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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="vSJv7qnOPGpVjLTTSlGtNuTCAGv5/9UL93GQ673Ze6gxU6HAOUKCkTv1dMinMqpe6nhKjlB0XiRCq0YN/bEZHg==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="The Beginning of the Viking Age in the West" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Maritime Archaeology" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Dagfinn Skre" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Irene Baug" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/37932779/The_Beginning_of_the_Viking_Age_in_the_West" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="The Beginning of the Viking Age in the West" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="During the Viking Age, Arctic Scandinavia was a source of exquisite furs, down, walrus ivory, and other commodities that met with high demand in England and on the Continent. Hitherto, the earliest firm evidence of this trade has been Ohthere’s" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/470343/353928/423322/s200_dagfinn.skre.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/37932779/The_Beginning_of_the_Viking_Age_in_the_West" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Beginning of the Viking Age in the West" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="During the Viking Age, Arctic Scandinavia was a source of exquisite furs, down, walrus ivory, and other commodities that met with high demand in England and on the Continent. 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Hitherto, the earliest firm evidence of this trade has been Ohthere’s" /> <title>(PDF) The Beginning of the Viking Age in the West | Dagfinn Skre and Irene Baug - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/37932779/The_Beginning_of_the_Viking_Age_in_the_West" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732794008000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732794008000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"During the Viking Age, Arctic Scandinavia was a source of exquisite furs, down, walrus ivory, and other commodities that met with high demand in England and on the Continent. Hitherto, the earliest firm evidence of this trade has been Ohthere’s account c. 890, but in light of this paper’s findings, its history may be pushed further back in time. Geological analyses of whetstones retrieved in eighth- to early ninth-century Ribe, south-western Jylland, in present-day western Denmark, demonstrate that the majority were quarried near the aristocratic manor Lade (‘loading/storing place’) in Trøndelag, present-day central Norway, some 1100 km by sea to the north. Because of their high numbers and durability, whetstones retrieved in Ribe and other urban sites may be regarded as a proxy for long-distance seaborne trade from the Arctic. The peak in this trade on the threshold of the Viking Age invites a reconsideration of the coinciding and conflicting interests of Scandinavian long-distance traders, kings, and Vikings. It is argued that coalitions and conflicts that arose from these interests, and new constraints and opportunities that emerged for these three types of agents, provide keys to understanding why and where Vikings raided overseas up to the mid-ninth century. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-018-9221-3","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Dagfinn Skre"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Irene Baug"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Irene Baug"}],"dateCreated":"2018-12-07","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2018-01-01","headline":"The Beginning of the Viking Age in the West","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Economic History","Maritime Archaeology","Medieval History","Maritime History","Early Medieval Archaeology","Early Medieval History","Medieval Archaeology","Viking Studies","Viking Age Archaeology","Provenance studies of archaeological material","Piracy","Seafarers"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Journal of Maritime Archaeology","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37932779/The_Beginning_of_the_Viking_Age_in_the_West","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"uio"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"uib"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link 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window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":37932779,"created_at":"2018-12-07T08:57:46.072-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-21T13:51:13.027-08:00","_data":{"doi":"10.1007/s11457-018-9221-3","abstract":"During the Viking Age, Arctic Scandinavia was a source of exquisite furs, down, walrus ivory, and other commodities that met with high demand in England and on the Continent. Hitherto, the earliest firm evidence of this trade has been Ohthere’s account c. 890, but in light of this paper’s findings, its history may be pushed further back in time. Geological analyses of whetstones retrieved in eighth- to early ninth-century Ribe, south-western Jylland, in present-day western Denmark, demonstrate that the majority were quarried near the aristocratic manor Lade (‘loading/storing place’) in