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id="toc-Malthusianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ted_Kaczynski,_the_Unabomber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ted_Kaczynski,_the_Unabomber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ted Kaczynski, the Unabomber </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ted_Kaczynski,_the_Unabomber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garrett_Hardin,_Pentti_Linkola,_and_"Lifeboat_Ethics"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garrett_Hardin,_Pentti_Linkola,_and_"Lifeboat_Ethics""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Garrett Hardin, Pentti Linkola, and "Lifeboat Ethics" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garrett_Hardin,_Pentti_Linkola,_and_"Lifeboat_Ethics"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaud_Camus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaud_Camus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Renaud Camus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaud_Camus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Association with violence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Association_with_violence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Association with violence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Association_with_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deep_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Deep ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bookchin's_critique_of_deep_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bookchin's_critique_of_deep_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Bookchin's critique of deep ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bookchin's_critique_of_deep_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sakai_on_"natural_purity"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sakai_on_"natural_purity""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sakai on "natural purity" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sakai_on_"natural_purity"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrowness_of_the_label" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrowness_of_the_label"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Narrowness of the label </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrowness_of_the_label-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disavowment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disavowment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Disavowment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disavowment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Far-right_green_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Far-right_green_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Far-right green movements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Far-right_green_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Far-right green movements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Far-right_green_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Austria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouvelle_Droite_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouvelle_Droite_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Nouvelle Droite movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouvelle_Droite_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Génération_identitaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Génération_identitaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Génération identitaire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Génération_identitaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Rally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Rally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 National Rally </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Rally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Die_Heimat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Heimat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Die Heimat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Heimat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AfD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AfD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 AfD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AfD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegium_Humanum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegium_Humanum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.3 Collegium Humanum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegium_Humanum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.4 Other groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Serbia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.13 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pejorative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pejorative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Pejorative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pejorative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ecofascism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فاشية إيكولوجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاشية إيكولوجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoloji_fa%C5%9Fizm" title="Ekoloji faşizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekoloji faşizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Экафашызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Экафашызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekofa%C5%A1ismus" title="Ekofašismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekofašismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kofaschismus" title="Ökofaschismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ökofaschismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecofascismo" title="Ecofascismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecofascismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekofa%C5%9Dismo" title="Ekofaŝismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekofaŝismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekofaxismo" title="Ekofaxismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekofaxismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="بوم‌فاشیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوم‌فاشیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cofascisme" title="Écofascisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écofascisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%BD%94%ED%8C%8C%EC%8B%9C%EC%A6%98" title="에코파시즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에코파시즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekofasisme" title="Ekofasisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekofasisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecofascismo" title="Ecofascismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ecofascismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אקופשיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקופשיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Экофашизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Экофашизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecofascisme" title="Ecofascisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ecofascisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="エコファシズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エコファシズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecofascismo" title="Ecofascismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ecofascismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Экофашизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экофашизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Екофашизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Екофашизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekofa%C5%A1izam" title="Ekofašizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekofašizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekofasismi" title="Ekofasismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ekofasismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekofascism" title="Ekofascism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ekofascism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekofa%C5%9Fizm" title="Ekofaşizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekofaşizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Екофашизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екофашизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecofasismo" title="Ecofasismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ecofasismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Ecofascism. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a>, a synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green politics</a> praticised by a spectrum of groups including <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding articles in <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cofascisme" class="extiw" title="fr:Écofascisme">French</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kofaschismus" class="extiw" title="de:Ökofaschismus">German</a>. (June 2023) Click [show] for important translation instructions.</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%C3%89cofascisme&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the French article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_French#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand French">adding a topic</a> to this template: there are already 1,950 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_French_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from French Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border: 4px double #000000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.8em 0 1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_with_fasces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eagle with fasces"><img alt="Eagle with fasces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/140px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/210px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/280px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="435" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration#Fascist_support" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Fascist_corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Corporation" title="Proprietary Corporation">Proprietary Corporation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Fascist_Italy" title="Propaganda in Fascist Italy">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">Spazio vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism#By_Italian_Fascists" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism#Early_usages" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_martyrs" title="Fascist martyrs">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani#Iran,_Italy,_Germany_and_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_B%C3%B6sz%C3%B6rm%C3%A9ny" title="Zoltán Böszörmény">Böszörmény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Bourgin" title="Hubert Bourgin">Bourgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Engdahl" title="Per Engdahl">Engdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Federzoni" title="Luigi Federzoni">Federzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_A._Flores" title="Luis A. Flores">Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoornaert" title="Paul Hoornaert">Hoornaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Man#Collaboration" title="Henri de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_von_Mar%C3%A9es" title="Jorge González von Marées">von Marées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seig%C5%8D_Nakano" title="Seigō Nakano">Nakano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Starace" title="Achille Starace">Starace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Van Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson" title="Arnold Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arthuys#Fascist_leader" title="Jacques Arthuys">Arthuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Br%C4%83ileanu" title="Traian Brăileanu">Brăileanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line#Antisemitism,_fascism_and_collaboration" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Céline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelfo_Civinini" title="Guelfo Civinini">Civinini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce#Relations_with_Italian_fascism" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Cupcea#Moldovan's_aide" title="Salvator Cupcea">Cupcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Giani" title="Niccolò Giani">Giani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrado_Gini#Under_fascism" title="Corrado Gini">Gini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni#National_Legionary_doctrinaire" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis#Political_views" title="Wyndham Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Ojetti#Ojetti_and_fascism" title="Ugo Ojetti">Ojetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Orano" title="Paolo Orano">Orano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello#Italy_under_the_Fascists" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Reghini" title="Arturo Reghini">Reghini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izabela_Sadoveanu-Evan" title="Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan">Sadoveanu-Evan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar#Fascism" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Scaligero" title="Massimo Scaligero">Scaligero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici#Later_life" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti#Hermeticism_and_fascism" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Ungaretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Il_trionfo_della_morte" title="Il trionfo della morte">Triumph of Death</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flame_(novel)" title="The Flame (novel)">The Flame</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Violence" title="Reflections on Violence">Reflections on Violence</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_Rivoluzionario_d%27Azione_Internazionalista#Manifesto" title="Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista">Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism_and_Socialism" title="Prussianism and Socialism">Prussianism and Socialism</a> (1919)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism" title="Manifesto of Futurism">Futurist Manifesto</a>" (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Second" title="Frederick the Second">Frederick the Second</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_(novel)" title="The Outlaws (novel)">The Outlaws</a> (1930)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a>" (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Six_Point_Program_of_the_Falange" title="Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange">Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Kulchur" title="Guide to Kulchur">Guide to Kulchur</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_(novel)" title="Gilles (novel)">Gilles</a> (1939)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewards_(paramilitary_organisation)" title="Stewards (paramilitary organisation)">Stewards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FE_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="FE de las JONS">FE de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_Political_Party" title="Futurist Political Party">Futurist Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">IKL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legionary_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legionary Action (page does not exist)">Legionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Labor_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Labor Service">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadrismo" title="Squadrismo">Squadrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fascist_Mysticism" title="School of Fascist Mysticism">School of Fascist Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taisei_Yokusankai" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisei Yokusankai">Taisei Yokusankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR_Group" title="UR Group">UR Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Fascist_Organisation" title="All-Russian Fascist Organisation">VFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish National Union">VNV</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)#Controversy_and_decline" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buna_Vestire" title="Buna Vestire">Buna Vestire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critica_fascista" title="Critica fascista">Critica fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gringoire_(newspaper)" title="Gringoire (newspaper)">Gringoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Idea_Nazionale" title="L'Idea Nazionale">L'Idea Nazionale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidel_(magazine)" title="Lidel (magazine)">Lidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Fujin" title="Nippon Fujin">Nippon Fujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentile_Reform" title="Gentile Reform">Gentile Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">German election of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Fascist_Revolution" title="Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution">Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Revolution_Day_Z%C3%B3calo_Battle" title="1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle">1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">Unification Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_March" title="Peasant March">Peasant March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Downfall in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Turning_point_and_collapse" title="Nazi Germany">Downfall in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_socialism" title="Croatian socialism">Croatian socialism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eco-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor-system_fascism" title="Emperor-system fascism">Emperor-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism#Ideology" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Bulgaria" title="Fascism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Fascism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a 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title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/60px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border: 4px double #00DD00; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Green_politics" title="Category:Green politics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;background:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunflower_(Green_symbol).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunflower symbol"><img alt="Sunflower symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg/90px-Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg/135px-Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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change</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00DD00;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Four pillars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecological wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00DD00;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_globalization" title="Criticisms of globalization">Criticisms of globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty hands">Dirty hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_ecology" title="Queer ecology">Queer ecology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00DD00;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Greens_Federation" title="Asia Pacific Greens Federation">Asia Pacific Greens Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Green_Parties_of_Africa" title="Federation of Green Parties of Africa">Federation of Green Parties of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Green_Parties_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas">Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Young_European_Greens" title="Federation of Young European Greens">Federation of Young European Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Greens" title="Global Greens">Global Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Young_Greens" title="Global Young Greens">Global Young Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ecological_Parties" title="World Ecological Parties">World Ecological Parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00DD00;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend" title="Carbon fee and dividend">Carbon fee and dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a 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title="Eco-tariff">Eco-tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of agriculture">effects of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">effects of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform" title="Environmental pricing reform">pricing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">in music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_industrial_policy" title="Green industrial policy">industrial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_job" title="Green job">job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_retrofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Green retrofit">retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Eckersley#The_Green_State" title="Robyn Eckersley">state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_theory" title="Green theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">washing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li>List of environmental incidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Water conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Green_politics" title="Template:Green politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Green_politics" title="Template talk:Green politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Green_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Green politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-fascism" title="Category:Neo-fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.8em 0 1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_with_fasces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fasces"><img alt="Fasces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/169px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="169" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/253px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/337px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="435" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Core ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_corporatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist corporatism">Fascist corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Autarky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberalism">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial supremacy">Racial supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-parliamentarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-parliamentarianism">Anti-parliamentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Anti-Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Varieties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Neo-Nazism" title="Esoteric Neo-Nazism">Esoteric Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="British Fascism">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Syndicalism">National Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Japanese statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements, organizations, and parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Identity_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Identity Movement">American Identity Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist_Action" title="Anti-Communist Action">Anti-Communist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Republican_Army" title="Aryan Republican Army">Aryan Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CasaPound" title="CasaPound">CasaPound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Covenant,_the_Sword,_and_the_Arm_of_the_Lord" title="The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord">The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">World Church of the Creator/Creativity Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything_For_the_Country_Party" title="Everything For the Country Party">Everything For the Country Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">Forza Nuova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins/Hammerskin Nation and Crew 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohti_Vapautta!" title="Kohti Vapautta!">Kohti Vapautta!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlebists_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia">Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manson_Family" title="Manson Family">Manson Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Italy,_1997)" title="National Front (Italy, 1997)">National Front (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp/Oboz Narodowo-Radykalny (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="National Socialist Party of America">National Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(Italy)" title="National Vanguard (Italy)">National Vanguard (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Order" title="New European Order">New European Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division#Foreign_branches" title="Atomwaffen Division">Northern Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noua_Dreapt%C4%83" title="Noua Dreaptă">Noua Dreaptă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9th_Society" title="November 9th Society">November 9th Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordine_Nuovo" title="Ordine Nuovo">Ordine Nuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">One-People Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_of_Ukraine" title="Patriot of Ukraine">Patriot of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_(organization)" title="Posse Comitatus (organization)">Posse Comitatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Movement" title="Republic Movement">Republic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Action" title="Social Action">Social Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-National_Assembly" title="Social-National Assembly">Social-National Assembly (Ukraine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division#Sonnenkrieg_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Sonnenkrieg Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartans_(Greek_political_party)" title="Spartans (Greek political party)">Spartans (Greek political party)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Workers Party">Traditionalist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_A_(Spain)" title="Triple A (Spain)">Triple A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyoku_dantai" title="Uyoku dantai">Uyoku dantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_power_skinheads" class="mw-redirect" title="White power skinheads">White power skinheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Allgier" title="Curtis Allgier">Curtis Allgier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Almirante" title="Giorgio Almirante">Giorgio Almirante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bela_Ewald_Althans" title="Bela Ewald Althans">Bela Ewald Althans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston-Armand_Amaudruz" title="Gaston-Armand Amaudruz">Gaston-Armand Amaudruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Andrew Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weev" title="Weev">Andrew Auernheimer / Weev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Alparslan Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Alexander Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beam" title="Louis Beam">Louis Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Beattie" title="William John Beattie">William John Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Binet_(neo-Fascist)" title="René Binet (neo-Fascist)">René Binet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Don Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Bolton" title="Kerry Bolton">Kerry Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Borrego" title="Salvador Borrego">Salvador Borrego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Anders Behring Breivik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_von_Brunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James von Brunn">James von Brunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burdi" title="George Burdi">George Burdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Burros" title="Dan Burros">Dan Burros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Butler_(white_supremacist)" title="Richard Butler (white supremacist)">Richard Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cantwell" title="Christopher Cantwell">Christopher Cantwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Willis Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Casey_(white_supremacist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Casey (white supremacist)">Patrick Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Cobb" title="Craig Cobb">Craig Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Collett" title="Mark Collett">Mark Collett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Collin" title="Frank Collin">Frank Collin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Covington" title="Harold Covington">Harold Covington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Crane" title="Nicky Crane">Nicky Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cvjetanovic" title="Peter Cvjetanovic">Peter Cvjetanovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Damigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Damigo">Nathan Damigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Léon Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Savitri Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Françoise Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Ian Stuart Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ellison_(white_supremacist)" title="James Ellison (white supremacist)">James Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Erikson" title="Neil Erikson">Neil Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Bert Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Felton" title="Leo Felton">Leo Felton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Forwald" title="Haakon Forwald">Haakon Forwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Roy Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul_Franklin" title="Joseph Paul Franklin">Joseph Paul Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Fini" title="Gianfranco Fini">Gianfranco Fini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fromm_(white_supremacist)" title="Paul Fromm (white supremacist)">Paul Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Franco Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fredriksen" title="Mark Fredriksen">Mark Fredriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Q._Gebert" title="Matthew Q. Gebert">Matthew Q. Gebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payton_Gendron" class="mw-redirect" title="Payton Gendron">Payton Gendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(livestreamer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked Alaska (livestreamer)">Anthime Gionet / Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Gliebe" title="Erich Gliebe">Erich Gliebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Vejdeland" title="Fredrik Vejdeland">Fredrik Vejdeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Ryne_Goldberg" title="Joshua Ryne Goldberg">Joshua Ryne Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Nick Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Gy%C5%91rk%C3%B6s" title="István Győrkös">István Győrkös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._Hale" title="Matthew F. Hale">Matthew F. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Harris">Eric Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Paul_Hasson" title="Christopher Paul Hasson">Christopher Paul Hasson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Matthew Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hill_(activist)" title="Michael Hill (activist)">Michael Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heath_Hitler" title="Heath Hitler">Heath Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Ioannidis" title="Dimitrios Ioannidis">Dimitrios Ioannidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Irving" title="David Irving">David Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Arthur J. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Colin Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kahl" title="Gordon Kahl">Gordon Kahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kasimovsky" title="Konstantin Kasimovsky">Konstantin Kasimovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevie_Kehoe" title="Chevie Kehoe">Chevie Kehoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Jason Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_King-Ansell" title="Colin King-Ansell">Colin King-Ansell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Yoshio Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Koehl" title="Matthias Koehl">Matthias Koehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kreis" title="August Kreis">August Kreis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Michael Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_K%C3%BCssel" title="Gottfried Küssel">Gottfried Küssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Kuttner" title="Robert E. Kuttner">Robert E. Kuttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">David Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Lauck" title="Gary Lauck">Gary Lauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee Beom-seok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lewis_Lee" title="Daniel Lewis Lee">Daniel Lewis Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Linder" title="Alex Linder">Alex Linder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Adelheid_of_Lippe" title="Princess Marie Adelheid of Lippe">Princess Marie Adelheid of Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klas_Lund" title="Klas Lund">Klas Lund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McLaughlin_(activist)" title="Michael McLaughlin (activist)">Michael McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_McVeigh" title="Timothy McVeigh">Timothy McVeigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Madole" title="James H. Madole">James H. Madole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Mahieu" title="Jacques de Mahieu">Jacques de Mahieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Mahler" title="Horst Mahler">Horst Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Martell" title="Clark Martell">Clark Martell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">James Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Mathews" title="Robert Jay Mathews">Robert Jay Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Tom Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Davud Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Eustace Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">David Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nehlen" title="Paul Nehlen">Paul Nehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Nichols" title="Terry Nichols">Terry Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revilo_P._Oliver" title="Revilo P. Oliver">Revilo P. Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Georgios Papadopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patler" class="mw-redirect" title="John Patler">John Patler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Michael Peinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">William Luther Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_Pi%C3%B1ar" title="Blas Piñar">Blas Piñar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._T._Ready" title="J. T. Ready">J. T. Ready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Otto Ernst Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Renshaw_(terrorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Renshaw (terrorist)">Jack Renshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Riccio" title="Bill Riccio">Bill Riccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Povl_Riis-Knudsen" title="Povl Riis-Knudsen">Povl Riis-Knudsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_D._Robida" title="Jacob D. Robida">Jacob D. Robida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">George Lincoln Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Roeder" title="Manfred Roeder">Manfred Roeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylann_Storm_Roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Dylann Storm Roof">Dylann Storm Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Rosenkranz" title="Horst Rosenkranz">Horst Rosenkranz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_R%C3%B6ssler" title="Fritz Rössler">Fritz Rössler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Rost_van_Tonningen" title="Florentine Rost van Tonningen">Florentine Rost van Tonningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Rudel" title="Hans-Ulrich Rudel">Hans-Ulrich Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Rudolph" title="Eric Rudolph">Eric Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoto_Sakurai" title="Makoto Sakurai">Makoto Sakurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Jim Saleam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Saxon" title="Kurt Saxon">Kurt Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Schipper" title="Gary Schipper">Gary Schipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schmidt_(Waffen-SS)" title="Hans Schmidt (Waffen-SS)">Hans Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Serrano" title="Miguel Serrano">Miguel Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Otto Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Independence_Day_weekend_shootings#Perpetrator" title="1999 Independence Day weekend shootings">Benjamin Nathaniel Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Spaggiari" title="Albert Spaggiari">Albert Spaggiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Otto Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard B. Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Kevin Alfred Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Suhayda" title="Rocky Suhayda">Rocky Suhayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenton_Harrison_Tarrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Brenton Harrison Tarrant">Brenton Harrison Tarrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tejero" title="Antonio Tejero">Antonio Tejero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Eugène Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Keith_Thompson" title="H. Keith Thompson">H. Keith Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tommasi" title="Joseph Tommasi">Joseph Tommasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Tremaine" title="Terry Tremaine">Terry Tremaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tyndall (politician)">John Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_van_Tongeren" title="Jack van Tongeren">Jack van Tongeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Veh" title="Russell Veh">Russell Veh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Varg Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Webster" title="Martin Webster">Martin Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Weise" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Weise">Jeff Weise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_White_(neo-Nazi)" title="Bill White (neo-Nazi)">Bill White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Worch" title="Christian Worch">Christian Worch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Francis Parker Yockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Ernst Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">1967 Greek coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate-LaBianca_murders" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate-LaBianca murders">Tate-LaBianca murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Fontana_bombing" title="Piazza Fontana bombing">Piazza Fontana bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golpe_Borghese" title="Golpe Borghese">Borghese coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_massacre" title="Greensboro massacre">Greensboro massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt">1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism#United_States" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_sedition_trial" title="Fort Smith sedition trial">Fort Smith sedition trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Rendezvous_(1992)" title="Rocky Mountain Rendezvous (1992)">Rocky Mountain Rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Olympic_Park_bombing" title="Centennial Olympic Park bombing">Centennial Olympic Park bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_shooting" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_London_nail_bombings" title="1999 London nail bombings">1999 London nail bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine High School massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Moscow_market_bombing" title="2006 Moscow market bombing">2006 Moscow market bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks" title="2011 Norway attacks">2011 Norway attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Sikh_temple_shooting" title="Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting">Oak Creek Sikh temple shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting" title="Charleston church shooting">Charleston church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trollh%C3%A4ttan_school_stabbing" title="Trollhättan school stabbing">Trollhättan school stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_2" title="Unite the Right 2">Unite the Right 2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">Poway synagogue shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzano_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzano Massacre">Suzano Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso Walmart shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A6rum_mosque_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Bærum mosque shooting">Bærum mosque shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30_storming_of_the_Michigan_State_Capitol" title="April 30 storming of the Michigan State Capitol">April 30 storming of the Michigan State Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 United States Capitol attack">2021 United States Capitol attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Buffalo_shooting" title="2022 Buffalo shooting">Buffalo Tops shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk_school_shooting" title="Izhevsk school shooting">Izhevsk school shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Bratislava_shooting" title="2022 Bratislava shooting">2022 Bratislava shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aracruz_school_shootings" title="Aracruz school shootings">Aracruz school shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs_nightclub_shooting" title="Colorado Springs nightclub shooting">Colorado Springs nightclub shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Allen,_Texas_mall_shooting" title="2023 Allen, Texas mall shooting">Allen mall shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_riots" title="2024 United Kingdom riots">2024 United Kingdom riots</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_punk" title="Nazi punk">Nazi punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Soldier" title="Political Soldier">Political Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_power_music" title="White power music">White power music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead">White power skinhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (insult)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Opposition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">American Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_Against_Fascism" title="Unite Against Fascism">Unite Against Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_(magazine)" title="Searchlight (magazine)">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action" title="Anti-Racist Action">Anti-Racist Action</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/60px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neo-fascism" title="Template:Neo-fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neo-fascism" title="Template talk:Neo-fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ecofascism (sometimes spelled eco-fascism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorcione2020-1">[1]</a>) is a term used to describe individuals and groups which combine <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2008531-2">[2]</a> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a> characterized eco-fascism as hypothetical forms of totalitarianism based on an ecological orientation of politics.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Similar definitions have been used by others in older academic literature in accusations of ecofascism of "environmental fascism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan202151–53-4">[4]</a> However, since the 2010s, a number of individuals and groups have emerged that either self-identify as "ecofascist" or have been labelled as "ecofascist" by academic or journalistic sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelan2018-5">[5]</a> These individuals and groups synthesise radical <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> politics with environmentalism,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDitfurth1992278,_324-7">[7]</a> and will typically argue that overpopulation is the primary threat to the environment and that the only solution is a complete halt to immigration or, at their most extreme, genocide against non-White groups and ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Many far-right political parties have added green politics to their platforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamelLamoureuxMakuch2020-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorcione2020-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossBevensee20204–9-10">[10]</a> Through the 2010s ecofascism has seen increasing support.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> In 2005, environmental historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Zimmerman" title="Michael E. Zimmerman">Michael E. Zimmerman</a> defined "ecofascism" as "a totalitarian government that requires individuals to sacrifice their interests to the well-being of the 'land', understood as the splendid web of life, or the organic whole of nature, including peoples and their states".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2008531-2">[2]</a> This was supported by philosopher Patrick Hassan’s work analysing historical accusations of ecofascism in academic literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan202153-12">[12]</a> Zimmerman argued that while no ecofascist government has existed so far, "important aspects of it can be found in <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">German National Socialism</a>, one of whose central slogans was "<a href="/wiki/Blood_and_Soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood and Soil">Blood and Soil</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2008531-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Other political agendas, instead of environmental protection and prevention of climate change, are nationalist approaches to climate such as national economic environmentalism, securitization of climate change, and ecobordering.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Ecofascists often believe there is a symbiotic relationship between a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation-group</a> and its homeland.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> They often blame the <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">global south</a> for ecological problems,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20226–8-17">[17]</a> with their proposed solutions often entailing extreme population control measures based on racial categorisations,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and advocating for the <a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">accelerated collapse</a> of current society to be replaced by fascist societies.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> This latter belief is often accompanied with vocal support for terrorist actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannemann20235-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2022a-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022982-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a> has defined ecofascism as an ideology "which blames the demise of the environment on overpopulation, immigration, and over-industrialization, problems that followers think could be partly remedied through the mass murder of refugees in Western countries."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamelLamoureuxMakuch2020-9">[9]</a> Environmentalist author <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a> has suggested that ecofascists' primary objectives are to close borders to immigrants and, on the more extreme end, to embrace the idea of climate change as a divinely-ordained signal to begin a mass purge of sections of the human race. Ecofascism is "environmentalism through genocide", opined Klein.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorcione2020-1">[1]</a> Political researcher Alex Amend defined ecofascist belief as "The devaluing of human life—particularly of populations seen as inferior—in order to protect the environment viewed as essential to White identity."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Terrorism researcher Kristy Campion defined ecofascism as "a reactionary and revolutionary ideology that champions the regeneration of an imagined community through a return to a romanticised, ethnopluralist vision of the natural order."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampion2021933–934-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> describes ecofascism as the "weaponization of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> by far right populist political parties and white supremacist groups".<a href="#cite_note-Cordis_EU-25">[25]</a> Tactics of this weaponization include the use of language and equating actors in population and migration discourses to components of the climate crisis. As said in a policy brief for The <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Counter-Terrorism" title="International Centre for Counter-Terrorism">International Center for Counter-Terrorism</a>, this "linguistic violence"<a href="#cite_note-Cordis_EU-25">[25]</a> entails that "the invasion of non-native species that threaten the environment becomes synonymous with the invasion of immigrants, the protection of the environment with the protection of borders, trash with people, and environmental cleansing with ethnic cleaning."<a href="#cite_note-Cordis_EU-25">[25]</a> Helen Cawood and Xany Jansen Van Vuuren have criticised previous attempts to define ecofascism as focusing too heavily on environmental and ecological conservationism in historical fascist movements, and the subsequent definitions being too broad and encompassing many ontologically different ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawoodVuuren202290–92-26">[26]</a> In their criticism they summarise the current definition of ecofascism as used in the academic literature as "a movement that uses environmental and ecological conservationist talking points to push an ideology of ethnic or racial separatism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawoodVuuren202289–91-27">[27]</a> This is supported by Blair Taylor statement that ecofascism refers to "groups and ideologies that offer authoritarian, hierarchical, and racist analyses and solutions to environmental problems".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvin2021-28">[28]</a> Similarly, extremism researchers Brian Hughes, Dave Jones, and <a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Amarasingam" title="Amarnath Amarasingam">Amarnath Amarasingam</a> argue that ecofascism is less a coherent ideology and more a cultural expression of mystical, anti-humanist romanticism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesJonesAmarasingam2022998-29">[29]</a> This is further supported by Maria Darwish in her research into the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a> where while there is concern for environmental issues they are "a concern for Neo-Nazis only in so far as it supports and popularizes the backstage mission of the NRM", that is the implementation of a fascist regime,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwish201890-30">[30]</a> and Jacob Blumenfeld stating "ecofascism names a specific far-right ideology that rationalizes white supremacist violence by invoking imminent ecological collapse and scarce natural resources".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenfeld2022173-31">[31]</a> Borrowing from the "watermelon" analogy of <a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism#Ideology" title="Eco-socialism">eco-socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berggruen_Institute" title="Berggruen Institute">Berggruen Institute</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gilman" title="Nils Gilman">Nils Gilman</a> has coined the term "avocado politics" for eco-fascism, being "green on the outside but <a href="/wiki/Brownshirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownshirt">brown(shirt)</a> at the core".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalecki20236-34">[34]</a> In his book "Ecofascismo", the political scientist <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Taibo" title="Carlos Taibo">Carlos Taibo</a> characterises the phenomenon as a response to crises brought about by climate change. The ecofascist solution is to "[P]reserve increasingly scarce resources for a select minority. And to marginalize – in the mildest version – and exterminate – in the harshest – what are seen as surplus populations, on a planet that has visibly exceeded its limits."<a href="#cite_note-Taibo-35">[35]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Crucially, Taibo argues that far from being circumscribed to the margins of right-wing extremism, which traditionally has mostly been associated with <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a>, ecofascist notions are likely to be pursued by "political forces we usually label as liberal and social-democratic", emerging within major centers of power in the west and among elites in the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-Taibo-35">[35]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] From this perspective, the antecedents of ecofascism, extending beyond ecological currents in fascist movements of the past, would be ideologies typical of <a href="/wiki/Western_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western colonialism">Western colonialism</a>, returning in modernised forms.<a href="#cite_note-Taibo-35">[35]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ecofascism#undue" title="Talk:Ecofascism">discuss</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideological_origins">Ideological origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ideological origins">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madison_Grant">Madison Grant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Madison Grant">edit</a>]</div> Sometimes dubbed the "founding father" of ecofascism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2019-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarby2019a-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a> was a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Conservationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservationism">conservationism</a> in America in the late 19th and early 20th century. Grant is credited as a founder of modern wildlife management. Grant built the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River_Parkway" title="Bronx River Parkway">Bronx River Parkway</a>, was a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Bison_Society" title="American Bison Society">American Bison Society</a>, and helped create <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_National_Park" title="Olympic National Park">Olympic National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everglades_National_Park" title="Everglades National Park">Everglades National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denali_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Denali National Park">Denali National Park</a>. As president of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Zoological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Zoological Society">New York Zoological Society</a>, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a> in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatin2021-38">[38]</a> In addition to his conservationist work, Grant was a <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 1906, Grant supported the placement of <a href="/wiki/Ota_Benga" title="Ota Benga">Ota Benga</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Mbuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbuti">Mbuti</a> people who was kidnapped, removed from his home in the Congo, and put on display in the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a> as an exhibit in the Monkey House.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2019-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarby2019a-37">[37]</a> In 1916, Grant wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race" title="The Passing of the Great Race">The Passing of the Great Race</a>, a work of <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific literature</a> which claimed to give an account of the anthropological <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">history of Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The book divides Europeans into three races; Alpines, Mediterraneans and Nordics, and it also claims that the first two races are inferior to the superior Nordic race, which is the only race which is fit to rule the earth. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> would later describe Grant's book as "his bible" and Grant's "<a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordic theory</a>" became the bedrock of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Nazi racial theories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Additionally, Grant was a <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenicist</a>: He cofounded and was the director of the <a href="/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">American Eugenics Society</a> and he also advocated the culling of the unfit from the human population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYakushkoDe_Francisco2022467–469-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoff2021-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein2022-45">[45]</a> Grant concocted a 100-year plan to perfect the human race, a plan in which one ethnic group after another would be killed off until <a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">racial purity</a> would be obtained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2019-36">[36]</a> Grant campaigned for the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act_of_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Quota Act of 1921">Emergency Quota Act of 1921</a> and he also campaigned for the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a>, which drastically reduced the number of immigrants from eastern Europe and Asia who were allowed to enter the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparrow2019-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoff2021-44">[44]</a> In the modern era, Grant's ideas have been cited by advocates of <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right politics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard Spencer</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatin2021-38">[38]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anders_Breivik" class="mw-redirect" title="Anders Breivik">Anders Breivik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarby2019a-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adler-Bell-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnights2020-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazism">Nazism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nazism">edit</a>]</div> The authors <a href="/wiki/Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Janet Biehl</a> and Peter Staudenmaier suggest that the synthesis of fascism and environmentalism began with <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, stating that 19th and 20th century Germany was an early center of ecofascist thought, finding its antecedents in many prominent natural scientists and environmentalists, including <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Ernst Moritz Arndt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> With the works and ideas of such individuals being later established as policies in the Nazi regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyettThomas2019217–219-50">[50]</a> This is supported by other researchers who identify the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> as an ideological originator of later ecofascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossBevensee20209–10-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In Biehl and Staudenmaier's book Ecofascism: Lessons from the German Experience, they note the Nazi Party's interest in ecology, and suggest their interest was "linked with traditional agrarian romanticism and hostility to urban civilization".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiehlStaudenmaier199612-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> With Zimmerman pointing to the works of conservationist and Nazi <a href="/wiki/Walther_Schoenichen" title="Walther Schoenichen">Walther Schoenichen</a> as having pertinence to later ecofascism and similarities to developments in deep ecological understanding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2004-56">[56]</a> During the Nazi rise to power, there was strong support for the Nazis among German environmentalists and conservationists.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a>, a leading Nazi ideologist and <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture</a> who invented the term "<a href="/wiki/Blood_and_Soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood and Soil">Blood and Soil</a>", developed a concept of the nation having a mystic connection with their homeland, and as such, the nation was dutybound to take care of the land.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> This was supported by other Nazi theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a> who wrote of how society's move from agricultural systems to industrialised systems broke their connection to nature and contributed to the death of the <a href="/wiki/Volk#Nazi_era" title="Volk">Volk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiehlStaudenmaier199612-53">[53]</a> Similar sentiments are found in speeches from <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>’s Minister of Agriculture <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tassinari" title="Giuseppe Tassinari">Giuseppe Tassinari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmierovon_Hardenberg2013292-59">[59]</a> Because of this, modern ecofascists cite the Nazi Party as an origin point of ecofascism.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2019-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Beyond Darré, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a> are viewed as representatives of environmentalism within the Nazi party.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiehlStaudenmaier199613–14-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a> has also pointed to the glorification of wildlife in Nazi art and ruralism in the novels of the fascist sympathizers <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Williamson" title="Henry Williamson">Henry Williamson</a> as examples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2008-65">[65]</a> After the outlawing of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism#Germany_and_Austria,_1945–1950s" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a>, one of its members <a href="/wiki/August_Hau%C3%9Fleiter" title="August Haußleiter">August Haußleiter</a> moved towards organising within the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">anti-nuclear movements</a>, going on to become a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">German Green Party</a>. When green activists later uncovered his past activities in the neo-nazi movement, Haußleiter was forced to step down as the party's chairman, although he continued to hold a central role in the party newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> As efforts to expel nationalist elements within the party continued, a <a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">conservative</a> faction split off and founded the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a>, which became noted for persistent <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">holocaust denial</a>, rejection of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">opposition to immigration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Savitri_Devi">Savitri Devi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Savitri Devi">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savitri_Devi,_July_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Savitri_Devi%2C_July_1945.jpg/250px-Savitri_Devi%2C_July_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Savitri_Devi%2C_July_1945.jpg/330px-Savitri_Devi%2C_July_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Savitri_Devi%2C_July_1945.jpg/500px-Savitri_Devi%2C_July_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Savitri Devi's avowed Nazism, combined with her advocacy of animal rights and vegetarianism, has made her a figure of interest to ecofascists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022983-68">[68]</a></figcaption></figure> The French-born Greek fascist <a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Savitri Devi</a> (born Maximiani Julia Portas) was a prominent proponent of <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric Nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A fanatical supporter of Hitler and the Nazi Party from the 1930s onwards, she also supported <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> activism and was a vegetarian from a young age. In her works, she espoused <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">ecologist</a> views, such as the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a> (1959), in which she espoused her views on animal rights and nature.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022982–984-71">[71]</a> In accordance with her ecologist views, human beings do not stand above the animals; instead, humans are a part of the ecosystem and as a result, they should respect all forms of life, including animals and the whole of nature. Because of her dual devotion to Nazism and deep ecology, she is considered an influential figure in ecofascist circles.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Malthusianism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian</a> ideas of overpopulation have been adopted by ecofascists,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> using Malthusian rationale in anti-immigration arguments<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch202211-75">[75]</a> and seeking to resolve the perceived global issue by enforcing population control measures on the global south and racial minorities in white majority countries.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Such Malthusian ideas are often paired with <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Darwinist">Social Darwinist</a> and eugenicist views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist20204–6-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein2022-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ted_Kaczynski,_the_Unabomber">Ted Kaczynski, the Unabomber</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ted Kaczynski, the Unabomber">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ted_Kaczynski_full_mugshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ted_Kaczynski_full_mugshot.jpg/200px-Ted_Kaczynski_full_mugshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ted_Kaczynski_full_mugshot.jpg/300px-Ted_Kaczynski_full_mugshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ted_Kaczynski_full_mugshot.jpg/400px-Ted_Kaczynski_full_mugshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption>Ted Kaczynski AKA "The Unabomber" in a mug shot taken shortly after his arrest in April 1996.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a>, better known as "The Unabomber", is cited as a figure who was highly influential in the development of ecofascist thought, and features prominently in contemporary ecofascist propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolloy2022-79">[79]</a> Between 1978 and 1995 Kaczynski instigated a terrorist bombing campaign aimed at inciting a revolution against modern industrial society,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022984-80">[80]</a> in the name of returning humanity to a primitive state he suggested offered humanity more freedom while protecting the environment. In 1995 Kaczynski offered to end his bombing campaign if <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> would publish his 35,000-word <a href="/wiki/Unabomber_manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Unabomber manifesto">Unabomber manifesto</a>. Both newspapers agreed to those terms. The manifesto railed not only against modern industrial society but also against "modern leftists", whom Kaczynski defined as "mainly <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">socialists</a>, collectivists, 'politically correct' types, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminists</a>, gay and disability activists, animal rights activists and the like".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022984–985-82">[82]</a> Because of Kaczynski's intelligence and because of his ability to write in a high-level academic tone, his manifesto was given <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski#Contemporary_reception" title="Ted Kaczynski">serious consideration upon its release</a> and it became highly influential, even amongst those who severely disagreed with his use of violence. Kaczynski's staunchly radical pro-green, anti-left work was quickly absorbed into ecofascist thought.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-Kaczynski-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Kaczynski also criticized right-wing activists who complained about the erosion of traditional social mores because they supported technological and economic progress, a view which he opposed. He stated that technology erodes traditional social mores that conservatives and right wingers want to protect, and he referred to conservatives as fools.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Although Kaczynski and his manifesto have been embraced by ecofascists,<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-Kaczynski-83">[83]</a> he rejected "fascism",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanrahan2018-86">[86]</a> including specifically "the 'ecofascists'", describing 'ecofascism' itself as 'an aberrant branch of leftism':<a href="#cite_note-aberrant-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The true anti-tech movement rejects every form of racism or ethnocentrism. This has nothing to do with "<a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">tolerance</a>," "diversity," "pluralism," "<a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>," "equality," or "<a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>." The rejection of racism and <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentrism</a> is - purely and simply - a cardinal point of strategy.<a href="#cite_note-aberrant-87">[87]</a></blockquote> In his manifesto, Kaczynski wrote that he considered fascism a "kook ideology" and he also wrote that he considered Nazism "<a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanrahan2018-86">[86]</a> Kaczynski never tried to align himself with the far-right at any point before or after his arrest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanrahan2018-86">[86]</a> In 2017, Netflix released a dramatisation of Kaczynski's life, titled <a href="/wiki/Manhunt:_Unabomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhunt: Unabomber">Manhunt: Unabomber</a>. Once again, the popularity of the show thrust Kaczynski and his manifesto into the public's mind and it also raised the profile of ecofascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2019-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2019-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanrahan2018-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garrett_Hardin,_Pentti_Linkola,_and_"Lifeboat_Ethics"">Garrett Hardin, Pentti Linkola, and "Lifeboat Ethics"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Garrett Hardin, Pentti Linkola, and "Lifeboat Ethics"">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentti_Linkola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pentti_Linkola.jpg/250px-Pentti_Linkola.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pentti_Linkola.jpg/330px-Pentti_Linkola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pentti_Linkola.jpg/500px-Pentti_Linkola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="2573" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a>'s advocacy of "Lifeboat Ethics" is cited by commentators as an example of ecofascism.