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stretching</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: stretching"> <meta name="keywords" content="stretching"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="stretching"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 218</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: stretching</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">158</span> Efficacy of Cool's and Rhythmic Stabilization Exercises on Scapular up Ward Rotation and Ut/Sa Ratio in Patients with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Moustafa">Mohammed Moustafa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Ayad"> Khaled Ayad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waleed%20Reda"> Waleed Reda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Shoulder impingement syndrome is the most common disorder of the shoulder, resulting in functional loss and disability. Objective: This study was designed to compare between the effects of scapular muscle training versus rhythmic stabilization exercises in treatment of shoulder impingement syndrome. Methods: Thirty patients participated in this study; they were assigned randomly into two experimental groups. The first experimental group (A) consisted of 15 patients with a mean age (21.87±2.72) years; they received graduated rhythmic stabilization exercises and stretching of the posterior capsule. The second experimental group (B) consisted of 15 patients with a mean age (22.27±2.94) years; they received scapular muscle training exercises in addition to stretching of the posterior capsule. Treatment was given three times per week, every other day, for four consecutive weeks. Patients have been evaluated pretreatment and post treatment for shoulder pain severity and functional disability. Results: Both groups showed highly statistical significant reduction in pain severity and functional disability measured post-treatment when compared with their corresponding values in pretreatment assessment. Conclusion: Both of rhythmic stabilization exercises and scapular muscle training are effective interventions to reduce shoulder pain severity and functional disability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impingement%20syndrome" title="impingement syndrome">impingement syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scapular%20exercises" title=" scapular exercises"> scapular exercises</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhythmic%20stabilization%20exercises" title=" rhythmic stabilization exercises"> rhythmic stabilization exercises</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=posterior%20capsule%20stretch" title=" posterior capsule stretch"> posterior capsule stretch</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49290/efficacy-of-cools-and-rhythmic-stabilization-exercises-on-scapular-up-ward-rotation-and-utsa-ratio-in-patients-with-shoulder-impingement-syndrome" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49290.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">157</span> The Mechanism Study of Degradative Solvent Extraction of Biomass by Liquid Membrane-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Ketren">W. Ketren</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Wannapeera"> J. Wannapeera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Heishun"> Z. Heishun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ryuichi"> A. Ryuichi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Toshiteru"> K. Toshiteru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Kouichi"> M. Kouichi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Hideaki"> O. Hideaki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Degradative solvent extraction is the method developed for biomass upgrading by dewatering and fractionation of biomass under the mild condition. However, the conversion mechanism of the degradative solvent extraction method has not been fully understood so far. The rice straw was treated in 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN) at a different solvent-treatment temperature varied from 250 to 350 <sup>o</sup>C with the residence time for 60 min. The liquid membrane-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique is applied to study the processing mechanism in-depth without separation of the solvent. It has been found that the strength of the oxygen-hydrogen stretching (3600-3100 cm<sup>-1</sup>) decreased slightly with increasing temperature in the range of 300-350 <sup>o</sup>C. The decrease of the hydroxyl group in the solvent soluble suggested dehydration reaction taking place between 300 and 350 <sup>o</sup>C. FTIR spectra in the carbonyl stretching region (1800-1600 cm<sup>-1</sup>) revealed the presence of esters groups, carboxylic acid and ketonic groups in the solvent-soluble of biomass. The carboxylic acid increased in the range of 200 to 250<sup> o</sup>C and then decreased. The prevailing of aromatic groups showed that the aromatization took place during extraction at above 250 <sup>o</sup>C. From 300 to 350 <sup>o</sup>C, the carbonyl functional groups in the solvent-soluble noticeably decreased. The removal of the carboxylic acid and the decrease of esters into the form of carbon dioxide indicated that the decarboxylation reaction occurred during the extraction process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass%20waste" title="biomass waste">biomass waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degradative%20solvent%20extraction" title=" degradative solvent extraction"> degradative solvent extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanism" title=" mechanism"> mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upgrading" title=" upgrading"> upgrading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79176/the-mechanism-study-of-degradative-solvent-extraction-of-biomass-by-liquid-membrane-fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79176.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">285</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">156</span> Chemical Reaction, Heat and Mass Transfer on Unsteady MHD Flow along a Vertical Stretching Sheet with Heat Generation/Absorption and Variable Viscosity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jatindra%20Lahkar">Jatindra Lahkar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of chemical reaction on laminar mixed convection flow and heat and mass transfer along a vertical unsteady stretching sheet is investigated, in the presence of heat generation/absorption with variable viscosity and viscous dissipation. The governing non-linear partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation and solved numerically using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method along with shooting technique. The effects of various flow parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration distributions are analyzed and presented graphically. Skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are derived at the sheet. It is observed that the influence of chemical reaction, the fluid flow along the sheet accelerate with the increase of chemical reaction parameter, on the other hand, temperature of the fluid increases with increase of chemical reaction parameter but concentration of the fluid reduces with it. The boundary layer decreases on the surface of the sheet for all values of unsteadiness parameter, increasing values of the chemical reaction parameter. The increases in the values of Sc cause the species concentration and its boundary layer thickness to decrease resulting in less induced flow and higher fluid temperatures. This is depicted in the decreases in the velocity and species concentration and increases in the fluid temperature as Sc increases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20reaction" title="chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20generation%2Fabsorption" title=" heat generation/absorption"> heat generation/absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20number" title=" magnetic number"> magnetic number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unsteadiness" title=" unsteadiness"> unsteadiness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variable%20viscosity" title=" variable viscosity"> variable viscosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48002/chemical-reaction-heat-and-mass-transfer-on-unsteady-mhd-flow-along-a-vertical-stretching-sheet-with-heat-generationabsorption-and-variable-viscosity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48002.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">155</span> Investigation of Polypropylene Composite Films With Carbon Nanotubes and the Role of β Nucleating Agents for the Improvement of Their Water Vapor Permeability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Glykeria%20A.%20Visvini">Glykeria A. Visvini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20N.%20Mathioudakis"> George N. Mathioudakis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amaia%20Soto%20Beobide"> Amaia Soto Beobide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aris%20E.%20Giannakas"> Aris E. Giannakas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20A.%20Voyiatzis"> George A. Voyiatzis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polymeric nanocomposites have generated considerable interest in both academic research and industry because their properties can be tailored by adjusting the type & concentration of nano-inclusions, resulting in complementary and adaptable characteristics. The exceptional and/or unique properties of the nanocomposites, including the high mechanical strength and stiffness, the ease of processing, and their lightweight nature, are attributed to the high surface area, the electrical and/or thermal conductivity of the nano-fillers, which make them appealing materials for a wide range of engineering applications. Polymeric «breathable» membranes enabling water vapor permeability (WVP) can be designed either by using micro/nano-fillers with the ability to interrupt the continuity of the polymer phase generating micro/nano-porous structures or/and by creating micro/nano-pores into the composite material by uniaxial/biaxial stretching. Among the nanofillers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit particular high WVP and for this reason, they have already been proposed for gas separation membranes. In a similar context, they could prove to be promising alternative/complementary filler nano-materials, for the development of "breathable" products. Polypropylene (PP) is a commonly utilized thermoplastic polymer matrix in the development of composite films, due to its easy processability and low price, combined with its good chemical & physical properties. PP is known to present several crystalline phases (α, β and γ), depending on the applied treatment process, which have a significant impact on its final properties, particularly in terms of WVP. Specifically, the development of the β-phase in PP in combination with stretching is anticipated to modify the crystalline behavior and extend the microporosity of the polymer matrix exhibiting enhanced WVP. The primary objective of this study is to develop breathable nano-carbon based (functionalized MWCNTs) PP composite membranes, potentially also avoiding the stretching process. This proposed alternative is expected to have a better performance/cost ratio over current stretched PP/CaCO3 composite benchmark membranes. The focus is to investigate the impact of both β-nucleator(s) and nano-carbon fillers on water vapor transmission rate properties of relevant PP nanocomposites. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20nanotubes" title="carbon nanotubes">carbon nanotubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocomposites" title=" nanocomposites"> nanocomposites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nucleating%20agents" title=" nucleating agents"> nucleating agents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polypropylene" title=" polypropylene"> polypropylene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20vapor%20permeability" title=" water vapor permeability"> water vapor permeability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165337/investigation-of-polypropylene-composite-films-with-carbon-nanotubes-and-the-role-of-v-nucleating-agents-for-the-improvement-of-their-water-vapor-permeability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">154</span> Magnetohydrodynamic Flow of Viscoelastic Nanofluid and Heat Transfer over a Stretching Surface with Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink and Non-Linear Radiation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20S.%20Ansari">Md. S. Ansari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20S.%20Motsa"> S. S. Motsa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, an analysis has been made on the flow of non-Newtonian viscoelastic nanofluid over a linearly stretching sheet under the influence of uniform magnetic field. Heat transfer characteristics is analyzed taking into the effect of nonlinear radiation and non-uniform heat source/sink. Transport equations contain the simultaneous effects of Brownian motion and thermophoretic diffusion of nanoparticles. The relevant partial differential equations are non-dimensionalized and transformed into ordinary differential equations by using appropriate similarity transformations. The transformed, highly nonlinear, ordinary differential equations are solved by spectral local linearisation method. The numerical convergence, error and stability analysis of iteration schemes are presented. The effects of different controlling parameters, namely, radiation, space and temperature-dependent heat source/sink, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, viscoelastic, Lewis number and the magnetic force parameter on the flow field, heat transfer characteristics and nanoparticles concentration are examined. The present investigation has many industrial and engineering applications in the fields of coatings and suspensions, cooling of metallic plates, oils and grease, paper production, coal water or coal–oil slurries, heat exchangers’ technology, and materials’ processing and exploiting. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20field" title="magnetic field">magnetic field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20radiation" title=" nonlinear radiation"> nonlinear radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-uniform%20heat%20source%2Fsink" title=" non-uniform heat source/sink"> non-uniform heat source/sink</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=similar%20solution" title=" similar solution"> similar solution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral%20local%20linearisation%20method" title=" spectral local linearisation method"> spectral local linearisation method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosseland%20diffusion%20approximation" title=" Rosseland diffusion approximation"> Rosseland diffusion approximation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10974/magnetohydrodynamic-flow-of-viscoelastic-nanofluid-and-heat-transfer-over-a-stretching-surface-with-non-uniform-heat-sourcesink-and-non-linear-radiation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10974.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">153</span> Removal of Lead Ions from Aqueous Medium Using Devised Column Filters Packed with Chitosan from Trash Crab Shells: A Characterization Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20Klein%20O.%20Gorit">Charles Klein O. Gorit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20Tristan%20J.%20Quimque%20Jr."> Mark Tristan J. Quimque Jr.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Cecilia%20V.%20Almeda"> M. Cecilia V. Almeda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Concepcion%20M.%20Salvana"> Concepcion M. Salvana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chitosan is a promising biopolymer commonly found in crustacean shells that has plausible effects in water purification and wastewater treatment. It is a primary derivative of chitin and considered second of the most abundant biopolymer prior to cellulose. Morphological analysis had been done using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Microscopy (SEM/EDS), and due to its porous nature, it showcases a certain degree of porosity, hence, larger adsorption site of heavy metal. The Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy of the chitosan and ‘lead-bound’ chitosan, shows a relative increase of percent abundance of lead cation from 1.44% to 2.08% hence, adsorption occurs. Chitosan, as a nitrogenous polysaccharide, subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis shows amide bands ranging from 1635.36 cm⁻¹ for amide 1 band and 1558.40 cm-1 for amide 2 band with NH stretching. For ‘lead-bound’ chitosan, the FT-IR analysis shows a change in peaks upon adsorption of Pb(II) cation. The spectrum shows broadening of OH and NH stretching band. Such observation can be attributed to the probability that the attachment of Pb(II) ions is in these functional groups. A column filter was devised with lead-bound chitosan to determine the zero point charge (pHzpc) of the biopolymer. The results show that at pH 8.34, below than the zpc level of literatures cited for lead which ranges from pH 4 to 7, favors the adsorption site of chitosan and its capability to adsorb traces amount of aqueous lead. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitosan" title="chitosan">chitosan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biopolymer" title=" biopolymer"> biopolymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FT-IR" title=" FT-IR"> FT-IR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zero-point%20charge" title=" zero-point charge"> zero-point charge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metal" title=" heavy metal"> heavy metal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lead%20ions" title=" lead ions"> lead ions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91504/removal-of-lead-ions-from-aqueous-medium-using-devised-column-filters-packed-with-chitosan-from-trash-crab-shells-a-characterization-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91504.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">152</span> An Approach to Study the Biodegradation of Low Density Polyethylene Using Microbial Strains of Bacillus subtilus, Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas fluroscence in Different Media Form and Salt Condition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monu%20Ojha">Monu Ojha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahul%20Rana"> Rahul Rana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satywati%20Sharma"> Satywati Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kavya%20Dashora"> Kavya Dashora</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The global production rate of plastics has increased enormously and global demand for polyethylene resins –High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is expected to rise drastically, with very high value. These get accumulated in the environment, posing a potential ecological threat as they are degrading at a very slow rate and remain in the environment indefinitely. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of commonly found soil microbes like Bacillus subtilus, Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas fluroscence for their ability to biodegrade LDPE in the lab on solid and liquid media conditions as well as in presence of 1% salt in the soil. This study was conducted at Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India from July to September where average temperature and RH (Relative Humidity) were 33 degrees Celcius and 80% respectively. It revealed that the weight loss of LDPE strip obtained from market of approximately 4x6 cm dimensions is more in liquid broth media than in solid agar media. The percentage weight loss by P. fluroscence, A. niger and B. subtilus observed after 80 days of incubation was 15.52, 9.24 and 8.99% respectively in broth media and 6.93, 2.18 and 4.76 % in agar media. The LDPE strips from same source and on the same were subjected to soil in presence of above microbes with 1% salt (NaCl: obtained from commercial table salt) with temperature and RH 33 degree Celcius and 80%. It was found that the rate of degradation increased in the soil than under lab conditions. The rate of weight loss of LDPE strips under same conditions given in lab was found to be 32.98, 15.01 and17.09 % by P. fluroscence, A. niger and B. subtilus respectively. The breaking strength was found to be 9.65N, 29N and 23.85 N for P. fluroscence, A. niger and B. subtilus respectively. SEM analysis conducted on Zeiss EVO 50 confirmed that surface of LDPE becomes physically weak after biological treatment. There was the increase in the surface roughness indicating Surface erosion of LDPE film. FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis of the degraded LDPE films showed stretching of aldehyde group at 3334.92 and 3228.84 cm-1,, C–C=C symmetric of aromatic ring at 1639.49 cm-1.There was also C=O stretching of aldehyde group at 1735.93 cm-1. N=O peak bend was also observed which corresponds to 1365.60 cm-1, C–O stretching of ether group at 1217.08 and 1078.21 cm-1. