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id="toc-IOC_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IOC_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 IOC members </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-IOC_members-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle IOC members subsection </button> <ul id="toc-IOC_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cessation_of_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cessation_of_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cessation of membership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cessation_of_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_federations_recognized_by_IOC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_federations_recognized_by_IOC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Sports federations recognized by IOC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_federations_recognized_by_IOC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olympic_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympic_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Olympic marketing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Olympic_marketing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Olympic marketing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Olympic_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Revenue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizing_Committees_for_the_Olympic_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizing_Committees_for_the_Olympic_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizing_Committees_for_the_Olympic_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Olympic_Committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Olympic_Committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 National Olympic Committees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Olympic_Committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Olympic_Sports_Federations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Olympic_Sports_Federations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 International Olympic Sports Federations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Olympic_Sports_Federations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Other organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Environmental concerns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental concerns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IOC_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IOC_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 IOC approaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IOC_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venue_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venue_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Venue construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venue_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_on_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Effects on air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beijing_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beijing_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1.1 Beijing Olympics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beijing_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_soil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_soil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Effects on soil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_soil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.3 Effects on water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_incidences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_incidences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Reception and incidences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_and_incidences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception and incidences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_incidences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amateurism_and_professionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateurism_and_professionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Amateurism and professionalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateurism_and_professionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bid_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bid_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Bid controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bid_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1976_Winter_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976_Winter_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 1976 Winter Olympics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976_Winter_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1998_Winter_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1998_Winter_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 1998 Winter Olympics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1998_Winter_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002_Winter_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002_Winter_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3 2002 Winter Olympics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002_Winter_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_Summer_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Summer_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.4 2008 Summer Olympics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Summer_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_and_2020_Summer_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_and_2020_Summer_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.5 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_and_2020_Summer_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Winter_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Winter_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.6 2022 Winter Olympics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Winter_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_verification_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_verification_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Sex verification controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_verification_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London_2012_and_the_Munich_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_2012_and_the_Munich_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 London 2012 and the Munich massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_2012_and_the_Munich_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wrestling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wrestling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Wrestling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wrestling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_doping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_doping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Russian doping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_doping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_plebiscite_in_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_plebiscite_in_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 2018 plebiscite in Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_plebiscite_in_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peng_Shuai_disappearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peng_Shuai_disappearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Peng Shuai disappearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peng_Shuai_disappearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fencing_handshaking_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fencing_handshaking_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9 Fencing handshaking controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fencing_handshaking_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10 Russian invasion of Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.11 Israel at the 2024 Summer Olympics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_WADA_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_WADA_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.12 2024 WADA scandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_WADA_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IOC_Executive_Board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IOC_Executive_Board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 IOC Executive Board </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IOC_Executive_Board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IOC_Commissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IOC_Commissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 IOC Commissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IOC_Commissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Olympic_Partner_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Olympic_Partner_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 The Olympic Partner programme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Olympic_Partner_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">International Olympic Committee</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" > 98 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasionale_Olimpiese_Komitee" title="Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationales_Olympisches_Komitee" title="Internationales Olympisches Komitee – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Internationales Olympisches Komitee" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللجنة الأولمبية الدولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللجنة الأولمبية الدولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A2t_ent%C3%A8rnacion%C3%A2l_olimpico" title="Comitât entèrnacionâl olimpico – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Comitât entèrnacionâl olimpico" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Ol%C3%ADmpicu_Internacional" title="Comité Olímpicu Internacional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comité Olímpicu Internacional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91embosaraipav%E1%BA%BD_Atykatuete_Hetatet%C3%A3gua" title="Ñembosaraipavẽ Atykatuete Hetatetãgua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñembosaraipavẽ Atykatuete Hetatetãgua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyn%C9%99lxalq_Olimpiya_Komit%C9%99si" title="Beynəlxalq Olimpiya Komitəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beynəlxalq Olimpiya Komitəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="আন্তর্জাতিক অলিম্পিক কমিটি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তর্জাতিক অলিম্পিক কমিটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalis_Ulimpiada_Antarabangsa" title="Majalis Ulimpiada Antarabangsa – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Majalis Ulimpiada Antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOC" title="IOC – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="IOC" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Халыҡ-ара олимпия комитеты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Халыҡ-ара олимпия комитеты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Міжнародны алімпійскі камітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міжнародны алімпійскі камітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Міжнародны алімпійскі камітэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міжнародны алімпійскі камітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasyunal_na_Olimpikong_Komite" title="Internasyunal na Olimpikong Komite – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Internasyunal na Olimpikong Komite" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Международен олимпийски комитет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международен олимпийски комитет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_olimpijski_komitet" title="Međunarodni olimpijski komitet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Međunarodni olimpijski komitet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poellgor_Olimpek_Etrebroadel" title="Poellgor Olimpek Etrebroadel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poellgor Olimpek Etrebroadel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A8_Ol%C3%ADmpic_Internacional" title="Comitè Olímpic Internacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comitè Olímpic Internacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%C4%95" title="Тĕнчери олимп комитечĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕнчери олимп комитечĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_olympijsk%C3%BD_v%C3%BDbor" title="Mezinárodní olympijský výbor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní olympijský výbor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Pwyllgor_Olympaidd_Rhyngwladol" title="Y Pwyllgor Olympaidd Rhyngwladol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Pwyllgor Olympaidd Rhyngwladol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Internationale_Olympiske_Komit%C3%A9" title="Den Internationale Olympiske Komité – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Internationale Olympiske Komité" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationales_Olympisches_Komitee" title="Internationales Olympisches Komitee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationales Olympisches Komitee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_Ol%C3%BCmpiakomitee" title="Rahvusvaheline Olümpiakomitee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusvaheline Olümpiakomitee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%9F%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AE" title="Διεθνής Ολυμπιακή Επιτροπή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνής Ολυμπιακή Επιτροπή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Ol%C3%ADmpico_Internacional" title="Comité Olímpico Internacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comité Olímpico Internacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacia_Olimpika_Komitato" title="Internacia Olimpika Komitato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internacia Olimpika Komitato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioarteko_Olinpiar_Batzordea" title="Nazioarteko Olinpiar Batzordea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazioarteko Olinpiar Batzordea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کمیته بین‌المللی المپیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمیته بین‌المللی المپیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_international_olympique" title="Comité international olympique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comité international olympique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Ol%C3%ADmpico_Internacional" title="Comité Olímpico Internacional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comité Olímpico Internacional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD_%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C" title="국제 올림픽 