</figcaption></figure> Two figures influential in ecofascism are <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuenther202316-90">[90]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOksa200575-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022986-92">[92]</a> both of whom were proponents of what they refer to as "Lifeboat Ethics".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Hardin was a professor of Human Ecology at the University of California often described as a <a href="/wiki/White_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="White nationalist">white nationalist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilleyAjl20222-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> His work was focused on the ethics of overpopulation and population control and suggested different methods like "birth control, abortion, and sterilization". Not only did he have medical suggestions but also stood against immigration and for the end of foreign aid.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Linkola was a Finnish ecologist and radical Malthusian<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesJonesAmarasingam20221005-98">[98]</a> accused of being an active ecofascist<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProtopapadakis2014590-99">[99]</a> who actively advocated ending democracy and replacing it with dictatorships that would use <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> and even genocidal tactics<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022986–987-100">[100]</a> to end <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adler-Bell-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Both men used versions of the following analogy to illustrate their viewpoint: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">What to do, when a ship carrying a hundred passengers suddenly capsizes and there is only one lifeboat? When the lifeboat is full, those who hate life will try to load it with more people and sink the lot. Those who love and respect life will take the ship's axe and sever the extra hands that cling to the sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2019-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2019-61">[61]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaud_Camus">Renaud Camus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Renaud Camus">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Renaud_Camus" title="Renaud Camus">Renaud Camus</a>' conspiracy theory, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a>, has been influential on ecofascism, being referenced explicitly in multiple manifestos and had its ideas relayed in others.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In the conspiracy theory, the "native" white populations of <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western countries</a> are being replaced by non-white populations as a directed political effort.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidi2022-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Association_with_violence">Association with violence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Association with violence">edit</a>]</div> Ecofascist violence has occurred since the 21st century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETynan2023101-107">[107]</a> with academics and researchers warning that as ecological crises worsen and remain unaddressed, support for ecofascism and violence in the name of ecofascism will increase.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In December 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Defence_Research_Agency" title="Swedish Defence Research Agency">Swedish Defence Research Agency</a> released a report on ecofascism. The paper argued that ecofascism is intimately tied to the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">accelerationism</a>, and ecofascists nearly exclusively choose terror tactics over the political approach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020-106">[106]</a> Further, the SDRA argues not all ecofascist mass shooters have been recognized as such: <a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Jokela school shooting">Pekka-Eric Auvinen</a> who shot eight people in Finland in 2007 before killing himself adhered to the ideology according to his manifesto titled "The Natural Selector's Manifesto".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022987-110">[110]</a> He advocated "total war against humanity" due to the threat humanity posed to other species. He wrote that death and killing is not a tragedy, as it constantly happens in nature between all species. Auvinen also wrote that the modern society hinders "natural justice" and that all inferior "subhumans" should be killed and only the elite of humanity be spared. In one of his YouTube videos Auvinen paid tribute to the prominent deep ecologist Pentti Linkola.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-CTC-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2010s">edit</a>]</div> James Jay Lee, the eco-terrorist who took several hostages at the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery Communications">Discovery Communications</a> headquarters on 1 September 2010, was described as an ecofascist by Mark Potok of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Anders Breivik committed the <a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks" title="2011 Norway attacks">2011 Norway attacks</a> on 22 July 2011, in which he killed eight people by detonating a van bomb at <a href="/wiki/Regjeringskvartalet" title="Regjeringskvartalet">Regjeringskvartalet</a> in Oslo, and then killed 69 participants of a <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Youth_League_(Norway)" title="Workers' Youth League (Norway)">Workers' Youth League</a> (AUF) summer camp, in a mass shooting on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ut%C3%B8ya" title="Utøya">Utøya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_sane-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> While dismissive of climate change, Breivik's manifesto was concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> of the planet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022981-116">[116]</a> taking inspiration from Kaczynski<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> and Grant’s The Passing of the Great Race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnights2020-48">[48]</a> Breivik’s solution to this perceived problem was to cap the global population at 2.5 billion people, with the reduction in the global population being forced upon the global south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022981-116">[116]</a> Through his actions he sought to inspire other terrorist attacks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifflett202176–79-118">[118]</a> and was an inspiration for later ecofascist terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> William H. Stoetzer, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a>, an organisation responsible for at least eight murders, was active in the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a> as late as 2008 and joined Atomwaffen in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brenton_Tarrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Brenton Tarrant">Brenton Tarrant</a>, the Australian-born perpetrator of the <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> in New Zealand described himself as an ecofascist,<a href="#cite_note-Tarrant-G1-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethno-nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-nationalist">ethno-nationalist</a>, and racist<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossBevensee20201-123">[123]</a> in his manifesto The Great Replacement, named after <a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">a far-right conspiracy theory</a><a href="#cite_note-Darby_Telegraph-124">[124]</a> originating in France. In the manifesto Tarrant specifically mentions Breivik as an ideological and operational influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklinBjørgo202116–20-125">[125]</a> Researchers point to Tarrant's terrorist attack as the moment when discussion of ecofascism moved from academic and specialist circles into the mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampion2021926–927-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022990-127">[127]</a> Jordan Weissmann, writing for <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>, describes the perpetrator's version of ecofascism as "an established, if somewhat obscure, brand of neo-Nazi"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissmann2019-128">[128]</a> and quotes Sarah Manavis of <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a> as saying, "[Eco-fascists] believe that living in the original regions a race is meant to have originated in and shunning multiculturalism is the only way to save the planet they prioritise above all else".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissmann2019-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManavis2018-129">[129]</a> Similarly, Luke Darby clarifies it as: "eco-fascism is not the fringe hippie movement usually associated with ecoterrorism. It's a belief that the only way to deal with climate change is through eugenics and the brutal suppression of migrants."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarby2019a-37">[37]</a> Patrick Crusius, the perpetrator of the <a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">2019 El Paso shooting</a> wrote a similar manifesto, professing support for Tarrant.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Posted to the online message board <a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Arango-131">[131]</a> it blames <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration to the United States</a> for environmental destruction,<a href="#cite_note-Owen-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvin2021-28">[28]</a> saying that American lifestyles were "destroying the environment",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELennard2019-133">[133]</a> invoking an ecological burden to be borne by future generations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchenbach2019-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarby2019a-37">[37]</a> and concluding that the solution was to "decrease the number of people in America using resources".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELennard2019-133">[133]</a> Crusius outlined how he took inspiration from Tarrant and Breivik in his manifesto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHafez2019-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarian-Smith202291–92-137">[137]</a> Crusius and Tarrant also inspired Philip Manshaus who <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A6rum_mosque_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Bærum mosque shooting">attacked a mosque in Norway</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossBevensee20203-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Eco-fascists have been noted as using the <a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz">Algiz</a> rune and pine tree emojis to identity each other online on social media platforms<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2020s">edit</a>]</div> The Swedish self-identified ecofascist Green Brigade is an eco-terrorist group linked to <a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a> that is responsible for multiple mass murder plots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2021100–102-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farrell-Molloy-Green_Brigade-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022990-127">[127]</a> The Green Brigade has been responsible for arson attacks against targets deemed to be enemies of nature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamelLamoureuxMakuch2020-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFineLove-Nichols2021308-144">[144]</a> like an attack on a mink farm that caused multi-million-dollar damages.<a href="#cite_note-Farrell-Molloy-Green_Brigade-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022991-145">[145]</a> Two members were arrested by Swedish police, allegedly planning assassinating judges and bombings.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In June 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a> collective published an online guide with incitements for attacks on infrastructure and violence against <a href="/wiki/Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities">minorities</a>, police, public figures, journalists, and other perceived enemies. In December 2021, they published a second document containing ideological sections on accelerationism, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, and ecofascism.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> During 2021, several neo-Nazi groups and individuals who espoused ecofascist rhetoric were arrested and charged by French authorities for planning terrorist attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2022a-21">[21]</a> These include the group Recolonisons la France, and two "accelerationists" in <a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2022a-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In an interview with a blog Maldición Eco-Extremista a leader of the eco-extremist group <a href="/wiki/Individualists_Tending_to_the_Wild" title="Individualists Tending to the Wild">Individualists Tending to the Wild</a> (ITS) claimed to have taken organisational influence from the fascist accelerationist terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Defense_of_Democracies" title="Foundation for Defense of Democracies">Foundation for Defense of Democracies</a> and European Union Counter-Terrorism Coordinator characterized ITS as ecofascist.<a href="#cite_note-CTC-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Payton S. Gendron, the instigator of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Buffalo_shooting" title="2022 Buffalo shooting">2022 Buffalo shooting</a>, also wrote a manifesto self-describing as "an ethno-nationalist eco-fascist national socialist" within it and also professing support for far-right shooters from Tarrant<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsJonesBrinn2022-154">[154]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dylann_Roof" title="Dylann Roof">Dylann Roof</a> to Breivik and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting#Suspect" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Robert Bowers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr2022-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Later in 2022, the Terrorgram collective released another publication, with analysts believing it would likely inspire further "Buffalo shootings".<a href="#cite_note-Counterterror-157">[157]</a> In Finland on <a href="/wiki/15_March" class="mw-redirect" title="15 March">15 March</a> 2024, the anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Christchurch mosque shooting">Christchurch mosque shooting</a>, a Finnish army <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officer</a> was arrested for allegedly planning a mass shooting in a university in <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a> that day. As her motivation she said the world needed "a mass culling" to put an end to "selfish individualism", "human degeneration", global warming and <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The Finnish police described her as ecofascist and that she had read books by Nietzsche, Linkola and Kaczynski. Additionally she had praised Pekka-Eric Auvinen in internet conversations and had visited Jokela school where he perpetrated the mass shooting.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> On 12 August 2024 at least five people were wounded in a mass stabbing attack in <a href="/wiki/Eskisehir" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskisehir">Eskisehir</a>, Turkey. The perpetrator had called for "Total Human Death" and voiced support for Ted Kaczynski and <a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a> on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> The deep ecologic activist and "left <a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">biocentrism</a>" advocate <a href="/wiki/David_Orton_(deep_ecology)" title="David Orton (deep ecology)">David Orton</a> stated in 2000 that the term is <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> in nature and it has "social ecology roots, against the <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecology</a> movement and its supporters plus, more generally, the environmental movement. Thus, 'ecofascist' and 'ecofascism', are used not to enlighten but to smear." Orton argued that "it is a strange term/concept to really have any conceptual validity" as there has not "yet been a country that has had an "eco-fascist" government or, to my knowledge, a political organization which has declared itself publicly as organized on an ecofascist basis."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrton2000-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[a]</a> Accusations of ecofascism have often been made but are usually strenuously denied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrton2000-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2003-166">[165]</a> Left wing critiques view ecofascism as an assault on human rights, as in <a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">social ecologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>'s use of the term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBookchin1987-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_ecology">Deep ecology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Deep ecology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></div> Deep ecology is an environmental philosophy that promotes the inherent worth of all living beings regardless of their instrumental utility to human needs. It has long been linked to fascist ideologies, both by critics and fascist proponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2004-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuqMochida20185-168">[167]</a> In certain texts, the Norwegian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Arne Næss</a>, a leading voice of the "deep ecology" movement, opposes environmentalism and humanism, even proclaiming, in imitation of a famous phrase of the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a>, "Écologistes, encore un effort pour devenir anti-humanistes" ("Ecologists, another effort to become anti-humanists!").<a href="#cite_note-Arne_Næss-169">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luc_Ferry" title="Luc Ferry">Luc Ferry</a>, in his anti-environmentalist book <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Nouvel_Ordre_%C3%A9cologique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Nouvel Ordre écologique (page does not exist)">Le Nouvel Ordre écologique</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Nouvel_Ordre_%C3%A9cologique" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Nouvel Ordre écologique">fr</a>] published in 1992, particularly incriminated deep ecology as being an anti-humanist ideology bordering on Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-Flipo-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorZimmerman2008458-171">[170]</a> Modern ecofascism has been described as a deep ecological philosophy combined with <a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">antihumanism</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Accelerationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerationist">accelerationist</a> stance.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bookchin's_critique_of_deep_ecology">Bookchin's critique of deep ecology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bookchin's critique of deep ecology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a> criticizes the political position of <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecologists</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOksa200585-173">[172]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/David_Foreman" title="David Foreman">David Foreman</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> There are barely disguised racists, survivalists, macho <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boones</a>, and outright social reactionaries who use the word ecology to express their views, just as there are deeply concerned naturalists, communitarians, social radicals, and feminists who use the word ecology to express theirs... It was out of this former kind of crude eco-brutalism that Hitler, in the name of "population control," with a racial orientation, fashioned theories of blood and soil... The same eco-brutalism now reappears a half-century later among self-professed deep ecologists who believe that <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> peoples should be permitted to starve to death and that desperate Indian immigrants from Latin America should be excluded by the border cops from the United States lest they burden "our" ecological resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBookchin1987-167">[166]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sakai_on_"natural_purity"">Sakai on "natural purity"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sakai on "natural purity"">edit</a>]</div> Such observations among the left are not exclusive to Bookchin. In his review of Anna Bramwell's biography of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a>, political writer J. Sakai and author of <a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat</a>, observes the fascist ideological undertones of natural purity.<a href="#cite_note-Sakai-174">[173]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist">tsarist</a> <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> was divided on the one hand between <a href="/wiki/Social_Liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Liberalism">liberal</a> "<a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a> naturalists", who were "taken with the idea of creating a paradise on earth through scientific mastery of nature" and influenced by <a href="/wiki/Nihilist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihilist movement">nihilism</a> as well as Russian <a href="/wiki/Zoologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoologists">zoologists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anatoli_Petrovich_Bogdanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoli Petrovich Bogdanov">Anatoli Petrovich Bogdanov</a>; and, on the other, "cultural-<a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a>" conservationists such as Ivan Parfenevich Borodin, who were influenced in turn by <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">idealist</a> concepts such as Landschaftspflege and Naturdenkmal.<a href="#cite_note-Weiner-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrowness_of_the_label">Narrowness of the label</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Narrowness of the label">edit</a>]</div> Political scientist Balša Lubarda has criticised the use of the term "ecofascism" as not sufficiently covering and describing the wider network of ideologies and systems that feed into ecofascist action, suggesting the term "far-right ecologism" (FRE) instead.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForchtnerLubarda2023-178">[177]</a> Lubarda is supported by researcher Bernhard Forchtner who emphasises ecofascism's existence as a fringe ideology that has had little impact on the wider far-right's interaction with environmentalism.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreRoberts2022a8–9,_12–13-180">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disavowment">Disavowment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Disavowment">edit</a>]</div> As ecofascism has become more prevalent various environmental groups and organisations have publicly disavowed the ideology and those who subscribe to it.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Far-right_green_movements">Far-right green movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Far-right green movements">edit</a>]</div> In recent years there has been a greater proliferation in ecofascist groups globally in line with the proliferation of ecofascist rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYakushkoDe_Francisco2022471–472-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernándezHart2023-183">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> Australia has seen an increasing prominence of ecofascism among its far-right groups in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2022-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampionPhillips2023-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Greens_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Greens of Austria (page does not exist)">The Greens of Austria</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Gr%C3%BCnen_%C3%96sterreichs" class="extiw" title="de:Die Grünen Österreichs">de</a>] (DGÖ) had been founded in 1982 by the former <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria,_1967%E2%80%9388)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Party (Austria, 1967–88)">NDP</a> official Alfred Bayer to use the popularity of the green movement at the time for the purposes of the NDP. The party managed to win a number of municipal seats in the mid-1980s but in 1988 the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_(Austria)" title="Constitutional Court (Austria)">Constitutional Court</a> banned the party on grounds of Neo-Nazism alongside a parallel ban on the NDP.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> The neo-fascist <a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Blue-and-Black Movement</a> includes ecofascist policy goals, stating that they aim to protect the nature and biodiversity of Finland, and to live in harmony with nature, ending ritual slaughter, fur-farming and animal testing.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouvelle_Droite_movement">Nouvelle Droite movement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nouvelle Droite movement">edit</a>]</div> The European <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a> movement, developed by <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a> and other individuals involved with the <a href="/wiki/Groupement_de_recherche_et_d%27%C3%A9tudes_pour_la_civilisation_europ%C3%A9enne" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne">GRECE</a> think tank, have also combined various left-wing ideas, including green politics, with right-wing ideas such as European <a href="/wiki/Ethnonationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnonationalism">ethnonationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2008-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2022a-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Various other far-right figures have taken the lead from de Benoist, providing an <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">appeal to nature</a> in their politics, including: <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a>, Renaud Camus, and <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Juvin" title="Hervé Juvin">Hervé Juvin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2022a-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Génération_identitaire">Génération identitaire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Génération identitaire">edit</a>]</div> In 2020, following articles from self-described ecofascist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piero_San_Giorgio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piero San Giorgio (page does not exist)">Piero San Giorgio</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_San_Giorgio" class="extiw" title="fr:Piero San Giorgio">fr</a>], a spokesperson for <a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires#Youth_wing" title="Les Identitaires">Génération identitaire</a>, Clément Martin, advocated for zones identitaires à défendre, ethnically homogenous zones to be violently defended in order to protect the environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2022a-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Rally">National Rally</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: National Rally">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a>, president of the far-right <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a> (Rassemblement National, or RN) in the French <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly" title="National Assembly">National Assembly</a>, has shown an ecofascist approach towards climate change issue and has incorporated environmental issues into her platform, although her policies regarding the climate often reflect a nationalist and protectionist stance to address it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaltmarsh2022-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aronoff-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2022-191">[190]</a> Le Pen has stated that concern for the climate is inherently nationalist, and that immigrants "do not care about the environment".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzenes20232-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aronoff-190">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Jordan Bardella</a>, president of National Rally, embraces similar beliefs and has stated "Borders are the environment’s greatest ally; it is through them we will save the planet."<a href="#cite_note-Aronoff-190">[189]</a> Solutions for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> proposed for Le Pen also align with right-wing conservative economics. She has disregarded liberal <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> economics, under her belief that it "kills the planet" and creates "suffering for animals". Rather than supporting mass production of international commerce, she designed a localist project for "economic patriotism" to boost French products.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Climate change was not in the RN's party platform until around 2019, when the issue began to be capitalized electorally by both leftist and center parties alike. In response to this rising awareness regarding environmental issues, Le Pen designed an energy plan focused on <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, opposing <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaltmarsh2022-189">[188]</a> and emphasizing expanding <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> wherein she delineated a party policy where 70% of France's electricity was to come from nuclear energy by 2050. Additionally, Le Pen supports maintaining oil heating systems and reducing taxes on fossil fuels, which contradicts climate experts' recommendations, and could increase France's dependence on fossil fuels.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> Staudenmaier points to how from the post-war period in Germany an ecofascist section has always been present in the German far-right, though as a minor peripheral section,<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> with others pointing out a long history of right-wing individuals and groups being present in the environmental and green movement in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDitfurth1992278–287-197">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Die_Heimat">Die Heimat</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Die Heimat">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-01-21_-_Frank_Franz_-_0935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2017-01-21_-_Frank_Franz_-_0935.jpg/110px-2017-01-21_-_Frank_Franz_-_0935.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2017-01-21_-_Frank_Franz_-_0935.jpg/165px-2017-01-21_-_Frank_Franz_-_0935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2017-01-21_-_Frank_Franz_-_0935.jpg/220px-2017-01-21_-_Frank_Franz_-_0935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frank_Franz" title="Frank Franz">Frank Franz</a>, the current leader of the NPD, in 2017.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">Die Heimat</a> (The Homeland), previously known as the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), a German Nationalist far-right party, has long sought to utilise the <a href="/wiki/Green_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Green movement">green movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2004519–520-198">[197]</a> This is one of many strategies the party has used to try to gain supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2012-199">[198]</a> The German far-right has published the magazine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umwelt_%26_Aktiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umwelt & Aktiv (page does not exist)">Umwelt & Aktiv</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwelt_%26_Aktiv" class="extiw" title="de:Umwelt & Aktiv">de</a>], that masquerades as a garden and nature publication but intertwines garden tips with extremist political ideology.<a href="#cite_note-stoerungsmelder-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> This is known as a "camouflage publication" in which the NPD has spread its mission and ideologies through a discrete source and made its way into homes they otherwise wouldn’t.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2012-199">[198]</a> Right-wing environmentalists are settling in the northern regions of rural Germany and are forming nationalistic and authoritarian communities which produce honey, fresh produce, baked goods, and other such farm goods for profit. Their ideology is centered around "blood and soil" <a href="/wiki/Ruralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruralism">ruralism</a> in which they humanely raise produce and animals for profit and sustenance. Through their support of this operation, and the backing of many others, it’s reported that the NPD is trying to wrestle the <a href="/wiki/Green_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Green movement">green movement</a>, which has been dominated by the left since the 1980s, back from the left through these avenues.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> It's difficult to know if when one is buying local produce or farm fresh eggs from a farmer at their stand, they're supporting a right-wing agenda. Various efforts are being made to halt or slow the infiltration of right-wing ecologists into the community of organic farmers such as brochures about their communities and common practices. However, as the organic cultivation organisation, Biopark, demonstrates with their vetting process, it's difficult to keep people out of communities because of their ideologies. Biopark specifies that they vet based on cultivation habits, not opinions or doctrines, especially when they're not explicitly stated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2012-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AfD">AfD</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: AfD">edit</a>]</div> Prominent <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative für Deutschland</a> (Alternative for Germany) politician, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_H%C3%B6cke" title="Björn Höcke">Björn Höcke</a>, has stated his desire to "reclaim" natural conservation from the left.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> Höcke believes that nature conservation is not correctly executed under climate justice politics, and is quoted stating that the AfD has "to take the issue of nature conservation back from the Greens"<a href="#cite_note-Holly-205">[204]</a> However, Höcke recognizes that a socially conservative position that strongly values environmental protection is not the majority position of the AfD. Regardless, Höcke sees the work of far-right ecological magazine, Die Kehre, as laying a theoretical standpoint for the AfD to later draw from.<a href="#cite_note-Holly-205">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collegium_Humanum">Collegium Humanum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Collegium Humanum">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Collegium_Humanum" title="Collegium Humanum">Collegium Humanum</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collegium_Humanum&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Collegium_Humanum" title="Collegium Humanum">Collegium Humanum</a> was an ecofascist organisation in Germany from 1963 to 2008. It was established in 1963<a href="#cite_note-Collegium_Humanum_Collegium_2006-206">[205]</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Club_(organization)" title="Club (organization)">club</a>, was first active in the German <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a>, then from the early 1980s became a <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right political organisation</a> and was banned in 2008 by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Federal Minister of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a> due to "continued <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">denial of the Holocaust</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Collegium_Humanum_PM_Verbot-207">[206]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_groups">Other groups</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other groups">edit</a>]</div> The term is also used to a limited extent within the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> The neo-Artamans have been identified as ecofascists in their attempts to revive the <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> and völkisch traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a> in communes that they have built up since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannemann20236-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2012-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Mi_Haz%C3%A1nk_Mozgalom_naggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9se_a_Corvin_k%C3%B6zben.