CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-H6Y8DH0WQD"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "G-H6Y8DH0WQD", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location"});</script> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <style>div#sliding-popup, div#sliding-popup .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab {background: #0d4bdb} div#sliding-popup.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper { background: transparent; } #sliding-popup h1, #sliding-popup h2, #sliding-popup h3, #sliding-popup p, #sliding-popup label, #sliding-popup div, .eu-cookie-compliance-more-button, .eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { color: #ffffff;} .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { border-color: #ffffff;}</style> <link rel="icon" href="/sites/default/files/favicon-ictv.png" type="image/png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ictv.global/report_9th/dsDNA/Ligamenvirales/Rudiviridae" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://ictv.global/node/2059" /> <title>Rudiviridae | ICTV</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_fjUE2Zec-XVSZ-S16ZBM3s8zvVJoOB2MQag_alTRelk.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJyNk9uS2yAMhl_I2J3O9Fl66RFGJpoAYiRYb_bpqyRN7Ga23V5Z-vSD0MGeuWkTqLO2S0KdgHUUzNxw8K-xmnqkMnpYzlG4lzAvnFhG3ymFv8tZAn4lyiA37T9FFUKgEr9QNXxvMySKJWNp_yM-VrEkUL1MHhQfdkZViKgPv3CwGJfr2Q5pCtIrpHEnLlE5m5wFTSzZHvOBA3ZLxGdC--SaCMqC02dwDrhCT21Y7UbYUDnjdLDHDf3V1SEyx2RHFae7adZPaGgp5Txorygr6Wl6Wvfq5-1ENl-9aMN8L7UhWPqu5pWC4kAQDvDRvQMyQVikZ7-zWx-dT_1w30rvGNzJxCgHen2-o-C-ff8M_niFtTlFofWVK3dZcLGBVOE9GBN7G8O1WNuXnVNx1SbpCrxRhEZc9lji5fcR1BOidfcZei7ATppb7AdoLvB2uOO2GX94biW0rXqyxpwaHfr4Rri5xtUysxDqL8WeZ14" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_fwGakBrt0I12741C2RGO4TdLTbBLdXnwkLCRXwCPJI4.css?delta=2&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJyNk9uS2yAMhl_I2J3O9Fl66RFGJpoAYiRYb_bpqyRN7Ga23V5Z-vSD0MGeuWkTqLO2S0KdgHUUzNxw8K-xmnqkMnpYzlG4lzAvnFhG3ymFv8tZAn4lyiA37T9FFUKgEr9QNXxvMySKJWNp_yM-VrEkUL1MHhQfdkZViKgPv3CwGJfr2Q5pCtIrpHEnLlE5m5wFTSzZHvOBA3ZLxGdC--SaCMqC02dwDrhCT21Y7UbYUDnjdLDHDf3V1SEyx2RHFae7adZPaGgp5Txorygr6Wl6Wvfq5-1ENl-9aMN8L7UhWPqu5pWC4kAQDvDRvQMyQVikZ7-zWx-dT_1w30rvGNzJxCgHen2-o-C-ff8M_niFtTlFofWVK3dZcLGBVOE9GBN7G8O1WNuXnVNx1SbpCrxRhEZc9lji5fcR1BOidfcZei7ATppb7AdoLvB2uOO2GX94biW0rXqyxpwaHfr4Rri5xtUysxDqL8WeZ14" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_vPB1xjJl6meyJRv6sCmNQqwMIJn9yryXYbiDZmTwLcQ.css?delta=3&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJyNk9uS2yAMhl_I2J3O9Fl66RFGJpoAYiRYb_bpqyRN7Ga23V5Z-vSD0MGeuWkTqLO2S0KdgHUUzNxw8K-xmnqkMnpYzlG4lzAvnFhG3ymFv8tZAn4lyiA37T9FFUKgEr9QNXxvMySKJWNp_yM-VrEkUL1MHhQfdkZViKgPv3CwGJfr2Q5pCtIrpHEnLlE5m5wFTSzZHvOBA3ZLxGdC--SaCMqC02dwDrhCT21Y7UbYUDnjdLDHDf3V1SEyx2RHFae7adZPaGgp5Txorygr6Wl6Wvfq5-1ENl-9aMN8L7UhWPqu5pWC4kAQDvDRvQMyQVikZ7-zWx-dT_1w30rvGNzJxCgHen2-o-C-ff8M_niFtTlFofWVK3dZcLGBVOE9GBN7G8O1WNuXnVNx1SbpCrxRhEZc9lji5fcR1BOidfcZei7ATppb7AdoLvB2uOO2GX94biW0rXqyxpwaHfr4Rri5xtUysxDqL8WeZ14" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/teamplus/css/components/messages.css?sryofe" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_aERzzj7ScQjajoBndbWuZi3Xk5gcQWCwWntf0i4dtmw.css?delta=5&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJyNk9uS2yAMhl_I2J3O9Fl66RFGJpoAYiRYb_bpqyRN7Ga23V5Z-vSD0MGeuWkTqLO2S0KdgHUUzNxw8K-xmnqkMnpYzlG4lzAvnFhG3ymFv8tZAn4lyiA37T9FFUKgEr9QNXxvMySKJWNp_yM-VrEkUL1MHhQfdkZViKgPv3CwGJfr2Q5pCtIrpHEnLlE5m5wFTSzZHvOBA3ZLxGdC--SaCMqC02dwDrhCT21Y7UbYUDnjdLDHDf3V1SEyx2RHFae7adZPaGgp5Txorygr6Wl6Wvfq5-1ENl-9aMN8L7UhWPqu5pWC4kAQDvDRvQMyQVikZ7-zWx-dT_1w30rvGNzJxCgHen2-o-C-ff8M_niFtTlFofWVK3dZcLGBVOE9GBN7G8O1WNuXnVNx1SbpCrxRhEZc9lji5fcR1BOidfcZei7ATppb7AdoLvB2uOO2GX94biW0rXqyxpwaHfr4Rri5xtUysxDqL8WeZ14" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro:400,700,900,400italic,700italic,900italic&subset=latin,greek" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:400,400italic,700,300,700italic&subset=latin-ext,latin,greek" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Serif:400,700,400italic,700italic&subset=latin,latin-ext" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro&subset=latin,latin-ext" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_3eityKz5u72eV79wBzGqX_sCQ8uwD31bP8LzwtzvwM4.css?delta=10&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJyNk9uS2yAMhl_I2J3O9Fl66RFGJpoAYiRYb_bpqyRN7Ga23V5Z-vSD0MGeuWkTqLO2S0KdgHUUzNxw8K-xmnqkMnpYzlG4lzAvnFhG3ymFv8tZAn4lyiA37T9FFUKgEr9QNXxvMySKJWNp_yM-VrEkUL1MHhQfdkZViKgPv3CwGJfr2Q5pCtIrpHEnLlE5m5wFTSzZHvOBA3ZLxGdC--SaCMqC02dwDrhCT21Y7UbYUDnjdLDHDf3V1SEyx2RHFae7adZPaGgp5Txorygr6Wl6Wvfq5-1ENl-9aMN8L7UhWPqu5pWC4kAQDvDRvQMyQVikZ7-zWx-dT_1w30rvGNzJxCgHen2-o-C-ff8M_niFtTlFofWVK3dZcLGBVOE9GBN7G8O1WNuXnVNx1SbpCrxRhEZc9lji5fcR1BOidfcZei7ATppb7AdoLvB2uOO2GX94biW0rXqyxpwaHfr4Rri5xtUysxDqL8WeZ14" /> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_Twhj3i4KfUYM-_JkxDZX7x7iPMnWh6jFqVbqPUREzU0.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJxtkdEOwiAMRX-Iyef4uHTsypoxSmgx-vdOM11ieOLmHEoLTCKmVqmMas8E9SR6qdjE4IJkw8MaJT_XVihdTjIkzqs6tDGIrIx92UpiygG-B10UiQkjZUpP46D-H3x3BMXh9nQlQ92ork6NjPVTeQxzEqetoN5YF_9LPTaClHPsqkXuqLxfL1vX60YpaahA7vt30jZ1h3nbIsrG0q82aWE5TjfQ_mpN_fT9mxPd-IF5WEAz6kk5D4Uihkx3jvRp8nMmkozLC2nrxC4"></script> </head> <body class="layout-no-sidebars mt-color-scheme-blue mt-patterns-disabled mt-style-oval mt-style-button-global mt-style-form-global mt-style-image-global mt-style-menu-global mt-style-custom-global mt-link-style-animated-icon-2 wide hff-05 pff-02 sff-05 slff-05 paragraph-responsive-typography-enabled fixed-header-enabled--scroll-up fixed-header-enabled slideout-side-right page-node-2059 path-node page-node-type-report-9th"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="page-container"> <div class="page-top-container"> <div class="header-container"> <div class="clearfix header-top-highlighted region--dark-colored-background region--no-block-paddings region--no-paddings"> <div class="container "> <div class="clearfix header-top-highlighted__container" > <div class="row d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="clearfix header-top-highlighted__section header-top-highlighted-second"> <div class="region region-header-top-highlighted-second"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-teamplus-account-menu-menu" id="block-teamplus-account-menu" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-menu navigation menu--account" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-teamplus-account-menu-menu">User account menu</h2> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=teamplus_account_menu:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|menu:menu=account:langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en" data-contextual-token="_eo-RcchQrgxlwlOGWpOjeVHpKnnKoDPR4-tw2rDwfI" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <ul