위원회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 올림픽 위원회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5" title="Միջազգային օլիմպիական կոմիտե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջազգային օլիմպիական կոմիտե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="अन्तरराष्ट्रीय ओलम्पिक समिति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तरराष्ट्रीय ओलम्पिक समिति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_olimpijski_odbor" title="Međunarodni olimpijski odbor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međunarodni olimpijski odbor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internaciona_Olimpiala_Komitato" title="Internaciona Olimpiala Komitato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Internaciona Olimpiala Komitato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komite_Olimpiade_Internasional" title="Komite Olimpiade Internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komite Olimpiade Internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olimpic_Comit%C3%A9" title="International Olimpic Comité – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="International Olimpic Comité" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0a%C3%B3lymp%C3%ADunefndin" title="Alþjóðaólympíunefndin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alþjóðaólympíunefndin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitato_Olimpico_Internazionale" title="Comitato Olimpico Internazionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comitato Olimpico Internazionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="הוועד האולימפי הבין-לאומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוועד האולימפי הבין-לאומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komite_Olimpiade_Internasional" title="Komite Olimpiade Internasional – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Komite Olimpiade Internasional" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="საერთაშორისო ოლიმპიური კომიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საერთაშორისო ოლიმპიური კომიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Халықаралық Олимпиада комитеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Халықаралық Олимпиада комитеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamati_ya_Kimataifa_ya_Olimpiki" title="Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Olimpiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Olimpiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumit%C3%A9_Olimpich_Internazionel" title="Cumité Olimpich Internazionel – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cumité Olimpich Internazionel" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautisk%C4%81_Olimpisk%C4%81_komiteja" title="Starptautiskā Olimpiskā komiteja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskā Olimpiskā komiteja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautinis_olimpinis_komitetas" title="Tarptautinis olimpinis komitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautinis olimpinis komitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_Olimpiai_Bizotts%C3%A1g" title="Nemzetközi Olimpiai Bizottság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközi Olimpiai Bizottság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ओलम्पिक समिति – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ओलम्पिक समिति" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Меѓународен олимписки комитет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓународен олимписки комитет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ഒളിമ്പിക് കമ്മിറ്റി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ഒളിമ്പിക് കമ്മിറ്റി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय ऑलिंपिक समिती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय ऑलिंपिक समिती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ერეფოშქაშე ოლიმპიური კომიტეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერეფოშქაშე ოლიმპიური კომიტეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اللجنه الاوليمبيه الدوليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اللجنه الاوليمبيه الدوليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawatankuasa_Olimpik_Antarabangsa" title="Jawatankuasa Olimpik Antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jawatankuasa Olimpik Antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komite_Olimpiade_Internasional" title="Komite Olimpiade Internasional – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Komite Olimpiade Internasional" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Олон Улсын Олимпын Хороо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олон Улсын Олимпын Хороо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%80%95%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE" title="အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ အိုလံပစ်ကော်မတီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ အိုလံပစ်ကော်မတီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaal_Olympisch_Comit%C3%A9" title="Internationaal Olympisch Comité – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internationaal Olympisch Comité" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%9A" title="国際オリンピック委員会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際オリンピック委員会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumitato_Nternazziunale_Olimpico" title="Cumitato Nternazziunale Olimpico – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cumitato Nternazziunale Olimpico" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_internasjonale_olympiske_komit%C3%A9" title="Den internasjonale olympiske komité – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den internasjonale olympiske komité" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_internasjonale_olympiske_komit%C3%A9en" title="Den internasjonale olympiske komitéen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den internasjonale olympiske komitéen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitat_Internacional_Olimpic" title="Comitat Internacional Olimpic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Comitat Internacional Olimpic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqaro_Olimpiya_Qo%CA%BBmitasi" title="Xalqaro Olimpiya Qoʻmitasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xalqaro Olimpiya Qoʻmitasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਅੰਤਰਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਓਲੰਪਿਕ ਕਮੇਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਤਰਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਓਲੰਪਿਕ ਕਮੇਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comite_Olimpico_Internacional" title="Comite Olimpico Internacional – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Comite Olimpico Internacional" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%88%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7" title="គណៈកម្មាធិការអូឡាំពិកអន្តរជាតិ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គណៈកម្មាធិការអូឡាំពិកអន្តរជាតិ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowy_Komitet_Olimpijski" title="Międzynarodowy Komitet Olimpijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Międzynarodowy Komitet Olimpijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Ol%C3%ADmpico_Internacional" title="Comité Olímpico Internacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comité Olímpico Internacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitetul_Olimpic_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Comitetul Olimpic Internațional – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comitetul Olimpic Internațional" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Международный олимпийский комитет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международный олимпийский комитет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аан дойду Олимпия хамытыата – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аан дойду Олимпия хамытыата" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiteti_Olimpik_Nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtar" title="Komiteti Olimpik Ndërkombëtar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Komiteti Olimpik Ndërkombëtar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="ජාත්‍යන්තර ඔලිම්පික් කමිටුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජාත්‍යන්තර ඔලිම්පික් කමිටුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="International Olympic Committee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%BD_olympijsk%C3%BD_v%C3%BDbor" title="Medzinárodný olympijský výbor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medzinárodný olympijský výbor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mednarodni_olimpijski_komite" title="Mednarodni olimpijski komite – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mednarodni olimpijski komite" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="لیژنەی ئۆڵۆمپیادی نێودەوڵەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیژنەی ئۆڵۆمپیادی نێودەوڵەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Међународни олимпијски комитет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међународни олимпијски комитет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_olimpijski_odbor" title="Međunarodni olimpijski odbor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međunarodni olimpijski odbor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansainv%C3%A4linen_olympiakomitea" title="Kansainvälinen olympiakomitea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansainvälinen olympiakomitea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationella_olympiska_kommitt%C3%A9n" title="Internationella olympiska kommittén – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internationella olympiska kommittén" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Lupong_Olimpiko" title="Pandaigdigang Lupong Olimpiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pandaigdigang Lupong Olimpiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81" title="பன்னாட்டு ஒலிம்பிக் குழு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னாட்டு ஒலிம்பிக் குழு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmilt_Tulempayt_Tagre%C9%A3lant" title="Tasmilt Tulempayt Tagreɣlant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasmilt Tulempayt Tagreɣlant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5" title="คณะกรรมการโอลิมปิกสากล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณะกรรมการโอลิมปิกสากล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Olimpiyat_Komitesi" title="Uluslararası Olimpiyat Komitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası Olimpiyat Komitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Міжнародний олімпійський комітет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжнародний олімпійський комітет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li 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encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=IOC&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="IOC">IOC</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Governing body of Olympic sports</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"IOC" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/IOC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="IOC (disambiguation)">IOC (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">International Olympic Committee</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Comité international olympique (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Olympic_Committee_logo_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/International_Olympic_Committee_logo_2021.svg/220px-International_Olympic_Committee_logo_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/International_Olympic_Committee_logo_2021.svg/330px-International_Olympic_Committee_logo_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/International_Olympic_Committee_logo_2021.svg/440px-International_Olympic_Committee_logo_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="118" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_CIO_2020_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Si%C3%A8ge_CIO_2020_%281%29.jpg/250px-Si%C3%A8ge_CIO_2020_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Si%C3%A8ge_CIO_2020_%281%29.jpg/375px-Si%C3%A8ge_CIO_2020_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Si%C3%A8ge_CIO_2020_%281%29.jpg/500px-Si%C3%A8ge_CIO_2020_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">IOC headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">IOC (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>), CIO (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">23 June 1894; 130 years ago (1894-06-23)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Pierre de Coubertin</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Vikelas" title="Demetrios Vikelas">Demetrios Vikelas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Sports federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_association" title="Swiss association">association organised under the laws of the Swiss Confederation</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Olympic House, <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data">111 active members, 38 honorary members, 206 individual National Olympic Committees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (reference language), <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and the host country's language when necessary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_International_Olympic_Committee" title="President of the International Olympic Committee">President</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bach" title="Thomas Bach">Thomas Bach</a><a href="#cite_note-olympic1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Vice Presidents</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Hoevertsz" title="Nicole Hoevertsz">Nicole Hoevertsz</a><a href="#cite_note-olympic1-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_Salisachs" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch Salisachs">Juan Antonio Samaranch Salisachs</a> <a href="/wiki/Nawal_El_Moutawakel" title="Nawal El Moutawakel">Nawal El Moutawakel</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Werthein" title="Gerardo Werthein">Gerardo Werthein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director General</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_De_Kepper" title="Christophe De Kepper">Christophe De Kepper</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/ioc">olympics.com/ioc</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40970#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Anthem">Olympic Anthem</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="174" data-mwtitle="Olympic_Anthem_IOC.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Olympic_Anthem_IOC.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Olympic_Anthem_IOC.ogg/Olympic_Anthem_IOC.