Trøndelag, present-day central Norway, some 1100 km by sea to the north. Because of their high numbers and durability, whetstones retrieved in Ribe and other urban sites may be regarded as a proxy for long-distance seaborne trade from the Arctic. The peak in this trade on the threshold of the Viking Age invites a reconsideration of the coinciding and conflicting interests of Scandinavian long-distance traders, kings, and Vikings. It is argued that coalitions and conflicts that arose from these interests, and new constraints and opportunities that emerged for these three types of agents, provide keys to understanding why and where Vikings raided overseas up to the mid-ninth century. \r\nhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-018-9221-3","publication_date":"2018,,","publication_name":"Journal of Maritime Archaeology"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Beginning of the Viking Age in the West","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [470343,660642]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":57945838,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The Beginning of the Viking Age in the West”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/57945838/mini_magick20181219-13649-bayhy6.png?1545268114" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Beginning of the Viking Age in the West</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="470343" href="https://uio.academia.edu/DagfinnSkre"><img alt="Profile image of Dagfinn Skre" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/470343/353928/423322/s65_dagfinn.skre.jpg" />Dagfinn Skre</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="660642" href="https://uib.academia.edu/IreneBaug"><img alt="Profile image of Irene Baug" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/660642/229903/3092266/s65_irene.baug.jpg" />Irene Baug</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2018, Journal of Maritime Archaeology</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">During the Viking Age, Arctic Scandinavia was a source of exquisite furs, down, walrus ivory, and other commodities that met with high demand in England and on the Continent. Hitherto, the earliest firm evidence of this trade has been Ohthere’s account c. 890, but in light of this paper’s findings, its history may be pushed further back in time. Geological analyses of whetstones retrieved in eighth- to early ninth-century Ribe, south-western Jylland, in present-day western Denmark, demonstrate that the majority were quarried near the aristocratic manor Lade (‘loading/storing place’) in Trøndelag, present-day central Norway, some 1100 km by sea to the north. Because of their high numbers and durability, whetstones retrieved in Ribe and other urban sites may be regarded as a proxy for long-distance seaborne trade from the Arctic. The peak in this trade on the threshold of the Viking Age invites a reconsideration of the coinciding and conflicting interests of Scandinavian long-distance traders, kings, and Vikings. It is argued that coalitions and conflicts that arose from these interests, and new constraints and opportunities that emerged for these three types of agents, provide keys to understanding why and where Vikings raided overseas up to the mid-ninth century. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-018-9221-3</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":57945838,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/37932779/The_Beginning_of_the_Viking_Age_in_the_West"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":57945838,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/37932779/The_Beginning_of_the_Viking_Age_in_the_West"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="57945838" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/37932779/The_Beginning_of_the_Viking_Age_in_the_West" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="54239592" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54239592/Zanette_T_Gl%C3%B8rstad_and_Kjetil_Loftsgarden_eds_Viking_Age_Transformations_Trade_Craft_and_Resources_in_Western_Scandinavia">Zanette T. Glørstad and Kjetil Loftsgarden (eds.): Viking-Age Transformations: Trade, Craft and Resources in Western Scandinavia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33829375" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/JamesGrahamCampbell">James Graham-Campbell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Viking</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Zanette T. Glørstad and Kjetil Loftsgarden (eds.): Viking-Age Transformations: Trade, Craft and Resources in Western Scandinavia","attachmentId":70698682,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54239592/Zanette_T_Gl%C3%B8rstad_and_Kjetil_Loftsgarden_eds_Viking_Age_Transformations_Trade_Craft_and_Resources_in_Western_Scandinavia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54239592/Zanette_T_Gl%C3%B8rstad_and_Kjetil_Loftsgarden_eds_Viking_Age_Transformations_Trade_Craft_and_Resources_in_Western_Scandinavia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="33456010" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33456010/A_view_from_the_valley_Langeid_in_Setesdal_South_Norway_a_Viking_Age_trade_station_along_a_mercantile_highway">A view