class="clearfix menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/user/login" data-drupal-link-system-path="user/login">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix header-top region--default-background region--no-block-paddings region--no-paddings"> <div class="container-fluid "> <div class="clearfix header-top__container" > <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-1 col-lg-1"> <div class="clearfix header-top__section header-top-first"> <div class="region region-header-top-first"> <div id="block-ictvlogp" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-block-content block-block-content435a092b-f2e0-4b0c-8c6d-6029db462e76" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=ictvlogp:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en|block_content:block_content=120:changed=1656692158&ds_bundle=basic&ds_view_mode=default&langcode=en" data-contextual-token="UvKebenHLomyA--FK_on3iyTYFRkbu4zZ6jV85htR6E" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div><a href="https://ictv.global/"><img alt="ICTV" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="3538e5f4-8cf1-41ac-b3f0-5bfdc84da226" display="inline-block" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/ictvLogo-head.png" width="75" height="146" loading="lazy"></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-11 col-lg-11"> <div class="clearfix header-top__section header-top-second"> <div class="region region-header-top-second"> <div id="block-mainnavigation" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-superfish block-superfishmain" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=mainnavigation:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en|menu:menu=main:langcode=en" data-contextual-token="Lulo47qsBM3wR348SeIpL3tp1Vl4QV-XQg2eKdPBlro" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="content"> <ul id="superfish-main" class="menu sf-menu sf-main sf-horizontal sf-style-white"> <li id="main-menu-link-content4559e473-180c-4e59-9fac-1d5b2cb47dc6" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/" title="">Home</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentb6eac205-7b9d-4cec-8b25-ce15ff81c27d" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">About</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content072db0b3-ba74-4381-ae47-2983d6f7030f" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/about/taxonomy" title="">About Taxonomic Classification</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content5070464d-ace4-4917-abeb-59f9f78488cd" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">About the ICTV</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-contentf9bb370e-9742-4a7e-86b7-cc121ba4ad72" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/about/charge" title="">Charge to the ICTV</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contente5d8973a-670d-4d84-93d7-7d82c9b9f9e5" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/about/statutes" title="">Statutes</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentda85f847-48a2-419f-9fb7-3468e271d292" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/about/code" title="">Code</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content2b9a1150-5e71-4413-bc27-67941af0d5c1" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/about/organization" title="">Organization</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content05c18ebd-38f0-4c47-9363-2aa1c0a59564" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/Ictv_history" title="">ICTV History</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contente2a9e234-f285-4ecd-8de5-af7864be362a" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Membership</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content20f1ebb8-a526-4eaf-995d-d6031e90b070" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/members" title="">Membership</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentd23a0b76-33f1-48e3-ba31-b707243901f3" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/members/ec-members" title="">Executive Committee</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentc0504499-a48d-4bad-8fbd-03414e82634f" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/members/history" title="">Exec Comm History</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content03bb72b5-109c-403f-9a9b-51d0cb77e717" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/members/life" title="">Life Members</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contente38ab8de-0bea-473b-8951-cb52c9e7401f" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/members/national" title="">National Members</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentac3e210e-6dc0-4f06-97c4-123c9b34b193" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/members/support" title="">Support Personnel</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentd8a5591e-7bf7-4e1d-9eb2-2e5a1bcf08f4" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/study-groups" title="">Study Groups</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content337c65df-f7aa-4e6a-bc01-103b01640b38" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/updates" title="">Recent Updates</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content5a13ada2-5e24-45af-8328-f4c4f02a27a4" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Taxonomy</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content0a38201e-7fc8-473b-988d-afc86acf1a81" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/taxonomy" title="">Taxonomy browser</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content3b2d4b6a-3195-4651-82bb-38c7532d5d33" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/taxonomy/visual-browser" title="">Visual Taxonomy Browser</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contenta5cb238d-f70d-4f1d-8349-a00a77ab110f" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/taxonomy/find_the_species" title="">Find the Species</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentecd4fe85-9460-4d0b-8534-4a38c6630f2f" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/taxonomy/history" title="">Release History</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content045e7ccd-6ed5-4ae9-bea4-4ec1c25a1cb0" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/msl" title="">Master Species Lists</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content8a3e3bac-08f9-4107-901f-69aeca5a6618" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/vmr" title="">Virus Metadata