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Motto: <a href="/wiki/Citius,_Altius,_Fortius_(Olympic_motto)" class="mw-redirect" title="Citius, Altius, Fortius (Olympic motto)">Citius, Altius, Fortius – Communiter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: Faster, Higher, Stronger – Together)</td></tr></tbody></table> The International Olympic Committee (IOC; French: Comité international olympique, CIO) is the international, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">sports governing body</a> of the modern <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>. Founded in 1894 by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Pierre de Coubertin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Vikelas" title="Demetrios Vikelas">Demetrios Vikelas</a>, it is based in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland. The IOC is the authority responsible for organizing the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth</a> Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The IOC also is the governing body of the <a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee" title="National Olympic Committee">National Olympic Committees</a> (NOCs) and of the worldwide Olympic Movement, the IOC's term for all entities and individuals involved in the Olympic Games. As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit">[update]</a>, 206 NOCs officially were recognized by the IOC. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_International_Olympic_Committee" title="President of the International Olympic Committee">IOC president</a> has been <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bach" title="Thomas Bach">Thomas Bach</a> since 2013. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission">edit</a>]</div> Its stated mission is to promote <a href="/wiki/Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympism</a> throughout the world and to lead the Olympic Movement:<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <ul><li>To encourage and support the promotion of ethics and good governance in sport;</li> <li>To support the education of youth through sport;</li> <li>To ensure that the spirit of fair play prevails and violence is avoided;</li> <li>To encourage and support the organization, development, and coordination of sport and sports competitions;</li> <li>To ensure the regular celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>;</li> <li>To cooperate with competent public or private organizations and authorities endeavouring to place sport at the service of humanity and thereby to promote peace;</li> <li>To take action to strengthen the unity, independence, political neutrality, and autonomy of the Olympic Movement;</li> <li>To encourage and support elected representatives of athletes, working with the IOC Athletes' Commission as their official representative;</li> <li>To encourage and support the promotion of women in sport in pursuit of equality between men and women;</li> <li>To protect clean athletes and the integrity of sport, by leading the fight against doping, and by taking action against all forms of manipulation of competitions and related corruption;</li> <li>To encourage and support measures relating to the medical care and health of athletes;</li> <li>To oppose any political or commercial abuse of sport and athletes;</li> <li>To encourage and support the efforts of sports organizations and public authorities to provide for the social and professional future of athletes;</li> <li>To encourage and support the development of sport for all;</li> <li>To encourage and support a responsible concern for environmental issues, to promote sustainable development in sport and to require that the Olympic Games are operated accordingly;</li> <li>To promote a positive legacy from the Olympic Games to the host cities, regions and countries;</li> <li>To encourage and support initiatives blending sport with culture and education;</li> <li>To encourage and support the activities of the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Academy" title="International Olympic Academy">International Olympic Academy</a> ("IOA") and other institutions which dedicate themselves to Olympic education;</li> <li>To promote safe sport and the protection of athletes from all forms of harassment and abuse.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IOC_member_oath">IOC member oath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: IOC member oath">edit</a>]</div> All IOC members must swear to the following: "Honoured to be chosen as a member of the International Olympic Committee, I fully accept all the responsibilities that this office brings: I promise to serve the Olympic Movement to the best of my ability. I will respect the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Charter" title="Olympic Charter">Olympic Charter</a> and accept the decisions of the IOC. I will always act independently of commercial and political interests as well as of any racial or religious consideration. I will fully comply with the IOC Code of Ethics. I promise to fight against all forms of discrimination and dedicate myself in all circumstances to promote the interests of the International Olympic Committee and Olympic Movement." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Olympic_Committee_Headquarters_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/International_Olympic_Committee_Headquarters_%282%29.jpg/220px-International_Olympic_Committee_Headquarters_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/International_Olympic_Committee_Headquarters_%282%29.jpg/330px-International_Olympic_Committee_Headquarters_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/International_Olympic_Committee_Headquarters_%282%29.jpg/440px-International_Olympic_Committee_Headquarters_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5310" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>Current IOC headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouveau_si%C3%A8ge_du_CIO.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nouveau_si%C3%A8ge_du_CIO.JPG/220px-Nouveau_si%C3%A8ge_du_CIO.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nouveau_si%C3%A8ge_du_CIO.JPG/330px-Nouveau_si%C3%A8ge_du_CIO.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nouveau_si%C3%A8ge_du_CIO.JPG/440px-Nouveau_si%C3%A8ge_du_CIO.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5200" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>The main entrance of the former headquarters of the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne</figcaption></figure> The IOC was created by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Pierre de Coubertin</a>, on 23 June 1894 with <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Vikelas" title="Demetrios Vikelas">Demetrios Vikelas</a> as its first president. As of February 2022, its membership consists of 105 active members and 45 honorary members.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The IOC is the supreme authority of the worldwide modern Olympic Movement. The IOC organises the modern <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a> (YOG), held in summer and winter every four years. The first <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece, in <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>; the first <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a> was in <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a>, France, in <a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">1924</a>. The first Summer YOG was in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in <a href="/wiki/2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2010 Summer Youth Olympics">2010</a>, and the first Winter YOG was in <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> in <a href="/wiki/2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2012 Winter Youth Olympics">2012</a>. Until 1992, both the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year. After that year, however, the IOC shifted the Winter Olympics to the even years between Summer Games to help space the planning of the two events from one another, and to improve the financial balance of the IOC, which receives a proportionally greater income in Olympic years. Since 1995, the IOC has worked to address environmental health concerns resulting from hosting the games. In 1995, IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch stated, "the International Olympic Committee is resolved to ensure that the environment becomes the third dimension of the organization of the Olympic Games, the first and second being sport and culture."<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Acting on this statement, in 1996 the IOC added the "environment" as a third pillar to its vision for the Olympic Games.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In 2000, the "Green Olympics" effort was developed by the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Beijing Olympic Games. The Beijing <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a> executed over 160 projects addressing the goals of improved <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>, sustainable energy, improved waste management, and environmental education. These projects included industrial plant relocation or closure, furnace replacement, introduction of new emission standards, and more strict traffic control.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> granted the IOC <a href="/wiki/Observer_status" title="Observer status">Permanent Observer</a> status. The decision enables the IOC to be directly involved in the UN Agenda and to attend UN General Assembly meetings where it can take the floor. In 1993, the General Assembly approved a Resolution to further solidify IOC–UN cooperation by reviving the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Truce" title="Olympic Truce">Olympic Truce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The IOC received approval in November 2015 to construct a new headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Vidy" title="Vidy">Vidy</a>, Lausanne. The cost of the project was estimated to stand at $156m.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The IOC announced on 11 February 2019 that the "Olympic House" would be inaugurated on 23 June 2019 to coincide with its 125th anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Museum" title="Olympic Museum">Olympic Museum</a> remains in <a href="/wiki/Ouchy" title="Ouchy">Ouchy</a>, Lausanne.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Since 2002, the IOC has been involved in several high-profile controversies including taking gifts, its <a href="/wiki/DMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="DMCA">DMCA</a> take down request of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan protest</a> videos, <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Russian doping scandals</a>, and its support of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics</a> despite China's human rights violations documented in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_papers" title="Xinjiang papers">Xinjiang Papers</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Detailed frameworks for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> were prepared for the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang_County" title="Pyeongchang County">PyeongChang, South Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In September 2024, the IOC revealed its list of candidates for the presidency, featuring <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Coe" title="Sebastian Coe">Sebastian Coe</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lappartient" title="David Lappartient">David Lappartient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirsty_Coventry" title="Kirsty Coventry">Kirsty Coventry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_Salisachs" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch Salisachs">Juan Antonio Samaranch Salisachs</a> among the seven contenders. The other candidates included <a href="/wiki/Prince_Faisal_bin_Hussein" title="Prince Faisal bin Hussein">Prince Faisal bin Hussein</a> and the presidents of the international skiing and gymnastics federations, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Eliasch" title="Johan Eliasch">Johan Eliasch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morinari_Watanabe" title="Morinari Watanabe">Morinari Watanabe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_International_Olympic_Committee" title="President of the International Olympic Committee">President of the International Olympic Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Congress" title="Olympic Congress">Olympic Congress</a></div> It is an association under the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Civil_Code" title="Swiss Civil Code">Swiss Civil Code</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_association" title="Swiss association">articles 60–79</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IOC_Session">IOC Session</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: IOC Session">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings" title="List of IOC meetings">List of IOC meetings</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/IOC_Session" class="mw-redirect" title="IOC Session">IOC Session</a> is the general meeting of the members of the IOC, held once a year in which each member has one vote. It is the IOC's supreme organ and its decisions are final. Extraordinary Sessions may be convened by the President or upon the written request of at least one third of the members. Among others, the powers of the Session are: <ul><li>To adopt or amend the Olympic Charter.</li> <li>To elect the members of the IOC, the Honorary President and the honorary members.</li> <li>To elect the President, the vice-presidents and all other members of the IOC Executive Board.</li> <li>To elect the host city of the Olympic Games.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subsidiaries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Olympic Foundation (Lausanne, Switzerland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Refuge_Foundation" title="Olympic Refuge Foundation">Olympic Refuge Foundation</a> (Lausanne, Switzerland)</li> <li>IOC Television and Marketing Services S.A. (Lausanne, Switzerland)</li> <li>The Olympic Partner Programme (Lausanne, Switzerland)</li> <li>Olympic Broadcasting Services S.A. (Lausanne, Switzerland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Broadcasting_Services" title="Olympic Broadcasting Services">Olympic Broadcasting Services S.L.