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20degradation" title="microbial degradation">microbial degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LDPE" title=" LDPE"> LDPE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aspergillus%20niger" title=" Aspergillus niger"> Aspergillus niger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bacillus%20subtilus" title=" Bacillus subtilus"> Bacillus subtilus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peudomonas%20fluroscence" title=" Peudomonas fluroscence"> Peudomonas fluroscence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=common%20salt" title=" common salt"> common salt</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88279/an-approach-to-study-the-biodegradation-of-low-density-polyethylene-using-microbial-strains-of-bacillus-subtilus-aspergillus-niger-pseudomonas-fluroscence-in-different-media-form-and-salt-condition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88279.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">151</span> The Effect of a Three-Month Training Program on the Back Kyphosis of Former Male Addicts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20J.%20Pourvaghar">M. J. Pourvaghar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sh.%20Khoshemehry"> Sh. Khoshemehry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Adopting inappropriate body posture during addiction can cause muscular and skeletal deformities. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of a program of the selected corrective exercises on the kyphosis of addicted male patients. Materials and methods: This was a quasi-experimental study. This study has been carried out using the semi-experimental method. The subjects of the present study included 104 addicted men between 25 to 45 years of age. In 2014, these men were referred to one of the NA (Narcotic Anonymous) centres in Kashan in 2015. A total of 24 people suffering from drug withdrawal, who had abnormal kyphosis, were purposefully selected as a sample. The sample was randomly divided into two groups, experimental and control; each group consisted of 12 people. The experimental group participated in a training program for 12 weeks consisting of three 60 minute sessions per week. That includes strengthening, stretching and PNF exercises (deep stretching of the muscle). The control group did no exercise or corrective activity. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normal distribution of data; and a paired t-test and covariance analysis test were used to assess the effectiveness of the exercises, with a significance level of P≤0.05 by using SPSS18. The results showed that three months of the selected corrective exercises had a significant effect (P≤ 0.005) on the correction of the kyphosis of the addicted male patients after three months of rehabilitation (drug withdrawal) in the experimental group, while there was no significant difference recorded in the control group (P≥0.05). The results show that exercise and corrective activities can be used as non-invasive and non-pharmacological methods to rehabilitate kyphosis abnormalities after drug withdrawal and treatment for addiction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kyphosis" title="kyphosis">kyphosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exercise-rehabilitation" title=" exercise-rehabilitation"> exercise-rehabilitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=addict" title=" addict"> addict</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=addiction" title=" addiction"> addiction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48472/the-effect-of-a-three-month-training-program-on-the-back-kyphosis-of-former-male-addicts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48472.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">150</span> Preparation and Chemical Characterization of Eco-Friendly Activated Carbon Produced from Apricot Stones</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabol%C4%8D%20Pap">Sabolč Pap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sr%C4%91ana%20Kolakovi%C4%87"> Srđana Kolaković</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jelena%20Radoni%C4%87"> Jelena Radonić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivana%20Mihajlovi%C4%87"> Ivana Mihajlović</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dragan%20Adamovi%C4%87"> Dragan Adamović</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mirjana%20Vojinovi%C4%87%20Miloradov"> Mirjana Vojinović Miloradov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maja%20Turk%20Sekuli%C4%87"> Maja Turk Sekulić</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Activated carbon is one of the most used and tested adsorbents in the removal of industrial organic compounds, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals and dyes. Different types of lignocellulosic materials were used as potential precursors in the production of low cost activated carbon. There are, two different processes for the preparation and production of activated carbon: physical and chemical. Chemical activation includes impregnating the lignocellulosic raw materials with chemical agents (H3PO4, HNO3, H2SO4 and NaOH). After impregnation, the materials are carbonized and washed to eliminate the residues. The chemical activation, which was used in this study, has two important advantages when compared to the physical activation. The first advantage is the lower temperature at which the process is conducted, and the second is that the yield (mass efficiency of activation) of the chemical activation tends to be greater. Preparation of activated carbon included the following steps: apricot stones were crushed in a mill and washed with distilled water. Later, the fruit stones were impregnated with a solution of 50% H3PO4. After impregnation, the solution was filtered to remove the residual acid. Subsequently impregnated samples were air dried at room temperature. The samples were placed in a furnace and heated (10 °C/min) to the final carbonization temperature of 500 °C for 2 h without the use of nitrogen. After cooling, the adsorbent was washed with distilled water to achieve acid free conditions and its pH was monitored until the filtrate pH value exceeded 4. Chemical characterizations of the prepared activated carbon were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. FTIR spectra were recorded with a (Thermo Nicolet Nexus 670 FTIR) spectrometer, from 400 to 4000 cm-1 wavenumbers, identifying the functional groups on the surface of the activated carbon. The FTIR spectra of adsorbent showed a broad band at 3405.91 cm-1 due to O–H stretching vibration and a peak at 489.00 cm-1 due to O–H bending vibration. Peaks between the range of 3700 and 3200 cm−1 represent the overlapping peaks of stretching vibrations of O–H and N–H groups. The distinct absorption peaks at 2919.86 cm−1 and 2848.24 cm−1 could be assigned to -CH stretching vibrations of –CH2 and –CH3 functional groups. The adsorption peak at 1566.38 cm−1 could be characterized by primary and secondary amide bands. The sharp bond within 1164.76 – 987.86 cm−1 is attributed to the C–O groups, which confirms the lignin structure of the activated carbon. The present study has shown that the activated carbons prepared from apricot stone have a functional group on their surface, which can positively affect the adsorption characteristics with this material. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20carbon" title="activated carbon">activated carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FTIR" title=" FTIR"> FTIR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H3PO4" title=" H3PO4"> H3PO4</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignocellulosic%20raw%20materials" title=" lignocellulosic raw materials"> lignocellulosic raw materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41962/preparation-and-chemical-characterization-of-eco-friendly-activated-carbon-produced-from-apricot-stones" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41962.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">249</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">149</span> Structural Anatomy and Deformation Pattern of the Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone in the Central Sector, Tamil Nadu, Southern India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mrinal%20Mukherjee">Mrinal Mukherjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gargi%20Seal"> Gargi Seal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bitopan%20Mazumdar"> Bitopan Mazumdar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prakhar%20Agarwal"> Prakhar Agarwal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The central sector of Palghat-Cauvery Shear zone Tamil Nadu, India, had been studied with reference to development, mode of occurrence, interrelationship and variation of structural elements. The litho assemblages of the study area include gneisses migmatites granites and bear signature of multistage deformation patterns. The early deformation D1 is characterized in migmatites and gneisses by the development of tight to isoclinal, recumbent to reclined folds within the compositional bands that are refolded subsequently to produce D2 deformation structures ranging from type-II to type-III superposed geometry. The granite, in general, is undeformed, save a few places where strong mylonitic foliation developed with stretching lineation on it. The D1-D2 structures of gneisses and migmatites were affected by a D3 stage- E-W trending shear zone (Palghat-Cauvery Shear zone) that dips steeply towards north. The shear zone is characterized by the development of mylonite zone with stretching lineation on foliation, shear band structures, modification of geometry and orientation of earlier folds and foliations within the shear zone and development of shear induced folds and foliations. Several anastomosing lenses of shear zones define the larger Palghat-Cauvery Shear zone. The orientation of the shear induced folds and foliations and deflections of earlier foliation and folds within the Palghat-Cauvery shear zone indicate an oblique-slip thrust-shear with north-towards-east sense of displacement. The E-W trending shear zone is further openly folded along N-S in the D4 stage of deformation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deformation" title="deformation">deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migmatites" title=" migmatites"> migmatites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mylonites" title=" mylonites"> mylonites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20zones" title=" shear zones"> shear zones</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79150/structural-anatomy-and-deformation-pattern-of-the-palghat-cauvery-shear-zone-in-the-central-sector-tamil-nadu-southern-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79150.