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/A_Mi_Haz%C3%A1nk_Mozgalom_naggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9se_a_Corvin_k%C3%B6zben.jpg/220px-A_Mi_Haz%C3%A1nk_Mozgalom_naggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9se_a_Corvin_k%C3%B6zben.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/A_Mi_Haz%C3%A1nk_Mozgalom_naggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9se_a_Corvin_k%C3%B6zben.jpg/330px-A_Mi_Haz%C3%A1nk_Mozgalom_naggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9se_a_Corvin_k%C3%B6zben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/A_Mi_Haz%C3%A1nk_Mozgalom_naggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9se_a_Corvin_k%C3%B6zben.jpg/440px-A_Mi_Haz%C3%A1nk_Mozgalom_naggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9se_a_Corvin_k%C3%B6zben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="1903" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Toroczkai" title="László Toroczkai">László Toroczkai</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Our_Homeland_Movement" title="Our Homeland Movement">Our Homeland Movement</a> party, speaking at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corvin_k%C3%B6z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corvin köz (page does not exist)">Corvin köz</a> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvin_k%C3%B6z" class="extiw" title="hu:Corvin köz">hu</a>].</figcaption></figure> Following the fall of Communism in Hungary at the end of the 1980s, one of the new political parties that emerged in the country was the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Hungary" title="Green Party of Hungary">Green Party of Hungary</a>. Initially having a moderate centre-right green outlook, after 1993 the party adopted a radical anti-liberal, anti-communist, anti-Semitic and pro-fascist stance, paired with the creation of a paramilitary wing.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> This ideological swing resulted in many members breaking off from the party to form new green parties, first with <a href="/wiki/Green_Alternative_(Hungary)" title="Green Alternative (Hungary)">Green Alternative</a> in 1993 and secondly with <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Social_Green_Party" title="Hungarian Social Green Party">Hungarian Social Green Party</a> in 1995. Each green party remained on the political fringe of Hungarian politics and petered out over time.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> It was not until the formation of <a href="/wiki/LMP_%E2%80%93_Hungary%27s_Green_Party" title="LMP – Hungary's Green Party">LMP – Hungary's Green Party</a> in the 2010s that green politics in Hungary consolidated around a single green party. The far-right Hungarian political party <a href="/wiki/Our_Homeland_Movement" title="Our Homeland Movement">Our Homeland Movement</a> has adopted some elements of environmentalism, and commonly refers to itself as the only true green party;<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> for example, the party has called on Hungarians to show patriotism by supporting the removal of pollution from the <a href="/wiki/Tisza_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tisza River">Tisza River</a> while simultaneously placing the blame on the pollution on <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan_Margulies-213">[212]</a> Similarly, elements of the far-right <a href="/wiki/Sixty-Four_Counties_Youth_Movement" title="Sixty-Four Counties Youth Movement">Sixty-Four Counties Youth Movement</a> proscribe themselves to the "Eco-Nationalist" label, with one member stating "no real nationalist is a climate denialist".<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narendra_Modi_addressing_at_the_inauguration_of_the_India_Pavilion,_at_COP21_Summit,_in_Paris,_France._The_Minister_of_State_for_Environment,_Forest_and_Climate_Change_(Independent_Charge).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Narendra_Modi_addressing_at_the_inauguration_of_the_India_Pavilion%2C_at_COP21_Summit%2C_in_Paris%2C_France._The_Minister_of_State_for_Environment%2C_Forest_and_Climate_Change_%28Independent_Charge%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Narendra_Modi_addressing_at_the_inauguration_of_the_India_Pavilion%2C_at_COP21_Summit%2C_in_Paris%2C_France._The_Minister_of_State_for_Environment%2C_Forest_and_Climate_Change_%28Independent_Charge%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Narendra_Modi_addressing_at_the_inauguration_of_the_India_Pavilion%2C_at_COP21_Summit%2C_in_Paris%2C_France._The_Minister_of_State_for_Environment%2C_Forest_and_Climate_Change_%28Independent_Charge%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption>Narendra Modi addressing at the inauguration of the India Pavilion, at <a href="/wiki/COP21" class="mw-redirect" title="COP21">COP21</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>'s leadership of India with the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> seeks to install a complete system of <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> with repression of racial and religious minorities and caste discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> Since 2018 Modi has been increasingly viewed as an environmental champion and used rhetoric about protecting the environment to <a href="/wiki/Greenwash" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwash">greenwash</a> his image and the image of his party.<a href="#cite_note-Kanji-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreRoberts2022a61–64-219">[218]</a> The Modi governments have been accused of using environmental justifications to target minority communities in India for oppressive measures and displacement.<a href="#cite_note-Kanji-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreRoberts2022a61–64-219">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: International">edit</a>]</div> Greenline Front is an international network of ecofascists which originated in Eastern Europe, with chapters in a variety of countries such as Argentina, Belarus, Chile, Germany, Italy, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Spain and Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForchtnerLubarda2020-220">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Serbia">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_Movement" title="Leviathan Movement">Leviathan Movement</a> claims to promote ecology and protect animals from cruelty by, among other things, saving them from abusers. Leviathan has been reported as an ideologically neo-fascist<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> and neo-nazi group.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> They used to share an office with the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Right" title="Serbian Right">Serbian Right</a>, a far-right political party, and Leviathan's leader, Pavle Bihali, is seen in pictures on his social media accounts posing with neo-Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-Balkan-223">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Nordic">pan-Nordic</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> movement in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> and a political party in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> has been continually described as ecofascist,<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> and have declared themselves as the "new green party" of the Nordics.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> In Switzerland, the initiators of the <a href="/wiki/Ecopop" title="Ecopop">Ecopop</a> initiative were accused of eco-fascism by <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Foreign Affairs">FDFA</a> State Secretary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yves_Rossier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves Rossier (page does not exist)">Yves Rossier</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Rossier" class="extiw" title="de:Yves Rossier">de</a>] at a <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland</a> event on 11 January 2013.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> However, after threatening to sue, Rossier apologized for the allegation.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_time_nick_griffin_protest_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Question_time_nick_griffin_protest_2.jpg/220px-Question_time_nick_griffin_protest_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Question_time_nick_griffin_protest_2.jpg/330px-Question_time_nick_griffin_protest_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Question_time_nick_griffin_protest_2.jpg/440px-Question_time_nick_griffin_protest_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Protestors against Nick Griffin's appearance on Question Time, 2009</figcaption></figure> There is also a historic tradition between the far-right and environmentalism in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth2019-233">[232]</a> Throughout its history, the far-right <a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a> has flirted on and off with environmentalism. During the 1970s the party's first leader <a href="/wiki/John_Bean_(politician)" title="John Bean (politician)">John Bean</a> expressed support for the emerging environmentalist movement in the pages of the party's newspaper and suggested the primary cause of pollution as overpopulation, and therefore immigration into Britain must be halted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2020-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnights2020-48">[48]</a> During the 2000s the BNP sought to position itself as the "only 'true' green party in the United Kingdom, dedicating a significant portion of their manifestos to green issues. During an appearance on <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Question_Time_(TV_programme)" title="Question Time (TV programme)">Question Time</a> in October 2009, then-leader <a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Nick Griffin</a> proclaimed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Unlike the fake "Greens" who are merely a front for the far left of the Labour regime, the BNP is the only party to recognise that overpopulation – whose primary driver is immigration, as revealed by the government's own figures – is the cause of the destruction of our environment. Furthermore, the BNP's manifesto states that a BNP government will make it a priority to stop building on green land. New housing should wherever possible be built on derelict "brown land".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickman2009a-235">[234]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> criticised Griffin's claims that himself and the BNP were truly environmentalists at heart, suggesting it was merely a smokescreen for anti-immigrant rhetoric and pointed to previous statements by Griffin in which he suggested that <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change was a hoax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickman2009a-235">[234]</a> These suspicions seemed to be proven correct when in December 2009 the BNP released a 40-page document denying that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> is a "man-made" phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> The party reiterated this stance in 2011, as well as making claims that <a href="/wiki/Wind_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind farms">wind farms</a> were causing the deaths of "thousands of Scottish pensioners from <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>".<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Bean_(politician)" title="John Bean (politician)">John Bean</a> a far-right activist and politician, the first leader of the BNP and latterly a leader within the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a>, wrote regularly in the National Front’s magazine about the problems of pollution and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> tying them to ideas of overpopulation and immigration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2020-234">[233]</a> In 2024 it was reported by <a href="/wiki/Searchlight_(magazine)" title="Searchlight (magazine)">Searchlight</a> that the fascist groups <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Party_(United_Kingdom)" title="Homeland Party (United Kingdom)">Homeland party</a> has also started to make claims that the countryside was being destroyed by immigration.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> In Scotland, former UKIP candidate and activist Alistair McConnachie, who has questioned <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Green_Voice" title="Independent Green Voice">Independent Green Voice</a> in 2003,<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-239">[238]</a> and multiple ex-BNP members and activists have stood as candidates for the party.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline (subculture)</a></div> During the 1990s a highly militant environmentalist subculture called <a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a> emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">straight edge</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> music scene and established itself in a number of cities across the US. Adherents to the Hardline lifestyle combined the straight edge belief in no alcohol, no drugs, no tobacco with militant veganism and advocacy for animal rights. Hardline touted a <a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">biocentric</a> worldview that claimed to value all life, and therefore opposed abortion, <a href="/wiki/Contraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptives">contraceptives</a>, and sex for any purpose other than procreation. On this same line, Hardline opposed homosexuality as "unnatural" and "deviant”.<a href="#cite_note-Staudenmaier-241">[240]</a> Hardline groups were highly militant; In 1999 <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> grouped Hardliners as a criminal gang and suggested they were behind dozens of assaults in the metro area.<a href="#cite_note-White_Mutants-242">[241]</a> That same year CBS News reported that Hardliners were behind the firebombing of fast food outlets and clothing stores selling leather items, and attributed 30 attacks to Hardliners.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> The Hardline subculture dissolved after the 1990s. White supremacist <a href="/wiki/John_Tanton" title="John Tanton">John Tanton</a> and the network of organisations he created, dubbed the Tanton network, have been described as ecofascist.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> Tanton and his organisations spent decades linking immigration to environmental concerns.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> Political researchers Blair Taylor and Eszter Szenes have identified multiple threads in <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> discourse and ideology that align with far-right ecologism and ecofascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2020278–280-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzenes20233–4-250">[249]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party of the United States</a> has also long been the target of various far-right figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> conspiracy theorists, who have tried to shift the party drastically to the far-right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelan2018-5">[5]</a> In 1994, so-called "Takings" bills were introduced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> to financially compensate <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> owners who were unable to develop their land for profit due to environmental protection policies. These bills were met with resistance by "anthropocentric market liberals", who oppose any sort of market regulation or intervention of the state into private ownership. Hence, these "takings" bills were deemed ecofascist and proponents of the bills were "disparaged" and viewed as "'nature-loving' romantics for having reactionary tendencies that may be consistent with fascism". The journal <a href="/wiki/Social_Theory_and_Practice" title="Social Theory and Practice">Social Theory and Practice</a> uses this instance to exemplify how growing public frustration with complex federal environmental regulations leads to rapidly polarizing opinions on environmental regulations in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: one is either a citizen who supports people, private property, and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>, or a radical environmentalist who supports nature, communal ownership, and ecofascism.<a href="#cite_note-Threat_of_Ecofascism-251">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pejorative">Pejorative</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Pejorative">edit</a>]</div> Detractors on the political right tend to use the term "ecofascism" as a <a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">hyperbolic</a> general pejorative against all environmental activists,<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2020-253">[252]</a> including more mainstream groups such as <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>, prominent activists such as <a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a>, and government agencies tasked with protecting environmental resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2003-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> Such detractors include <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> and other conservative and <a href="/wiki/Wise_use_movement" title="Wise use movement">wise use movement</a> commentators.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuqMochida20187–9-256">[255]</a> The term as a pejorative has been used in multiple countries.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_and_vegetarianism" title="Adolf Hitler and vegetarianism">Adolf Hitler and vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Animal welfare in Nazi Germany">Animal welfare in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATWA" title="ATWA">ATWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspirituality" title="Conspirituality">Conspirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions of fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocapitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecocapitalism">Ecocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Imperialism">Green Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline (subculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_QAnon" title="Pastel QAnon">Pastel QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-green-brown_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-green-brown alliance">Red-green-brown alliance</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Since 2000, multiple individuals and groups have self described as ecofascists, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Jokela school shooting">Pekka-Eric Auvinen</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenton_Tarrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Brenton Tarrant">Brenton Tarrant</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoziol2019-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith202129–30-164">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">Patrick Crusius</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELennard2019-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith202129–30-164">[164]</a></li> <li>Green Brigade<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamelLamoureuxMakuch2020-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2021100–102-142">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Buffalo_shooting" title="2022 Buffalo shooting">Payton S. Gendron</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr2022-155">[155]</a></li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorcione2020-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorcione2020_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorcione2020_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorcione2020_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorcione2020">Corcione 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2008531-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2008531_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2008531_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2008531_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2008">Zimmerman 2008</a>, p. 531. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGorz1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">Gorz, André</a> (1977). Ökologie und Politik [Ecology and Politics] (in German). Rowohlt: Reinbek. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96kologie+und+Politik&rft.place=Rowohlt&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Reinbek&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Gorz&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan202151–53-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassan202151–53_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHassan2021">Hassan 2021</a>, pp. 51–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelan2018-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelan2018_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelan2018_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhelan2018">Phelan 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJahnWehling1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jahn, Thomas; Wehling, Peter (1991). Ökologie von rechts. Nationalismus und Umweltschutz bei der Neuen Rechten und den Republikanern [Ecology from the right. Nationalism and environmentalism among the New Right and Republicans] (in German). Frankfurt/Main, New York: Campus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96kologie+von+rechts.+Nationalismus+und+Umweltschutz+bei+der+Neuen+Rechten+und+den+Republikanern&rft.place=Frankfurt%2FMain%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Campus&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Jahn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Wehling%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDitfurth1992278,_324-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDitfurth1992278,_324_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDitfurth1992">Ditfurth 1992</a>, pp. 278, 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamelLamoureuxMakuch2020">Kamel, Lamoureux & Makuch 2020</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCorcione2020">Corcione 2020</a>; <a href="#CITEREFOksa2005">Oksa 2005</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2020">Taylor 2020</a>, pp. 277–278; <a href="#CITEREFHarris2022">Harris 2022</a>, pp. 458–459; <a href="#CITEREFStaudenmaier2004">Staudenmaier 2004</a>, p. 520 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamelLamoureuxMakuch2020-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamelLamoureuxMakuch2020_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamelLamoureuxMakuch2020_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamelLamoureuxMakuch2020_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamelLamoureuxMakuch2020_9-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamelLamoureuxMakuch2020">Kamel, Lamoureux & Makuch 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossBevensee20204–9-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossBevensee20204–9_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossBevensee2020">Ross & Bevensee 2020</a>, pp. 4–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFProtopapadakis2014">Protopapadakis 2014</a>, p. 587; <a href="#CITEREFDyettThomas2019">Dyett & Thomas 2019</a>, p. 220; <a href="#CITEREFKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020">Kaati et al. 2020</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHarris2022">Harris 2022</a>, p. 452; <a href="#CITEREFTynan2023">Tynan 2023</a>, pp. 90–91; <a href="#CITEREFChalecki2023">Chalecki 2023</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan202153-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassan202153_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHassan2021">Hassan 2021</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, p. 982: "Instead, this article highlights an emerging strain of "eco-fascism" within sections of the contemporary extreme right that takes "Blood and Soil" as its ideological baseline and fuses it with a particularly virulent form of misanthropic ecological nihilism that views violence and terrorism against the current social, political, and economic order, as the only means of restoring man to a state of pristine pastoral purity." </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuqMochida2018">Huq & Mochida 2018</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFYakushkoDe_Francisco2022">Yakushko & De Francisco 2022</a>, pp. 471–472; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2022">Lynch 2022</a>, pp. 17–18: "Similar to other critical perspectives of the greening of hate, the authors critique what they call 'ecobordering,' which represents 'the consolidation and sanitization of a constellation of 19th and 20th century Malthusian, conservative, and ecofascist ideas, as well as Romantic-era notions of nature and belonging.'"; <a href="#CITEREFSaltmarsh2022">Saltmarsh 2022</a>: "Moore and Roberts describe the contemporary far-right's approach to climate change, despite historical nods at 'nature protection', as a combination of denialism and securitisation, with the first undermining mitigation and promoting continued extraction, and the second redirecting security complexes toward expanding and protecting sites of extraction from resistance." </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForchtnerLubarda2023">Forchtner & Lubarda 2023</a>; <a href="#CITEREFYakushkoDe_Francisco2022">Yakushko & De Francisco 2022</a>, p. 472; <a href="#CITEREFFarrell-MolloyMacklin2022">Farrell-Molloy & Macklin 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHancock2022">Hancock 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFChalecki2023">Chalecki 2023</a>, p. 6: "Ecofascists believe that race and nationality are literally tied to the natural environment of the country and that "blood and soil" determines who belongs in a country and who doesn't."; <a href="#CITEREFArmierovon_Hardenberg2013">Armiero & von Hardenberg 2013</a>, p. 291: "Nevertheless, in Fascist discourses and politics, reclamation was not only about land and water; it also included humans, who needed to be redeemed as well. The blend of soil and people in a racist and nationalistic fusion gave the Fascist environmental narrative its distinctive character." </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitch2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kitch, Sally L. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fh12020034">"Reproductive Rights and Ecofeminism"</a>. Humanities. 12 (2): 34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fh12020034">10.3390/h12020034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities&rft.atitle=Reproductive+Rights+and+Ecofeminism&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fh12020034&rft.aulast=Kitch&rft.aufirst=Sally+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fh12020034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20226–8-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch20226–8_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2022">Lynch 2022</a>, pp. 6–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomasGosink2021">Thomas & Gosink 2021</a>, pp. 40–43; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2022">Lynch 2022</a>, pp. 17–18; <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2022">Walsh 2022</a>: "They are often radicalized online, as the latest alleged shooter claims to have been, and many believe that white people, along with the environment, are threatened by non-white overpopulation. They often call for a halt to immigration, or the eradication of non-white populations."; <a href="#CITEREFTilleyAjl2022">Tilley & Ajl 2022</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFAnantharaman2022">Anantharaman 2022</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardsJonesBrinn2022">Richards, Jones & Brinn 2022</a>, p. 1: "Expressions of eco-fascism often entail extreme population control measures advocated by right-wing activists and ethnonationalist governments, and accelerationist propaganda hastening the collapse of societies worldwide."; <a href="#CITEREFManavis2018">Manavis 2018</a>; <a href="#CITEREFYakushkoDe_Francisco2022">Yakushko & De Francisco 2022</a>, pp. 457–458, 472; <a href="#CITEREFFarrell-MolloyMacklin2022">Farrell-Molloy & Macklin 2022</a>: "The co-opting of Kaczynski provides eco-fascists with a 'green accelerationist' pathway as the use of violent tactics to increase tensions can easily be applied to his ideas, elevating him as 'an obvious sage of violence.'"; <a href="#CITEREFKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020">Kaati et al. 2020</a>, p. 3: "Ett drag som ekofascimen delar med många av de nyare radikalnationalistiska rörelserna, som exempelvis the Base eller Atomwaffen Division, är accelerationism. Accelerationismen hos dessa grupper går ut på att försöka påskynda det moderna samhällets undergång genom upprepade aktioner som skapar kaos och splittring. Strategierna innefattar bland annat sabotage, mord och masskjutningar." ["A trait that eco-fascism shares with many of the newer radical nationalist movements, such as the Base or Atomwaffen Division, is accelerationism. The accelerationism of these groups consists of trying to hasten the demise of modern society through repeated actions that create chaos and division. The strategies include sabotage, murder and mass shootings."]; <a href="#CITEREFMolloy2022">Molloy 2022</a>: "The fusion between militant accelerationism and eco-fascism produced a distinctly high level of content promoting sabotage and infrastructural attack" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannemann20235-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannemann20235_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDannemann2023">Dannemann 2023</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2022a-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2022a_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2022a_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2022a_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2022a_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2022a_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2022a_21-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFd'Allens2022a">d'Allens 2022a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022982-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022982_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, p. 982. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmend2020" class="citation journal cs1">Amend, Alex (9 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003013348/https://politicalresearch.org/2020/07/09/blood-and-vanishing-topsoil">"Blood and Vanishing Topsoil: American Ecofascism Past, Present, and in the Coming Climate Crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Political_Research_Associates" title="Political Research Associates">Political Research Associates</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politicalresearch.org/2020/07/09/blood-and-vanishing-topsoil">the original</a> on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Research+Associates&rft.atitle=Blood+and+Vanishing+Topsoil%3A+American+Ecofascism+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+in+the+Coming+Climate+Crisis&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.aulast=Amend&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalresearch.org%2F2020%2F07%2F09%2Fblood-and-vanishing-topsoil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampion2021933–934-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampion2021933–934_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampion2021">Campion 2021</a>, pp. 933–934. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordis_EU-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cordis_EU_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cordis_EU_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cordis_EU_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706104837/https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/448724-investigating-the-role-of-disinformation-in-the-rise-of-eco-fascism">"Investigating the role of disinformation in the rise of eco-fascism"</a>. CORDIS. <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/448724-investigating-the-role-of-disinformation-in-the-rise-of-eco-fascism">the original</a> on 6 July 2024. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebreakthrough.org/journal/no-12-winter-2020/avocado-politics">the original</a> on 3 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Coming+Avocado+Politics%3A+What+Happens+When+the+Ethno-Nationalist+Right+Gets+Serious+about+the+Climate+Emergency&rft.pub=Breakthrough+Institute&rft.date=2020-02-07&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Nils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebreakthrough.org%2Fjournal%2Fno-12-winter-2020%2Favocado-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSargent2021" class="citation news cs1">Sargent, Greg (26 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203192630/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/08/26/dark-future-far-right-trumpist-politics-is-coming-into-view/">"Opinion: The dark future of far-right Trumpist politics is coming into view"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/08/26/dark-future-far-right-trumpist-politics-is-coming-into-view/">the original</a> on 3 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+The+dark+future+of+far-right+Trumpist+politics+is+coming+into+view&rft.date=2021-08-26&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2F2021%2F08%2F26%2Fdark-future-far-right-trumpist-politics-is-coming-into-view%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalecki20236-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalecki20236_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChalecki2023">Chalecki 2023</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Taibo-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taibo_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taibo_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taibo_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaibo2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Taibo" title="Carlos Taibo">Taibo, Carlos</a> (2022). Ecofascismo: una introducción [Ecofascism: an introduction] (in Spanish). Madrid: Catarata. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-1352-531-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-1352-531-0"><bdi>978-84-1352-531-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1352408231">1352408231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecofascismo%3A+una+introducci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Catarata&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1352408231&rft.isbn=978-84-1352-531-0&rft.aulast=Taibo&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2019-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2019_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2019_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2019_36-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2019">Tucker 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarby2019a-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarby2019a_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarby2019a_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarby2019a_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarby2019a_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarby2019a_37-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarby2019a">Darby 2019a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatin2021-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatin2021_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatin2021_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatin2021">Patin 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607094437/https://www.nps.gov/people/madison-grant.htm">"Madison Grant (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Park_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Park Service">U.S. National Park Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/people/madison-grant.htm">the original</a> on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Madison+Grant+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fpeople%2Fmadison-grant.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurdy2015">Purdy 2015</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFrazier2019">Frazier 2019</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1962">Alexander 1962</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpiro2009" class="citation book cs1">Spiro, Jonathan Peter (2009). "Creating the Refuge". Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont_Press" title="University of Vermont Press">University of Vermont Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">University Press of New England</a>. pp. 225–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1xx9bzb.13">10.2307/j.ctv1xx9bzb.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-715-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-715-6"><bdi>978-1-58465-715-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1xx9bzb.13">j.ctv1xx9bzb.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239426317">239426317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creating+the+Refuge&rft.btitle=Defending+the+Master+Race%3A+Conservation%2C+Eugenics%2C+and+the+Legacy+of+Madison+Grant&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.pub=University+of+Vermont+Press%2C+University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1xx9bzb.13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239426317%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1xx9bzb.13%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-58465-715-6&rft.aulast=Spiro&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatin2021">Patin 2021</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWeymouth2021">Weymouth 2021</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSparrow2019">Sparrow 2019</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHoff2021">Hoff 2021</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYakushkoDe_Francisco2022467–469-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYakushkoDe_Francisco2022467–469_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYakushkoDe_Francisco2022">Yakushko & De Francisco 2022</a>, pp. 467–469. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoff2021-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoff2021_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoff2021_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoff2021">Hoff 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussein2022-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein2022_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussein2022_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHussein2022">Hussein 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESparrow2019-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparrow2019_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSparrow2019">Sparrow 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Adler-Bell-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adler-Bell_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adler-Bell_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdler-Bell2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Adler-Bell, Sam (24 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114162308/https://newrepublic.com/article/154971/rise-ecofascism-history-white-nationalism-environmental-preservation-immigration">"Why White Supremacists Are Hooked on Green Living"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/154971/rise-ecofascism-history-white-nationalism-environmental-preservation-immigration">the original</a> on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Why+White+Supremacists+Are+Hooked+on+Green+Living&rft.date=2019-09-24&rft.aulast=Adler-Bell&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F154971%2Frise-ecofascism-history-white-nationalism-environmental-preservation-immigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnights2020-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnights2020_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnights2020_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnights2020_48-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnights2020">Knights 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiehlStaudenmaier1996">Biehl & Staudenmaier 1996</a>, pp. 6–7; <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, p. 979: "Indeed, it was the German nationalist, zoologist, and naturalist, Ernest Haeckel, who coined the term ökologie in 1866."; <a href="#CITEREFNaustdalslid2023">Naustdalslid 2023</a>, pp. 49–52; <a href="#CITEREFTynan2023">Tynan 2023</a>, p. 101; <a href="#CITEREFSzenes2023">Szenes 2023</a>, p. 3: "German zoologist and eugenicist Ernst Haeckel, who, by stressing the connection between the purity of nature and the purity of race, paved the way for German National Socialism." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyettThomas2019217–219-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyettThomas2019217–219_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyettThomas2019">Dyett & Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 217–219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossBevensee20209–10-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossBevensee20209–10_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossBevensee2020">Ross & Bevensee 2020</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzenes2023">Szenes 2023</a>, p. 3: "White supremacist environmentalism is not a new phenomenon but one with a long and troubled history, whose roots can be traced back to the 19th century German Völkisch movement, German Romanticism, and anti-Enlightenment nationalism." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiehlStaudenmaier199612-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiehlStaudenmaier199612_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiehlStaudenmaier199612_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiehlStaudenmaier1996">Biehl & Staudenmaier 1996</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Kev. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213204349/http://environment-ecology.com/deep-ecology/278-ecofascism-deep-ecology-and-right-wing-co-optation.html">"Ecofascism: Deep Ecology and Right-Wing Co-optation"</a>. Environment and Ecology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environment-ecology.com/deep-ecology/278-ecofascism-deep-ecology-and-right-wing-co-optation.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Ecology&rft.atitle=Ecofascism%3A+Deep+Ecology+and+Right-Wing+Co-optation&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvironment-ecology.com%2Fdeep-ecology%2F278-ecofascism-deep-ecology-and-right-wing-co-optation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlsen1999" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, Jonathan (1999). Nature and Nationalism: Right-Wing Ecology and the Politics of Identity. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+and+Nationalism%3A+Right-Wing+Ecology+and+the+Politics+of+Identity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2004-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2004_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2004_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2004">Zimmerman 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrüggemeierCiocZeller2005" class="citation book cs1">Brüggemeier, Franz-Josef; Cioc, Mark; Zeller, Thomas (2005). How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University_Press" title="Ohio University Press">Ohio University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Green+Were+the+Nazis%3F%3A+Nature%2C+Environment%2C+and+Nation+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCggemeier&rft.aufirst=Franz-Josef&rft.au=Cioc%2C+Mark&rft.au=Zeller%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughesJonesAmarasingam2022">Hughes, Jones & Amarasingam 2022</a>, p. 999; <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, p. 982; <a href="#CITEREFMolloy2022">Molloy 2022</a>: "Neo-völkisch-’ism’, the revival of paganism and folklore traditions, aimed to denote a mystical connection between land and race, reinforcing the 'naturalness' of the in-group to the ecosystem"; <a href="#CITEREFDannemann2023">Dannemann 2023</a>, p. 6; <a href="#CITEREFSzenes2023">Szenes 2023</a>, p. 3: "The notorious Nazi slogan 'Blood and Soil', a symbol for the mystical-spiritual connection between race and nature, was coined by Walter Darré, the NSDAP's Minister for Food and Agriculture."; <a href="#CITEREFStaudenmaier2004">Staudenmaier 2004</a>, p. 519 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmierovon_Hardenberg2013292-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmierovon_Hardenberg2013292_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmierovon_Hardenberg2013">Armiero & von Hardenberg 2013</a>, p. 292: "land and race are indissolubly bound; it is through the land that we make the history of our race; the race rules, develops, and fecundates the land" </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2019">Wilson 2019</a>: "Nazism and a twisted version of ecological thinking are joined in the minds of a share of rightwing extremists." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2019-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2019_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2019_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2019_61-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2019">Bennett 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToulouseZimmerman2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teresa_A._Toulouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teresa A. Toulouse (page does not exist)">Toulouse, Teresa A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Zimmerman" title="Michael E. Zimmerman">Zimmerman, Michael E.</a> (2016). "Ecofascism". In Adamson, Joni; Gleason, William A.; Pellow, David N. (eds.). Keywords for Environmental Studies. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6083-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6083-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-6083-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecofascism&rft.btitle=Keywords+for+Environmental+Studies&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6083-3&rft.aulast=Toulouse&rft.aufirst=Teresa+A.&rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDahl2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahl, Göran (2006). Radikalare än Hitler?: de esoteriska och grona nazisterna, Inspirationskallor, Pionjarer, Forvaltare, Attlingarby [More radical than Hitler?: The esoteric and verdant Nazis, Pioneers, Trustees, Attlingarby] (in Swedish). Atlantis. pp. 136–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7353-122-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-7353-122-7"><bdi>91-7353-122-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/225237172">225237172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radikalare+%C3%A4n+Hitler%3F%3A+de+esoteriska+och+grona+nazisterna%2C+Inspirationskallor%2C+Pionjarer%2C+Forvaltare%2C+Attlingarby&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.pub=Atlantis&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F225237172&rft.isbn=91-7353-122-7&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiehlStaudenmaier199613–14-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiehlStaudenmaier199613–14_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiehlStaudenmaier1996">Biehl & Staudenmaier 1996</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2008-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin2008_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin2008_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffin2008">Griffin 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204084618/https://www.globalgreens.org/history/chronology/1980">"June 21–22: West German Greens Decide to Contest First Federal Elections"</a>. Global Green Party History Chronology – 1980. <a href="/wiki/Global_Greens" title="Global Greens">Global Greens</a>, Brussels. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalgreens.org/history/chronology/1980">the original</a> on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Green+Party+History+Chronology+%E2%80%93+1980&rft.atitle=June+21%E2%80%9322%3A+West+German+Greens+Decide+to+Contest+First+Federal+Elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalgreens.org%2Fhistory%2Fchronology%2F1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_A._Lee" title="Martin A. Lee">Lee, Martin A.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beastreawakens0000leem_y3k9">The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 217–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415925460" title="Special:BookSources/0415925460"><bdi>0415925460</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1106702367">1106702367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beast+Reawakens%3A+Fascism%27s+Resurgence+from+Hitler%27s+Spymasters+to+Today%27s+Neo-Nazi+Groups+and+Right-Wing+Extremists&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1106702367&rft.isbn=0415925460&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeastreawakens0000leem_y3k9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022983-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022983_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, p. 983: "Savitri Devi’s blend of Aryan supremacism, vitriolic anti-Semitism, Hinduism, animal rights and ecology, have served as the basis for a post-war redefinition of Nazism as a “religion of nature” in the more cultic corners of the extreme right." </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Goodrick-Clarke" title="Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508205222/https://books.google.com/books?id=xaiaM77s6N4C&hl=en">Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. pp. 57, 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-3155-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-3155-4"><bdi>0-8147-3155-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47665567">47665567</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xaiaM77s6N4C">the original</a> on 8 May 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sun%3A+Aryan+Cults%2C+Esoteric+Nazism%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Identity&rft.pages=57%2C+88&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47665567&rft.isbn=0-8147-3155-4&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxaiaM77s6N4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreer2003" class="citation book cs1">Greer, John Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215120053/https://books.google.com/books?id=xAmMNnJlfnoC&hl=en">The new encyclopedia of the occult</a>. Llewellyn Worldwide. pp. 130–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56718-336-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56718-336-8"><bdi>978-1-56718-336-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xAmMNnJlfnoC">the original</a> on 15 February 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+encyclopedia+of+the+occult&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56718-336-8&rft.aulast=Greer&rft.aufirst=John+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxAmMNnJlfnoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022982–984-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022982–984_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, pp. 982–984. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122025558/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-41757047">"Savitri Devi: The mystical fascist being resurrected by the alt-right"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 29 October 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-41757047">the original</a> on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Savitri+Devi%3A+The+mystical+fascist+being+resurrected+by+the+alt-right&rft.date=2017-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-41757047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManavis2018">Manavis 2018</a>: "The links between Devi’s views and eco-fascism are supported by the fact she’s enjoyed something of a renaissance amongst members of the alt-right in the last several years." </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarrell-MolloyMacklin2022">Farrell-Molloy & Macklin 2022</a>: "While most of what has been discussed about eco-fascism is centred on anti-immigration "green" nationalism or far-right neo-Malthusian arguments about overpopulation"; <a href="#CITEREFGuenther2023">Guenther 2023</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFEarthworks2022b">Earthworks 2022b</a>: "These include the racist Malthusian idea that the human population will reach a carrying capacity that the earth can't sustain, which has been repeatedly debunked, […] we must be cognizant that the origin of national parks and protected areas lies in explicitly eugenicist and white supremacist ideology that violently displaced Indigenous peoples from the lands they stewarded since time immemorial."; <a href="#CITEREFTynan2023">Tynan 2023</a>, pp. 101–102; <a href="#CITEREFKamelLamoureuxMakuch2020">Kamel, Lamoureux & Makuch 2020</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSaltmarsh2022">Saltmarsh 2022</a>: "his manifesto tied climate change to usual far-right thought, a Malthusian ecological politics intersecting with ideas around racial replacement that culminated in the use of deadly violence against the Muslim 'other'."; <a href="#CITEREFForchtnerLubarda2020">Forchtner & Lubarda 2020</a>: "Eco-fascism, mostly associated with the 'green wing' in historical National Socialism and neo-Malthusian authoritarians of the 1960s/70s, is an iridescent concept that signifies the preoccupation of extreme-right actors with environmentalist concerns."; <a href="#CITEREFd'Allens2022b">d'Allens 2022b</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch202211-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch202211_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2022">Lynch 2022</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyettThomas2019">Dyett & Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 210–216; <a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2020">Wilkinson 2020</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHughesJonesAmarasingam2022">Hughes, Jones & Amarasingam 2022</a>, p. 999; <a href="#CITEREFThomasGosink2021">Thomas & Gosink 2021</a>, pp. 40–43; <a href="#CITEREFFernándezHart2023">Fernández & Hart 2023</a>, pp. 5–6; <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2022">Walsh 2022</a>: "They are often radicalized online, as the latest alleged shooter claims to have been, and many believe that white people, along with the environment, are threatened by non-white overpopulation. They often call for a halt to immigration, or the eradication of non-white populations."; <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, pp. 986–987 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist20204–6-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist20204–6_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020">Kaati et al. 2020</a>, pp. 4–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEarthworks2022b">Earthworks 2022b</a>: "These include the racist Malthusian idea that the human population will reach a carrying capacity that the earth can't sustain, which has been repeatedly debunked, […] we must be cognizant that the origin of national parks and protected areas lies in explicitly eugenicist and white supremacist ideology that violently displaced Indigenous peoples from the lands they stewarded since time immemorial." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolloy2022-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolloy2022_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMolloy2022">Molloy 2022</a>: "Kaczynskian anti-technology radicalism represented an adoption and co-option of Unabomber Ted Kaczynski’s ideology and embodied the strongest point of cohesion across the subculture." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022984-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022984_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, p. 984. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDidion1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Didion, Joan (23 April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1998/04/23/varieties-of-madness/">"Varieties of Madness"</a>. The New York Review of Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813223357/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1998/04/23/varieties-of-madness/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Varieties+of+Madness&rft.date=1998-04-23&rft.aulast=Didion&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F1998%2F04%2F23%2Fvarieties-of-madness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022984–985-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022984–985_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, pp. 984–985. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-Kaczynski-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-Kaczynski_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-Kaczynski_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2019">Wilson 2019</a>: "Contemporary eco-fascists are inspired by a number of key figures. One is "Unabomber" Ted Kaczynski, whose terrorist campaign against what he called "industrial society" combined violence, misanthropy and a self-dramatising manifesto." </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarrell-MolloyMacklin2022">Farrell-Molloy & Macklin 2022</a>: "This view of leftism as inconsistent with wild nature is mirrored by the eco-fascists belief they must seize stewardship of the environment from the left" </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm">"The Unabomber Trial: The Manifesto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222000650/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Unabomber+Trial%3A+The+Manifesto&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Flongterm%2Funabomber%2Fmanifesto.text.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanrahan2018-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanrahan2018_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanrahan2018_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanrahan2018_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanrahan2018_86-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanrahan2018">Hanrahan 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-aberrant-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aberrant_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aberrant_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaczynski" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Kaczynski, Ted</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221192854/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ted-kaczynski-ecofascism-an-aberrant-branch-of-leftism">"Ecofascism: An Aberrant Branch of Leftism"</a>. The Anarchist Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ted-kaczynski-ecofascism-an-aberrant-branch-of-leftism">the original</a> on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Anarchist+Library&rft.atitle=Ecofascism%3A+An+Aberrant+Branch+of+Leftism&rft.aulast=Kaczynski&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fted-kaczynski-ecofascism-an-aberrant-branch-of-leftism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkauge-Monsen2022" class="citation thesis cs1">Skauge-Monsen, Vilde (1 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211194212/https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/96491/1/Master-s-thesis-by-Vilde-Skauge-Monsen.pdf">"Save the bees, not refugees": Far-right environmentalism meets the Internet (A comparative content analysis of Nazi Germany's environmentalism and four self-proclaimed ecofascist channels on Telegram)</a> (PDF) (Master's). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>, Department of media and communication. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/96491/1/Master-s-thesis-by-Vilde-Skauge-Monsen.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%22Save+the+bees%2C+not+refugees%22%3A+Far-right+environmentalism+meets+the+Internet+%28A+comparative+content+analysis+of+Nazi+Germany%27s+environmentalism+and+four+self-proclaimed+ecofascist+channels+on+Telegram%29&rft.inst=University+of+Oslo%2C+Department+of+media+and+communication&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft.aulast=Skauge-Monsen&rft.aufirst=Vilde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duo.uio.no%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10852%2F96491%2F1%2FMaster-s-thesis-by-Vilde-Skauge-Monsen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2019-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2019_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2019_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2019">Wilson 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuenther202316-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuenther202316_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuenther2023">Guenther 2023</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOksa200575-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOksa200575_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOksa2005">Oksa 2005</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022986-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022986_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, p. 986. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnights2020">Knights 2020</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTilleyAjl2022">Tilley & Ajl 2022</a>, p. 3: "Lifeboat Ethics advocates for the abandonment of the populous poor to save the rich few in a limited planetary 'lifeboat'."; <a href="#CITEREFAllison2020">Allison 2020</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFProtopapadakis2016">Protopapadakis 2016</a>, pp. 227–228 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/garrett-hardin">"Garrett Hardin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115125605/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/garrett-hardin">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.atitle=Garrett+Hardin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fextremist-files%2Findividual%2Fgarrett-hardin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETilleyAjl20222-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilleyAjl20222_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTilleyAjl2022">Tilley & Ajl 2022</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiss2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Biss, Eula (8 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811183014/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/essay/the-theft-of-the-commons">"The Theft of the Commons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/essay/the-theft-of-the-commons">the original</a> on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Theft+of+the+Commons&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft.aulast=Biss&rft.aufirst=Eula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fessay%2Fthe-theft-of-the-commons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707015431/https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt267nd7tr/dsc/">"Guide to the Garrett Hardin Papers"</a>. Online Archive of California. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt267nd7tr/dsc/#c02-1.3.10.6.4">the original</a> on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Archive+of+California&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+Garrett+Hardin+Papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foac.cdlib.org%2Ffindaid%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fkt267nd7tr%2Fdsc%2F%23c02-1.3.10.6.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesJonesAmarasingam20221005-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesJonesAmarasingam20221005_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughesJonesAmarasingam2022">Hughes, Jones & Amarasingam 2022</a>, p. 1005. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProtopapadakis2014590-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProtopapadakis2014590_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFProtopapadakis2014">Protopapadakis 2014</a>, p. 590. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022986–987-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022986–987_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, pp. 986–987. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnwar2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anwar, André (13 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120110600/http://www.tagesspiegel.de/meinung/kommentare/pentti-linkola-es-hilft-nicht-kameraden-zu-erschiessen/1094076.html">"Pentti Linkola: "Es hilft nicht, Kameraden zu erschießen""</a> [Pentti Linkola: "It doesn't help to shoot comrades"]. <a href="/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel" title="Der Tagesspiegel">Der Tagesspiegel</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/meinung/kommentare/es-hilft-nicht-kameraden-zu-erschiessen/1094076.html">the original</a> on 20 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Tagesspiegel&rft.atitle=Pentti+Linkola%3A+%22Es+hilft+nicht%2C+Kameraden+zu+erschie%C3%9Fen%22&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft.aulast=Anwar&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesspiegel.de%2Fmeinung%2Fkommentare%2Fes-hilft-nicht-kameraden-zu-erschiessen%2F1094076.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinkola2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Linkola, Pentti</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780962580">Can life prevail?: a revolutionary approach to the environmental crisis</a> (2nd English ed.). Arktos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907166-63-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907166-63-1"><bdi>978-1-907166-63-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/780962580">780962580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+life+prevail%3F%3A+a+revolutionary+approach+to+the+environmental+crisis&rft.edition=2nd+English&rft.pub=Arktos&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F780962580&rft.isbn=978-1-907166-63-1&rft.aulast=Linkola&rft.aufirst=Pentti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F780962580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForchtner2019">Forchtner 2019</a>: "The murder of 51 people in Christchurch, New Zealand, in March 2019 has led to, for example, a gun reform bill in New Zealand and renewed interest in the notion of 'the great replacement'. […] However, the idea of 'the great replacement' did play a role in this second shooting too which undoubtedly invites further scrutiny."; <a href="#CITEREFO'Neill2022">O'Neill 2022</a>, pp. 39–40; <a href="#CITEREFAchenbach2019">Achenbach 2019</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRueda2020">Rueda 2020</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTilleyAjl2022">Tilley & Ajl 2022</a>, pp. 202–203: "The manifesto's ideology is often traced back to a 2011 work of Renaud Camus, titled Le Grand Remplacement, and understood as a sibling of US white genocide conspiracies."; <a href="#CITEREFAnantharaman2022">Anantharaman 2022</a>: "For instance, the Buffalo shooting suspect calls himself an eco-fascist acting against overpopulating "invaders" to save the environment. Similar discourses were invoked in the Christchurch mass shooting in New Zealand. In these circles, population is not at the margins but at the very center of (racial) anxieties. Nightly sermons about "the great replacement theory" are case in point."; <a href="#CITEREFRose2022">Rose 2022</a>: "Replacement themes were also invoked by mass shooters in Utøya, Norway, in 2011, at the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 2018 and in El Paso, Texas, in 2019. Yet each of these shooters – all white men – targeted a different group of people. The Buffalo shooter killed only Black Americans. The Christchurch shooter terrorised Muslims leaving Friday prayers. " </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921153519/https://www.letemps.ch/societe/sciences-humaines/grand-remplacement-cauchemar-lextreme-droite">"Le "Grand Remplacement", cauchemar de l'extrême droite"</a> [The "Great Replacement", a nightmare of the far right]. <a href="/wiki/Le_Temps" title="Le Temps">Le Temps</a> (in French). 9 July 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1423-3967">1423-3967</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.letemps.ch/societe/grand-remplacement-cauchemar-lextreme-droite">the original</a> on 21 September 2023. <q>L'écrivain distingue alors les remplacés (la civilisation européenne et sa culture), les remplaçants (les immigrés venus majoritairement d'Afrique du Nord et d'Afrique subsaharienne) et les remplacistes (le pouvoir qui ne cherche pas à inverser les flux migratoires afin de servir des intérêts politiques, de gauche notamment).</q> [The writer then distinguishes between the replaced (European civilization and its culture), the replacements (the immigrants coming mainly from North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa) and the replacers (the power which does not seek to reverse migratory flows in order to erve political interests, particularly left-wing ones).]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Temps&rft.atitle=Le+%22Grand+Remplacement%22%2C+cauchemar+de+l%27extr%C3%AAme+droite&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.issn=1423-3967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.letemps.ch%2Fsociete%2Fgrand-remplacement-cauchemar-lextreme-droite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidi2022-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidi2022_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuidi2022">Guidi 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020_106-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020">Kaati et al. 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETynan2023101-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETynan2023101_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTynan2023">Tynan 2023</a>, pp. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyettThomas2019">Dyett & Thomas 2019</a>, p. 220; <a href="#CITEREFKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020">Kaati et al. 2020</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHassan2021">Hassan 2021</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFHarris2022">Harris 2022</a>, p. 452 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSvahn2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Svahn, Clas (10 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143941/https://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/bland-auvinens-vanner-var-det-extrema-normalt/">"Bland Auvinens vänner var det extrema normalt"</a> [Among Auvinen's friends, the extreme was normal]. <a href="/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter" title="Dagens Nyheter">Dagens Nyheter</a> (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/bland-auvinens-vanner-var-det-extrema-normalt/">the original</a> on 10 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagens+Nyheter&rft.atitle=Bland+Auvinens+v%C3%A4nner+var+det+extrema+normalt&rft.date=2007-11-10&rft.aulast=Svahn&rft.aufirst=Clas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2Fnyheter%2Fvarlden%2Fbland-auvinens-vanner-var-det-extrema-normalt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022987-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022987_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, p. 987. </li> <li id="cite_note-CTC-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CTC_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTC_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240530134951/http://www.statewatch.org/media/4188/eu-ctc-violent-environmental-extremism-twp-paper-5982-24.pdf">The role of climate change and environmental concerns in violent extremist and terrorist radicalisation in the EU</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2010/09/01/apparent-eco-terrorist-holding-hostages-tv-building">the original</a> on 10 April 2016. 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Retrieved 18 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Anders+Breivik%3A+Right-wing+extremist+who+killed+77+people+in+Norway+massacre+wins+part+of+human+rights+case&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft.aulast=Dearden&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fanders-breivik-right-wing-extremist-who-killed-77-in-utoya-norway-massacre-wins-lawsuit-against-a6992756.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022981-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022981_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022981_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, p. 981. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShifflett2021">Shifflett 2021</a>, pp. 75–76; <a href="#CITEREFvan_Gerven_Oei2012">van Gerven Oei 2012</a>, pp. 88–94; <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, pp. 984–985; <a href="#CITEREFPearse2015">Pearse 2015</a>, pp. 460–462 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifflett202176–79-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShifflett202176–79_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShifflett2021">Shifflett 2021</a>, pp. 76–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHafez2019">Hafez 2019</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMacklinBjørgo2021">Macklin & Bjørgo 2021</a>, pp. 16–20; <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, p. 981; <a href="#CITEREFShifflett2021">Shifflett 2021</a>, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThayer2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a href="/wiki/Nate_Thayer" title="Nate Thayer">Thayer, Nate</a> (6 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207054823/https://www.nate-thayer.com/secret-identities-of-u-s-nazi-terror-group-revealed/">"Secret Identities of U.S. Nazi Terror Group Revealed"</a>. 