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain)</li> <li>Olympic Channel Services S.A. (Lausanne, Switzerland)</li> <li>Olympic Channel Services S.L. (Madrid, Spain)</li> <li>Olympic Foundation for Culture and Heritage (Lausanne, Switzerland)</li> <li>IOC Heritage Management</li> <li>Olympic Studies Centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Museum" title="Olympic Museum">Olympic Museum</a> (Lausanne, Switzerland)</li> <li>International Programmes for Arts, Culture and Education</li> <li>Olympic Solidarity (Lausanne, Switzerland)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IOC_members">IOC members</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: IOC members">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_International_Olympic_Committee" title="List of members of the International Olympic Committee">List of members of the International Olympic Committee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Meyer_4_Olympia_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Albert_Meyer_4_Olympia_1896.jpg/220px-Albert_Meyer_4_Olympia_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Albert_Meyer_4_Olympia_1896.jpg/330px-Albert_Meyer_4_Olympia_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Albert_Meyer_4_Olympia_1896.jpg/440px-Albert_Meyer_4_Olympia_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>The first IOC, at the <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896 Athens Games</a></figcaption></figure> The number of all serving IOC members may not exceed 115. When named they became IOC members in their respective countries rather than representatives of their respective countries to the IOC. Categories of the IOC members include: <ul><li>Athlete representatives from the <a href="/wiki/IOC_Athletes%27_Commission" title="IOC Athletes' Commission">IOC Athletes' Commission</a> (IOC AC);</li> <li>Representatives from <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">international sports federations</a> (IFs), associations of IFs or other organisations recognised by the IOC;</li> <li>Representatives from <a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee" title="National Olympic Committee">National Olympic Committees</a> (NOCs), or world or continental associations of NOCs;</li> <li>Individual members, whose memberships are not linked to any specific functions in said organizations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cessation_of_membership">Cessation of membership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cessation of membership">edit</a>]</div> Membership ends under the following circumstances:<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <ul><li>Resignation: any IOC member may end their membership at any time by delivering a written resignation to the President.</li> <li>Non re-election: any IOC member ceases to be a member without further formality if they are not re-elected.</li> <li>Age limit: any IOC member ceases to be a member at the end of the calendar year during which they reach the age of 70 or 80. Any member who joined in the 1900s ceases to be a member at age 80 and any member who joined in the 2000s ceases to be a member at age 70.</li> <li>Failure to attend sessions or take active part in IOC work for two consecutive years.</li> <li>Transfer of domicile or of main center of interests to a country other than their country at the time of their election.</li> <li>Members elected as active athletes cease to be a member upon ceasing to be a member of the <a href="/wiki/IOC_Athletes%27_Commission" title="IOC Athletes' Commission">IOC Athletes' Commission</a>.</li> <li>Presidents and individuals holding an executive or senior leadership position within NOCs, world or continental associations of NOCs, IFs or associations of IFs, or other organisations recognised by the IOC cease to be a member upon ceasing to exercise the function they were exercising at the time of their election.</li> <li>Expulsion: an IOC member may be expelled by decision of the session if such member has betrayed their oath or if the Session considers that such member has neglected or knowingly jeopardised the interests of the IOC or acted in a way which is unworthy of the IOC.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_federations_recognized_by_IOC">Sports federations recognized by IOC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sports federations recognized by IOC">edit</a>]</div> IOC recognizes 82 <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">international sports federations</a> (IFs):<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <ul><li>The 33 members of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Summer_Olympic_International_Federations" title="Association of Summer Olympic International Federations">Association of Summer Olympic International Federations</a> (ASOIF).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li>The 7 members of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_International_Olympic_Winter_Sports_Federations" title="Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations">Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations</a> (AIOWF).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li>The 42 members of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_IOC_Recognised_International_Sports_Federations" title="Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations">Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations</a> (ARISF).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honours">edit</a>]</div> IOC awards gold, silver, and bronze medals for the top three competitors in each sporting event. Other honours. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin_Medal" title="Pierre de Coubertin Medal">Pierre de Coubertin Medal</a>: athletes who demonstrate a special spirit of sportsmanship<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Cup" title="Olympic Cup">Olympic Cup</a>: institutions or associations with a record of merit and integrity in developing the Olympic Movement<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Order" title="Olympic Order">Olympic Order</a>: individuals for exceptionally distinguished contributions to the Olympic Movement; superseded the Olympic Certificate<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Laurel" title="Olympic Laurel">Olympic Laurel</a>: individuals who promote education, culture, development, and peace through sport<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_town" title="Olympic town">Olympic town</a> status: towns that have been particularly important for the Olympic Movement</li> <li>Coaches’ Lifetime Achievement Awards</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Olympic_marketing">Olympic marketing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Olympic marketing">edit</a>]</div> During the first half of the 20th century the IOC ran on a small budget.<a href="#cite_note-television-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanonMallon2006ci-26">[26]</a> As IOC president from 1952 to 1972, <a href="/wiki/Avery_Brundage" title="Avery Brundage">Avery Brundage</a> rejected all attempts to link the Olympics with commercial interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper-Chen2005231-27">[27]</a> Brundage believed that corporate interests would unduly impact the IOC's decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper-Chen2005231-27">[27]</a> Brundage's resistance to this revenue stream left IOC organising committees to negotiate their own sponsorship contracts and use the Olympic symbols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper-Chen2005231-27">[27]</a> When Brundage retired the IOC had US$2 million in assets; eight years later coffers had swollen, to US$45 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper-Chen2005231-27">[27]</a> This was primarily due to a shift in ideology toward expansion of the Games through corporate sponsorship and the sale of television rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper-Chen2005231-27">[27]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch">Juan Antonio Samaranch</a> was elected IOC president in 1980 his desire was to make the IOC financially independent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanonMallon2006ci-26">[26]</a> Samaranch appointed Canadian IOC member <a href="/wiki/Dick_Pound" title="Dick Pound">Richard Pound</a> to lead the initiative as Chairman of the "New Sources of Finance Commission". In 1982 the IOC drafted <a href="/wiki/International_Sport_and_Leisure" title="International Sport and Leisure">International Sport and Leisure</a>, a Swiss sports marketing company, to develop a global marketing programme for the Olympic Movement. ISL developed the programme, but was replaced by Meridian Management, a company partly owned by the IOC in the early 1990s. In 1989, a staff member at ISL Marketing, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Payne_(executive)" title="Michael Payne (executive)">Michael Payne</a>, moved to the IOC and became the organisation's first marketing director. ISL and then Meridian continued in the established role as the IOC's sales and marketing agents until 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Supremo-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In collaboration with ISL Marketing and Meridian Management, Payne made major contributions to the creation of a multibillion-dollar sponsorship marketing programme for the organisation which, along with improvements in TV marketing and improved financial management, helped to restore the IOC's financial viability.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revenue">Revenue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Revenue">edit</a>]</div> The Olympic Movement generates revenue through five major programmes. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Broadcast</a> partnerships, managed by the IOC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">Commercial sponsorship</a>, organised through the IOC's worldwide TOP programme.</li> <li>Domestic sponsorship, managed by the <a href="/wiki/Category:Organising_Committees_for_the_Olympic_Games" title="Category:Organising Committees for the Olympic Games">Organising Committees for the Olympic Games</a> (OCOGs).</li> <li>Ticketing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/License" title="License">Licensing</a> programmes within host countries.</li></ul> The OCOGs have responsibility for domestic sponsorship, ticketing and licensing programmes, under the direction of the IOC. The Olympic Movement generated a total of more than US$4 billion (€2.5 billion) in revenue during the Olympic <a href="/wiki/Quadrennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrennium">quadrennium</a> from 2001 to 2004. <dl><dt>Revenue distribution</dt></dl> The IOC distributes some of its revenue to organisations throughout the Olympic Movement to support the staging of the Olympic Games and to promote worldwide sport development. The IOC retains approximately 10% of the Olympic marketing revenue for operational and administrative costs.<a href="#cite_note-IOC_Funding-33">[33]</a> For the 2013–2016 period, the IOC had revenues of about US$5.0 billion, of which 73% were from broadcasting rights and 18% were from Olympic Partners. The Rio 2016 organising committee received US$1.5 billion and the Sochi 2014 organising committee received US$833 million. National Olympic committees and international federations received US$739 million each.<a href="#cite_note-IOC_Funding-33">[33]</a> In July 2000, when the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> reported on how the IOC redistributes profits from sponsorships and <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_rights" title="Broadcasting rights">broadcasting rights</a>, historian <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barney" title="Bob Barney">Bob Barney</a> stated that he had "yet to see matters of corruption in the IOC", but noted there were "matters of unaccountability".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> He later noted that when the spotlight is on the athletes, it has "the power to eclipse impressions of scandal or corruption", with respect to the Olympic bid process.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizing_Committees_for_the_Olympic_Games">Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games">edit</a>]</div> The IOC provides TOP programme contributions and broadcast revenue to the OCOGs to support the staging of the Olympic Games: <ul><li>TOP programme revenue: the two OCOGs of each Olympic quadrennium generally share approximately 50% of TOP programme revenue and value-in-kind contributions, with approximately 30% provided to the summer OCOG and 20% provided to the winter OCOG.</li> <li>Broadcast revenue: the IOC contributes 49% of the Olympic broadcast revenue for each Games to the OCOG. During the 2001–2004 Olympic quadrennium, the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Organizing_Committee_for_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Winter_Games_of_2002" title="Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002">Salt Lake 2002 Organizing Committee</a> received US$443 million, €395 million in broadcast revenue from the IOC, and the Athens 2004 Organizing Committee received US$732 million, €690 million.</li> <li>Domestic programme revenue: the OCOGs generate substantial revenue from the domestic marketing programmes that they manage within the host country, including domestic sponsorship, ticketing, and licensing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Olympic_Committees">National Olympic Committees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National Olympic Committees">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee" title="National Olympic Committee">National Olympic Committee</a></div> NOCs receive financial support for training and developing their Olympic teams, Olympic athletes, and Olympic hopefuls. The IOC distributes TOP programme revenue to each NOC. The IOC also contributes Olympic broadcast revenue to Olympic Solidarity, an IOC organisation that provides financial support to NOCs with the greatest need. The continued success of the TOP programme and Olympic broadcast agreements has enabled the IOC to provide increased support for the NOCs with each Olympic quadrennium. The IOC provided approximately US$318.5 million to NOCs for the 2001–2004 quadrennium. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Olympic_Sports_Federations">International Olympic Sports Federations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: International Olympic Sports Federations">edit</a>]</div> The IOC is the largest single revenue source for the majority of <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">IOSFs</a>, with contributions that assist them in developing their respective sports. The IOC provides financial support to the 28 IOSFs of Olympic summer sports and the seven IOSFs of Olympic winter sports. The continually increasing value of Olympic broadcasts has enabled the IOC to substantially increase financial support to IOSFs with each successive Games. The seven winter sports IFs shared US$85.8 million, €75 million in Salt Lake 2002 broadcast revenue.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_organizations">Other organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other organizations">edit</a>]</div> The IOC contributes Olympic marketing revenue to the programmes of various recognized international sports organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a> (IPC), and the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">World Anti-Doping Agency</a> (WADA). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_concerns">Environmental concerns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental concerns">edit</a>]</div> The IOC requires cities bidding to host the Olympics to provide a comprehensive strategy to protect the environment in preparation for hosting, and following the conclusion of the Games.