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">148</span> Effect of Cryogenic Pre-stretching on the Room Temperature Tensile Behavior of AZ61 Magnesium Alloy and Dominant Grain Growth Mechanisms During Subsequent Annealing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umer%20Masood%20Chaudry">Umer Masood Chaudry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hafiz%20Muhammad%20Rehan%20Tariq"> Hafiz Muhammad Rehan Tariq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chung-soo%20Kim"> Chung-soo Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tea-sung%20Jun"> Tea-sung Jun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study explored the influence of pre-stretching temperature on the microstructural characteristics and deformation behavior of AZ61 magnesium alloy and its implications on grain growth during subsequent annealing. AZ61 alloy was stretched to 5% plastic strain along rolling (RD) and transverse direction (TD) at room (RT) and cryogenic temperature (-150 oC, CT) followed by annealing at 320 oC for 1 h to investigate the twinning and dislocation evolution and its consequent effect on the flow stress, plastic strain and strain hardening rate. Compared to RT-stretched samples, significant improvement in yield stress, strain hardening rate and moderate reduction in elongation to failure were witnessed for CT-stretched samples along RD and TD. The subsequent EBSD analysis revealed the increased fraction of fine {10-12} twins and nucleation of multiple {10-12} twin variants caused by higher local stress concentration at the grain boundaries in CT-stretched samples as manifested by the kernel average misorientation. This higher twin fraction and twin-twin interaction imposed the strengthening by restricting the mean free path of dislocations, leading to higher flow stress and strain hardening rate. During annealing of the RT/CT-stretched samples, the residual strain energy and twin boundaries were decreased due to static recovery, leading to a coarse-grained twin-free microstructure. Strain induced boundary migration (SBIM) was found to be the predominant mechanism governing the grain growth during annealing via movement of high angle grain boundaries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnesium" title="magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=twinning" title=" twinning"> twinning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=twinning%20variant%20selection" title=" twinning variant selection"> twinning variant selection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EBSD" title=" EBSD"> EBSD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryogenic%20deformation" title=" cryogenic deformation"> cryogenic deformation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172106/effect-of-cryogenic-pre-stretching-on-the-room-temperature-tensile-behavior-of-az61-magnesium-alloy-and-dominant-grain-growth-mechanisms-during-subsequent-annealing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172106.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">147</span> Effect of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on Post Burn Scars</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20S.%20Zaghloul">Mahmoud S. Zaghloul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20M.%20Khalaf"> Mohammed M. Khalaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wael%20N.%20Thabet"> Wael N. Thabet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haidy%20N.%20Asham"> Haidy N. Asham</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background. Hypertrophic scarring is a difficult problem for burn patients, and scar management is an essential aspect of outpatient burn therapy. Post-burn pathologic scars involve functional and aesthetic limitations that have a dramatic influence on the patient’s quality of life. The aim was to investigate the use of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), which targets the fibroblasts in scar tissue, as an effective modality for scar treatment in burn patients. Subjects and methods: forty patients with post-burn scars were assigned randomly into two equal groups; their ages ranged from 20-45 years. The study group received ESWT and traditional physical therapy program (deep friction massage, stretching exercises). The control group received traditional physical therapy program (deep friction massage, stretching exercises). All groups received two sessions per week for six successful weeks. The data were collected before and after the same period of treatment for both groups. Evaluation procedures were carried out to measure scar thickness using ultrasonography and Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was completed before and after treatment. Results: Post-treatment results showed that there was a significant improvement difference in scar thickness in both groups in favor of the study group. Percentage of improvement in scar thickness in the study group was 42.55%, while it was 12.15% in the control group. There was also a significant improvement difference between results obtained using VSS in both groups in favor of the study group. Conclusion: ESWT is effective in management of pathologic post burn scars. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extracorporeal%20shock%20wave%20therapy" title="extracorporeal shock wave therapy">extracorporeal shock wave therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-burn%20scars" title=" post-burn scars"> post-burn scars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonography" title=" ultrasonography"> ultrasonography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vancouver%20scar%20scale" title=" Vancouver scar scale"> Vancouver scar scale</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47548/effect-of-extracorporeal-shock-wave-therapy-on-post-burn-scars" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47548.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">146</span> Investigating the Molecular Behavior of H₂O in Caso 4 -2h₂o Two-Dimensional Nanoscale System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manal%20Alhazmi">Manal Alhazmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Artem%20Mishchenko"> Artem Mishchenko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A molecular fluids' behavior and interaction with other materials at the nanoscale is a complex process. Nanoscale fluids behave so differently than macroscale fluids and interact with other materials in unique ways. It is, therefore, feasible to understand the molecular behavior of H₂O in such two-dimensional nanoscale systems by studying (CaSO4-2H2O), commonly known as gypsum. In the present study, spectroscopic measurements on a 2D structure of exfoliated gypsum crystals are carried out by Raman and IR spectroscopy. An array of gypsum flakes with thicknesses ranging from 8nm to 100nm were observed and analyzed for their Raman and IR spectrum. Water molecules stretching modes spectra lines were also measured and observed in nanoscale gypsum flakes and compared with those of bulk crystals. CaSO4-2H2O crystals have Raman and infrared bands at 3341 cm-1 resulting from the weak hydrogen bonds between the water molecules. This internal vibration of water molecules, together with external vibrations with other atoms, are responsible for these bands. There is a shift of about 70 cm-1 In the peak position of thin flakes with respect to the bulk crystal, which is a result of the different atomic arrangement from bulk to thin flake on the nano scale. An additional peak was observed in Raman spectra around 2910-3137 cm⁻¹ in thin flakes but is missing in bulk crystal. This additional peak is attributed to a combined mode of water internal (stretching mode at 3394cm⁻¹) and external vibrations. In addition to Raman and infra- red analysis of gypsum 2D structure, electrical measurements were conducted to reveal the water molecules transport behavior in such systems. Electrical capacitance of the fabricated device is measured and found to be (0.0686 *10-12) F, and the calculated dielectric constant (ε) is (12.26). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gypsum" title="gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infra-red%20spectroscopy" title=" infra-red spectroscopy"> infra-red spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raman%20spectroscopy" title=" raman spectroscopy"> raman spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H%E2%82%82O%20behavior" title=" H₂O behavior"> H₂O behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149684/investigating-the-molecular-behavior-of-h2o-in-caso-4-2h2o-two-dimensional-nanoscale-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149684.