Resource</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentad173cea-20e9-4078-b260-5e189df23168" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/taxonomy/etymology" title="">Taxon Name Etymology</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content6d5e997e-e21d-4369-9e0a-654c83b2260a" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Proposals</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content312b6fad-85c4-40a7-b882-cc2550b72e98" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/proposals/approved" title="">Approved Proposals</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content7160214a-ee2a-4077-8b15-6f4ea723b5f1" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/proposals/pending" title="">Pending Proposals</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content4c422041-c02f-4cf1-b871-f6ccdae573ed" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/taxonomy/templates" title="">Proposal Template Files</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentdf2ea11b-808b-4248-884f-38571284c93c" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Report</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content6e7986e2-c9d6-4f20-badd-4b1f83833bce" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Current Report Chapters</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content84d6a8db-5fb5-40b5-9a07-fa56d79a94aa" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/report" title="">Chapter List: Image</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentde7a89ad-9a8b-4337-9d01-0db1fe7e3c0f" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/report/genome" title="">Chapter List: Text</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content53b21a50-2faa-42a3-bf24-8e4785d63e68" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/report/about" title="">About the ICTV Report</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content60f4e80c-83b0-4157-ac3a-8245c0466f07" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/report/chapter/information/information/diagrams" title="">Virion Diagrams</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentb611b5fc-9929-402c-96b3-abdf8ff24ab0" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/virus-properties" title="">Virus Properties</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentbc134979-4986-43f6-93de-5c9b0c47611c" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/report/genome/information" title="">Help and Information</a></li><li id="main-views-viewviewsmsl-downloadpage-7" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/templates" title="">Report Templates</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content602a14af-fdf5-4d74-b5f5-efd9db151538" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/report_9th" title="">Past (9th) Report Chapters</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentdb77cee3-92aa-484a-8bc2-2e26f26957c1" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Information</span><ul><li id="main-views-viewviewsmsl-downloadpage-2" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/info" title="">General Information</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentfa02e8ce-3ec1-4d1d-b626-5803505a5294" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Information Reports</span><ul><li id="main-views-viewviewsmsl-downloadpage-3" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/binomial_nomenclature" title="">Binomial Nomenclature</a></li><li id="main-views-viewviewsmsl-downloadpage-4" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/ec_files" title="">EC Meeting Reports</a></li><li id="main-views-viewviewsmsl-downloadpage-5" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/plenary_sessions" title="">Plenary Session Reports</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-views-viewviewsmt-showcases-gridpage-1" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/meetings" title="">Meeting Reports</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content677c21c4-231c-4bff-ad41-a2f9fede10b8" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/news" title="">News</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content46b4bf3b-d0dc-41e0-aa10-eba8203e3f08" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/newsletters" title="">Newsletters</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content8be6ceb1-e7aa-44e4-8372-2c5a1d2a65b7" class="menuparent"><a href="/sg_wiki" title="" class="menuparent">Study Group Info</a><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content8be6ceb1-e7aa-44e4-8372-2c5a1d2a65b7--2" class="sf-clone-parent sf-no-children"><a href="/sg_wiki" title="">Study Group Info</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentf07bb339-7930-4d73-be68-d28b30aa38fd" class="sf-clone-parent sf-no-children"><a href="/sg_wiki/flaviviridae/hepacivirus" title="">Flaviviridae: HCV</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content967b518b-a96c-4e40-a85b-d23906f1280f" class="sf-clone-parent sf-no-children"><a href="/sg_wiki/hepeviridae" title="">Hepeviridae Study Group</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentef4105e6-a7a5-4143-8601-438b31188abc" class="sf-clone-parent sf-no-children"><a href="/sg_wiki/picornaviridae" title="">Picornaviridae Study Group</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contented8687a3-79aa-4223-9d43-01af9af13ea0" class="sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.springer.com/journal/705/updates/18970520" title="" class="sf-external">Virology Division News</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content4a701cf5-6adf-47c0-aca4-0decdafa1ddc" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/information/virology" title="">History of Virology</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content4d9f3260-bff5-449b-b037-fe6395d0e939" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Forums</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content16c20cc0-b4d6-46fe-b01e-c2848e8d38fa" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/forum" title="">All Forums</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content92523956-516d-4861-af9c-ab509c185788" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/discussions/general-forum" title="">General Discussions</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content187fbd6e-0436-475f-b8f2-385fc8c4c47c" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/discussions/taxonomy-forum" title="">Taxonomic Discussions</a></li><li id="main-views-viewviewsmsl-downloadpage-8" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/forum/archive" title="">Forum Archive</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content4f10c5ff-3faa-48b7-ae0b-d60412052240" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Help</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content818fca4e-4d68-45f2-9525-bf97bebe02f9" class="sf-no-children"><a href="mailto:info@ictv.global" title="" class="sf-external">Email ICTV Help</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content0d2c86c2-2c4e-42f1-8b0d-107e5b14a266" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/faqs" title="">FAQs</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content73146dc8-b331-4d82-a8c1-bb2d9bb34425" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">How-To videos</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content4b8954dc-fa4d-4952-9288-10fde65c903f" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/help/MSL-Intro" title="">What is the ICTV Master Species List?