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IOC_approaches">IOC approaches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: IOC approaches">edit</a>]</div> The IOC has four major approaches to addressing environmental health concerns. <ul><li>IOC Sustainability and Legacy Commission focuses on how the IOC can improve the strategies and policies associated with environmental health throughout the process of hosting the Olympic Games.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>Every candidate city must provide information on environmental health issues such as air quality and environmental impact assessments.</li> <li>Every host city is given the option to declare "pledges" to address specific or general environmental health concerns.</li> <li>Every host city must collaborate with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to work towards addressing environmental health objectives.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venue_construction">Venue construction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Venue construction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_air">Effects on air</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Effects on air">edit</a>]</div> Host cities have concerns about traffic congestion and air pollution, both of which can compromise air quality during and after venue construction.<a href="#cite_note-Qiao_Q_2011-39">[39]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a> improvement measures are undertaken before and after each event. Traffic control is the primary method to reduce concentrations of air pollutants, including barring heavy vehicles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beijing_Olympics">Beijing Olympics</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Beijing Olympics">edit</a>]</div> Research at the Beijing Olympic Games identified particulate matter – measured in terms of <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">PM10</a> (the amount of aerodynamic diameter of particle ≤ 10 μm in a given amount of air) – as a top priority.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Particulate matter, along with other airborne pollutants, cause both serious health problems, such as <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, and damage urban ecosystems. Black carbon is released into the air from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fluids, contributing to climate change and injuring human health. Secondary pollutants such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a>, <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">SO2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylbenzene" title="Ethylbenzene">ethylbenzene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xylenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Xylenes">xylenes</a> (<a href="/wiki/BTEX" class="mw-redirect" title="BTEX">BTEX</a>) are also released during construction.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> For the Beijing Olympics, vehicles not meeting the Euro 1 emission standards were banned, and the odd-even rule was implemented in the Beijing administrative area. Air quality improvement measures implemented by the Beijing government included replacing coal with natural gas, suspending construction, imposing strict dust control on construction sites, closing or relocating the polluting industrial plants, building long subway lines, using cleaner fluid in power plants, and reducing the activity by some of the polluting factories. There, levels of primary and secondary pollutants were reduced, and good air quality was recorded during the Beijing Olympics on most days.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Beijing also sprayed <a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">silver iodide</a> in the atmosphere to induce rain to remove existing pollutants from the air.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_soil">Effects on soil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Effects on soil">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil contamination</a> can occur during construction. The Sydney Olympic Games of 2000 resulted in improving a highly contaminated area known as Homebush Bay. A pre-Games study reported soil metal concentrations high enough to potentially contaminate groundwater. A remediation strategy was developed. Contaminated soil was consolidated into four containment areas within the site, which left the remaining areas available for recreational use. The site contained waste materials that then no longer posed a threat to surrounding aquifers.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In the 2006 Games in Torino, Italy, soil impacts were observed. Before the Games, researchers studied four areas that the Games would likely affect: a floodplain, a highway, the motorway connecting the city to Lyon, France, and a landfill. They analyzed the chemicals in these areas before and after the Games. Their findings revealed an increase in the number of metals in the topsoil post-Games, and indicated that soil was capable of buffering the effects of many but not all heavy metals. Mercury, lead, and arsenic may have been transferred into the food chain.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> One promise made to Londoners for the 2012 Olympic Games was that the Olympic Park would be a "blueprint for sustainable living." However, garden allotments were temporarily relocated due to the building of the Olympic stadium. The allotments were eventually returned. However, the <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a> was damaged. Further, allotment residents were exposed to radioactive waste for five months prior to moving, during the excavation of the site for the Games. Other local residents, construction workers, and onsite archaeologists faced similar exposures and risks.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_water">Effects on water</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Effects on water">edit</a>]</div> The Olympic Games can affect water quality in several ways, including runoff and the transfer of polluting substances from the air to water sources through rainfall. Harmful particulates come from natural substances (such as plant matter crushed by higher volumes of pedestrian and vehicle traffic) and man-made substances (such as exhaust from vehicles or industry). Contaminants from these two categories elevate amounts of toxins in street dust. Street dust reaches water sources through runoff, facilitating the transfer of toxins to environments and communities that rely on these water sources.<a href="#cite_note-Qiao_Q_2011-39">[39]</a> In 2013, researchers in Beijing found a significant relationship between the amount of PM2.5 concentrations in the air and in rainfall. Studies showed that rainfall had transferred a large portion of these pollutants from the air to water sources. Notably, this cleared the air of such particulates, substantially improving air quality at the venues.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_incidences">Reception and incidences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reception and incidences">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olympic Rings"><img alt="Olympic Rings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/200px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/300px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/400px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Main topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bids_for_the_Olympic_Games" title="Bids for the Olympic Games">Bids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_boycotts" title="List of Olympic Games boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony" title="Olympic Games ceremony">Ceremonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Charter" title="Olympic Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_at_the_Olympic_Games" title="Doping at the Olympic Games">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities" title="List of Olympic Games host cities">Host cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">IFs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">Medal tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Olympic_medalists" title="Lists of Olympic medalists">Medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee" title="National Olympic Committee">NOCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin_Medal" title="Pierre de Coubertin Medal">Pierre de Coubertin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_scandals,_controversies_and_incidents" title="List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents">Scandals and controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_symbols" title="Olympic symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympics_on_television" title="Olympics on television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_torch_relays" title="List of Olympic torch relays">Torch relays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues" title="List of Olympic venues">Venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_of_women_in_the_Olympics" title="Participation of women in the Olympics">Women participation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Games</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Esports_Series" title="Olympic Esports Series">Esports</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Regional games</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Games" title="Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Games" title="Pacific Games">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan-American</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Defunct games</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalated_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercalated Games">Intercalated</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Olympic_Games_sidebar" title="Template:Olympic Games sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_Games_sidebar" title="Template talk:Olympic Games sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_Games_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic Games sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amateurism_and_professionalism">Amateurism and professionalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Amateurism and professionalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games#Amateurism_and_professionalism" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games § Amateurism and professionalism</a></div> De Coubertin was influenced by the aristocratic ethos exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Independent_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school (UK)">English public schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OIdeology-48">[48]</a> The public schools subscribed to the belief that sport formed an important part of education but that practicing or training was considered cheating.<a href="#cite_note-OIdeology-48">[48]</a> As class structure evolved through the 20th century, the definition of the amateur athlete as an aristocratic gentleman became outdated.<a href="#cite_note-OIdeology-48">[48]</a> The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries further eroded the notion of the pure amateur, as it put Western, self-financed amateurs at a disadvantage. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Near the end of the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Amateur_Hockey_Association" title="Canadian Amateur Hockey Association">Canadian Amateur Hockey Association</a> (CAHA) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet full-time athletes and other constantly improving European teams. They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues, but met opposition from the <a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation" title="International Ice Hockey Federation">IIHF</a> and IOC. At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players<a href="#cite_note-Num17-51">[51]</a> at the 1970 World Championships in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, Manitoba, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The decision was reversed in January 1970 after Brundage declared that the change would put ice hockey's status as an Olympic sport in jeopardy.<a href="#cite_note-Num17-51">[51]</a> In response, Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition and officials stated that they would not return until "open competition" was instituted.<a href="#cite_note-Num17-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Beginning in the 1970s, amateurism was gradually phased out of the Olympic Charter. After the 1988 Games, the IOC decided to make all professional athletes eligible for the Olympics, subject to the approval of the IFOSs.<a href="#cite_note-Amateurism-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bid_controversies">Bid controversies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bid controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1976_Winter_Olympics">1976 Winter Olympics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1976 Winter Olympics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bids_for_the_1976_Winter_Olympics" title="Bids for the 1976 Winter Olympics">Bids for the 1976 Winter Olympics</a></div> The Games were originally awarded to Denver on 12 May 1970, but a steep rise in costs led to <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> voters' rejection on 7 November 1972, by 60% of the vote, of a $5 million bond issue to finance the Games with public funds.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Denver officially withdrew on 15 November: the IOC then offered the Games to <a href="/wiki/Whistler,_British_Columbia" title="Whistler, British Columbia">Whistler, British Columbia</a>, Canada, but they too declined due to a <a href="/wiki/1972_British_Columbia_general_election" title="1972 British Columbia general election">change of government</a> following elections. <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, Utah, a <a href="/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics" title="1972 Winter Olympics">1972 Winter Olympics</a> final candidate (who eventually hosted the <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Winter Olympics</a>) offered itself as a potential host after Denver's withdrawal, but the IOC declined Salt Lake City's offer. On 5 February 1973, the IOC selected <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, the city that had hosted the Games <a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">twelve years earlier</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1998_Winter_Olympics">1998 Winter Olympics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 1998 Winter Olympics">edit</a>]</div> Eight years after the <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998 Winter Olympics</a>, a report ordered by the <a href="/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture" title="Nagano Prefecture">Nagano</a> region's governor said the Japanese city provided millions of dollars in an "illegitimate and excessive level of hospitality" to IOC members, including US$4.4 million spent on entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Earlier reports put the figure at approximately US$14 million. The precise figures are unknown: after the IOC asked that the entertainment expenditures not be made public Nagano destroyed its financial records.