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">145</span> Investigation of Scaling Laws for Stiffness and strength in Bioinspired Glass Sponge Structures Produced by Fused Filament Fabrication</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Beigi%20Rizi">Hassan Beigi Rizi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harold%20Auradou"> Harold Auradou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lamine%20Hattali"> Lamine Hattali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Various industries, including civil engineering, automotive, aerospace, and biomedical fields, are currently seeking novel and innovative high-performance lightweight materials to reduce energy consumption. Inspired by the structure of Euplectella Aspergillum Glass Sponges (EA-sponge), 2D unit cells were created and fabricated using a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) process with Polylactic acid (PLA) filaments. The stiffness and strength of bio-inspired EA-sponge lattices were investigated both experimentally and numerically under uniaxial tensile loading and are compared to three standard square lattices with diagonal struts (Designs B and C) and non-diagonal struts (Design D) reinforcements. The aim is to establish predictive scaling laws models and examine the deformation mechanisms involved. The results indicated that for the EA-sponge structure, the relative moduli and yield strength scaled linearly with relative density, suggesting that the deformation mechanism is stretching-dominated. The Finite element analysis (FEA), with periodic boundary conditions for volumetric homogenization, confirms these trends and goes beyond the experimental limits imposed by the FFF printing process. Therefore, the stretching-dominated behavior, investigated from 0.1 to 0.5 relative density, demonstrate that the study of EA-sponge structure can be exploited for the realization of square lattice topologies that are stiff and strong and have attractive potential for lightweight structural applications. However, the FFF process introduces an accuracy limitation, with approximately 10% error, making it challenging to print structures with a relative density below 0.2. Future work could focus on exploring the impact of different printing materials on the performance of EA-sponge structures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-inspiration" title="bio-inspiration">bio-inspiration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lattice%20structures" title=" lattice structures"> lattice structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fused%20filament%20fabrication" title=" fused filament fabrication"> fused filament fabrication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scaling%20laws" title=" scaling laws"> scaling laws</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194587/investigation-of-scaling-laws-for-stiffness-and-strength-in-bioinspired-glass-sponge-structures-produced-by-fused-filament-fabrication" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194587.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">6</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">144</span> Adsorbed Probe Molecules on Surface for Analyzing the Properties of Cu/SnO2 Supported Catalysts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neha%20Thakur">Neha Thakur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pravin%20S.%20More"> Pravin S. More</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The interaction of CO, H2 and LPG with Cu-dosed SnO2 catalysts was studied by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). With increasing Cu loading, pronounced and progressive red shifts of the C–O stretching frequency associated with molecular CO adsorbed on the Cu/SnO2 component were observed. This decrease in n(CO) correlates with enhancement of CO dissociation at higher temperatures on Cu promoted SnO2 catalysts under conditions, where clean Cu is almost ineffective. In the conclusion, the capability of our technique is discussed, and a technique for enhancing the sensitivity in our technique is proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FTIR" title="FTIR">FTIR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectroscopic" title=" spectroscopic"> spectroscopic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissociation" title=" dissociation"> dissociation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=n%28CO%29" title=" n(CO)"> n(CO)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79787/adsorbed-probe-molecules-on-surface-for-analyzing-the-properties-of-cusno2-supported-catalysts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79787.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">305</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">143</span> The Eﬀect of Framework Structure on N2O Formation over Cu-Based Zeolites during NH3-SCR Reactions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghodsieh%20Isapour%20Toutizad">Ghodsieh Isapour Toutizad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aiyong%20Wang"> Aiyong Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joonsoo%20Han"> Joonsoo Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Derek%20Creaser"> Derek Creaser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Louise%20Olsson"> Louise Olsson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magnus%20Skoglundh"> Magnus Skoglundh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanna%20HaRelind"> Hanna HaRelind</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nitrous oxide (N2O), which is generally formed as a byproduct of industrial chemical processes and fossil fuel combustion, has attracted considerable attention due to its destructive role in global warming and ozone layer depletion. From various developed technologies used for lean NOx reduction, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with ammonia is presently the most applied method. Therefore, the development of catalysts for eﬃcient lean NOx reduction without forming N2O in the process, or only forming it to a very small extent from the exhaust gases is of crucial significance. One type of catalysts that nowadays are used for this aim are zeolite-based catalysts. It is owing to their remarkable catalytic performance under practical reaction conditions such as high thermal stability and high N2 selectivity. Among all zeolites, copper ion-exchanged zeolites, with CHA, MFI, and BEA framework structure (like SSZ-13, ZSM-5 and Beta, respectively), represent higher hydrothermal stability, high activity and N2 selectivity. This work aims at investigating the eﬀect of the zeolite framework structure on the formation of N2O during NH3-SCR reaction conditions over three Cu-based zeolites ranging from small-pore to large-pore framework structure. In the zeolite framework, Cu exists in two cationic forms, that can catalyze the SCR reaction by activating NO to form NO+ and/or surface nitrate species. The nitrate species can thereafter react with NH3 to form another intermediate, ammonium nitrate, which seems to be one source for N2O formation at low temperatures. The results from in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) indicate that during the NO oxidation step, mainly NO+ and nitrate species are formed on the surface of the catalysts. The intensity of the absorption peak attributed to NO+ species is higher for the Cu-CHA sample compared to the other two samples, indicating a higher stability of this species in small cages. Furthermore, upon the addition of NH3, through the standard SCR reaction conditions, absorption peaks assigned to N-H stretching and bending vibrations are building up. At the same time, negative peaks are evolving in the O-H stretching region, indicating blocking/replacement of surface OH-groups by NH3 and NH4+. By removing NH3 and adding NO2 to the inlet gas composition, the peaks in the N-H stretching and bending vibration regions show a decreasing trend in intensity, with the decrease being more pronounced for increasing pore size. It can probably be owing to the higher accumulation of ammonia species in the small-pore size zeolite compared to the other two samples. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the ammonia surface species are strongly bonded to the CHA zeolite structure, which makes it more difficult to react with NO2. To conclude, the framework structure of the zeolite seems to play an important role in the formation and reactivity of surface species relevant for the SCR process. Here we intend to discuss the connection between the zeolite structure, the surface species, and the formation of N2O during ammonia-SCR. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fast%20SCR" title="fast SCR">fast SCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrous%20oxide" title=" nitrous oxide"> nitrous oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NOx" title=" NOx"> NOx</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standard%20SCR" title=" standard SCR"> standard SCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zeolites" title=" zeolites"> zeolites</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139568/the-effect-of-framework-structure-on-n2o-formation-over-cu-based-zeolites-during-nh3-scr-reactions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139568.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">142</span> Optical Properties of Tetrahydrofuran Clathrate Hydrates at Terahertz Frequencies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyery%20Kang">Hyery Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong-Yeun%20Koh"> Dong-Yeun Koh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun-Ho%20Ahn"> Yun-Ho Ahn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huen%20Lee"> Huen Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was used to observe the THF clathrate hydrate system with dosage of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with three different average molecular weights (10,000 g/mol, 40,000 g/mol, 360,000 g/mol). Distinct footprints of phase transition in the THz region (0.4 - 2.2 THz) were analyzed and absorption coefficients and complex refractive indices are obtained and compared in the temperature range of 253 K to 288 K. Along with the optical properties, ring breathing and stretching modes for different molecular weights of PVP in THF hydrate are analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clathrate%20hydrate" title="clathrate hydrate">clathrate hydrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terahertz" title=" terahertz"> terahertz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyvinylpyrrolidone%20%28PVP%29" title=" polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)"> polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=THz-TDS" title=" THz-TDS"> THz-TDS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhibitor" title=" inhibitor"> inhibitor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24790/optical-properties-of-tetrahydrofuran-clathrate-hydrates-at-terahertz-frequencies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24790.