</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content481af600-5275-441b-b9ad-068daffff607" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/help/taxonomy_browser" title="">Using the Taxonomy Browser</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentbd264ae5-bedc-4afc-8ea6-0ba5e419dbc9" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/help/finding_species_names" title="">How to Find a Virus Species Name</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content8f8e69b8-3256-4306-849d-6f29ff30f63b" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/help/vmr/find_species_name" title="">Finding a species name using the VMR</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content36beb5f1-4c25-43be-8420-77ef8210f935" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/help/ICTV-Report" title="">Using the ICTV Report</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentfb817d58-524a-463b-82a2-9c50afd998a4" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Webinar</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content65f33c8e-9cb8-4ba1-b61d-ac4aba950805" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/webinar/video" title="">Webinar on Virus Taxonomy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content30994362-927d-45dd-b22c-217d1760916d" class="sf-no-children"><span title="" class="nolink">‏‏‎ ‎</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="internal-banner-container"> <div id="hero-top" class="clearfix hero-top d-flex align-items-center region--colored-background region--no-block-paddings region--no-paddings"> <div class="container"> <div class="clearfix hero-top__container" > <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="hero-top__section"> <div class="region region-hero-top"> <div id="block-breadcrumbs" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=breadcrumbs:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en" data-contextual-token="r_Y5_QCuIp-Pl9M6YGMCZspYKYLYAjTJ7fwSKefCF4Q" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="content"> <nav class="breadcrumb" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol class="breadcrumb__items"> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <span class="breadcrumb__item-separator fas fa-angle-right"></span> <a href="/"> <span>Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <span class="breadcrumb__item-separator fas fa-angle-right"></span> <a href="https://ictv.global/report_9th"> <span>ICTV 9th Report (2011)</span> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <span class="breadcrumb__item-separator fas fa-angle-right"></span> <a href="https://ictv.global/report_9th/dsDNA/Ligamenvirales"> <span>Ligamenvirales</span> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <span class="breadcrumb__item-separator fas fa-angle-right"></span> <span>Rudiviridae</span> </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="block-teamplus-page-title" class="contextual-region clearfix block block-core block-page-title-block"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=teamplus_page_title:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en" data-contextual-token="EGZbqN49OnqdTCv6ryGIQ0ncfHWO3AIGYwkVMbp46SI" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <h1 class="title page-title">Rudiviridae</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="system-messages clearfix"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="region region-system-messages"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-content" class="clearfix main-content region--bright-background region--no-separator"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="clearfix main-content__container"> <div class="row"> <section class="col-12 pe-xl-5 ps-xl-5"> <div class="clearfix main-content__section region--no-block-paddings region--no-paddings" > <div class="region region-content"> <article data-history-node-id="2059" class="contextual-region node node--type-report-9th node--view-mode-full clearfix"> <div class="node__container"> <div class="node__main-content clearfix"> <div class="_none bs-pb-4"><div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-9height layout row layout-builder__layout"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-12 col-9left"> <div class="_none clearfix block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodereport-9thfield-mt-srv-body"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-mt-srv-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="ChapterNumber">Family: <em>Rudiviridae</em></h1> <div> <h4><b>Chapter Version: ICTV Ninth Report; 2009 Taxonomy Release</b></h4> </div> <p class="para">Since only one genus is currently recognized, the family description corresponds to the genus description.</p> <h1>Genus <em>Rudivirus</em></h1> <p class="UnnumberedList">Type species <b>Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2</b></p> <h2>Virion properties</h2> <h3>Morphology</h3> <p class="para">Virion has a stiff rod shape and measures about 600–900×23 nm (Figure 1). It is not enveloped and consists of a tube-like superhelix formed by dsDNA and multiple copies of a major structural protein. At each end, the tube carries plugs, about 50×6 nm, to which three tail fibers are anchored (Figure 1). These tail fibers appear to be involved in adsorption onto the host cell surface. The length of the virions is proportional to the size of the packaged viral DNA (Table 1).