from the valley: Langeid in Setesdal, South Norway – a Viking-Age trade station along a mercantile highway</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3479811" href="https://uio.academia.edu/CamillaCecilieWenn">Camilla Cecilie Wenn</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3182025" href="https://uio.academia.edu/ZanetteGl%C3%B8rstad">Zanette Glørstad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Viking-Age Transformations - Trade, Craft and Resources in Western Scandinavia, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A view from the valley: Langeid in Setesdal, South Norway – a Viking-Age trade station along a mercantile highway","attachmentId":55678904,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33456010/A_view_from_the_valley_Langeid_in_Setesdal_South_Norway_a_Viking_Age_trade_station_along_a_mercantile_highway","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33456010/A_view_from_the_valley_Langeid_in_Setesdal_South_Norway_a_Viking_Age_trade_station_along_a_mercantile_highway"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="41151919" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41151919/The_Earliest_Wave_of_Viking_Activity_The_Norwegian_Evidence_Revisited">The Earliest Wave of Viking Activity? The Norwegian Evidence Revisited</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13165558" href="https://uio.academia.edu/AinaMargretheHeenPettersen">Aina Margrethe Heen Pettersen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">European Journal of Archaeology, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article discusses the chronology and nature of the earliest Viking activity, based on a group of early burials from Norway containing Insular metalwork. By focusing on the geographical distribution of this material and applying the concept of locational and social knowledge, the importance of establishing cognitive landscapes to facilitate the Viking expansion is highlighted. It is argued that the first recorded Viking attacks were only possible after a phase in which Norse seafarers had acquired the necessarily level of a priori environmental knowledge needed to move in new seascapes and coastal environments. This interaction model opens the possibility that some of the early Insular finds from Norway may represent pre-Lindisfarne exploration voyages, carried out by seafarers along the sailing route of Nordvegr.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Earliest Wave of Viking Activity? The Norwegian Evidence Revisited","attachmentId":61396049,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41151919/The_Earliest_Wave_of_Viking_Activity_The_Norwegian_Evidence_Revisited","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41151919/The_Earliest_Wave_of_Viking_Activity_The_Norwegian_Evidence_Revisited"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="51156095" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51156095/Evidence_of_Viking_trade_and_Danelaw_connections_Inset_lead_weights_from_Norway_and_the_western_Viking_World">Evidence of Viking trade and 'Danelaw' connections? Inset lead weights from Norway and the western Viking World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13165558" href="https://uio.academia.edu/AinaMargretheHeenPettersen">Aina Margrethe Heen Pettersen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Internet Archaeology, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article presents and discusses the use and itineraries of inset lead weights from Norway and the wider Viking world. The weights, which are mostly inset with decorated metalwork, coins and glass are likely to be of 'Insular-Viking' manufacture, which developed in the late 9th and/or early 10th century. While the Norwegian corpus has generally received attention for its 'Irish' style of metalwork and therefore Irish affiliation, this article demonstrates how some of the material may rather have travelled to Norway via England. Here, they were extensively used in Viking milieus and the Irish-style insets were probably carried eastwards from Ireland by some of the historically attested groups who joined the Viking armies in England. The alternative route suggested for the weights which ended up in Norway has several implications, especially for providing potential evidence for integrated contact between the Danelaw area and Norway. The article also investigates fragmented mounts, a material phenomenon found in Viking and Norse contexts on both sides of the North Sea. While these mounts are often regarded as one group, the article identifies different practices in the fragmentation of this material, based on morphological details. It is suggested that 're-fashioned' pieces, i.e. those carefully cut into pieces and reworked into dress ornaments can be separated from 'hack-bronze' those that appear to have been fragmented in the same manner as hack silver and other metals intended for reuse as scrap or as bullion.