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2002_Winter_Olympics">2002 Winter Olympics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 2002 Winter Olympics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympic_bid_scandal" title="2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal">2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal</a></div> A scandal broke on 10 December 1998, when <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> IOC member <a href="/wiki/Marc_Hodler" title="Marc Hodler">Marc Hodler</a>, head of the coordination committee overseeing the organisation of the 2002 Games, announced that several members of the IOC had received gifts from members of the Salt Lake City 2002 bid Committee in exchange for votes. Soon four independent investigations were underway: by the IOC, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Olympic Committee">United States Olympic Committee</a> (USOC), the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Organizing_Committee_for_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Winter_Games_of_2002" title="Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002">SLOC</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>. Before any of the investigations could get under way, SLOC co-heads Tom Welch and David Johnson both resigned their posts. Many others soon followed. The Department of Justice filed fifteen counts of bribery and fraud against the pair. As a result of the investigation, ten IOC members were expelled and another ten were sanctioned.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Stricter rules were adopted for future bids, and caps were put into place as to how much IOC members could accept from bid cities. Additionally, new term and age limits were put into place for IOC membership, an Athlete's Commission was created and fifteen former Olympic athletes gained provisional membership status. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008_Summer_Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2008 Summer Olympics">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, international human rights groups attempted to pressure the IOC to reject Beijing's bid to protest <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the People's Republic of China">human rights in the People's Republic of China</a>. One Chinese dissident was sentenced to two years in prison during an IOC tour.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> After the city won the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Summer Olympic Games">2008 Summer Olympic Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and others expressed concerns regarding the human rights situation. The second principle in the Fundamental Principles of <a href="/wiki/Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Charter" title="Olympic Charter">Olympic Charter</a> states that "The goal of Olympism is to place sport at the service of the harmonious development of man, with a view to promoting a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Amnesty International considered PRC policies and practices as violating that principle.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Some days before the Opening Ceremonies, in August 2008, the IOC issued <a href="/wiki/DMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="DMCA">DMCA</a> take down notices on <a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">Tibetan Protests videos</a> on YouTube.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF) pushed back against the IOC, which then withdrew their complaint. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_and_2020_Summer_Olympics">2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics">edit</a>]</div> On 1 March 2016, Owen Gibson of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that French financial prosecutors investigating corruption in world athletics had expanded their remit to include the bidding and voting processes for the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The story followed an earlier report in January by Gibson, who revealed that Papa Massata Diack, the son of then-<a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Athletics Federations">IAAF</a> president <a href="/wiki/Lamine_Diack" title="Lamine Diack">Lamine Diack</a>, appeared to arrange for "parcels" to be delivered to six IOC members in 2008 when <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> was bidding for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games, though it failed to make it beyond the shortlist. Weeks later, Qatari authorities denied the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Gibson then reported that a €1.3m (£1m, $1.5m) payment from the Tokyo Olympic Committee team to an account linked to Papa Diack was made during Japan's successful race to host the 2020 Summer Games.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The following day, French prosecutors confirmed they were investigating allegations of "corruption and money laundering" of more than $2m in suspicious payments made by the Tokyo 2020 Olympic bid committee to a secret bank account linked to Diack.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsunekazu_Takeda" title="Tsunekazu Takeda">Tsunekazu Takeda</a> of the Tokyo 2020 bid committee responded on 17 May 2016, denying allegations of wrongdoing, and refused to reveal transfer details.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The controversy was reignited on 11 January 2019 after it emerged Takeda had been indicted on <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> charges in France over his role in the bid process.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2022_Winter_Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 2022 Winter Olympics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bids_for_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics">Bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics</a></div> In 2014, at the final stages of the bid process for 2022, <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, seen as the favourite, surprised with a withdrawal. Following a string of local controversies over the masterplan, local officials were outraged by IOC demands on athletes and the Olympic family. In addition, allegations about lavish treatment of stakeholders, including separate lanes to "be created on all roads where IOC members will travel, which are not to be used by regular people or public transportation", exclusive cars and drivers for IOC members. The differential treatment irritated Norwegians.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-73">[73]</a> The IOC demanded "control over all advertising space throughout Oslo and the subsites during the Games, to be used exclusively by official sponsors."<a href="#cite_note-:03-73">[73]</a> Human rights groups and governments criticised the committee for allowing <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> to bid for the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a>. Some weeks before the Opening Ceremonies, the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_papers" title="Xinjiang papers">Xinjiang Papers</a> were released, documenting <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">abuses</a> by the Chinese government against the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> population in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, documenting what many governments described as genocide. Many government officials, notably those in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, called for a boycott of the 2022 Winter Games. The IOC responded to concerns by saying that the Olympic Games must not be politicised.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Some nations diplomatically boycotted games, which prohibited a diplomatic delegation from representing a nation at the games, rather than a full boycott that would have barred athletes from competing. In September 2021, the IOC suspended the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Committee_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a>, after they boycotted the 2020 Summer Olympics claiming "COVID-19 Concerns". On 8 September 2021, after the IOC suspended the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Committee_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">North Korean NOC</a> for not being present at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>, there was speculation about whether the IOC was also intending to send a message to nations considering a boycott of the games that they could be banned from participation in future Olympic Games if they chose to boycott this edition.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-76">[76]</a> On 14 October 2021, vice-president of the IOC, <a href="/wiki/John_Coates_(sports_administrator)" title="John Coates (sports administrator)">John Coates</a>, announced that the IOC had no plans to challenge the Chinese government on humanitarian issues, stating that the issues were "not within the IOC's remit".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_verification_controversies">Sex verification controversies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sex verification controversies">edit</a>]</div> The IOC uses <a href="/wiki/Sex_verification_in_sports" title="Sex verification in sports">sex verification</a> to ensure participants compete only in events matching their sex.<a href="#cite_note-:02-78">[78]</a> Verifying the sex of Olympic participants dates back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Kallipateira" class="mw-redirect" title="Kallipateira">Kallipateira</a> attempted to break Greek law by dressing as a man to enter the arena as a trainer. After she was discovered, a policy was erected wherein trainers, just as athletes, were made to appear naked in order to better assure all were male.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In more recent history, sex verification has taken many forms<a href="#cite_note-:1-80">[80]</a> and been subject to dispute.<a href="#cite_note-:2-81">[81]</a> Before sex testing, Olympic officials relied on "nude parades"<a href="#cite_note-:3-82">[82]</a> and doctor's notes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-81">[81]</a> Successful <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">women athletes</a> perceived to be <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculine</a> were most likely to be inspected.<a href="#cite_note-:2-81">[81]</a> In 1966, IOC implemented a compulsory sex verification process that took effect at the <a href="/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics" title="1968 Winter Olympics">1968 Winter Olympics</a> where a lottery system was used to determine who would be inspected with a <a href="/wiki/Barr_body" title="Barr body">Barr body</a> test.<a href="#cite_note-:3-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-81">[81]</a> The scientific community found fault with this policy. The use of the Barr body test was evaluated by fifteen geneticists who unanimously agreed it was scientifically invalid.<a href="#cite_note-:1-80">[80]</a> By the 1970s this method was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">PCR testing</a>, as well as evaluating factors such as brain anatomy and behavior.<a href="#cite_note-:02-78">[78]</a> Following continued backlash against mandatory sex testing, the <a href="/wiki/IOC_Athletes%27_Commission" title="IOC Athletes' Commission">IOC's Athletes' Commission</a>'s opposition ended of the practice in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-:1-80">[80]</a> Although sex testing was no longer mandated, women who did not present as <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">feminine</a> continued to be inspected based on suspicion. This started at <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Summer Olympics</a> and remained in use until the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-80">[80]</a> By 2011 the IOC created a <a href="/wiki/Hyperandrogenism" title="Hyperandrogenism">Hyperandrogenism</a> Regulation, which aimed to standardise natural <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> levels in women athletes.<a href="#cite_note-:3-82">[82]</a> This transition in sex testing was to assure fairness within female events. This was due to the belief that higher testosterone levels increased athletic ability and gave unfair advantages to <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_sports" title="Transgender people in sports">transgender competitors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-82">[82]</a> Any female athlete flagged for suspicion and whose testosterone surpassed regulation levels was prohibited from competing until medical treatment brought their hormone levels within standard levels.<a href="#cite_note-:02-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-82">[82]</a> It has been argued by press,<a href="#cite_note-:6-83">[83]</a> scholars,<a href="#cite_note-:7-84">[84]</a> and politicians<a href="#cite_note-:02-78">[78]</a> that some ethnicities are disproportionately impacted by this regulation and that the rule excludes too many.<a href="#cite_note-:02-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-84">[84]</a> The most notable cases of bans testing results are: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez-Pati%C3%B1o" title="Maria José Martínez-Patiño">Maria José Martínez-Patiño</a> (1985),<a href="#cite_note-:4-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Santhi_Soundarajan" title="Santhi Soundarajan">Santhi Soundarajan</a> (2006),<a href="#cite_note-:4-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caster_Semenya" title="Caster Semenya">Caster Semenya</a> (2009),<a href="#cite_note-:02-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Annet_Negesa" title="Annet Negesa">Annet Negesa</a> (2012),<a href="#cite_note-:5-86">[86]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutee_Chand" title="Dutee Chand">Dutee Chand</a> (2014).<a href="#cite_note-:3-82">[82]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/2014_Asian_Games" title="2014 Asian Games">2014 Asian Games</a>, Indian athlete <a href="/wiki/Dutee_Chand" title="Dutee Chand">Dutee Chand</a> was banned from competing internationally having been found to be in violation of the Hyperandrogenism Regulation.<a href="#cite_note-:3-82">[82]</a> Following the denial of her appeal by the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport" title="Court of Arbitration for Sport">Court of Arbitration for Sport</a>, the IOC suspended the policy for the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London_2012_and_the_Munich_massacre">London 2012 and the Munich massacre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: London 2012 and the Munich massacre">edit</a>]</div> Before the start of the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Summer Olympic Games">2012 Summer Olympic Games</a>, the IOC decided not to hold a <a href="/wiki/Minute_of_silence" class="mw-redirect" title="Minute of silence">minute of silence</a> to honour the 11 Israeli Olympians who were killed 40 years prior in the <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rogge" title="Jacques Rogge">Jacques Rogge</a>, the then-IOC President, said it would be "inappropriate" to do so. Speaking of the decision, Israeli Olympian <a href="/wiki/Shaul_Ladany" title="Shaul Ladany">Shaul Ladany</a>, who had survived the Munich Massacre, commented: "I do not understand. I do not understand, and I do not accept it".