</p> <p class="TableCaption"><b>Table 1 </b>Properties of the rudiviruses</p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <thead> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p><b>Name</b></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><b>Origin</b></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><b>Virion length (nm)</b></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><b>Genome size (bp)</b></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><b>Total ORFs</b></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><b>G+C(%)</b></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><b>ITR length (bp)</b></p> </td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p>SRV</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>Portugal</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>702</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>28097</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>37</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>29.3</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>1030</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p>ARV1</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>Italy</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>610</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>24655</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>41</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>39.1</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>1365</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p>SIRV1</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>Iceland</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>830</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>32308</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>45</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>25.3</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>2032</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p>SIRV2</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>Iceland</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>900</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>35498</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>54</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>25.2</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>1626</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="TableSource"></p> <h3>Physicochemical and physical properties</h3> <p class="para">The buoyant density of virions is 1.36 g cm<sup>−3</sup>. Virions are highly thermostable; autoclaving at 120 °C for at least 50 min is required for their inactivation. Virions are not inactivated by treatment with 6M urea, 0.1% Triton X-100, absolute ethanol and 2-octanol, but can be degraded by prolonged treatment with 0.1% SDS at 50 °C. Virions can act as a template for site-selective and spatially controlled chemical modification. Both the ends and the body of the virus, or the ends only, can be chemically addressed.</p> <h3>Nucleic acid</h3> <p class="para">Genome is a single molecule of linear dsDNA, which ranges from 24,655 to 35,482 bp (Table 1).</p> <h3>Proteins</h3> <p class="para">Virions contain one major highly glycosylated protein of about 14.5 kDa, and three minor proteins with molecular masses of about 50, 58 and 110 kDa, the largest of which is involved in formation of the terminal filaments. The major structural protein is shown to generate long tubular structures <i>in vitro</i>. The protein structure adopts a four-helix bundle fold that is stabilized by an extensive hydrophobic core, with helices ranging from 11 to 19 amino acids in length, and is identical to the four-helix bundle fold of the two major structural proteins of the Acidianus filamentous virus 1, a member of the family <i>Lipothrixviridae</i>.</p> <h3>Lipids</h3> <p class="para">No lipid was detected.</p> <h3>Carbohydrates</h3> <p class="para">None reported.</p> <h2>Genome organization and replication</h2> <p class="para">The two strands of the linear DNA are covalently linked at both ends of the genome. The genomes carry long inverted terminal repeats, ranging from 1365 bp to 2032 bp (Table 1), which include multiple direct repeats. Although the sequences of the inverted terminal repeats are different for different rudiviruses, they all carry the 21 bp sequence AATTTAGGAATTTAGGAATTT near the genome ends, which may be an important signal for DNA replication. The finding of head-to-head and tail-to-tail linked replicative intermediates suggests a self-priming replication model.</p> <p class="para-ind">The genome sequence and composition of the <i>Acidianus</i> and <i>Stygiolobus</i> rudiviruses differ significantly from those of the two <i>Sulfolobus</i> rudiviruses (Figure 2). A dUTPase and a Holliday junction resolvase are encoded in the virus genomes, and those of the Sulfolobus rod-shaped virus 2 have been functionally characterized as recombinant proteins <i>in vitro</i>. At least 10% of the encoded proteins are predicted to have different DNA-binding motifs and are presumed to be transcriptional regulators. One of these, protein SvtR of Sufolobus rod-shaped virus 2, with the structure similar to that of bacterial RHH proteins, was characterized in detail and shown to strongly repress the transcription of the minor structural protein. The transcriptional patterns of the rudiviruses are relatively simple, with few temporal expression differences.</p> <h2>Antigenic properties</h2> <p class="para">No information is available.</p> <h2>Biological properties</h2> <p class="para">The viruses were isolated from extreme acidic geothermal environments, with temperatures above 80 °C and pH values below 3, of Iceland, Portugal and Italy. The hosts are members of the hyperthermophilic archaeal genera <i>Sulfolobus</i>, <i>Acidianus</i> and <i>Stygiolobus.</i> The viral genome does not integrate into the host chromosome. Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2 kills the host cell as a consequence of elaborated, well-orchestrated mechanism. Following virus infection, massive degradation of the host chromosomes occurs accompanied by formation of pyramidal structures on the host cell surface that rupture the S-layer (Figure 3). Close to the end of eclipse phase, the pyramidal structures open outwards, and create apertures through which mature virions escape the cell (Figure 3). SIRV2-encoded protein P98 is the major constituent of these exceptional cellular ultrastructures. This mechanism of virus release is unique and differs from lysis and egress systems of known bacterial and eukaryotic viruses.</p> <h2>Species demarcation criteria in the genus</h2> <p class="para">Species in the genus differ in virion size, host range, size and nucleotide sequence of the genome.