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["A few minutes earlier, he had published a seventy-four-page manifesto in which he detailed his ideological background and openly claimed to be an "eco-fascist"."]; <a href="#CITEREFRichardsJonesBrinn2022">Richards, Jones & Brinn 2022</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFisherAchenbach2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Fisher" title="Marc Fisher">Fisher, Marc</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joel_Achenbach" title="Joel Achenbach">Achenbach, Joel</a> (15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/boundless-racism-zero-remorse-a-manifesto-of-hate-and-49-dead-in-new-zealand/2019/03/15/3d407c64-4738-11e9-90f0-0ccfeec87a61_story.html">"Boundless racism, zero remorse: A manifesto of hate and 49 dead in New Zealand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211093607/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/boundless-racism-zero-remorse-a-manifesto-of-hate-and-49-dead-in-new-zealand/2019/03/15/3d407c64-4738-11e9-90f0-0ccfeec87a61_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2020. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/03/us/patrick-crusius-el-paso-shooter-manifesto.html">the original</a> on 30 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Minutes+Before+El+Paso+Killing%2C+Hate-Filled+Manifesto+Appears+Online&rft.date=2019-08-03&rft.aulast=Arango&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Bogel-Burroughs%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Benner%2C+Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F08%2F03%2Fus%2Fpatrick-crusius-el-paso-shooter-manifesto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Owen_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwen2019" class="citation news cs1">Owen, Tess (6 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120141857/https://www.vice.com/en/article/59nmv5/eco-fascism-the-racist-theory-that-inspired-the-el-paso-and-christchurch-shooters-and-is-gaining-followers">"Eco-Fascism: the Racist Theory That Inspired the El Paso and Christchurch Shooters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/59nmv5/eco-fascism-the-racist-theory-that-inspired-the-el-paso-and-christchurch-shooters-and-is-gaining-followers">the original</a> on 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice+News&rft.atitle=Eco-Fascism%3A+the+Racist+Theory+That+Inspired+the+El+Paso+and+Christchurch+Shooters&rft.date=2019-08-06&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Tess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2F59nmv5%2Feco-fascism-the-racist-theory-that-inspired-the-el-paso-and-christchurch-shooters-and-is-gaining-followers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELennard2019-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELennard2019_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELennard2019_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELennard2019_133-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLennard2019">Lennard 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchenbach2019-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAchenbach2019_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAchenbach2019">Achenbach 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHafez2019-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHafez2019_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHafez2019">Hafez 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÜzeltüzenci2020" class="citation web cs1">Üzeltüzenci, Pinar (29 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226215442/https://www.mangalmedia.net/english/humans-are-not-the-virus-why-ecofascism-is-bad-for-you">"Humans are not the Virus: Why Ecofascism is Bad for You"</a>. Mangal Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mangalmedia.net/english/humans-are-not-the-virus-why-ecofascism-is-bad-for-you">the original</a> on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mangal+Media&rft.atitle=Humans+are+not+the+Virus%3A+Why+Ecofascism+is+Bad+for+You&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft.aulast=%C3%9Czelt%C3%BCzenci&rft.aufirst=Pinar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangalmedia.net%2Fenglish%2Fhumans-are-not-the-virus-why-ecofascism-is-bad-for-you&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarian-Smith202291–92-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarian-Smith202291–92_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarian-Smith2022">Darian-Smith 2022</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossBevensee20203-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossBevensee20203_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossBevensee2020">Ross & Bevensee 2020</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurke2019" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Jason (11 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217232100/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/11/norway-mosque-attack-suspect-may-have-been-inspired-by-christchurch-and-el-paso-shootings">"Norway mosque attack suspect 'inspired by Christchurch and El Paso shootings'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/11/norway-mosque-attack-suspect-may-have-been-inspired-by-christchurch-and-el-paso-shootings">the original</a> on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Norway+mosque+attack+suspect+%27inspired+by+Christchurch+and+El+Paso+shootings%27&rft.date=2019-08-11&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Faug%2F11%2Fnorway-mosque-attack-suspect-may-have-been-inspired-by-christchurch-and-el-paso-shootings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShajkovci2020" class="citation news cs1">Shajkovci, Ardian (27 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101050006/https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/counterterrorism/eco-fascist-pine-tree-party-growing-as-a-violent-extremism-threat/">"Eco-Fascist 'Pine Tree Party' Growing as a Violent Extremism Threat"</a>. Homeland Security Today.us. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/counterterrorism/eco-fascist-pine-tree-party-growing-as-a-violent-extremism-threat/">the original</a> on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Homeland+Security+Today.us&rft.atitle=Eco-Fascist+%27Pine+Tree+Party%27+Growing+as+a+Violent+Extremism+Threat&rft.date=2020-09-27&rft.aulast=Shajkovci&rft.aufirst=Ardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hstoday.us%2Fsubject-matter-areas%2Fcounterterrorism%2Feco-fascist-pine-tree-party-growing-as-a-violent-extremism-threat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManavis2018">Manavis 2018</a>: "Tree, earth, or mountain emojis are parked next to almost every eco-fascist’s Twitter name, often accompanied by a Norse/Proto-Germanic rune – most commonly Algiz, "ᛉ" or "ᛦ", known as the "life" rune."; <a href="#CITEREFKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020">Kaati et al. 2020</a>, pp. 12–13; <a href="#CITEREFMolloy2022">Molloy 2022</a>: "Far-right co-opted symbols, like the algiz rune or sonnenrad, accompanied depictions of nature, establishing a distinct eco-fascist brand which travelled easily across far-right networks." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2021100–102-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2021100–102_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2021100–102_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2021">Smith 2021</a>, pp. 100–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-Farrell-Molloy-Green_Brigade-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farrell-Molloy-Green_Brigade_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farrell-Molloy-Green_Brigade_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarrell-MolloyMacklin2022">Farrell-Molloy & Macklin 2022</a>: "One group to have emerged from this milieu is the short-lived 'Green Brigade' describing themselves as "accelerationist eco-extremists," the group acted as the eco-fascist wing for the neo-Nazi 'The Base,' and were responsible for an arson attack against a Swedish mink farm in 2020." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFineLove-Nichols2021308-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFineLove-Nichols2021308_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFineLove-Nichols2021">Fine & Love-Nichols 2021</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022991-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2022991_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacklin2022">Macklin 2022</a>, p. 991. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamoureux2020" class="citation news cs1">Lamoureux, Mack (25 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101054145/https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxqmey/neo-nazis-eco-fascism-climate-change-recruit-young-people">"Neo-Nazis Are Using Eco-Fascism to Recruit Young People"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxqmey/neo-nazis-eco-fascism-climate-change-recruit-young-people">the original</a> on 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice+News&rft.atitle=Neo-Nazis+Are+Using+Eco-Fascism+to+Recruit+Young+People&rft.date=2020-12-25&rft.aulast=Lamoureux&rft.aufirst=Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwxqmey%2Fneo-nazis-eco-fascism-climate-change-recruit-young-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamoureux2020" class="citation news cs1">Lamoureux, Mack (25 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108013656/https://www.vice.com/en/article/g5bjqm/alleged-eco-terrorists-discussed-abortion-clinic-bombing-assassinating-judge-court-documents">"Alleged Eco-Terrorists Discussed Abortion Clinic Bombing, Assassinating Judge: Court Documents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/g5bjqm/alleged-eco-terrorists-discussed-abortion-clinic-bombing-assassinating-judge-court-documents">the original</a> on 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice+News&rft.atitle=Alleged+Eco-Terrorists+Discussed+Abortion+Clinic+Bombing%2C+Assassinating+Judge%3A+Court+Documents&rft.date=2020-12-25&rft.aulast=Lamoureux&rft.aufirst=Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fg5bjqm%2Falleged-eco-terrorists-discussed-abortion-clinic-bombing-assassinating-judge-court-documents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713151351/https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/Tesat_Report_2022.pdf">"EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2022"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a>. 23 November 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/Tesat_Report_2022.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europol&rft.atitle=EU+Terrorism+Situation+and+Trend+Report+2022&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europol.europa.eu%2Fcms%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FTesat_Report_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarless2022" class="citation news cs1">Carless, Will (5 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123100541/https://phys.org/news/2022-07-extremist-watchers-network-hate-fueled.html">"The extremist watchers: How a network of researchers is searching for the next hate-fueled attack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phys.org" title="Phys.org">Phys.org</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2022-07-extremist-watchers-network-hate-fueled.html">the original</a> on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=The+extremist+watchers%3A+How+a+network+of+researchers+is+searching+for+the+next+hate-fueled+attack&rft.date=2022-07-05&rft.aulast=Carless&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2022-07-extremist-watchers-network-hate-fueled.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarrell-MolloyMacklin2022">Farrell-Molloy & Macklin 2022</a>: "Across the "Terrorgram" community on Telegram, which provided a digital home to Siege-culture following the removal of neo-Nazi forums Iron March and Fascist Forge, Kaczynski's writings are frequently referenced and he is venerated as one of their 'holy trinity' alongside Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh and Norway far-right terrorist Anders Breivik." </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331063236/https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/deux-militants-dultradroite-appelant-a-des-actions-violentes-arretes-en-possession-darmes-20211117_6AAQLEJZKZGCDP4KO64ZMVW4PE/">"Deux militants d'ultradroite appelant à des "actions violentes" arrêtés en possession d'armes"</a> [Two far-right activists calling for "violent action" arrested in possession of weapons]. <a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 17 November 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/deux-militants-dultradroite-appelant-a-des-actions-violentes-arretes-en-possession-darmes-20211117_6AAQLEJZKZGCDP4KO64ZMVW4PE/">the original</a> on 31 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=Deux+militants+d%27ultradroite+appelant+%C3%A0+des+%22actions+violentes%22+arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9s+en+possession+d%27armes&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fsociete%2Fpolice-justice%2Fdeux-militants-dultradroite-appelant-a-des-actions-violentes-arretes-en-possession-darmes-20211117_6AAQLEJZKZGCDP4KO64ZMVW4PE%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102005303/http://maldicionecoextremista.altervista.org/9-interview/">"9 ITS Interview"</a>. 12 March 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maldicionecoextremista.altervista.org/9-interview/">the original</a> on 2 November 2021. <q>ITS never recognized that, although it is true we have taken some organizational experiences of these groups without caring much about their political orientation, not because we write or quote the TOB we are right-wing Satanists, at some point we have also taken experiences from the Paraguayan People's Army, or from the Mapuche, and that does not mean that we are leftist or indigenists, the same thing happens when we quote the First Capital Command of Brazil, or the Magliana Band of Italy, not because we mention them we are part of those mafias, NO. ITS takes the best of each criminal group and puts it into practice, we also see their mistakes so that we do not commit them, this is how ITS is nurtured and takes experience from that inherited empirical knowledge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9+ITS+Interview&rft.date=2021-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaldicionecoextremista.altervista.org%2F9-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGartenstein-RossChace-DonahuPlant2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daveed_Gartenstein-Ross" title="Daveed Gartenstein-Ross">Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed</a>; Chace-Donahu, Emelie; Plant, Thomas (23 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726144438/https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2023/07/25/the-order-of-nine-angles/">"The Order of Nine Angles: Its Worldview and Connection to Violent Extremism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Defense_of_Democracies" title="Foundation for Defense of Democracies">Foundation for Defense of Democracies</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2023/07/25/the-order-of-nine-angles/">the original</a> on 26 July 2023. <q>A purported leader of the transnational militant group Individuals Tending Toward the Wild (ITS) — a group whose literature features anarchist and eco-fascist themes — claimed in an interview posted on the anarchist website Maldición Eco-Extremista that the group has "taken some organizational experiences" from O9A and Tempel ov Blood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+for+Defense+of+Democracies&rft.atitle=The+Order+of+Nine+Angles%3A+Its+Worldview+and+Connection+to+Violent+Extremism&rft.date=2023-07-23&rft.aulast=Gartenstein-Ross&rft.aufirst=Daveed&rft.au=Chace-Donahu%2C+Emelie&rft.au=Plant%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdd.org%2Fanalysis%2F2023%2F07%2F25%2Fthe-order-of-nine-angles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsJonesBrinn2022-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsJonesBrinn2022_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardsJonesBrinn2022">Richards, Jones & Brinn 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr2022-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr2022_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr2022_155-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarr2022">Starr 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompsonCollins2022" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Carolyn; Collins, Dave (15 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601050202/https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/at-least-eight-dead-in-daylight-mass-shooting-at-us-supermarket-20220515-p5alee.html">"Racially motivated shooter pointed to Christchurch attacks in 'manifesto'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/at-least-eight-dead-in-daylight-mass-shooting-at-us-supermarket-20220515-p5alee.html">the original</a> on 1 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Racially+motivated+shooter+pointed+to+Christchurch+attacks+in+%27manifesto%27&rft.date=2022-05-15&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Collins%2C+Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fnorth-america%2Fat-least-eight-dead-in-daylight-mass-shooting-at-us-supermarket-20220515-p5alee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Counterterror-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Counterterror_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811141344/https://www.counterterrorismgroup.com/post/flash-alert-high-risk-of-violence-with-the-publication-of-the-hard-reset-a-terrorgram-publication">"Flash Alert: High Risk of Violence With the Publication of "The Hard Reset: A Terrorgram Publication""</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Counterterrorism_Group,_Inc." title="The Counterterrorism Group, Inc.">The Counterterrorism Group, Inc.</a> 7 July 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counterterrorismgroup.com/post/flash-alert-high-risk-of-violence-with-the-publication-of-the-hard-reset-a-terrorgram-publication">the original</a> on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Counterterrorism+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Flash+Alert%3A+High+Risk+of+Violence+With+the+Publication+of+%22The+Hard+Reset%3A+A+Terrorgram+Publication%22&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterterrorismgroup.com%2Fpost%2Fflash-alert-high-risk-of-violence-with-the-publication-of-the-hard-reset-a-terrorgram-publication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarvinen2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karvinen, Eevi (18 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318135924/https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/165a348b-3b5a-4bfb-abc5-c458c1ed4a01">"23-vuotias nainen julkaisi hälyttävää materiaalia verkossa – Puolustus: "Ei aikomusta vahingoittaa""</a> [23-year-old woman published alarming material online - Defense: "No intent to harm"]. <a href="/wiki/Iltalehti" title="Iltalehti">Iltalehti</a> (in Finnish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/165a348b-3b5a-4bfb-abc5-c458c1ed4a01">the original</a> on 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iltalehti&rft.atitle=23-vuotias+nainen+julkaisi+h%C3%A4lytt%C3%A4v%C3%A4%C3%A4+materiaalia+verkossa+%E2%80%93+Puolustus%3A+%22Ei+aikomusta+vahingoittaa%22&rft.date=2024-03-18&rft.aulast=Karvinen&rft.aufirst=Eevi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iltalehti.fi%2Fkotimaa%2Fa%2F165a348b-3b5a-4bfb-abc5-c458c1ed4a01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarju2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harju, Jukka (7 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240707073803/https://www.hs.fi/suomi/art-2000010423110.html">"Koulu iskun valmistelusta syytetty nainen saapui oikeuteen kasvojaan peittelematta - Syyte: Valmisteli tekoa vuosia"</a> [The woman accused of preparing the school attack appeared in court without covering her face - Accusation: She prepared the act for years]. <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a> (in Finnish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs.fi/suomi/art-2000010423110.html">the original</a> on 7 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Koulu+iskun+valmistelusta+syytetty+nainen+saapui+oikeuteen+kasvojaan+peittelematta+-+Syyte%3A+Valmisteli+tekoa+vuosia&rft.date=2024-07-07&rft.aulast=Harju&rft.aufirst=Jukka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fsuomi%2Fart-2000010423110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHämäläinen2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hämäläinen, Veli-Pekka (28 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601081511/https://yle.fi/a/74-20090783">"KRP: Näin koulusurma-aikeista syytetyn nuoren naisen kotoa löytyneet tekstit avaavat hänen ajatteluaan"</a> [KRP: This is how the texts found in the home of a young woman accused of planning to kill a school open up her thinking]. <a href="/wiki/Yleisradio" class="mw-redirect" title="Yleisradio">Yleisradio</a> (in Finnish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/a/74-20090783">the original</a> on 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yleisradio&rft.atitle=KRP%3A+N%C3%A4in+koulusurma-aikeista+syytetyn+nuoren+naisen+kotoa+l%C3%B6ytyneet+tekstit+avaavat+h%C3%A4nen+ajatteluaan&rft.date=2024-05-28&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Veli-Pekka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fa%2F74-20090783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240823061425/https://gnet-research.org/2024/08/16/dead-society-tracing-the-online-dimension-of-a-militant-accelerationist-inspired-attack-in-turkey/">""Dead society": Tracing the Online Dimension of a Militant Accelerationist-Inspired Attack in Turkey"</a>. Global network on extremism and technology. 16 August 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gnet-research.org/2024/08/16/dead-society-tracing-the-online-dimension-of-a-militant-accelerationist-inspired-attack-in-turkey/">the original</a> on 23 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+network+on+extremism+and+technology&rft.atitle=%22Dead+society%22%3A+Tracing+the+Online+Dimension+of+a+Militant+Accelerationist-Inspired+Attack+in+Turkey&rft.date=2024-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgnet-research.org%2F2024%2F08%2F16%2Fdead-society-tracing-the-online-dimension-of-a-militant-accelerationist-inspired-attack-in-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrton2000-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrton2000_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrton2000_162-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrton2000">Orton 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoziol2019-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoziol2019_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoziol2019">Koziol 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith202129–30-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith202129–30_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith202129–30_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2021">Smith 2021</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2003-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2003_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2003_166-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaudenmaier2003">Staudenmaier 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBookchin1987-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBookchin1987_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBookchin1987_167-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBookchin1987">Bookchin 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuqMochida20185-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuqMochida20185_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuqMochida2018">Huq & Mochida 2018</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Arne_Næss-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Arne_Næss_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNæss1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Næss, Arne</a> (1989). Ecology, Community and Lifestyle. Translated by Rothenberg, David. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511525599">10.1017/CBO9780511525599</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511525599" title="Special:BookSources/9780511525599"><bdi>9780511525599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology%2C+Community+and+Lifestyle&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511525599&rft.isbn=9780511525599&rft.aulast=N%C3%A6ss&rft.aufirst=Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flipo-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Flipo_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlipo2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Flipo, Fabrice (2014). Nature et politique. Contribution à une anthropologie de la modernité et de la globalisation [Nature and politics. Contribution to an anthropology of modernity and globalization] (in French). Editions Amsterdam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2354801342" title="Special:BookSources/978-2354801342"><bdi>978-2354801342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+et+politique.+Contribution+%C3%A0+une+anthropologie+de+la+modernit%C3%A9+et+de+la+globalisation&rft.pub=Editions+Amsterdam&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2354801342&rft.aulast=Flipo&rft.aufirst=Fabrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorZimmerman2008458-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorZimmerman2008458_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylorZimmerman2008">Taylor & Zimmerman 2008</a>, p. 458. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311102825/https://landetsfria.nu/2021/nummer-204/ekofascism-med-rotter-i-djupekologin/">"Ekofascism med rötter i djupekologin"</a> [Ecofascism with roots in deep ecology]. Landets Fria (in Swedish). 9 March 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://landetsfria.nu/2021/nummer-204/ekofascism-med-rotter-i-djupekologin/">the original</a> on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landets+Fria&rft.atitle=Ekofascism+med+r%C3%B6tter+i+djupekologin&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flandetsfria.nu%2F2021%2Fnummer-204%2Fekofascism-med-rotter-i-djupekologin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOksa200585-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOksa200585_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOksa2005">Oksa 2005</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sakai-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Sakai_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSakai2003" class="citation book cs1">Sakai, J. (2003). The Green Nazi - an investigation into fascist ecology. Kerspledebeb. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9689503-9-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9689503-9-5"><bdi>978-0-9689503-9-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Green+Nazi+-+an+investigation+into+fascist+ecology&rft.pub=Kerspledebeb&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9689503-9-5&rft.aulast=Sakai&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiner-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2000" class="citation book cs1">Weiner, Douglas R. (2000). Models Of Nature: Ecology, Conservation, and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5733-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5733-1"><bdi>978-0-8229-5733-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Models+Of+Nature%3A+Ecology%2C+Conservation%2C+and+Cultural+Revolution+in+Soviet+Russia&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-5733-1&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLubarda2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lubarda, Balša (December 2020). "Beyond Ecofascism? Far-Right Ecologism (FRE) as a Framework for Future Inquiries". <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Values" title="Environmental Values">Environmental Values</a>. 29 (6). <a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Horse_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Horse Press (page does not exist)">White Horse Press</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Horse_Press" class="extiw" title="de:White Horse Press">de</a>]: 713–732. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3197%2F096327120X15752810323922">10.3197/096327120X15752810323922</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214075497">214075497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Values&rft.atitle=Beyond+Ecofascism%3F+Far-Right+Ecologism+%28FRE%29+as+a+Framework+for+Future+Inquiries&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E713-%3C%2Fspan%3E732&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3197%2F096327120X15752810323922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214075497%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lubarda&rft.aufirst=Bal%C5%A1a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarrell-MolloyMacklin2022">Farrell-Molloy & Macklin 2022</a>: "It should be stated that eco-fascism itself is a fringe phenomenon and has not significantly impacted mainstream or radical right politics. This is why the term far-right ecologism has been proposed as an alternative label, to prevent ‘eco-fascism,’ with its more narrow definition outlined above, from dominating our understanding of the broader radical right’s nature politics." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForchtnerLubarda2023-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForchtnerLubarda2023_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForchtnerLubarda2023">Forchtner & Lubarda 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForchtnerLubarda2020">Forchtner & Lubarda 2020</a>: "Given this, it seems that eco-fascism should not dominate our understanding of the wider radical right’s relationship with nature. Indeed, this relationship is multifaceted due to the array of radical-right actors who engage in it, from anti-liberal actors to outright anti-democratic ones." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreRoberts2022a8–9,_12–13-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreRoberts2022a8–9,_12–13_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMooreRoberts2022a">Moore & Roberts 2022a</a>, pp. 8–9, 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAchenbach2019">Achenbach 2019</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEarthworks2022a">Earthworks 2022a</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGuidi2022">Guidi 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2022">Walsh 2022</a>: "The mainstream environmentalist movement, which has largely embraced social justice, has repeatedly rejected eco-fascists, saying the ideology greenwashes hate and is more focused on white supremacy than environmental protection."; <a href="#CITEREFShapiroOzugMorell2022">Shapiro, Ozug & Morell 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEarthworks2022b">Earthworks 2022b</a>: "Eco-fascism presents a tangible, present danger to almost every person on Earth, especially the communities most impacted by the climate crisis. Organizations active in the environmental and climate justice movements, like Earthworks, must do our part in acknowledging and raising awareness of these issues, rooting out eco-fascists among our circles and preventing any more from joining, and working in solidarity with those who strongly oppose ecofascism." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYakushkoDe_Francisco2022471–472-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYakushkoDe_Francisco2022471–472_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYakushkoDe_Francisco2022">Yakushko & De Francisco 2022</a>, pp. 471–472. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernándezHart2023-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernándezHart2023_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFernándezHart2023">Fernández & Hart 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2022-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2022_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Neill2022">O'Neill 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampionPhillips2023-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampionPhillips2023_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampionPhillips2023">Campion & Phillips 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKriebernegg2014" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kriebernegg, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802114835/https://unipub.uni-graz.at/obvugrhs/download/pdf/333623?originalFilename=true">Braune Flecken der Grünen Bewegung: Eine Untersuchung zu den völkisch-antimodernistischen Traditionslinien der Ökologiebewegung und zum Einfluss der extremen Rechten auf die Herausbildung grüner Parteien in Österreich und in der BRD</a> [Brown spots of the Green Movement: An investigation into the völkisch-antimodernist traditions of the ecology movement and the influence of the extreme right on the development of green parties in Austria and the Federal Republic of Germany] (Master's) (in German). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Graz" title="University of Graz">University of Graz</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unipub.uni-graz.at/obvugrhs/download/pdf/333623?originalFilename=true">the original</a> on 2 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Braune+Flecken+der+Gr%C3%BCnen+Bewegung%3A+Eine+Untersuchung+zu+den+v%C3%B6lkisch-antimodernistischen+Traditionslinien+der+%C3%96kologiebewegung+und+zum+Einfluss+der+extremen+Rechten+auf+die+Herausbildung+gr%C3%BCner+Parteien+in+%C3%96sterreich+und+in+der+BRD&rft.inst=University+of+Graz&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kriebernegg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funipub.uni-graz.at%2Fobvugrhs%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F333623%3ForiginalFilename%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220155357/https://sinimustaliike.fi/ohjelma/">"Ohjelma"</a> [Program]. <a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Blue-and-Black Movement</a> (in Finnish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinimustaliike.fi/ohjelma/">the original</a> on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue-and-Black+Movement&rft.atitle=Ohjelma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsinimustaliike.fi%2Fohjelma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Griffin, Roger</a> (2000). "Between Metapolitics and Apoliteia: the Nouvelle Droite's Strategy for Conserving the Fascist Vision in the 'Interregnum'". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_%26_Contemporary_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern & Contemporary France (page does not exist)">Modern & Contemporary France</a>. 8 (1): 35–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F096394800113349">10.1080/096394800113349</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143890750">143890750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+%26+Contemporary+France&rft.atitle=Between+Metapolitics+and+Apoliteia%3A+the+Nouvelle+Droite%27s+Strategy+for+Conserving+the+Fascist+Vision+in+the+%27Interregnum%27&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F096394800113349&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143890750%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaltmarsh2022-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaltmarsh2022_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaltmarsh2022_189-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaltmarsh2022">Saltmarsh 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Aronoff-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aronoff_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aronoff_190-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aronoff_190-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAronoff2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Aronoff, Kate (15 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/166097/marine-le-pens-climate-policy-whiff-ecofascism">"Marine Le Pen's Climate Policy Has a Whiff of Ecofascism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624115548/https://newrepublic.com/article/166097/marine-le-pens-climate-policy-whiff-ecofascism">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2024. Retrieved 29 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Marine+Le+Pen%27s+Climate+Policy+Has+a+Whiff+of+Ecofascism&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft.aulast=Aronoff&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F166097%2Fmarine-le-pens-climate-policy-whiff-ecofascism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2022-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2022_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2022">Walsh 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzenes20232-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzenes20232_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzenes2023">Szenes 2023</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarric2022" class="citation news cs1">Garric, Audrey (21 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624115546/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/2022-presidential-election/article/2022/04/21/macron-and-le-pen-lay-out-starkly-different-visions-on-climate-change_5981229_16.html">"Macron and Le Pen layout starkly different visions on climate change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/2022-presidential-election/article/2022/04/21/macron-and-le-pen-lay-out-starkly-different-visions-on-climate-change_5981229_16.