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evidence of Viking trade and 'Danelaw' connections? Inset lead weights from Norway and the western Viking World","attachmentId":68993411,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/51156095/Evidence_of_Viking_trade_and_Danelaw_connections_Inset_lead_weights_from_Norway_and_the_western_Viking_World","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/51156095/Evidence_of_Viking_trade_and_Danelaw_connections_Inset_lead_weights_from_Norway_and_the_western_Viking_World"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="105521264" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105521264/THE_TURN_OF_THE_CENTURY_CROSS_CHANNEL_AND_OTHER_VIKING_CONNECTIONS_896_c_914">THE TURN OF THE CENTURY: CROSS-CHANNEL AND OTHER VIKING CONNECTIONS, 896-c.914</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9117445" href="https://unicaen.academia.edu/StephenLewis">Stephen M Lewis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">VIKINGS IN AQUITAINE AND THEIR CONNECTIONS, NINTH TO EARLY ELEVENTH CENTURIES , 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the autumn of 892 a good part of the very conglomerate and so-called Great Army which had been plaguing northern France and the Low Countries for the last thirteen years departed for England. After many adventures there some of them returned to France. These Northmen who seem to have initially included the ‘Alsting/Hasting’ who was discussed in earlier chapters - or at least on the outward journey - are yet another example of how the Northmen constantly moved from place to place, usually and inevitably ‘over the sea’, here between France and England. We will look at the connections between the attack on Tours on the Loire in 903 and that on the important Breton monastery at Landévennec in 913. Not only do these two attacks seem to be connected but they were also, as will be shown, connected with Scandinavian-related events in the British Isles - in England, Wales and Ireland. Regarding Tours, we will assess what we know of the attack on Tours from a Latin text from the first half of the tenth century added to the opening page of a ninth-century manuscript of Hrabanus Maurus’s commentary on Saint Matthew. As well as much else this text contains the names of the two leaders who led the attack: Baret and Heric (ON Bárðr and Eiríkr/Hárekr). By considering these names in the context of the activities of the Northmen immediately before and in the years after the attack it will be argued that at least part of this fleet had come from Ireland after the Scandinavians’ expulsion from Dublin in 902 and that later they returned to Ireland in 914 after raiding in Brittany, England and Wales. Additionally, and importantly, it will also be suggested that there may well be a connection between the attack on Tours and the famous ‘viking’ silver hoard buried at Cuerdale on the river Ribble in Lancashire in c.905-910. This chapter will also explore what those Northmen who returned to France in 896 did in the years immediately afterwards. Of most interest for our purposes is that they overwintered in Aquitaine in 897-898 making attacks before returning to the Seine region and undertaking more raids there, probably including a raid up the Canche in 898. The raids along the Loire over the winter of 897-898 could well have been where and when at least some of the about 900 West Frankish Cuerdale coins were collected and the Northmen’s subsequent activities back in the North must have been the time when another large group of about 100 Carolingian coins in the Cuerdale hoard which can only have been gathered in the Low Countries were obtained. Finally, this analysis will be followed by an exploration of the information contained in a second very different source: three works of Bishop Radbod of Utrecht concerning the attack on Tours, written in Frisia in the years just after the attack itself. Where Radbod might have got his information about events in faraway Tours will also be discussed. This is followed by an exploration of what the ethnic terms Radbod uses to describe the Scandinavians involved might actually mean - terms such as ‘Danes and Swedes’, ‘Swedes’ and even ‘Francia, calling them Danes, names them with their fatherly name as Swedes’. Does Radbod’s use of these labels provide any meaningful information regarding the ethnicity or identity of those involved, or is it rather just an example of a ‘distorting Frankish discourse’ used for Scandinavian raiders in the ninth and tenth centuries, and thus has nothing useful to tell us about the origin or identity of the Northmen who had attacked Tours? Lastly, we will look briefly at the question of whether Radbod’s ‘Danes and Swedes’ might conceivably be in any way connected to the so-called Swedish dynasty in Denmark, certainly raiding in Frisia (including Utrecht) in the early tenth century when Radbod had actually encountered and been threatened by some of them.