</p> <h2>List of species in the genus <i>Rudivirus</i></h2> <p class="para"> </p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border:none;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border:1pt solid windowtext;"> <p><i>Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 1</i></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p> </p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p> Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 1</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>[AJ414696]</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>(SIRV1)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p><i>Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2</i></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p> </p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p> Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>[AJ344259]</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>(SIRV2)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p><i>Acidianus rod-shaped virus 1</i></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p> </p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p> Acidianus rod-shaped virus 1</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>[AJ875026]</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>(ARV1)</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="Legend">Species names are in italic script; strain names are in roman script. Sequence accession numbers [ ] and assigned abbreviations ( ) are also listed.</p> <h2>List of other related viruses which may be members of the genus <i>Rudivirus</i> but have not been approved as species</h2> <p class="para"> </p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border:none;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border:1pt solid windowtext;"> <p>Stygiolobus rod-shaped virus</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>[FM164764]</p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>(SRV)</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="TableSource"> </p> <h2>List of unassigned species in the family <i>Rudiviridae</i></h2> <p class="para">None reported.</p> <h2>Phylogenetic relationships within the family</h2> <p class="para">Not available.</p> <h2>Similarity with other taxa</h2> <p class="para">Originally, the two families of dsDNA viruses with linear genomes, the <i>Rudiviridae</i> and the <i>Lipothrixviridae</i>, were distinguished by differences in virion structure and this was later supported by comparative genomics. Nevertheless, a substantial fraction of orthologous genes, including some encoding glycosyl transferases and transcriptional regulators, are shared by the rudiviruses and lipothrixviruses. For example, of the 45 predicted genes of the rudivirus Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 1, nine share orthologs with the lipothrixvirus Sulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus. Moreover, the structure of the major virion protein of the rudiviruses turned out to be identical to the structures of the two major virion proteins of the lipothrixvirus Acidianus filamentous virus 1. These observations indicate that the known linear dsDNA viruses, all of which infect hyperthermopilic members of the domain Archaea, share a common ancestor. One can suggest a sequence of evolutionary events in which the major virion protein of a “simpler” non-enveloped virion of the <i>Rudiviridae</i> has been duplicated and evolved so as to facilitate interactions with a hydrophobic envelope, producing the more complex virion of the <i>Lipothrixviridae</i>. Therefore it has been suggested that the families <i>Rudiviridae</i> and <i>Lipothrixviridae</i> could become members of a new viral order.</p> <h2>Derivation of name</h2> <p class="UnnumberedList"><i>Rudi</i>: from Latin <i>rudis</i>, “small rod”.</p> <h2>Further reading</h2> <p class="Refs">Blum, H., Zillig, W., Mallok, S., Domdey, H. and Prangishvili, D. (2001). The genome of the archaeal virus SIRV1 has features in common with genomes of eukaryal viruses. <i>Virology</i>, <b>281</b>, 6-9.</p> <p class="Refs">Bize, A., Karlsson, E.A., Ekefjärd, K., Quax, T. E. F., Pina, M., Prevost, M.-C., Forterre, P., Tenaillon, O., Bernander, R. and Prangishvili, D. (2009). A unique virus release mechanism in the Archaea. <i>Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., USA</i>, <b>106</b>, 21155-21160.</p> <p class="Refs">Kessler, A., Brinkman, A.B., van der Oost, J. and Prangishvili, D. (2004). Transcription of the Rod-Shaped Viruses SIRV1 and SIRV2 of the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon <i>Sulfolobus</i>. <i>J. Bacteriol.</i>,<i> </i><b>186</b>, 7745-7753.</p> <p class="Refs">Peng, X., Blum, H., She, Q., Mallok, S., Brugger, K., Garrett, R.A., Zillig, W. and Prangishvili, D. (2001). Sequences and replication of genomes of the archaeal rudiviruses SIRV-1 and SIRV-2: relationships to the archaeal <i>Lipothrixvirus</i> SIFV and some eukaryal viruses. <i>Virology</i>, <b>291</b>, 226-234.</p> <p class="Refs">Prangishvili, D., Arnold, H.P., Gotz, D., Ziese, U., Holz, I., Kristjansson, J.K. and Zillig, W. (1999). A novel virus family, the <i>Rudiviridae</i>: Structure, virus–host interactions and genome variability of the sulfolobus viruses SIRV-1 and SIRV-2. <i>Genetics</i>, <b>152</b>, 1387-1396.</p> <p class="Refs">Prangishvili, D., Forterre, P. and Garrett, R. A. (2006). Viruses of the Archaea: a unifying view. <i>Nat. Rev. Microbiol.</i>,<i> </i><b>4</b>, 837-848.</p> <p class="Refs">Prangishvili, D., Garrett, R.A. and Koonin, E.V. (2006). Evolutionary genomics of archaeal viruses: Unique viral genomes in the third domain of life. <i>Virus Res</i>., <b>117</b>, 52-67.</p> <p class="Refs">Vestergaard, G., Häring, M., Peng, X., Rachel, R., Garrett, R.A. and Prangishvili, D. (2005). A novel rudivirus, ARV1, of the hyperthermophilic archaeal genus <i>Acidianus</i>. <i>Virology</i>, <b>336</b>, 83-92.</p> <p class="Refs">Vestergaard, G., Shah, S.A., Bize, A., Reitberger, W., Reuter, M., Phan, H., Briegel, A., Rachel, R., Garrett, R.A. and Prangishvili, D. (2008). <i>Stygiolobus</i> rod-shaped virus and the interplay of crenarchaeal rudiviruses with the CRISPR antiviral system. <i>J. Bacteriol</i>., <b>190</b>, 6837-6845.</p> <p class="Refs">Zillig, W., Prangishvili, D., Schleper, C., Elferink, M., Holz, I., Albers, S., Janekovic, D. and Götz, D. (1996). Viruses, plasmids and other genetic elements of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic Archaea. <i>FEMS Microbiol. Rev</i>., <b>18</b>, 225-236.</p> <h2>Contributed by</h2> <p class="para">Prangishvili, D.</p> <p class="para"><span style="font-size:12px;"> </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-12 col-9right"> <div class="_none bs-pl-1 bs-pt-4 clearfix block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodereport-9thfield-mt-srv-subheader-body"> <h2 class="title">Figures</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-mt-srv-subheader-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><b>Figure 1 </b>(Left panel) Negative contrast electron micrographs of virions of Stygiolobus rod-shaped virus. The bars correspond to 200 nm. (Right panels) Electron tomography image of the virion: horizontal slice (0.7) showing the accumulated stain in the central part, and visualization of the data using Amira software. With an arrow is indicated a point of attachment of the three tail fibers. The scale bar represents 50 nm.