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Macron+and+Le+Pen+layout+starkly+different+visions+on+climate+change&rft.date=2022-04-21&rft.aulast=Garric&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2F2022-presidential-election%2Farticle%2F2022%2F04%2F21%2Fmacron-and-le-pen-lay-out-starkly-different-visions-on-climate-change_5981229_16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goldberg, Nicolas (11 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624115547/https://www.lagrandeconversation.com/ecologie/le-programme-energetique-de-marine-le-pen-tout-pour-les-energies-fossiles-rien-pour-le-climat/">"Le program énergétique de Marine Le Pen: tout pour les énergies fossiles, rien pour le climat"</a> [Marine Le Pen's energy program: everything for fossil fuels, nothing for the climate]. La Grande Conversation (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lagrandeconversation.com/ecologie/le-programme-energetique-de-marine-le-pen-tout-pour-les-energies-fossiles-rien-pour-le-climat/">the original</a> on 24 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Grande+Conversation&rft.atitle=Le+program+%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique+de+Marine+Le+Pen%3A+tout+pour+les+%C3%A9nergies+fossiles%2C+rien+pour+le+climat&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lagrandeconversation.com%2Fecologie%2Fle-programme-energetique-de-marine-le-pen-tout-pour-les-energies-fossiles-rien-pour-le-climat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaudenmaier2020" class="citation journal cs1">Staudenmaier, Peter (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180611162918/https://journals.equinoxpub.com/index.php/POM/article/view/14577">"Fascist Ecology: The 'Green Wing' of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Pomegranate" title="The Pomegranate">Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies</a>. 13 (10): 4–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpome.v13.i10.14577">10.1558/pome.v13.i10.14577</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53602598">53602598</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.equinoxpub.com/index.php/POM/article/view/14577">the original</a> on 11 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pomegranate%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Pagan+Studies&rft.atitle=Fascist+Ecology%3A+The+%27Green+Wing%27+of+the+Nazi+Party+and+its+Historical+Antecedents&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fpome.v13.i10.14577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53602598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Staudenmaier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.equinoxpub.com%2Findex.php%2FPOM%2Farticle%2Fview%2F14577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2022">Walsh 2022</a>: "Elements of the far-right scene in Germany and across Europe still champion environmental causes, and things like organic farming. In Germany, environmental groups risk being infiltrated by far-right extremists." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDitfurth1992278–287-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDitfurth1992278–287_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDitfurth1992">Ditfurth 1992</a>, pp. 278–287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2004519–520-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2004519–520_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaudenmaier2004">Staudenmaier 2004</a>, pp. 519–520. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2012-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2012_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2012_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2012_199-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2012_199-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnolly2012">Connolly 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-stoerungsmelder-200"><a href="#cite_ref-stoerungsmelder_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaujoks2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Naujoks, Claudia (29 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928042333/https://blog.zeit.de/stoerungsmelder/2008/08/29/grun-oder-braun-zum-nationalistischen-okomagazin-%e2%80%9eumwelt-und-aktiv%e2%80%9c_387">"Grün oder braun? Zum nationalistischen Ökomagazin "Umwelt und Aktiv""</a> [Green or brown? To the nationalist eco-magazine "Umwelt und Aktiv"]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%B6rungsmelder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Störungsmelder (page does not exist)">Störungsmelder</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B6rungsmelder_(Weblog)" class="extiw" title="de:Störungsmelder (Weblog)">de</a>] (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.zeit.de/stoerungsmelder/2008/08/29/grun-oder-braun-zum-nationalistischen-okomagazin-%E2%80%9Eumwelt-und-aktiv%E2%80%9C_387">the original</a> on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St%C3%B6rungsmelder%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bde%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Gr%C3%BCn+oder+braun%3F+Zum+nationalistischen+%C3%96komagazin+%22Umwelt+und+Aktiv%22&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft.aulast=Naujoks&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.zeit.de%2Fstoerungsmelder%2F2008%2F08%2F29%2Fgrun-oder-braun-zum-nationalistischen-okomagazin-%25E2%2580%259Eumwelt-und-aktiv%25E2%2580%259C_387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaudHeise2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toralf_Staud" class="extiw" title="de:Toralf Staud">Staud, Toralf</a> [in German]; Heise, Katrin (11 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213082558/http://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/naturschutz-in-braun.954.de.html?dram:article_id=146907">"Naturschutz in Braun. Wie Rechtsextreme in der Ökoszene mitmischen"</a> [Nature conservation in brown. How right-wing extremists get involved in the eco-scene]. <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk_Kultur" title="Deutschlandfunk Kultur">Deutschlandradio Kultur</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dradio.de/dkultur/sendungen/thema/1649624/">the original</a> on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutschlandradio+Kultur&rft.atitle=Naturschutz+in+Braun.+Wie+Rechtsextreme+in+der+%C3%96koszene+mitmischen&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft.aulast=Staud&rft.aufirst=Toralf&rft.au=Heise%2C+Katrin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dradio.de%2Fdkultur%2Fsendungen%2Fthema%2F1649624%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuchs2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fuchs, Dana (26 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001084046/https://www.belltower.news/die-gruenen-braunen-rechtsextremismus-im-umweltschutz-32582/">"Die grünen Braunen – Rechtsextremismus im Umweltschutz"</a> [The green browns - right-wing extremism in environmental protection]. <a href="/wiki/Belltower.News" title="Belltower.News">Belltower.News</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/die-gruenen-braunen-rechtsextremismus-im-umweltschutz0867">the original</a> on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belltower.News&rft.atitle=Die+gr%C3%BCnen+Braunen+%E2%80%93+Rechtsextremismus+im+Umweltschutz&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netz-gegen-nazis.de%2Fartikel%2Fdie-gruenen-braunen-rechtsextremismus-im-umweltschutz0867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOltermann2020" class="citation news cs1">Oltermann, Philip (28 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308101254/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/german-far-right-infiltrates-green-groups-with-call-to-protect-the-land">"German far right infiltrates green groups with call to protect the land"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/german-far-right-infiltrates-green-groups-with-call-to-protect-the-land">the original</a> on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=German+far+right+infiltrates+green+groups+with+call+to+protect+the+land&rft.date=2020-06-28&rft.aulast=Oltermann&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjun%2F28%2Fgerman-far-right-infiltrates-green-groups-with-call-to-protect-the-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOltermann2020" class="citation news cs1">Oltermann, Philip (28 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601154726/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/german-far-right-infiltrates-green-groups-with-call-to-protect-the-land">"German far right infiltrates green groups with call to protect the land"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/german-far-right-infiltrates-green-groups-with-call-to-protect-the-land">the original</a> on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=German+far+right+infiltrates+green+groups+with+call+to+protect+the+land&rft.date=2020-06-28&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Oltermann&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjun%2F28%2Fgerman-far-right-infiltrates-green-groups-with-call-to-protect-the-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holly-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holly_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holly_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolly2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holly, Leon (19 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240720123127/https://taz.de/Neurechtes-Magazin-Die-Kehre/!6003015/">"Make Ökos rechts again?"</a> [Make "Eco" Right Again?]. <a href="/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung" title="Die Tageszeitung">Die Tageszeitung</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taz.de/Neurechtes-Magazin-Die-Kehre/!6003015/">the original</a> on 20 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Tageszeitung&rft.atitle=Make+%C3%96kos+rechts+again%3F&rft.date=2024-04-19&rft.aulast=Holly&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaz.de%2FNeurechtes-Magazin-Die-Kehre%2F%216003015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collegium_Humanum_Collegium_2006-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Collegium_Humanum_Collegium_2006_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aida-archiv.de/2008/05/14/pdf-download-collegium-humanum-von-der-ns-reichsleitung-zum-zentrum-der-holocaustleugner/">Collegium Humanum: Von der NS-Reichsleitung zum Zentrum der Holocaustleugner</a> [Collegium Humanum: From the Nazi Reichsleitung to the center of the Holocaust deniers] (in German). 2006. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collegium+Humanum%3A+Von+der+NS-Reichsleitung+zum+Zentrum+der+Holocaustleugner&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aida-archiv.de%2F2008%2F05%2F14%2Fpdf-download-collegium-humanum-von-der-ns-reichsleitung-zum-zentrum-der-holocaustleugner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collegium_Humanum_PM_Verbot-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Collegium_Humanum_PM_Verbot_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/politik/article1972494/Schaeuble-verbietet-rechtsextreme-Organisationen.html">"Schäuble verbietet rechtsextreme Organisationen"</a> [Schäuble bans right-wing extremist organizations]. <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> Online (in German). 7 May 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+Online&rft.atitle=Sch%C3%A4uble+verbietet+rechtsextreme+Organisationen&rft.date=2008-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fpolitik%2Farticle1972494%2FSchaeuble-verbietet-rechtsextreme-Organisationen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenninger1996" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benninger, Martin (1996). "Ökofaschismus: Bedrohung oder Schimäre? Über ein neues Schlagwort" [Eco-Fascism: Threat or Chimera? About a new catchphrase]. Criticón (in German). 26: 191–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critic%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=%C3%96kofaschismus%3A+Bedrohung+oder+Schim%C3%A4re%3F+%C3%9Cber+ein+neues+Schlagwort&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Benninger&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDannemann20236-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDannemann20236_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDannemann2023">Dannemann 2023</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVida2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vida, István (2011). "Magyarországi Zöld Párt (MZP)". 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Gondolat Kiadó. pp. 430–432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-693-276-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-693-276-3"><bdi>978-963-693-276-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1gi+Z%C3%B6ld+P%C3%A1rt+%28MZP%29&rft.btitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1gi+politikai+p%C3%A1rtok+lexikona+%281846%E2%80%932010%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E432&rft.pub=Gondolat+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-963-693-276-3&rft.aulast=Vida&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNohlenStöver2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Nohlen, D.</a>; Stöver, P. 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Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consilience%3A+The+Journal+of+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=Eco-Nationalism%3A+A+Historical+Evaluation+of+Nationalist+Praxes+in+Environmentalist+and+Ecologist+Movements&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7916%2Fconsilience.vi23.6226&rft.aulast=Margulies&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.library.columbia.edu%2Findex.php%2Fconsilience%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLubarda2021" class="citation news cs1">Lubarda, Balša (9 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511173719/https://www.resetdoc.org/story/when-ecologism-turns-far-right-the-hungarian-laboratory/">"When Ecologism Turns (Far) Right: the Hungarian Laboratory"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.resetdoc.org/story/when-ecologism-turns-far-right-the-hungarian-laboratory/">the original</a> on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=When+Ecologism+Turns+%28Far%29+Right%3A+the+Hungarian+Laboratory&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft.aulast=Lubarda&rft.aufirst=Bal%C5%A1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.resetdoc.org%2Fstory%2Fwhen-ecologism-turns-far-right-the-hungarian-laboratory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhattySundar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bhatty, Kiran; Sundar, Nandini (17 September 2020). "Sliding from majoritarianism toward fascism: Educating India under the Modi regime". <a href="/wiki/International_Sociology" title="International Sociology">International Sociology</a>. 35 (6). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 632–650. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0268580920937226">10.1177/0268580920937226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-5809">0268-5809</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224896271">224896271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Sociology&rft.atitle=Sliding+from+majoritarianism+toward+fascism%3A+Educating+India+under+the+Modi+regime&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E632-%3C%2Fspan%3E650&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224896271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0268-5809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0268580920937226&rft.aulast=Bhatty&rft.aufirst=Kiran&rft.au=Sundar%2C+Nandini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrishnaNoorani2003">Krishna & Noorani 2003</a>, p. 4: "the archival evidence presented by Marzia Casolari conclusively shows how much the proponents of Hindutva admired European fascism; liberally borrowed from it and this influence continues even today"; <a href="#CITEREFLeidig2020">Leidig 2020</a>, pp. 215–237; <a href="#CITEREFBrownMcLeanMcMillan2018">Brown, McLean & McMillan 2018</a>, p. 381; <a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot1999">Jaffrelot 1999</a>, pp. 25–30; <a href="#CITEREFDrèze2020">Drèze 2020</a>, pp. 229–236; <a href="#CITEREFMalikSingh1992">Malik & Singh 1992</a>, pp. 318–336; <a href="#CITEREFSeshia1998">Seshia 1998</a>, pp. 1036–1050; <a href="#CITEREFGillan2002">Gillan 2002</a>, pp. 73–95; <a href="#CITEREFMooreRoberts2022a">Moore & Roberts 2022a</a>, pp. 61–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanji-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kanji_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanji_217-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKanji2023" class="citation news cs1">Kanji, Azeezah (2 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602144022/https://truthout.org/articles/ecofascism-is-a-rising-threat-we-should-take-modis-ascendance-as-a-warning/">"Ecofascism Is a Rising Threat. We Should Take Modi's Ascendance as a Warning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Truthout" title="Truthout">truthout</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://truthout.org/articles/ecofascism-is-a-rising-threat-we-should-take-modis-ascendance-as-a-warning/">the original</a> on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=truthout&rft.atitle=Ecofascism+Is+a+Rising+Threat.+We+Should+Take+Modi%27s+Ascendance+as+a+Warning.&rft.date=2023-06-02&rft.aulast=Kanji&rft.aufirst=Azeezah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftruthout.org%2Farticles%2Fecofascism-is-a-rising-threat-we-should-take-modis-ascendance-as-a-warning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMooreRoberts2022b" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Sam; Roberts, Alex (7 February 2022b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321120517/https://theecologist.org/2022/feb/07/ecofascism-and-indian-nationalism">"Ecofascism and Indian nationalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Ecologist" title="The Ecologist">The Ecologist</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theecologist.org/2022/feb/07/ecofascism-and-indian-nationalism">the original</a> on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ecologist&rft.atitle=Ecofascism+and+Indian+nationalism&rft.date=2022-02-07&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheecologist.org%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F07%2Fecofascism-and-indian-nationalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreRoberts2022a61–64-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreRoberts2022a61–64_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreRoberts2022a61–64_219-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMooreRoberts2022a">Moore & Roberts 2022a</a>, pp. 61–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForchtnerLubarda2020-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForchtnerLubarda2020_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForchtnerLubarda2020">Forchtner & Lubarda 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEror2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eror, Aleks (11 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404193357/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/levijatan-nacionalizam-prava-zivotinja/31697457.html">"Toksična mešavina nacionalizma i prava životinja u Srbiji"</a> [A toxic mixture of nationalism and animal rights in Serbia]. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Slobodna_Evropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Slobodna Evropa">Radio Slobodna Evropa</a> (in Serbo-Croatian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/levijatan-nacionalizam-prava-zivotinja/31697457.html">the original</a> on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Slobodna+Evropa&rft.atitle=Toksi%C4%8Dna+me%C5%A1avina+nacionalizma+i+prava+%C5%BEivotinja+u+Srbiji&rft.date=2022-02-11&rft.aulast=Eror&rft.aufirst=Aleks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slobodnaevropa.org%2Fa%2Flevijatan-nacionalizam-prava-zivotinja%2F31697457.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMulhallKhan-RufBego2021" class="citation book cs1">Mulhall, Joe; Khan-Ruf, Safya; Bego, Fabio (2021). "Spotlight on the Western Balkans: Far-right trends in the region". 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Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=In+%27Far-Right+Ecologism%27%2C+European+Extremists+Pursue+Broader+Appeal&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft.aulast=Djukanovic&rft.aufirst=Vladan&rft.au=Djureinovic%2C+Jelena&rft.au=Momcilovic%2C+Predrag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2020%2F10%2F23%2Fin-far-right-ecologism-european-extremists-pursue-broader-appeal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAskanius2021b" class="citation journal cs1">Askanius, Tina (29 April 2021b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14680777.2021.1916772">"Women in the Nordic Resistance Movement and their online media practices: between internalised misogyny and "embedded feminism""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Media_Studies" title="Feminist Media Studies">Feminist Media Studies</a>. 22 (7): 1763–1780. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14680777.2021.1916772">10.1080/14680777.2021.1916772</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0777">1468-0777</a>. <q>...the Nordic Resistance Movement—a pan-Nordic organisation with chapters in Finland, Denmark, Norway and Iceland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Media+Studies&rft.atitle=Women+in+the+Nordic+Resistance+Movement+and+their+online+media+practices%3A+between+internalised+misogyny+and+%22embedded+feminism%22&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1763-%3C%2Fspan%3E1780&rft.date=2021-04-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14680777.2021.1916772&rft.issn=1468-0777&rft.aulast=Askanius&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14680777.2021.1916772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFontaine2016" class="citation news cs1">Fontaine, Andie Sophia (4 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806160102/https://grapevine.is/news/2016/08/04/swedish-neo-nazis-come-to-iceland-seeking-recruits/">"Swedish Neo-Nazis Come To Iceland, Seeking Recruits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Reykjav%C3%ADk_Grapevine" title="The Reykjavík Grapevine">The Reykjavík Grapevine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grapevine.is/news/2016/08/04/swedish-neo-nazis-come-to-iceland-seeking-recruits/">the original</a> on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2021. <q>...the NRM, which seeks to form a pan-Nordic state...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Reykjav%C3%ADk+Grapevine&rft.atitle=Swedish+Neo-Nazis+Come+To+Iceland%2C+Seeking+Recruits&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft.aulast=Fontaine&rft.aufirst=Andie+Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrapevine.is%2Fnews%2F2016%2F08%2F04%2Fswedish-neo-nazis-come-to-iceland-seeking-recruits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwish2018">Darwish 2018</a>, pp. 27–30; <a href="#CITEREFAskanius2021a">Askanius 2021a</a>, pp. 147–165: "...the neo-Nazi organization the Nordic Resistance Movement in Sweden..."; <a href="#CITEREFReuters_Staff2017">Reuters Staff 2017</a>: "A Finnish court banned neo-Nazi group the Nordic Resistance Movement (PVL) on Thursday..."; <a href="#CITEREFHarkovJoffre2020">Harkov & Joffre 2020</a>: "The Nordic Resistance Movement, a neo-Nazi group, targeted Jews in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland with antisemitic harassment during the week before Yom Kippur."; <a href="#CITEREFSzenes2023">Szenes 2023</a>, p. 6: "the NRM, the largest, most active, and most violent militant neo-Nazi group that operates across the Nordic countries" </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalsbro2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dalsbro, Anders (25 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207232843/https://expo.se/2020/11/ekofascism-blod-jord-och-maskulinitet">"Ekofascism - Blod, jord och maskulinitet"</a> [Ecofascism - Blood, soil and masculinity]. <a href="/wiki/Expo_(magazine)" title="Expo (magazine)">Expo.se</a> (in Swedish). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/staatssekretaer-entschuldigt-sich-fuer-faschismus-vergleich-ld.622687?reduced=true">the original</a> on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neue+Z%C3%BCrcher+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Staatssekret%C3%A4r+entschuldigt+sich+f%C3%BCr+Faschismus-Vergleich&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4fliger&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzz.ch%2Fschweiz%2Fstaatssekretaer-entschuldigt-sich-fuer-faschismus-vergleich-ld.622687%3Freduced%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPepper1996" class="citation book cs1">Pepper, David (1996). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2009/dec/16/bnp-climate-change-denial">the original</a> on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=BNP+document+proves+the+far+right+is+at+home+with+climate+change+denial&rft.date=2009-12-16&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2Fblog%2F2009%2Fdec%2F16%2Fbnp-climate-change-denial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWard2011" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Bob (11 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230214105501/https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/news/british-election-results-show-climate-change-denial-is-not-a-vote-winner/">"British election results show climate change denial is not a vote winner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/news/british-election-results-show-climate-change-denial-is-not-a-vote-winner/">the original</a> on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2021. <q>The BNP Scottish manifesto uses the tactic of linking opposition to wind farms with climate change denial, alleging in its section on 'Global Warming' that "huge expenditures on inefficient wind farms, to the detriment of essential winter services, have cost lives on Scottish roads, and caused the death of thousands of Scottish pensioners from hypothermia".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+election+results+show+climate+change+denial+is+not+a+vote+winner&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fgranthaminstitute%2Fnews%2Fbritish-election-results-show-climate-change-denial-is-not-a-vote-winner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSearchlight_Team2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Searchlight Team (24 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240726201016/https://www.searchlightmagazine.com/2024/02/eco-fascism-a-new-found-concern-for-the-climate-emergency-writes-luke-michael/">"Eco-fascism A new found 'concern' for the climate emergency – writes Luke Michael"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Searchlight_(magazine)" title="Searchlight (magazine)">Searchlight</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.searchlightmagazine.com/2024/02/eco-fascism-a-new-found-concern-for-the-climate-emergency-writes-luke-michael/">the original</a> on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Searchlight&rft.atitle=Eco-fascism+A+new+found+%27concern%27+for+the+climate+emergency+%E2%80%93+writes+Luke+Michael&rft.date=2024-02-24&rft.au=Searchlight+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchlightmagazine.com%2F2024%2F02%2Feco-fascism-a-new-found-concern-for-the-climate-emergency-writes-luke-michael%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briggs-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2021" class="citation news cs1">Duffy, Judith (23 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.scot/news/19322533.independent-green-voice-founder-barred-ukip/">"The Independent Green Voice founder who was barred from UKIP"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Scotland)" title="The National (Scotland)">The National</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826213337/https://www.thenational.scot/news/19322533.independent-green-voice-founder-barred-ukip/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=The+Independent+Green+Voice+founder+who+was+barred+from+UKIP&rft.date=2021-05-23&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.scot%2Fnews%2F19322533.independent-green-voice-founder-barred-ukip%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2021" class="citation web cs1">Briggs, Billy (5 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theferret.scot/independent-green-voice-candidates-include-ex-bnp/">"Alleged Holocaust denier and ex-BNP activists standing for independent 'Green' party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Ferret_(news)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ferret (news)">The Ferret</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826213336/https://theferret.scot/independent-green-voice-candidates-include-ex-bnp/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ferret&rft.atitle=Alleged+Holocaust+denier+and+ex-BNP+activists+standing+for+independent+%27Green%27+party&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Billy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheferret.scot%2Findependent-green-voice-candidates-include-ex-bnp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staudenmaier-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Staudenmaier_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaudenmaier2005" class="citation web cs1">Staudenmaier, Peter (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731174313/http://social-ecology.org/wp/2005/01/ambiguities-of-animal-rights/">"Ambiguities of Animal Rights"</a>. social-ecology.org. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Ecology" title="Institute for Social Ecology">Institute for Social Ecology</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://social-ecology.org/wp/2005/01/ambiguities-of-animal-rights/">the original</a> on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2022. <q>The "Hardline faction grew out of the Straight Edge movement in punk culture, and combines uncompromising veganism with purportedly "pro-life" politics. Hardliners believe in self-purification from various forms of 'pollution': animal products, tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and "deviant" sexual behavior, including abortion, homosexuality, and indeed any sex for pleasure rather than procreation. Their version of animal liberation professes absolute authority based on the "laws of nature".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=social-ecology.org&rft.atitle=Ambiguities+of+Animal+Rights&rft.date=2005-01&rft.aulast=Staudenmaier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocial-ecology.org%2Fwp%2F2005%2F01%2Fambiguities-of-animal-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-White_Mutants-242"><a href="#cite_ref-White_Mutants_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Gabriel (2011). 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Press Record. 13 December 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=CBS+Tonight+News+Segment+on+Hardline+Straight+Edge+in+Salt+Lake+City+UT&rft.date=2015-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Df_FXTgNcUTI%26t%3D173s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCox2023" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Stan (26 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601044218/https://www.resilience.org/stories/2023-04-26/not-a-green-bone-in-their-white-bodies/">"Not a Green Bone in Their White Bodies"</a>. Resilience. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.resilience.org/stories/2023-04-26/not-a-green-bone-in-their-white-bodies/">the original</a> on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resilience&rft.atitle=Not+a+Green+Bone+in+Their+White+Bodies&rft.date=2023-04-26&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Stan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.resilience.org%2Fstories%2F2023-04-26%2Fnot-a-green-bone-in-their-white-bodies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeirichPotok2010" class="citation report cs1">Beirich, Heidi; Potok, Mark (1 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603145316/https://www.splcenter.org/20100630/greenwash-nativists-environmentalism-and-hypocrisy-hate">Greenwash: Nativists, Environmentalism and the Hypocrisy of Hate</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/20100630/greenwash-nativists-environmentalism-and-hypocrisy-hate">the original</a> on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Greenwash%3A+Nativists%2C+Environmentalism+and+the+Hypocrisy+of+Hate&rft.pub=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft.aulast=Beirich&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rft.au=Potok%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2F20100630%2Fgreenwash-nativists-environmentalism-and-hypocrisy-hate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeirich2009" class="citation web cs1">Beirich, Heidi (26 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014153514/http://www.splcenter.org/pdf/static/splc_nativistlobby_022009.pdf">"SPLC: The Nativist Lobby: Three Faces of Intolerance"</a> (PDF). Intelligence Report. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.splcenter.org/pdf/static/splc_nativistlobby_022009.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPLC%3A+The+Nativist+Lobby%3A+Three+Faces+of+Intolerance&rft.pub=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft.aulast=Beirich&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Fpdf%2Fstatic%2Fsplc_nativistlobby_022009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225145707/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead&idno=umich-bhl-861056">"John Tanton's files"</a>. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead&idno=umich-bhl-861056">the original</a> on 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Tanton%27s+files&rft.pub=Bentley+Historical+Library%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ff%2Ffindaid%2Ffindaid-idx%3Fc%3Dbhlead%26idno%3Dumich-bhl-861056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021226123810/https://www.tolerance.org/news/article_hate.jsp?id=557">"The Network"</a>. Hate in the News. Tolerance.org. 18 June 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolerance.org/news/article_hate.jsp?id=557">the original</a> on 26 December 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tolerance.org&rft.atitle=The+Network&rft.date=2002-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolerance.org%2Fnews%2Farticle_hate.jsp%3Fid%3D557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2020278–280-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2020278–280_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2020">Taylor 2020</a>, pp. 278–280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzenes20233–4-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzenes20233–4_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzenes2023">Szenes 2023</a>, pp. 3–4: "The conflation of nature, 'the land of opportunity' for the white race and white supremacy; the myth of 'the frontier' and settler colonialist fascination with an empty 'wilderness' (as if Indigenous peoples had never existed); and a (neo)Malthusian 'fixation' with overpopulation in the developing world15 have all been identified as precursors to the 'modern' ecofascist ideas of the American alt-right." </li> <li id="cite_note-Threat_of_Ecofascism-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Threat_of_Ecofascism_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmerman, Michael E. (Summer 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23557116">"The Threat of Ecofascism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Social_Theory_and_Practice" title="Social Theory and Practice">Social Theory and Practice</a>. 21 (2): 207–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fsoctheorpract199521210">10.5840/soctheorpract199521210</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23557116">23557116</a>. Retrieved 6 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Theory+and+Practice&rft.atitle=The+Threat+of+Ecofascism&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fsoctheorpract199521210&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23557116%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23557116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForchtnerLubarda2020">Forchtner & Lubarda 2020</a>: "As such, it is also a highly loaded term, used both academically and as a slur." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2020-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEd'Allens2020_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFd'Allens2020">d'Allens 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuqMochida2018">Huq & Mochida 2018</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFRichardsJonesBrinn2022">Richards, Jones & Brinn 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFineLove-Nichols2021">Fine & Love-Nichols 2021</a>, p. 308; <a href="#CITEREFKnights2020">Knights 2020</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuiroga2021" class="citation web cs1">Quiroga, Paloma (10 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515001901/https://blogs.wellesley.edu/es39901/2021/05/10/ecofascism-what-it-is-and-what-it-isnt/">"Ecofascism: What It Is and What It Isn't"</a>. Environmental Synthesis and Communication. <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wellesley.edu/es39901/2021/05/10/ecofascism-what-it-is-and-what-it-isnt/">the original</a> on 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Synthesis+and+Communication&rft.atitle=Ecofascism%3A+What+It+Is+and+What+It+Isn%27t&rft.date=2021-05-10&rft.aulast=Quiroga&rft.aufirst=Paloma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wellesley.edu%2Fes39901%2F2021%2F05%2F10%2Fecofascism-what-it-is-and-what-it-isnt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuqMochida20187–9-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuqMochida20187–9_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuqMochida2018">Huq & Mochida 2018</a>, pp. 7–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadelin2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Madelin, Pierre (26 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601082450/https://www.terrestres.org/2020/06/26/la-tentation-eco-fasciste-migrations-et-ecologie/">"La tentation écofasciste : migrations et écologie"</a> [The ecofascist temptation: migrations and ecology]. terrestrials.org (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.terrestres.org/2020/06/26/la-tentation-eco-fasciste-migrations-et-ecologie/">the original</a> on 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=terrestrials.org&rft.atitle=La+tentation+%C3%A9cofasciste+%3A+migrations+et+%C3%A9cologie&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft.aulast=Madelin&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrestres.org%2F2020%2F06%2F26%2Fla-tentation-eco-fasciste-migrations-et-ecologie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAchenbach2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Achenbach" title="Joel Achenbach">Achenbach, Joel</a> (18 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504184310/https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/two-mass-murders-a-world-apart-share-a-common-theme-ecofascism/2019/08/18/0079a676-bec4-11e9-b873-63ace636af08_story.html">"Two mass killings a world apart share a common theme: 'ecofascism': Environmental groups denounce racists who cloak themselves in green"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 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Manak Publications. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7827-067-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7827-067-8"><bdi>978-81-7827-067-8</bdi></a>. <q>the archival evidence presented by Marzia Casolari conclusively shows how much the proponents of Hindutva admired European fascism; liberally borrowed from it and this influence continues even today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+in+India%3A+Faces%2C+Fangs%2C+and+Facts&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Manak+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7827-067-8&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Chaitanya&rft.au=Noorani%2C+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLnEMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeidig2020" class="citation journal cs1">Leidig, Eviane (17 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861">"Hindutva as a variant of right-wing extremism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Patterns_of_Prejudice" title="Patterns of Prejudice">Patterns of Prejudice</a>. 54 (3): 215–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861">10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F84144">10852/84144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-322X">0031-322X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Hindutva+as+a+variant+of+right-wing+extremism&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F84144&rft.issn=0031-322X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861&rft.aulast=Leidig&rft.aufirst=Eviane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0031322X.2020.1759861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLennard2019" class="citation web cs1">Lennard, Natasha (5 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129042203/https://theintercept.com/2019/08/05/el-paso-shooting-eco-fascism-migration/">"The El Paso Shooter Embraced Eco-Fascism. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2019/08/05/el-paso-shooting-eco-fascism-migration/">the original</a> on 29 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=The+El+Paso+Shooter+Embraced+Eco-Fascism.+We+Can%27t+Let+the+Far+Right+Co-Opt+the+Environmental+Struggle.&rft.date=2019-08-05&rft.aulast=Lennard&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2019%2F08%2F05%2Fel-paso-shooting-eco-fascism-migration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynch2022" class="citation thesis cs1">Lynch, Breana (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/wgss-masters-finalprojects/1/">Feminist Critiques of Ecofascist, Nativist Appropriations of Indigeneity since 2016</a> (M.A.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Feminist+Critiques+of+Ecofascist%2C+Nativist+Appropriations+of+Indigeneity+since+2016&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Breana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.library.albany.edu%2Fwgss-masters-finalprojects%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacklin2022" class="citation journal cs1">Macklin, Graham (1 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546553.2022.2069928">"The Extreme Right, Climate Change and Terrorism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence" title="Terrorism and Political Violence">Terrorism and Political Violence</a>. 34 (5): 979–996. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546553.2022.2069928">10.1080/09546553.2022.2069928</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F100988">10852/100988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=The+Extreme+Right%2C+Climate+Change+and+Terrorism&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E979-%3C%2Fspan%3E996&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F100988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546553.2022.2069928&rft.aulast=Macklin&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09546553.2022.2069928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacklinBjørgo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Macklin, Graham; Bjørgo, Tore (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907051824/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2021/issue-3/macklin-and-bjorgo.pdf">"Breivik's Long Shadow? 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Retrieved 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Eco-fascism%3A+The+ideology+marrying+environmentalism+and+white+supremacy+thriving+online&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft.aulast=Manavis&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fscience-tech%2Fsocial-media%2F2018%2F09%2Feco-fascism-ideology-marrying-environmentalism-and-white-supremacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMolloy2022" class="citation web cs1">Molloy, Joshua (2 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610075413/https://gnet-research.org/2022/11/02/understanding-eco-fascism-a-thematic-analysis-of-the-eco-fascist-subculture-on-telegram/">"Understanding Eco-Fascism: A Thematic Analysis of the Eco-Fascist Subculture on Telegram"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Network+on+Extremism+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Understanding+Eco-Fascism%3A+A+Thematic+Analysis+of+the+Eco-Fascist+Subculture+on+Telegram&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft.aulast=Molloy&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgnet-research.org%2F2022%2F11%2F02%2Funderstanding-eco-fascism-a-thematic-analysis-of-the-eco-fascist-subculture-on-telegram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMooreRoberts2022a" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Sam; Roberts, Alex (2022a). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02633957221075323">the original</a> on 6 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics&rft.atitle=Eco-socialism+will+be+anti-eugenic+or+it+will+be+nothing%3A+Towards+equal+exchange+and+the+end+of+population&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0263395722107532&rft.aulast=Tilley&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Ajl%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F02633957221075323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tucker" title="Jeffrey Tucker">Tucker, Jeffrey A.</a> (17 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030126/https://www.aier.org/article/the-founding-father-of-eco-fascism/">"The Founding Father of Eco-Fascism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_for_Economic_Research" title="American Institute for Economic Research">American Institute for Economic Research</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aier.org/article/the-founding-father-of-eco-fascism/">the original</a> on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Founding+Father+of+Eco-Fascism&rft.pub=American+Institute+for+Economic+Research&rft.date=2019-03-17&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aier.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-founding-father-of-eco-fascism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTynan2023" class="citation book cs1">Tynan, Aidan (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/161382/">"Sum deorc wyrd gathers: Dark Ecology, Brexit Ecocriticism, and the Far Right"</a>. In Parham, John (ed.). 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Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Eco-fascism%3A+The+greenwashing+of+the+far+right&rft.date=2022-05-19&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fwhat-is-eco-fascism-the-greenwashing-of-the-far-right-terrorism-climate-change-buffalo-shooter%2Fa-61867605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeissmann2019" class="citation web cs1">Weissmann, Jordan (15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731142855/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/03/what-the-christchurch-attackers-manifesto-tells-us.html">"What the Christchurch Killer's Manifesto Tells Us"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. 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Retrieved 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=What+the+Christchurch+Killer%27s+Manifesto+Tells+Us&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.aulast=Weissmann&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2019%2F03%2Fwhat-the-christchurch-attackers-manifesto-tells-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeymouth2021" class="citation web cs1">Weymouth, Adam (21 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729155642/https://lacuna.org.uk/environment/ecofascism-the-dark-side-of-environmentalism/">"Ecofascism: The dark side of environmentalism"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 December 2021. <q>Madison Grant, the prominent US conservationist, who was instrumental in the creation of the first national parks, wrote a book called The Passing of the Great Race which Hitler described as his "bible."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecofascism%3A+The+dark+side+of+environmentalism&rft.date=2021-04-21&rft.aulast=Weymouth&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flacuna.org.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fecofascism-the-dark-side-of-environmentalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2019" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Jason (19 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602031257/https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2019/mar/20/eco-fascism-is-undergoing-a-revival-in-the-fetid-culture-of-the-extreme-right">"Eco-fascism is undergoing a revival in the fetid culture of the extreme right"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2019/mar/20/eco-fascism-is-undergoing-a-revival-in-the-fetid-culture-of-the-extreme-right">the original</a> on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eco-fascism+is+undergoing+a+revival+in+the+fetid+culture+of+the+extreme+right&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Fcommentisfree%2F2019%2Fmar%2F20%2Feco-fascism-is-undergoing-a-revival-in-the-fetid-culture-of-the-extreme-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2020" class="citation web cs1">Wilkinson, Ruth (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526164933/https://www.globaljustice.org.uk/blog/2020/04/humanity-isnt-disease-ecofascism/">"Humanity isn't a disease – but ecofascism is"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Justice_Now" title="Global Justice Now">Global Justice Now</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globaljustice.org.uk/blog/2020/04/humanity-isnt-disease-ecofascism/">the original</a> on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Justice+Now&rft.atitle=Humanity+isn%27t+a+disease+%E2%80%93+but+ecofascism+is&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaljustice.org.uk%2Fblog%2F2020%2F04%2Fhumanity-isnt-disease-ecofascism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYakushkoDe_Francisco2022" class="citation book cs1">Yakushko, Oksana; De Francisco, Alysia (2022). "The (Re) Emergence of Eco-Fascism: A History of White-Nationalism And Xenophobic Scapegoating". In Akande, Adebowale (ed.). Handbook of Racism, Xenophobia, and Populism: All Forms of Discrimination in the United States and Around the Globe. Springer. pp. 457–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-13559-0">10.1007/978-3-031-13559-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-13559-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-13559-0"><bdi>978-3-031-13559-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254485853">254485853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%28Re%29+Emergence+of+Eco-Fascism%3A+A+History+of+White-Nationalism+And+Xenophobic+Scapegoating&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Racism%2C+Xenophobia%2C+and+Populism%3A+All+Forms+of+Discrimination+in+the+United+States+and+Around+the+Globe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E480&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254485853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-13559-0&rft.isbn=978-3-031-13559-0&rft.aulast=Yakushko&rft.aufirst=Oksana&rft.au=De+Francisco%2C+Alysia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Zimmerman" title="Michael E. Zimmerman">Zimmerman, Michael E.</a> (4 June 2004). "Ecofascism: An Enduring Temptation". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Zimmerman" title="Michael E. Zimmerman">Zimmerman, Michael E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/J._Baird_Callicott" title="J. Baird Callicott">Callicott, J. Baird</a>; Clark, John; <a href="/wiki/Karen_J._Warren" title="Karen J. Warren">Warren, Karen J.</a>; Klaver, Irene J. (eds.). Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology (4 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131126954" title="Special:BookSources/978-0131126954"><bdi>978-0131126954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecofascism%3A+An+Enduring+Temptation&rft.btitle=Environmental+Philosophy%3A+From+Animal+Rights+to+Radical+Ecology&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2004-06-04&rft.isbn=978-0131126954&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Zimmerman" title="Michael E. Zimmerman">Zimmerman, Michael E.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152716/https://books.google.com/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ&q=ecofascism">"Ecofascism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bron_Taylor" title="Bron Taylor">Taylor, Bron R.</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. Vol. 1. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum</a>. pp. 531–532. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44-112278-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44-112278-0"><bdi>978-1-44-112278-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ&q=ecofascism">the original</a> on 20 April 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecofascism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Nature&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E531-%3C%2Fspan%3E532&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-44-112278-0&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4mvAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Decofascism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryantFarrell2024" class="citation journal cs1">Bryant, Jesse Callahan; Farrell, Justin (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-083023-035225">"Conservatism, the Far Right, and the Environment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Sociology" title="Annual Review of Sociology">Annual Review of Sociology</a>. 50: 273–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-083023-035225">10.1146/annurev-soc-083023-035225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Conservatism%2C+the+Far+Right%2C+and+the+Environment&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-083023-035225&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Jesse+Callahan&rft.au=Farrell%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-soc-083023-035225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecofascism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrzeminski2019" class="citation web cs1">Krzeminski, Jessica (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203061951/https://edgeeffects.net/ecofascism/">"Whose Utopia? American Ecofascism Since the 1880s"</a>. Edge Effects. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edgeeffects.net/ecofascism/">the original</a> on 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edge+Effects&rft.atitle=Whose+Utopia%3F+American+Ecofascism+Since+the+1880s&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.aulast=Krzeminski&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedgeeffects.net%2Fecofascism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2022" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Natasha (29 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108153933/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/sciencefriction/ecofascism-extremism-far-right-enviromentalism-climate-crisis/13993080">"Ecofascism – are far-right extremists the new environmentalists?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/sciencefriction/ecofascism-extremism-far-right-enviromentalism-climate-crisis/13993080">the original</a> on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=Ecofascism+%E2%80%93+are+far-right+extremists+the+new+environmentalists%3F&rft.date=2022-07-29&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Flisten%2Fprograms%2Fsciencefriction%2Fecofascism-extremism-far-right-enviromentalism-climate-crisis%2F13993080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWall" class="citation web cs1">Wall, Derek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130032401/https://www.redpepper.org.uk/darker-shades-of-green/">"Darker shades of Green"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Red_Pepper_(magazine)" title="Red Pepper (magazine)">Red Pepper</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redpepper.org.uk/darker-shades-of-green/">the original</a> on 30 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Red+Pepper&rft.atitle=Darker+shades+of+Green&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redpepper.org.uk%2Fdarker-shades-of-green%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite2010" class="citation news cs1">White, Micah (16 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031031027/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cif-green/2010/sep/16/authoritarianism-ecofascism-alternative">"An alternative to the new wave of ecofascism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cif-green/2010/sep/16/authoritarianism-ecofascism-alternative">the original</a> on 31 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=An+alternative+to+the+new+wave+of+ecofascism&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Micah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fcif-green%2F2010%2Fsep%2F16%2Fauthoritarianism-ecofascism-alternative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcofascism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Green_politics186" style="border: 4px double #00DD00; border-spacing:0.2em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Green_politics" title="Template:Green politics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#f9e301">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Green_politics" title="Template talk:Green politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#f9e301">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Green_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Green politics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#f9e301">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Green_politics186" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_party" title="Green party">Green party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_green_politics" title="Outline of green politics">List of topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics of climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Four pillars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecological wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_globalization" title="Criticisms of globalization">Criticisms of globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty hands">Dirty hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_ecology" title="Queer ecology">Queer ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Greens_Federation" title="Asia Pacific Greens Federation">Asia Pacific Greens Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Green_Parties_of_Africa" title="Federation of Green Parties of Africa">Federation of Green Parties of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Green_Parties_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas">Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Young_European_Greens" title="Federation of Young European Greens">Federation of Young European Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Greens" title="Global Greens">Global Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Young_Greens" title="Global Young Greens">Global Young Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ecological_Parties" title="World Ecological Parties">World Ecological Parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend" title="Carbon fee and dividend">Carbon fee and dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_target" title="Climate target">Climate target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Corporate political activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-tariff" title="Eco-tariff">Eco-tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of agriculture">effects of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">effects of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform" title="Environmental pricing reform">pricing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">in music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_industrial_policy" title="Green industrial policy">industrial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_job" title="Green job">job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_retrofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Green retrofit">retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Eckersley#The_Green_State" title="Robyn Eckersley">state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_theory" title="Green theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">washing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li>List of environmental incidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Water conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population682" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-75687f9f4b-cnm9b","wgBackendResponseTime":496,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.647","walltime":"4.137","ppvisitednodes":{"value":27035,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":801175,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":42881,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":874685,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3414.941 1 -total"," 32.72% 1117.503 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.67% 535.184 159 Template:Sfn"," 12.92% 441.166 68 Template:Cite_news"," 9.23% 315.044 52 Template:Cite_web"," 9.16% 312.772 40 Template:Cite_book"," 7.72% 263.565 43 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.76% 162.541 19 Template:Lang"," 4.40% 150.407 138 Template:Harvnb"," 4.39% 149.969 3 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.363","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27677815,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAchenbach2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdler-Bell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllison2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmend2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnantharaman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnwar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArangoBogel-BurroughsBenner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmierovon_Hardenberg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAronoff2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArvin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAskanius2021a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAskanius2021b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeirich2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeirichPotok2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenninger1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattySundar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiehlStaudenmaier1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiss2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumenfeld2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBookchin1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownMcLeanMcMillan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryantFarrell2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrüggemeierCiocZeller2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampion2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampionPhillips2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarless2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCawoodVuuren2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalecki2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnolly2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorcione2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahl2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalsbro2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDannemann2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarby2019a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarby2019b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarian-Smith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarwish2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarwish2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDearden2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDidion1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDitfurth1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDjukanovicDjureinovicMomcilovic2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrèze2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyettThomas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarthworks2022a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarthworks2022b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEror2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell-MolloyMacklin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernándezHart2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFineLove-Nichols2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisherAchenbach2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlipo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontaine2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForchtner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForchtnerLubarda2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForchtnerLubarda2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarric2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGartenstein-RossChace-DonahuPlant2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorz1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuenther2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuidi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHafez2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanrahan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarju2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarkovJoffre2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickman2009a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickman2009b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoff2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolly2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughesJonesAmarasingam2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuqMochida2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussein2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHäfliger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHämäläinen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJahnWehling1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaatiCohenSarneckiFernquist2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaczynski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamelLamoureuxMakuch2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanji2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarvinen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitch2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnights2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoziol2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKriebernegg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnaNoorani2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrzeminski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamoureux2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLee2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeidig2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLennard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisCowell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinkola2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubarda2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubarda2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacklin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacklinBjørgo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadelin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalikSingh1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManavis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargulies2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolloy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreRoberts2022a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreRoberts2022b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulhallKhan-RufBego2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaujoks2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaustdalslid2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoack2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNohlenStöver2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNæss1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neill2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOksa2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOltermann2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOrton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearse2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepper1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhelan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotok2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPracon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProtopapadakis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProtopapadakis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurdy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuiroga2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuters_Staff2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardsJonesBrinn2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossBevensee2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRueda2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakai2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaltmarsh2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSargent2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearchlight_Team2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeshia1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShajkovci2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiroOzugMorell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShifflett2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkauge-Monsen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmyth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparrow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpiro2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaudHeise2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaudenmaier2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaudenmaier2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaudenmaier2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaudenmaier2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvahn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzenes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzenes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaguieff2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaibo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorZimmerman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThayer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasGosink2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonCollins2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTigue2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTilleyAjl2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToulouseZimmerman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTynan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVida2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeissmann2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeymouth2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYakushkoDe_Francisco2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;Allens2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;Allens2022a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;Allens2022b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Gerven_Oei2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÜzeltüzenci2020\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About-distinguish-text\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 67,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 52,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand language\"] = 1,\n [\"Fascism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Green politics\"] = 1,\n [\"Green politics sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 138,\n [\"Ill\"] = 11,\n [\"Lang\"] = 19,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Neo-fascism\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Population\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 159,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Undue weight inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","16.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","14.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","320","12.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","8.0"],["type","100","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","4.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.0"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","80","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","2.4"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","60","2.4"],["[others]","700","28.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.eqiad.main-79868dc866-ttmst","timestamp":"20250323180820","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ecofascism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecofascism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1510591","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1510591","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-19T16:01:29Z","dateModified":"2025-03-20T11:15:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ec\/Eagle_with_fasces.svg","headline":"theoretical political model in which a totalitarian government would require individuals to sacrifice their own interests to the environment"}</script> </body> </html>