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE TURN OF THE CENTURY: CROSS-CHANNEL AND OTHER VIKING CONNECTIONS, 896-c.914","attachmentId":104953773,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105521264/THE_TURN_OF_THE_CENTURY_CROSS_CHANNEL_AND_OTHER_VIKING_CONNECTIONS_896_c_914","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105521264/THE_TURN_OF_THE_CENTURY_CROSS_CHANNEL_AND_OTHER_VIKING_CONNECTIONS_896_c_914"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="121705912" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121705912/Norse_Whetstones_in_Slavic_Areas_Indicators_of_Long_Distance_Networks_During_the_Viking_Age_and_the_Middle_Ages">Norse Whetstones in Slavic Areas-Indicators of Long-Distance Networks During the Viking Age and the Middle Ages</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="660642" href="https://uib.academia.edu/IreneBaug">Irene Baug</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Medieval Archaeology, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">SCANDINAVIAN ARTEFACTS FROM THE VIKING AGE ONWARDS are found in Slavic areas, suggesting interactions between Slavs and Scandinavians. In this paper, whetstones from present-day Norway are regarded as a proxy for this contact, and three different locations within the Oder estuary district in present-day north-western Poland are investigated, the Viking-Age town of Wolin, Szczecin Castle Hill and Lubin Stronghold. Geological characterisation and analysis of whetstones indicate that from the 9th/10th to the 13th centuries, whetstones at these sites were largely imported from quarries in present-day Norway, from Mostadmarka in Trøndelag and Eidsborg in Telemark. A reliance on distantly sourced products among Slavic people is demonstrated, and despite cultural and linguistic differences there seem to have been long-lasting networks between Norse and Slavic areas through the centuries.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Norse Whetstones in Slavic Areas-Indicators of Long-Distance Networks During the Viking Age and the Middle Ages","attachmentId":116523136,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121705912/Norse_Whetstones_in_Slavic_Areas_Indicators_of_Long_Distance_Networks_During_the_Viking_Age_and_the_Middle_Ages","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121705912/Norse_Whetstones_in_Slavic_Areas_Indicators_of_Long_Distance_Networks_During_the_Viking_Age_and_the_Middle_Ages"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="9864929" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9864929/Review_of_Kings_and_Vikings_Scandinavia_and_Europe_AD_700_1100">Review of 'Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe AD 700-1100'</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19981821" href="https://ceu.academia.edu/Tam%C3%A1sReinicke">Tamás Reinicke</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A review of P. H. Sawyer's book written for the 'Histories & Cultures of the Nordic Region' course in 2014.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of 'Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe AD 700-1100'","attachmentId":56415896,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9864929/Review_of_Kings_and_Vikings_Scandinavia_and_Europe_AD_700_1100","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9864929/Review_of_Kings_and_Vikings_Scandinavia_and_Europe_AD_700_1100"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="12028566" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12028566/Viking_Age_and_Early_Medieval_Scandinavia_chapter_1_Introduction">Viking-Age and Early Medieval Scandinavia, chapter 1: Introduction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29008050" href="https://leeds.academia.edu/PeterSawyer">Peter H . Sawyer</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29007015" href="https://ntnu-no.academia.edu/BirgitSawyer">Birgit I L Sawyer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Our most recent and thorough publication is written in English (2001), but was pubished in German a year later ("Die Welt der Wikinger"). We have been encouraged to make this work available in English and here are the the first chapters. A list of references will follow soon.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Viking-Age and Early Medieval Scandinavia, chapter 1: Introduction","attachmentId":37360999,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12028566/Viking_Age_and_Early_Medieval_Scandinavia_chapter_1_Introduction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12028566/Viking_Age_and_Early_Medieval_Scandinavia_chapter_1_Introduction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="3770267" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3770267/Paviken_research_project_2013_2016_Investigation_of_a_Viking_Age_trading_and_manufacturing_site_on_Gotland_Sweden">Paviken research project 2013-2016. Investigation of a Viking Age trading and manufacturing site on Gotland, Sweden</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4620254" href="https://gotland-fieldschool.academia.edu/DanCarlsson">Dan S B Carlsson</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Paviken research project 2013-2016. Investigation of a Viking Age trading and manufacturing site on Gotland, Sweden","attachmentId":31437334,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3770267/Paviken_research_project_2013_2016_Investigation_of_a_Viking_Age_trading_and_manufacturing_site_on_Gotland_Sweden","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3770267/Paviken_research_project_2013_2016_Investigation_of_a_Viking_Age_trading_and_manufacturing_site_on_Gotland_Sweden"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="18369719" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18369719/Vikings_at_home_a_regional_perspective_on_Viking_Age_Norway">Vikings at home: a regional perspective