</p> <p>(Modified from Vestergaard <i>et al.</i> (2008). <i>J. Bacteriol.</i>, <b>190</b>, 6837-6845.)</p> <p><img alt=" " border="0" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/f29-01-9780123846846.png"></p> <p><b>Figure 2 </b>Genome organization of Stygiolobus rod-shaped virus (SRV), Sulfolopbus islandicus rod-shaped virus 1 (SIRV1) and Acidianus rod-shaped virus 1 (ARV1), showing the predicted ORFs and the ITRs (bold lines). SRV ORFs are identified by their amino acid lengths. Homologous genes shared between the rudiviruses are color-coded. Genes above the horizontal line are transcribed from left to right, and those below the line are transcribed in the opposite direction. Predicted functions or structural characteristics of the gene products are indicated as follows: sp, structural protein; rhh, ribbon-helix-helix protein; wh, winged helix protein; tm, transmembrane; tgt, tRNA guanine transglycosylase; hjh; Holliday junction helicase; hjr, Holliday junction resolvase; n, nuclease; du, dUTPase; ts, thymidylate synthase; sm, <i>S</i>-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase; gt, glycosyl transferase.</p> <p>(From Vestergaard <i>et al.</i> (2008). <i>J. Bacteriol</i>. <b>190</b>, 6837-6845.)</p> <p><img alt=" " border="0" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/f29-02-9780123846846.png"></p> <p><b>Figure 3 </b>Transformation of <i>Sulfolobus</i> host cells following infection with Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2: (A1, A2), uninfected cells; (B1, B2), cells 10 h post-infection; (C1,C2), cells 1014 h post-infection. (A1, B1, C1) scanning electron micrographs; (A2, B2, C2) transmission electron micrographs of thin sections of negatively stained cells. Scale bars: 200 nm. The electron micrographs are accompanied by the schematic representation of the cell at different stages of the virus life cycle. Times after infection are indicated in hours. At 0 h, two chromosomes of the <i>Sulfolobus</i> host are shown in blue. Later they degrade concomitantly with formation of virus-induced pyramids (shown in red) and the intracellular clusters of assembled virions. Finally, at time points between 10 and 14 h, the virus-induced pyramids open (their remains are shown in red), the cell lyses and the virions are extruded. The gradual opening out of the virus-induced pyramids (at time points between 10 and 14 h) is illustrated in more details with fragments from electron micrographs of thin sections of the infected cell.</p> <p>(Modified from Bize <i>et al.</i>, 2009.)</p> <p><img alt=" " border="0" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/f29-03-9780123846846.png"></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footers-container"> <div id="subfooter" class="clearfix subfooter region--shade-background region--no-separator region--no-block-paddings region--no-paddings"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="clearfix subfooter__container"> <div class="row align-items-center"> <div class="col-12 text-center"> <div class="clearfix subfooter__section subfooter-first"> <div class="region region-sub-footer-first"> <div id="block-ictvtitlesmall" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-block-content block-block-contentf0184816-f30a-42b5-8789-e2d8f7c97e1c" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=ictvtitlesmall:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en|block_content:block_content=121:changed=1651158082&ds_bundle=basic&ds_view_mode=default&langcode=en" data-contextual-token="JV9VC_WaL2eSafq4ZjPpNM_S2KjhDnytwHmGFt5avWg" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4 class="text-left">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-block-form google-cse contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-search container-inline" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" id="block-searchform" role="search" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=searchform:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en" data-contextual-token="JkIvlyRqm2bilgNPM3sIFaLm7bzQDG55cdqRU9HET1U" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <form action="/search/google" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-search form-type-search js-form-item-keys form-item-keys form-no-label"> <label for="edit-keys" class="visually-hidden">Search</label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." placeholder="Search ICTV web site..." data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-search" /> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input class="search-form__submit button js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit" value="Search" /> </div> </form> </div> <div id="block-licensenihacknowledgement" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-block-content block-block-contentc7d36cc0-e40f-4d74-88cb-bb059f352ace" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=licensenihacknowledgement:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en|block_content:block_content=27:changed=1660104327&ds_bundle=basic&ds_view_mode=default&langcode=en" data-contextual-token="0rIVRrRh2pX5QjnhbdFQCWZqjddpeQONP_M12Zvaugg" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-1"> </div> <div class="col-sm"> <p class="h6 text-align-center"><small>Unless otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="license noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a></small></p> </div> <div class="col-sm"> <p class="h6 text-align-center"><small>Support is provided by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Award U24AI162625</small></p> </div> <div class="col-sm-1"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-copyright" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-block-content block-block-content6badfc64-8e94-40e8-973e-640993454b1a" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=copyright:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en|block_content:block_content=132:changed=1736460225&ds_bundle=basic&ds_view_mode=default&langcode=en" data-contextual-token="tWmOgSeKInGM7wiLj3JsGZoEUBc7ajFjsgQY9YSyGRs" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p> Copyright © 2025 (ICTV)  |  <a href="/privacy">Privacy</a>  |  <a href="/disclaimer">Disclaimer</a>  |   <a href="mailto:info@ictv.global" style="text-decoration:none;" ><i class="fal fa-envelope"></i>  </a> </p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/2059","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJyNVNGSmzAM_CEcbjrTb-kjI2wBmhjLY8nJ5b6-giaEZrimT0i7a9nWyvTMKlogd6K3iNLmWEdKpx78eSxcU-g8Ry6nvlIMTf-dnEvAd6IZyqr9pyhDCJTGNyrxhWPscBjQq7wRK35qB5HGNGPS_xHvr-wjiNzaHgQf8YwiMKI88sTBOE7L2gqxDaVmiKcn4iKls8m5oInLbIf5wgarbcRnQvvMORIkj-0R2AUcoEZtBqsIVxSesd3Fpyv2SyrNyDxG7CBBvCl5aV-Bh8IL3jmLfoGiHaqcG1FQknXl_RJPpJGasQwkU7tFR1iHIObgITXxBQtZW5Ie8mKtiWYuYjrmF6-660SKx_wSSe0PD7uwmYWU-Li6cvXTY_ebKM5_bFcEs6KKZSlhcVAQduBjknaQCYIvde6f2DpTro91V2-gTwxuMjGWHbpY6Si4jx9H4M9XMKsT6-rwigvX4tHbcObCT3KM3NtILq1cbNpwSi7bVLsEFxphbdLGRfb3JSgTok3aRm2P4Ymo8_bnUBf4uquxvpK_MjcQ2gvbMGWOSrs-XgivTjnbzlwI5TfDu9sr","theme":"teamplus","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/search\/google":true},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-H6Y8DH0WQD","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip"},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-out\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch5\u003EThis web site collects information on user preferences and usage statistics so we can provide you with a more personalized experience.\u003C\/h5\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EMore info\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button\u0022\u003EDon\u0026#039;t collect\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-out\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EMore info\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button\u0022\u003EDon\u0026#039;t collect\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"\/privacy","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":false,"cookie_name":"","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":false,"cookie_lifetime":100,"cookie_session":0,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"opt_out","automatic_cookies_removal":true,"allowed_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button \u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":false,"reload_options":0,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":false,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":true,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":false,"olivero_primary_button_classes":"","olivero_secondary_button_classes":"","close_button_action":"close_banner","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"teamplus":{"purechatInit":{"purechatKey":""},"slideshowCaptionOpacity":0,"slideshowBackgroundOpacity":0.5,"sliderRevolutionFullWidthInit":{"slideshowFullWidthEffectTime":7000,"slideshowFullWidthInitialHeight":500,"slideshowFullWidthAutoHeight":0,"slideshowFullWidthNavigationStyle":"bullets","slideshowFullWidthBulletsPosition":"right","slideshowFullWidthTouchSwipe":"on"},"sliderRevolutionFullScreenInit":{"slideshowFullScreenEffectTime":7000,"slideshowFullScreenNavigationStyle":"bullets","slideshowFullScreenBulletsPosition":"right","slideshowFullScreenTouchSwipe":"on"},"sliderRevolutionBoxedWidthInit":{"slideshowBoxedWidthEffectTime":7000,"slideshowBoxedWidthInitialHeight":500,"slideshowBoxedWidthAutoHeight":0,"slideshowBoxedWidthNavigationStyle":"bullets","slideshowBoxedWidthBulletsPosition":"center","slideshowBoxedWidthTouchSwipe":"on"},"sliderRevolutionInternalBannerInit":{"slideshowInternalBannerEffectTime":10000,"slideshowInternalBannerInitialHeight":450,"slideshowInternalBannerAutoHeight":0,"slideshowInternalBannerNavigationStyle":"bullets","slideshowInternalBannerBulletsPosition":"left","slideshowInternalBannerLayout":"fullscreen","slideshowInternalBannerTouchSwipe":"on"},"sliderRevolutionInternalBannerCarouselInit":{"carouselInternalBannerInitialHeight":540,"carouselInternalBannerBulletsPosition":"center","carouselInternalBannerTouchSwipe":"on"},"owlCarouselProductsInit":{"owlProductsAutoPlay":1,"owlProductsEffectTime":5000},"owlCarouselAlbumsInit":{"owlAlbumsAutoPlay":1,"owlAlbumsEffectTime":5000},"owlCarouselArticlesInit":{"owlArticlesAutoPlay":1,"owlArticlesEffectTime":5000},"owlCarouselTestimonialsInit":{"owlTestimonialsAutoPlay":1,"owlTestimonialsEffectTime":5000},"owlCarouselRelatedNodesInit":{"owlRelatedNodesAutoPlay":0,"owlRelatedNodesEffectTime":5000},"owlCarouselCollectionsInit":{"owlCollectionsAutoPlay":0,"owlCollectionsEffectTime":5000},"owlCarouselTeamMembersInit":{"owlTeamMembersAutoPlay":1,"owlTeamMembersEffectTime":5000},"flexsliderInPageInit":{"inPageSliderEffect":"fade"},"flexsliderBreakingSliderInit":{"breakingEffect":"fade","breakingEffectTime":5000},"flexsliderMainInit":{"slideshowEffect":"fade","slideshowEffectTime":5000},"inPageNavigation":{"inPageNavigationOffset":69},"transparentHeader":{"transparentHeaderOpacity":0},"isotopeFiltersGridInit":{"isotopeFiltersText":"All","isotopeLayoutMode":"masonry"},"slideoutInit":{"slideoutSide":"right","slideoutTouchSwipe":false}},"googleCSE":{"cx":"010166446159964314333:5h8sdpytswy","language":"en","resultsWidth":0,"domain":"","isDefault":true},"statistics":{"data":{"nid":"2059"},"url":"\/modules\/contrib\/statistics\/statistics.php"},"superfish":{"superfish-main":{"id":"superfish-main","sf":{"animation":{"opacity":"show","height":["show","easeInSine"]},"speed":"fast","dropShadows":false},"plugins":{"touchscreen":{"behaviour":1,"mode":"useragent_predefined"},"smallscreen":{"mode":"window_width","title":"Menu"},"supposition":true,"supersubs":true}}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"0bc6a707b97d5b3a24efc580552e9351a3501862c9cdea708762296ac979ac24"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_NEtE0-sFAtmpGHgRj7VkdmQxGy4Pgy6d7lbBXk_UiaE.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJxtkdEOwiAMRX-Iyef4uHTsypoxSmgx-vdOM11ieOLmHEoLTCKmVqmMas8E9SR6qdjE4IJkw8MaJT_XVihdTjIkzqs6tDGIrIx92UpiygG-B10UiQkjZUpP46D-H3x3BMXh9nQlQ92ork6NjPVTeQxzEqetoN5YF_9LPTaClHPsqkXuqLxfL1vX60YpaahA7vt30jZ1h3nbIsrG0q82aWE5TjfQ_mpN_fT9mxPd-IF5WEAz6kk5D4Uihkx3jvRp8nMmkozLC2nrxC4"></script> <script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_gRNrTISAsWMhXLpGEhoM_iHcXI0wlMA-hg3eK5bg9EM.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJxtkdEOwiAMRX-Iyef4uHTsypoxSmgx-vdOM11ieOLmHEoLTCKmVqmMas8E9SR6qdjE4IJkw8MaJT_XVihdTjIkzqs6tDGIrIx92UpiygG-B10UiQkjZUpP46D-H3x3BMXh9nQlQ92ork6NjPVTeQxzEqetoN5YF_9LPTaClHPsqkXuqLxfL1vX60YpaahA7vt30jZ1h3nbIsrG0q82aWE5TjfQ_mpN_fT9mxPd-IF5WEAz6kk5D4Uihkx3jvRp8nMmkozLC2nrxC4"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?v=10.4.3" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_uqEa0qKNgOWZ0QfXVQhFsxAfuXHWmxNgGPN9lHAnRi4.js?scope=footer&delta=4&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJxtkdEOwiAMRX-Iyef4uHTsypoxSmgx-vdOM11ieOLmHEoLTCKmVqmMas8E9SR6qdjE4IJkw8MaJT_XVihdTjIkzqs6tDGIrIx92UpiygG-B10UiQkjZUpP46D-H3x3BMXh9nQlQ92ork6NjPVTeQxzEqetoN5YF_9LPTaClHPsqkXuqLxfL1vX60YpaahA7vt30jZ1h3nbIsrG0q82aWE5TjfQ_mpN_fT9mxPd-IF5WEAz6kk5D4Uihkx3jvRp8nMmkozLC2nrxC4"></script> </body> </html>