<a href="#cite_note-nosilence-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wrestling">Wrestling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Wrestling">edit</a>]</div> In February 2013, the IOC excluded <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> from its core <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Olympic sports</a> for the Summer Olympic programme for the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>, because the sport did not offer equal opportunities for men and women. This decision was attacked by the sporting community, given the sport's long traditions.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> This decision was later overturned, after a reassessment. Later, the sport was placed among the core Olympic sports, which it will hold until at least 2032.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_doping">Russian doping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Russian doping">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping in Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics">Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/McLaren_Report" title="McLaren Report">McLaren Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Olympians_at_the_Olympic_Games" title="Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games">Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Athletes_from_Russia_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics" title="Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics">Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics</a></div> Media attention began growing in December 2014 when German broadcaster <a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a> reported on state-sponsored doping in Russia, comparing it to <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_East_Germany" title="Doping in East Germany">doping in East Germany</a>. In November 2015, the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">World Anti-Doping Agency</a> (WADA) published a report and the <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">World Athletics</a> (then known as the IAAF) suspended Russia indefinitely from world track and field events. The United Kingdom Anti-Doping agency later assisted WADA with testing in Russia. In June 2016, they reported that they were unable to fully carry out their work and noted intimidation by armed <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a> (FSB) agents.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> After a Russian former lab director made allegations about the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, WADA commissioned an independent investigation led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_McLaren_(academic)" title="Richard McLaren (academic)">Richard McLaren</a>. McLaren's investigation found corroborating evidence, concluding in a report published in July 2016 that the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Sport_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Sport (Russia)">Ministry of Sport</a> and the FSB had operated a "state-directed failsafe system" using a "disappearing positive [test] methodology" (DPM) from "at least late 2011 to August 2015".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In response to these findings, WADA announced that RUSADA should be regarded as non-compliant with respect to the World Anti-Doping Code and recommended that Russia be banned from competing at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The IOC rejected the recommendation, stating that a separate decision would be made for each athlete by the relevant <a href="/wiki/International_federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International federation">IF</a> and the IOC, based on the athlete's individual circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-IOCdecision-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-94">[94]</a> One day prior to the opening ceremony, 270 athletes were cleared to compete under the Russian flag, while 167 were removed because of doping.<a href="#cite_note-:10-95">[95]</a> In contrast, the entire Kuwaiti team was banned from competing under their own flag (for a non-doping related matter).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In contrast to the IOC, the <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">IPC</a> voted unanimously to ban the entire Russian team from the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics" title="2016 Summer Paralympics">2016 Summer Paralympics</a>, having found evidence that the DPM was also in operation at the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Paralympics" title="2014 Winter Paralympics">2014 Winter Paralympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee" title="Russian Olympic Committee">Russian Olympic Committee</a> had been suspended effective immediately from the 2018 Winter Olympics. Athletes who had no previous drug violations and a consistent history of drug testing were allowed to compete under the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Flag">Olympic Flag</a> as an "Olympic Athlete from Russia" (OAR).<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Under the terms of the decree, Russian government officials were barred from the Games, and neither the country's flag nor anthem would be present. The Olympic Flag and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Anthem">Olympic Anthem</a> would be used instead,<a href="#cite_note-:0-100">[100]</a> and on 20 December 2017 the IOC proposed an alternate uniform logo.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On 1 February 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport" title="Court of Arbitration for Sport">Court of Arbitration for Sport</a> (CAS) found that the IOC provided insufficient evidence for 28 athletes, and overturned their IOC sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> For 11 other athletes, the CAS decided that there was sufficient evidence to uphold their Sochi sanctions, but reduced their lifetime bans to only the 2018 Winter Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The IOC said in a statement that "the result of the CAS decision does not mean that athletes from the group of 28 will be invited to the Games. Not being sanctioned does not automatically confer the privilege of an invitation" and that "this [case] may have a serious impact on the future fight against doping". The IOC found it important to note that the CAS Secretary General "insisted that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent" and that they would consider an appeal against the court's decision.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Later that month, the Russian Olympic Committee was reinstated by the IOC, despite numerous failed drug tests by Russian athletes in the 2018 Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The Russian Anti-Doping Agency was re-certified in September, despite the Russian rejection of the McLaren Report.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_plebiscite_in_Taiwan">2018 plebiscite in Taiwan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: 2018 plebiscite in Taiwan">edit</a>]</div> On 24 November 2018, the Taiwanese government held a <a href="/wiki/2018_Taiwanese_referendum" title="2018 Taiwanese referendum">referendum</a> over a change in the naming of their National Olympic Committee, from "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a>", a name agreed to in 1981 by the People's Republic of China in the Nagoya Protocol, which denies the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>'s legitimacy, to simply "Taiwan", after the main island in the <a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Free Area</a>. In the immediate days prior to the referendum, the IOC and the PRC government, issued a threatening statement, suggesting that if the team underwent the name change, the IOC had the legal right to make a "suspension of or forced withdrawal," of the team from the 2020 Summer Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In response to the allegations of election interference, the IOC stated, "The IOC does not interfere with local procedures and fully respects freedom of expression. However, to avoid any unnecessary expectations or speculations, the IOC wishes to reiterate that this matter is under its jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>" Subsequently, with a significant PRC pressure, the referendum failed in Taiwan with 45% to 54%. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peng_Shuai_disappearance">Peng Shuai disappearance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Peng Shuai disappearance">edit</a>]</div> In November 2021, the IOC was again criticised by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) and others for its response to the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Peng_Shuai" title="Disappearance of Peng Shuai">disappearance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peng_Shuai" title="Peng Shuai">Peng Shuai</a>, following her publishing of sexual assault allegations against a former <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China">Chinese vice premier</a>, and high-ranking member of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Gaoli" title="Zhang Gaoli">Zhang Gaoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The IOC's response was internationally criticised as complicit in assisting the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> to silence Peng's sexual assault allegations.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Zhang Gaoli previously led the Beijing bidding committee to host the 2022 Winter Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fencing_handshaking_controversy">Fencing handshaking controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Fencing handshaking controversy">edit</a>]</div> In July 2020 (and reconfirmed in September 2020 and in January 2021), the <a href="/wiki/FIE" class="mw-redirect" title="FIE">FIE</a> replaced its previous handshake requirement with a "salute" by the opposing fencers, writing in a public notice that handshakes were "suspended until further notice."<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Nevertheless, in July 2023, the Ukrainian four-time world champion <a href="/wiki/Olga_Kharlan" title="Olga Kharlan">Olga Kharlan</a> was disqualified at the <a href="/wiki/2023_World_Fencing_Championships" title="2023 World Fencing Championships">World Fencing Championships</a> for not shaking the hand of her defeated Russian opponent, although Kharlan instead offered a tapping of blades in acknowledgement.<a href="#cite_note-auto1a-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3a-122">[122]</a> The President of the IOC, Thomas Bach, sent a letter to Kharlan in which he expressed empathy for her, and wrote that in light of the situation she was guaranteed a spot in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-7413289Kharlan-124">[124]</a> He wrote further: "as a fellow fencer, it is impossible for me to imagine how you feel at this moment. The war against your country, the suffering of the people in Ukraine, the uncertainty around your participation at the Fencing World Championships ... and then the events which unfolded yesterday – all this is a roller coaster of emotions and feelings. It is admirable how you are managing this incredibly difficult situation, and I would like to express my full support to you. Rest assured that the IOC will continue to stand in full solidarity with the Ukrainian athletes and the Olympic community of Ukraine."<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> On 12 October 2023, the International Olympic Committee issued a statement stating that after Russia began its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the Russian Olympic Committee unilaterally transferred four regions that were originally under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee_of_Ukraine" title="National Olympic Committee of Ukraine">National Olympic Committee of Ukraine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast">Luhansk Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast">Kherson Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a> were included as members of their own, so the International Olympic Committee announced the suspension of the membership of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee" title="Russian Olympic Committee">Russian Olympic Committee</a> with immediate effect.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> On 19 March 2024, the IOC announced that, due to their suspension, Russian and Belarusian athletes would be barred from the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a> opening ceremony as neither nation's athletes were invited. Russia responded by accusing the IOC of being "neo-nazis." Under the ruling, Russian athletes would not be allowed to participate in team events, and are not allowed to display the Russian flag.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics">Israel at the 2024 Summer Olympics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Israel at the 2024 Summer Olympics">edit</a>]</div> Palestinian sports organizations and sports organizations from Arab countries have called for sanctions to be imposed against Israel and to prevent its participation in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics" title="Israel at the 2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>. The calls from the organizations have been prompted by concerns about the war's impact on Palestinian athletes and sports facilities.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In November 2023, Russia accused the IOC of having double standards by not sanctioning Israel due to its military actions in Gaza and <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupation of Palestine</a>, as Palestine is also an IOC member.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In January 2024, over 300 Palestinian sports clubs called for Israel to be barred from the 2024 Olympics after <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Gaza">Israeli airstrikes</a> had killed Palestine's Olympic football team coach, and damaged the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Olympic_Committee" title="Palestine Olympic Committee">Palestine Olympic Committee</a> in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The IOC has cautioned athletes against boycotting or discriminating others, stating that immediate action will follow any discriminatory behavior such as the case of Algerian judoka <a href="/wiki/Fethi_Nourine" title="Fethi Nourine">Fethi Nourine</a>, who received a ten-year ban following his refusal to fight <a href="/wiki/Tohar_Butbul" title="Tohar Butbul">Tohar Butbul</a>, an Israeli in <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020</a>. The IOC also stated that athletes are not to be held accountable for their government's actions.