCobdOfQ_x2ReOb8OvPEvcCVk76sdsg81C3dHONOAP6doqsta5KJclBrNI_30xjcVnx7UyxWn5F5xrvwOWHJRBUOi029OPvfcHHxb.LoNm5pViiyTvCRnkNm_sl5oJ5gpn_X1s98OUC3upa457rS_I.MOR0O9Ot6IRPgQi8AUIgblLS4tkjOk.MxHYe6WAbDYI6Avz8OeVTxH3JKtpqn_KcHylivaLouMvAdPyXH6zQNfaleul5J9g0p0gix3rLKOYguQNhqv.5qSWuYGM5PXO1xCfbaIPloVyJ.wo8TKWnB47q3wJ64Vmv4io_xGNWLWxsjzt02sRHft2iVrtfrXDYaUzDelGRZdLxg6pn8B3KxF5ryrqy7iD5bZpk2cBFDPp4yCd1TVtD2pck0LrE8l9qW8Vkjd4EdUUb4msphXPGsgNFHrf4qY4.dN8c3G2V.N9r84wHoEnk9KFc4aHsMzT2a_1QGEiQ5ZKEW7_FPfU.kQK8mJh4mkCn6rqD.KfzCgmItMACmX7Md9kA12p.Qxt5s4DAC5PijYk.RvKVn_dXUjTmSK8pTv6AgahsYF20tdcp_0bNWMWxPJ6stHeoknOaOMFSq5as.z81APKtJHEjStzke9mygiJ7kMJjcc9efZDR5_Rj7FUNLs47iRSl68rO6qHDm0Lx3OWZ7LEx.b1_SJKC.3_niqp9IMhvNwEqFdaVoyPXThRWrqM1DckSg9tgPhi8UNIiNbOWJ91CguEWjYlcKyxREVjG8ObjHpmlpM5QQ8gLMLgkAuFm8CoG0hYJPu5z0MFHhWvUgjjmkYCjXyvoeaPr7EwYGw6lJ1K8n3GV.cPBsrq1o21fvGfZ0LBZXIETDOT6gUm9uOhWZT5kNyWB5KAogojeHmjOfpTn.sWHkDuf0tHdnPy20M23sSvHHtbJFTpw7yNCDxzhFJsoT7Km3HLO2Iq9xwrHW9weQUa0CXMoQb07TSPJgy1amVJpjNx6tslVd0fRqCkfhrA.Lwx5sXCek1n38wai3QrgjCh6lrNbJZNnXGSwy7ohC_IroFdRxAqX8HQWR2VEv3QH46JnTfxnHTWdVHduu3D6S45eZYMYb030s1sAkZ8VLqm9tnZ5ZdrQlQI4g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134acd77d379fd4';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Mustapha%20%20Abdulkadir%20Gana&__cf_chl_rt_tk=vhDi_uhINFKeRi_ZlWcVzlpYhpSsUVHqhLs1OYi.Nbk-1739783750-1.0.1.1-PE4qkoLcOU.G_nze6ZQdDIHaa64D0AAvqZGtYXQWGbM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>