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">141</span> Meditation and Insight Interpretation Using Quantum Circle Based-on Experiment and Quantum Relativity Formalism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somnath%20Bhattachryya">Somnath Bhattachryya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Montree%20Bunruangses"> Montree Bunruangses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somchat%20Sonasang"> Somchat Sonasang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Preecha%20Yupapin"> Preecha Yupapin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study and research on meditation and insight, the design and experiment with electronic circuits to manipulate the meditators' mental circles that call the chakras to have the same size is proposed. The shape of the circuit is 4-ports, called an add-drop multiplexer, that studies the meditation structure called the four-mindfulness foundation, then uses an AC power signal as an input instead of the meditation time function, where various behaviors with the method of re-filtering the signal (successive filtering), like eight noble paths. Start by inputting a signal at a frequency that causes the velocity of the wave on the perimeter of the circuit to cause particles to have the speed of light in a vacuum. The signal changes from electromagnetic waves and matter waves according to the velocity (frequency) until it reaches the point of the relativistic limit. The electromagnetic waves are transformed into photons with properties of wave-particle overcoming the limits of the speed of light. As for the matter wave, it will travel to the other side and cannot pass through the relativistic limit, called a shadow signal (echo) that can have power from increasing speed but cannot create speed faster than light or insight. In the experiment, the only the side where the velocity is positive, only where the speed above light or the corresponding frequency indicates intelligence. Other side(echo) can be done by changing the input signal to the other side of the circuit to get the same result. But there is no intelligence or speed beyond light. It is also used to study the stretching, contraction of time and wormholes that can be applied for teleporting, Bose-Einstein condensate and teleprinting, quantum telephone. The teleporting can happen throughout the system with wave-particle and echo, which is when the speed of the particle is faster than the stretching or contraction of time, the particle will submerge in the wormhole, when the destination and time are determined, will travel through the wormhole. In a wormhole, time can determine in the future and the past. The experimental results using the microstrip circuit have been found to be by the principle of quantum relativity, which can be further developed for both tools and meditation practitioners for quantum technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantu%20meditation" title="quantu meditation">quantu meditation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insight%20picture" title=" insight picture"> insight picture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20circuit" title=" quantum circuit"> quantum circuit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absolute%20time" title=" absolute time"> absolute time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teleportation" title=" teleportation"> teleportation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177305/meditation-and-insight-interpretation-using-quantum-circle-based-on-experiment-and-quantum-relativity-formalism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177305.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">64</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">140</span> Flow Transformation: An Investigation on Theoretical Aspects and Numerical Computation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhisek%20Sarkar">Abhisek Sarkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhimanyu%20Gaur"> Abhimanyu Gaur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this report we have discussed the theoretical aspects of the flow transformation, occurring through a series of bifurcations. The parameters and their continuous diversion, the intermittent bursts in the transition zone, variation of velocity and pressure with time, effect of roughness in turbulent zone, and changes in friction factor and head loss coefficient as a function of Reynolds number for a transverse flow across a cylinder have been discussed. An analysis of the variation in the wake length with Reynolds number was done in FORTRAN. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bifurcation" title="bifurcation">bifurcation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attractor" title=" attractor"> attractor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intermittence" title=" intermittence"> intermittence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20cascade" title=" energy cascade"> energy cascade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20spectra" title=" energy spectra"> energy spectra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vortex%20stretching" title=" vortex stretching"> vortex stretching</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21575/flow-transformation-an-investigation-on-theoretical-aspects-and-numerical-computation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21575.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">398</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">139</span> Influence of Strengthening of Hip Abductors and External Rotators in Treatment of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karima%20Abdel%20Aty%20Hassan%20Mohamed">Karima Abdel Aty Hassan Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manal%20Mohamed%20Ismail"> Manal Mohamed Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20Hassan%20Gamal%20Eldein"> Mona Hassan Gamal Eldein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Hassan%20Hussein"> Ahmed Hassan Hussein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdel%20Aziz%20Mohamed%20Elsingerg"> Abdel Aziz Mohamed Elsingerg </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common musculoskeletal pain condition, especially in females. Decreased hip muscle strength has been implicated as a contributing factor, yet the relationships between pain, hip muscle strength and function are not known. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of strengthening hip abductors and lateral rotators on pain intensity, function and hip abductor and hip lateral rotator eccentric and concentric torques in patients with PFPS. Methods: Thirty patients had participated in this study; they were assigned into two experimental groups. With age ranged for eighty to thirty five years. Group A consisted of 15 patients (11females and 4 males) with mean age 20.8 (±2.73) years, received closed kinetic chain exercises program, stretching exercises for tight lower extremity soft tissues, and hip strengthening exercises .Group B consisted of 15 patients (12 females and 3 males) with mean age 21.2(±3.27) years, received closed kinetic chain exercises program and stretching exercises for tight lower extremity soft tissues. Treatment was given 2-3times/week, for 6 weeks. Patients were evaluated pre and post treatment for their pain severity, function of knee joint, hip abductors and external rotators concentric/eccentric peak torque. Result: the results revealed that there were significant differences in pain and function between both groups, while there was improvement for all values for both group. Conclusion: Six weeks rehabilitation program focusing on knee strengthening exercises either supplemented by hip strengthening exercises or not effective in improving function, reducing pain and improving hip muscles torque in patients with PFPS. However, adding hip abduction and lateral rotation strengthening exercises seem to reduce pain and improve function more efficiently. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patellofemoral%20pain%20syndrome" title="patellofemoral pain syndrome">patellofemoral pain syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hip%20muscles" title=" hip muscles"> hip muscles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rehabilitation" title=" rehabilitation"> rehabilitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isokinetic" title=" isokinetic "> isokinetic </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23022/influence-of-strengthening-of-hip-abductors-and-external-rotators-in-treatment-of-patellofemoral-pain-syndrome" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23022.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">447</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">138</span> Successful Rehabilitation of Recalcitrant Knee Pain Due to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Masked by Extensive Skin Graft: A Case Report</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geum%20Yeon%20Sim">Geum Yeon Sim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tyler%20Pigott"> Tyler Pigott</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julio%20Vasquez"> Julio Vasquez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A 38-year-old obese female with no apparent past medical history presented with left knee pain. Six months ago, she sustained a left knee dislocation in a motor vehicle accident that was managed with a skin graft over the left lower extremity without any reconstructive surgery. She developed persistent pain and stiffness in her left knee that worsened with walking and stair climbing. Examination revealed healed extensive skin graft over the left lower extremity, including the left knee. Palpation showed moderate tenderness along the superior border of the patella, exquisite tenderness over MCL, and mild tenderness on the tibial tuberosity. There was normal sensation, reflexes, and strength in her lower extremities. There was limited active and passive range of motion of her left knee during flexion. There was instability noted upon the valgus stress test of the left knee. Left knee magnetic resonance imaging showed high-grade (grade 2-3) injury of the proximal superficial fibers of the MCL and diffuse thickening and signal abnormality of the cruciate ligaments, as well as edema-like subchondral marrow signal change in the anterolateral aspect of the lateral femoral condyle weight-bearing surface. There was also notable extensive scarring and edema of the skin, subcutaneous soft tissues, and musculature surrounding the knee. The patient was managed with left knee immobilization for five months, which was complicated by limited knee flexion. Physical therapy consisting of quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius stretching and strengthening, range of motion exercises, scar/soft tissue mobilization, and gait training was given with marked improvement in pain and range of motion. The patient experienced a further reduction in pain as well as an improvement in function with home exercises consisting of continued strengthening and stretching. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ligamentous%20injury" title="ligamentous injury">ligamentous injury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trauma" title=" trauma"> trauma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rehabilitation" title=" rehabilitation"> rehabilitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knee%20pain" title=" knee pain"> knee pain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162700/successful-rehabilitation-of-recalcitrant-knee-pain-due-to-anterior-cruciate-ligament-injury-masked-by-extensive-skin-graft-a-case-report" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162700.