on Viking Age Norway</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21566620" href="https://ntnu-no.academia.edu/KalleSognnes">Kalle Sognnes</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Vikings at home: a regional perspective on Viking Age Norway","attachmentId":40018159,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18369719/Vikings_at_home_a_regional_perspective_on_Viking_Age_Norway","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18369719/Vikings_at_home_a_regional_perspective_on_Viking_Age_Norway"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":57945838,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":57945838,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_57945838" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="8007397" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8007397/Money_and_trade_in_Viking_Age_Scandinavia">Money and trade in Viking-Age Scandinavia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="470343" href="https://uio.academia.edu/DagfinnSkre">Dagfinn Skre</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">In Bogucki, Mateusz (eds): "Economies, Monetisation and Society in West Slavic Lands 800-1200 AD", pp. 75-87. Szczecin 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Money and trade in Viking-Age Scandinavia","attachmentId":34470761,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8007397/Money_and_trade_in_Viking_Age_Scandinavia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8007397/Money_and_trade_in_Viking_Age_Scandinavia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="351290" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/351290/Whetstones_from_Viking_Age_Iceland_As_part_of_the_Trans_Atlantic_trade_in_basic_commodities">Whetstones from Viking Age Iceland - As part of the Trans-Atlantic trade in basic commodities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="268691" href="https://au.academia.edu/SigridCecilieJuelHansen">Sigrid Cecilie Juel Hansen</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Whetstones from Viking Age Iceland - As part of the Trans-Atlantic trade in basic commodities","attachmentId":1773740,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/351290/Whetstones_from_Viking_Age_Iceland_As_part_of_the_Trans_Atlantic_trade_in_basic_commodities","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/351290/Whetstones_from_Viking_Age_Iceland_As_part_of_the_Trans_Atlantic_trade_in_basic_commodities"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="26678972" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26678972/Jagodzi%C5%84ski_M_F_2014_Scandinavians_and_West_Balts_contribution_to_the_study_on_the_issue_of_the_influence_of_the_scandinavians_on_the_development_of_settlement_and_economic_political_structures_in_west_balts_during_the_viking_age_Quaestiones_Medii_Aevi_Novae_391_423">Jagodziński M. F. (2014) Scandinavians and West-Balts contribution to the study on the issue of the influence of the scandinavians on the development of settlement and economic-political structures in west-balts during the viking age, Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae, 391-423</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3118645" href="https://elblag.academia.edu/MarekJagodzi%C5%84ski">Marek Jagodziński</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Jagodziński M. F. (2014) Scandinavians and West-Balts contribution to the study on the issue of the influence of the scandinavians on the development of settlement and economic-political structures in west-balts during the viking age, Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae, 391-423","attachmentId":46959504,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26678972/Jagodzi%C5%84ski_M_F_2014_Scandinavians_and_West_Balts_contribution_to_the_study_on_the_issue_of_the_influence_of_the_scandinavians_on_the_development_of_settlement_and_economic_political_structures_in_west_balts_during_the_viking_age_Quaestiones_Medii_Aevi_Novae_391_423","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26678972/Jagodzi%C5%84ski_M_F_2014_Scandinavians_and_West_Balts_contribution_to_the_study_on_the_issue_of_the_influence_of_the_scandinavians_on_the_development_of_settlement_and_economic_political_structures_in_west_balts_during_the_viking_age_Quaestiones_Medii_Aevi_Novae_391_423"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="7617461" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7617461/The_World_in_The_Viking_Age">The World in The Viking Age</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="976564" href="https://au.academia.edu/S%C3%B8renSindb%C3%A6k">Søren Sindbæk</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The World in The Viking Age","attachmentId":34163812,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7617461/The_World_in_The_Viking_Age","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7617461/The_World_in_The_Viking_Age"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="23501926" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23501926/Trading_in_Viking_Period_Scandinavia_A_Business_Only_for_a_Few_The_J%C3%A4mtland_Case_2015_">Trading in Viking-Period Scandinavia — A Business Only for a Few? 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