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">137</span> Flexible Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer Nanofibers Decorated with Ag Nanoparticles as Effective 3D Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi%20Li">Yi Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rui%20Lu"> Rui Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lianjun%20Wang"> Lianjun Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the rapid development of chemical industry, the consumption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has increased extensively. In the process of VOCs production and application, plenty of them have been transferred to environment. As a result, it has led to pollution problems not only in soil and ground water but also to human beings. Thus, it is important to develop a sensitive and cost-effective analytical method for trace VOCs detection in environment. Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), as one of the most sensitive optical analytical technique with rapid response, pinpoint accuracy and noninvasive detection, has been widely used for ultratrace analysis. Based on the plasmon resonance on the nanoscale metallic surface, SERS technology can even detect single molecule due to abundant nanogaps (i.e. 'hot spots') on the nanosubstrate. In this work, a self-supported flexible silver nitrate (AgNO3)/ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPM) hybrid nanofibers was fabricated by electrospinning. After an in-situ chemical reduction using ice-cold sodium borohydride as reduction agent, numerous silver nanoparticles were formed on the nanofiber surface. By adjusting the reduction time and AgNO3 content, the morphology and dimension of silver nanoparticles could be controlled. According to the principles of solid-phase extraction, the hydrophobic substance is more likely to partition into the hydrophobic EPM membrane in an aqueous environment while water and other polar components are excluded from the analytes. By the enrichment of EPM fibers, the number of hydrophobic molecules located on the 'hot spots' generated from criss-crossed nanofibers is greatly increased, which further enhances SERS signal intensity. The as-prepared Ag/EPM hybrid nanofibers were first employed to detect common SERS probe molecule (p-aminothiophenol) with the detection limit down to 10-12 M, which demonstrated an excellent SERS performance. To further study the application of the fabricated substrate for monitoring hydrophobic substance in water, several typical VOCs, such as benzene, toluene and p-xylene, were selected as model compounds. The results showed that the characteristic peaks of these target analytes in the mixed aqueous solution could be distinguished even at a concentration of 10-6 M after multi-peaks gaussian fitting process, including C-H bending (850 cm-1), C-C ring stretching (1581 cm-1, 1600 cm-1) of benzene, C-H bending (844 cm-1 ,1151 cm-1), C-C ring stretching (1001 cm-1), CH3 bending vibration (1377 cm-1) of toluene, C-H bending (829 cm-1), C-C stretching (1614 cm-1) of p-xylene. The SERS substrate has remarkable advantages which combine the enrichment capacity from EPM and the Raman enhancement of Ag nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the huge specific surface area resulted from electrospinning is benificial to increase the number of adsoption sites and promotes 'hot spots' formation. In summary, this work provides powerful potential in rapid, on-site and accurate detection of trace VOCs using a portable Raman. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrospinning" title="electrospinning">electrospinning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethylene-propylene%20copolymer" title=" ethylene-propylene copolymer"> ethylene-propylene copolymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver%20nanoparticles" title=" silver nanoparticles"> silver nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SERS" title=" SERS"> SERS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VOCs" title=" VOCs"> VOCs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74791/flexible-ethylene-propylene-copolymer-nanofibers-decorated-with-ag-nanoparticles-as-effective-3d-surface-enhanced-raman-scattering-substrates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74791.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">136</span> Influence of Crystal Orientation on Electromechanical Behaviors of Relaxor Ferroelectric P(VDF-TRFE-CTFE) Terpolymer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qing%20Liu">Qing Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-fabien%20Capsal"> Jean-fabien Capsal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claude%20Richard"> Claude Richard</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this current contribution, authors are dedicated to investigate influence of the crystal lamellae orientation on electromechanical behaviors of relaxor ferroelectric Poly (vinylidene fluoride –trifluoroethylene -chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)) films by control of polymer microstructure, aiming to picture the full map of structure-property relationship. In order to define their crystal orientation films, terpolymer films were fabricated by solution-casting, stretching and hot-pressing process. Differential scanning calorimetry, impedance analyzer, and tensile strength techniques were employed to characterize crystallographic parameters, dielectric permittivity, and elastic Young’s modulus respectively. In addition, large electrical induced out-of-plane electrostrictive strain was obtained by cantilever beam mode. Consequently, as-casted pristine films exhibited surprisingly high electrostrictive strain 0.1774% due to considerably small value of elastic Young’s modulus although relatively low dielectric permittivity. Such reasons contributed to large mechanical elastic energy density. Instead, due to 2 folds increase of elastic Young’s modulus and less than 50% augmentation of dielectric constant, fully-crystallized film showed weak electrostrictive behavior and mechanical energy density as well. And subjected to mechanical stretching process, Film C exhibited stronger dielectric constant and out-performed electrostrictive strain over Film B because edge-on crystal lamellae orientation induced by uniaxially mechanical stretch. Hot-press films were compared in term of cooling rate. Rather large electrostrictive strain of 0.2788% for hot-pressed Film D in quenching process was observed although its dielectric permittivity equivalent to that of pristine as-casted Film A, showing highest mechanical elastic energy density value of 359.5 J/m^3. In hot-press cooling process, dielectric permittivity of Film E saw values at 48.8 concomitant with ca.100% increase of Young’s modulus. Films with intermediate mechanical energy density were obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystal%20orientation" title="crystal orientation">crystal orientation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrostroctive%20strain" title=" electrostroctive strain"> electrostroctive strain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20energy%20density" title=" mechanical energy density"> mechanical energy density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permittivity" title=" permittivity"> permittivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relaxor%20ferroelectric" title=" relaxor ferroelectric"> relaxor ferroelectric</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34664/influence-of-crystal-orientation-on-electromechanical-behaviors-of-relaxor-ferroelectric-pvdf-trfe-ctfe-terpolymer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34664.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">135</span> Experimental and FEA Study for Reduction of Damage in Sheet Metal Forming</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amitkumar%20R.%20Shelar">Amitkumar R. Shelar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20P.%20Ronge"> B. P. Ronge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sridevi%20Seshabhattar"> Sridevi Seshabhattar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20M.%20Wabale"> R. M. Wabale </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper gives knowledge about the behavior of cold rolled steel IS 513_2008 CR2_D having grade D for the reduction of ductile damage. CR specifies Cold Rolled and D for Drawing grade. Problems encountered during sheet metal forming operations are dent, wrinkles, thinning, spring back, insufficient stretching etc. In this paper, wrinkle defect was studied experimentally and by using FE software on one of the auto components due to which its functionality was decreased. Experimental result and simulation result were found to be in agreement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20drawing" title="deep drawing">deep drawing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FE%20software-LS%20DYNA" title=" FE software-LS DYNA"> FE software-LS DYNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=friction" title=" friction"> friction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wrinkling" title=" wrinkling"> wrinkling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9145/experimental-and-fea-study-for-reduction-of-damage-in-sheet-metal-forming" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9145.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">488</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">134</span> Study on the Controlled Growth of Lanthanum Hydroxide and Manganese Oxide Nano Composite under the Presence of Cationic Surfactant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neeraj%20Kumar%20Verma">Neeraj Kumar Verma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lanthanum hydroxide and manganese oxide nanocomposite are synthesized by chemical routes. Physical characterization is done by TEM to look at the size and dispersion of the nanoparticles in the composite. Chemical characterization is done by X-ray diffraction technique and FTIR to ascertain the attachment of the functionalities and bond stretching. Further thermal analysis is done by thermogravimetric analysis to find the tendency of the thermal decomposition in the elevated temperature range of 0-1000°C. Proper analysis and correlation of the various results obtained suggested the controlled growth of crystalline without agglomeration and good stability in the various temperature ranges of the composite. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title="nanoparticles">nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title=" XRD"> XRD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TEM" title=" TEM"> TEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lanthanum%20hydroxide" title=" lanthanum hydroxide"> lanthanum hydroxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manganese%20oxide" title=" manganese oxide"> manganese oxide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25803/study-on-the-controlled-growth-of-lanthanum-hydroxide-and-manganese-oxide-nano-composite-under-the-presence-of-cationic-surfactant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25803.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">471</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">133</span> Physicochemical Characterization of Mercerized Cellulose-Supported Nickel-Oxide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sherif%20M.%20A.%20S.%20Keshk">Sherif M. A. S. Keshk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hisham%20S.%20M.%20Abd-Rabboh"> Hisham S. M. Abd-Rabboh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20S.%20Hamdy"> Mohamed S. Hamdy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20H.%20A.%20Badr"> Ibrahim H. A. Badr</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microwave radiation was applied to synthesize nanoparticles of nickel oxide supported on pretreated cellulose with metal acetate in the presence of NaOH. Optimization, in terms of irradiation time and metal concentration, was investigated. FT-IR spectrum of cellulose/NiO spectrum shows a band at 445 cm^-1 that is related to the Ni–O stretching vibration of NiO6 octahedral in the cubic NiO structure. cellulose/NiO showed similar XRD pattern of cellulose I and exhibited sharpened reflection peak at 2q = 29.8°, corresponding to (111) plane of NiO, with two weak broad peaks at 48.5°, and 49.2°, representing (222) planes of NiO. XPS spectrum of mercerized cellulose/NiO composite showed did not show any peaks corresponding to Na ion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose" title="cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mercerized%20cellulose" title=" mercerized cellulose"> mercerized cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose%2Fzinc%20and%20nickeloxides%20composite" title=" cellulose/zinc and nickeloxides composite"> cellulose/zinc and nickeloxides composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FTIR" title=" FTIR"> FTIR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title=" XRD"> XRD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XPS" title=" XPS"> XPS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raman%20spectrum" title=" Raman spectrum"> Raman spectrum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38240/physicochemical-characterization-of-mercerized-cellulose-supported-nickel-oxide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38240.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">442</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">132</span> Analysis of Control by Flattening of the Welded Tubes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hannachi%20Med%20Tahar">Hannachi Med Tahar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Djebaili"> H. Djebaili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Daheche"> B. Daheche </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this approach, we have tried to describe the flattening of welded tubes, and its experimental application. The test is carried out at the (National product processing company dishes and tubes production). Usually, the final products (tubes) undergo a series of non-destructive inspection online and offline welding, and obviously destructive mechanical testing (bending, flattening, flaring, etc.). For this and for the purpose of implementing the flattening test, which applies to the processing of round tubes in other forms, it took four sections of welded tubes draft (before stretching hot) and welded tubes finished (after drawing hot and annealing), it was also noted the report 'health' flattened tubes must not show or crack or tear. The test is considered poor if it reveals a lack of ductility of the metal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flattening" title="flattening">flattening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=destructive%20testing" title=" destructive testing"> destructive testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tube%20drafts" title=" tube drafts"> tube drafts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finished%20tube" title=" finished tube"> finished tube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Castem%202001" title=" Castem 2001"> Castem 2001</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31484/analysis-of-control-by-flattening-of-the-welded-tubes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31484.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">446</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">131</span> Regulation of Water Balance of the Plant from the Different Geo-Environmental Locations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Astghik%20R.%20Sukiasyan">Astghik R. Sukiasyan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Under the drought stress condition, the plants would grow slower. Temperature is one of the most important abiotic factors which suppress the germination processes. However, the processes of transpiration are regulated directly by the cell water, which followed to an increase in volume of vacuoles. During stretching under the influence of water pressure, the cell goes into the state of turgor. In our experiments, lines of the semi-dental sweet maize of Armenian population from various zones of growth under mild and severe drought stress were tested. According to results, the value of the water balance of the plant cells may reflect the ability of plants to adapt to drought stress. It can be assumed that the turgor allows evaluating the number of received dissolved substance in cell. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turgor" title="turgor">turgor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drought%20stress" title=" drought stress"> drought stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20growth" title=" plant growth"> plant growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armenian%20Zea%20Maize%20Semidentata" title=" Armenian Zea Maize Semidentata"> Armenian Zea Maize Semidentata</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47429/regulation-of-water-balance-of-the-plant-from-the-different-geo-environmental-locations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47429.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">257</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">130</span> Effect of Viscous Dissipation on 3-D MHD Casson Flow in Presence of Chemical Reaction: A Numerical Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bandari%20Shanker">Bandari Shanker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfunsa%20Prathiba"> Alfunsa Prathiba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The influence of viscous dissipation on MHD Casson 3-D fluid flow in two perpendicular directions past a linearly stretching sheet in the presence of a chemical reaction is explored in this work. For exceptional circumstances, self-similar solutions are obtained and compared to the given data. The enhancement in the values Ecert number the temperature boundary layer increases. Further, the current findings are observed to be in great accord with the existing data. In both directions, non - dimensional velocities and stress distribution are achieved. The relevant data are graphed and explained quantitatively in relation to changes in the Casson fluid parameter as well as other fluid flow parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viscous%20dissipation" title="viscous dissipation">viscous dissipation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3-D%20Casson%20flow" title=" 3-D Casson flow"> 3-D Casson flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20reaction" title=" chemical reaction"> chemical reaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ecert%20number" title=" Ecert number"> Ecert number</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144926/effect-of-viscous-dissipation-on-3-d-mhd-casson-flow-in-presence-of-chemical-reaction-a-numerical-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">193</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">129</span> Phase Transition of Aqueous Ternary (THF + Polyvinylpyrrolidone + H2O) System as Revealed by Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyery%20Kang">Hyery Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong-Yeun%20Koh"> Dong-Yeun Koh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun-Ho%20Ahn"> Yun-Ho Ahn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huen%20Lee"> Huen Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Determination of the behavior of clathrate hydrate with inhibitor in the THz region will provide useful information about hydrate plug control in the upstream of the oil and gas industry. In this study, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) revealed the inhibition of the THF clathrate hydrate system with dosage of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with three different molecular weights. Distinct footprints of phase transition in the THz region (0.4–2.2 THz) were analyzed and absorption coefficients and real part of refractive indices are obtained in the temperature range of 253 K to 288 K. Along with the optical properties, ring breathing and stretching modes for different molecular weights of PVP in THF hydrate are analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clathrate%20hydrate" title="clathrate hydrate">clathrate hydrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terahertz%20spectroscopy" title=" terahertz spectroscopy"> terahertz spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tetrahydrofuran" title=" tetrahydrofuran"> tetrahydrofuran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhibitor" title=" inhibitor"> inhibitor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27866/phase-transition-of-aqueous-ternary-thf-polyvinylpyrrolidone-h2o-system-as-revealed-by-terahertz-time-domain-spectroscopy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27866.pdf" 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