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In March 2024, IOC President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bach" title="Thomas Bach">Thomas Bach</a> made it clear there was no issue regarding Israel participating at the 2024 Summer Olympics and cautioned athletes against boycotts and discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_WADA_scandal">2024 WADA scandal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 2024 WADA scandal">edit</a>]</div> In late 2022 and early 2023 at different locations and different times, several athletes were suspended for testing positive for trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">metandienone</a>. This includes 23 Chinese swimmers who were suspended for more than a year, as samples collected on 6 October 2022 had trace amounts of metandienone. The lab later found that the samples were likely contaminated, as control testing revealed the presence of metandienone in substances such as nutrutional supplements and meat products.<a href="#cite_note-China_Daily-134">[134]</a> In July 2024, the IOC threatened to withdraw Salt Lake City's bid to host the <a href="/wiki/2034_Winter_Olympics" title="2034 Winter Olympics">2034 Winter Olympics</a> if U.S. authorities continued to investigate allegations of doping by Chinese swimmers. The IOC insisted that Salt Lake City agree that it may "terminate Olympic host city contracts in cases where the supreme authority of the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">World Anti-Doping Agency</a> (WADA) in the fight against doping is not fully respected or if the application of the world antidoping code is hindered or undermined." This was intended to undermine the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>'s criminal investigation into the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency#Chinese_doping_allegations" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">allegations that the World Anti-Doping Agency covered up and failed to sanction drug use by Chinese swimmers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IOC_Executive_Board">IOC Executive Board</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: IOC Executive Board">edit</a>]</div> Founded in 1921, The Executive Board manages the afairs of the IOC. Its members include the President, four Vice Presidents, and ten other members. All members are elected, by secret ballot, by a majority of votes cast, for a four-year term. Meetings can only be conducted if convened by the President or at the request of the majority of its members.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Its responsibilities include: <ul><li>Assume the general overall responsibility for the administration of the IOC;</li> <li>Monitor the observance of the Olympic Charter;</li> <li>Approve the IOC's internal organisation, its organisation chart and all internal regulations relating to its organisation;</li> <li>Manage the IOC's finances and prepares an annual report;</li> <li>Present a report to the Session on any proposed change of the Olympic Charter, one of its Rules or bye-laws;</li> <li>Submit, on proposal of the Nomination Commission, to the IOC Session the names of the persons whom it recommends for election to the IOC;</li> <li>Conduct the procedure for acceptance and selection of candidatures for the organisation of the Olympic Games;</li> <li>Establish the agenda for the IOC Sessions;</li> <li>Upon proposal from the President, it appoints the Director General;</li> <li>Enact, in the form it deems most appropriate, (codes, rulings, norms, guidelines, guides, instructions) all regulations necessary to ensure the proper implementation of the Olympic Charter and the organisation of the Olympic Games;</li> <li>Organize periodic meetings with the IFs and with the NOCs at least once every two years;</li> <li>Create and allocate IOC honorary distinctions;</li> <li>Perform all other duties assigned to it by the Session.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Designation</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Country </th></tr> <tr> <td>President</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bach" title="Thomas Bach">Thomas Bach</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Vice Presidents</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Hoevertsz" title="Nicole Hoevertsz">Nicole Hoevertsz</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/45px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_Salisachs" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch Salisachs">Juan Antonio Samaranch</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nawal_El_Moutawakel" title="Nawal El Moutawakel">Nawal El Moutawakel</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Werthein" title="Gerardo Werthein">Gerardo Werthein</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10">Executive Members</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robin_E._Mitchell" title="Robin E. Mitchell">Robin E. Mitchell</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Denis_Oswald_(sports_official)" title="Denis Oswald (sports official)">Denis Oswald</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nenad_Lalovi%C4%87" title="Nenad Lalović">Nenad Lalović</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Ferriani" title="Ivo Ferriani">Ivo Ferriani</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Faisal_bin_Hussein" title="Prince Faisal bin Hussein">Prince Feisal Al Hussein</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikaela_Cojuangco_Jaworski" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikaela Cojuangco Jaworski">Mikaela Cojuangco Jaworski</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Kloster_Aasen" title="Kristin Kloster Aasen">Kristin Kloster Aasen</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emma_Terho" title="Emma Terho">Emma Terho</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_Coventry" title="Kirsty Coventry">Kirsty Coventry</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Li_Lingwei" title="Li Lingwei">Li Lingwei</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director General</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christophe_De_Kepper" title="Christophe De Kepper">Christophe De Kepper</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IOC_Commissions">IOC Commissions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: IOC Commissions">edit</a>]</div> These commissions have individual missions in the Olympic Movement. They may be created by The President, the IOC Executive Board, or the Olympic Charter. The President is an ex officio member of all commissions, designates its members and determines their dissolution once they have fulfilled their mandates. No commission can hold a meeting without permission of the President unless otherwise noted.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Commission</th> <th>Chairperson</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Mission/Responsibilities </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IOC_Athletes%27_Commission" title="IOC Athletes' Commission">IOC Athletes' Commission</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emma_Terho" title="Emma Terho">Emma Terho</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>Represent athletes within the Olympic Movement, support them so they can succeed in their sporting and non-sporting careers, and empower the network of athlete representatives. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Athletes' Entourage Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Bubka" title="Sergey Bubka">Sergey Bubka</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>Improve the quality and the level of services to athletes by engaging with and uniting the stakeholders. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Audit Committee</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Olivier_Beckers-Vieujant" title="Pierre-Olivier Beckers-Vieujant">Pierre-Olivier Beckers-Vieujant</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>Assist the Director General's Office in fulfilling its responsibilities in terms of risk management, financial reporting, compliance, control and governance. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Esports Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Lappartient" title="David Lappartient">David Lappartient</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>Supervise the IOC's Esports and oversee the planning and organization of upcoming Olympic Esports Games. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Future Host Commission For The Olympic Winter Games</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Morariu" title="Octavian Morariu">Octavian Morariu</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>Explore, create and oversee interest in future Olympic Winter Games and Winter Youth Olympic Games. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Future Host Summer Commission For The Games Of The Olympiad</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kolinda_Grabar-Kitarovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic">Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>Explore, create and oversee interest in future Games of the Olympiad and Summer Youth Olympic Games. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Coordination Commission <a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">Brisbane 2032</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_Coventry" title="Kirsty Coventry">Kirsty Coventry</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td>Supervise the planning and organization of the Games of the XXXV Olympiad Brisbane 2032. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Coordination Commission <a href="/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics" title="2030 Winter Olympics">French Alps 2030</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Olivier_Beckers-Vieujant" title="Pierre-Olivier Beckers-Vieujant">Pierre-Olivier Beckers-Vieujant</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>Supervise the planning and organization of the XXVI Olympic Winter Games French Alps 2030. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Coordination Commission <a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">Los Angeles 2028</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Hoevertsz" title="Nicole Hoevertsz">Nicole Hoevertsz</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/45px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></td> <td>Supervise the planning and organization of the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad Los Angeles 2028. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Coordination Commission <a href="/wiki/2026_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2026 Summer Youth Olympics">Dakar 2026</a> (YOG)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_Coventry" title="Kirsty Coventry">Kirsty Coventry</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td>Supervise the planning and organization of the 4th Youth Olympic Games Dakar 2026. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Coordination Commission <a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics" title="2026 Winter Olympics">Milano Cortina 2026</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Kloster_Aasen" title="Kristin Kloster Aasen">Kristin Kloster Aasen</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>Supervise the planning and organization of the XXV Olympic Winter Games Milano Cortina 2026. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Culture and Olympic Heritage Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patama_Leeswadtrakul" title="Patama Leeswadtrakul">Khunying Patama Leeswadtrakul</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>Supervise all the activities of the Olympic Movement that are related to culture in the broadest sense of the term - art, history, focus on values, academic research and patrimonial collections – with a view to promoting the Olympic ideals as widely as possible, especially among young people all over the world. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Digital and Technology Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Werthein" title="Gerardo Werthein">Gerardo Werthein</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>Supervise all matters relating to marketing and digital programs </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Ethics Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>Safeguard the ethical principles of the Olympic Movement, keep the Code of Ethics updated, examines situations involving possible breaches of the ethical principles and, if necessary, proposes sanctions. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Finance Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ng_Ser_Miang" title="Ng Ser Miang">Ng Ser Miang</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td> <td>Provide advice and recommendations relating to the IOC's financial management in order to safeguard continuity and strengthen the transparency and good governance of the IOC and the Olympic Movement. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Members Election Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>Propose and implement a new targeted recruitment process of IOC Members as per recommendation 38 of Olympic Agenda 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Legal Affairs Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Coates_(sports_administrator)" title="John Coates (sports administrator)">John Coates</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>Supervise the legal affairs of the IOC. This includes providing legal opinions, consider defence actions and study the legal nature of issues that may affect the interests of the IOC. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Television And Marketing Services Board Of Directors</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiri_Kejval" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiri Kejval">Jiri Kejval</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>Supervise all Olympic Television and Marketing operations. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Medical and Scientific Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_Erdener" title="Uğur Erdener">Uğur Erdener</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>Provide a guiding reference for all other sports organisations on matters relating to the protection of the health of athletes. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Channel" title="Olympic Channel">Olympic Channel</a> Board Of Directors</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Carri%C3%B3n" title="Richard Carrión">Richard Carrión</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td> <td>Maintain year-round interest in the Olympic movement, carrying documentaries and other programming chronicling the Olympic Games, as well as coverage of events in Olympic sport outside of the Games. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Olympic Education Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikee_Cojuangco-Jaworski" title="Mikee Cojuangco-Jaworski">Mikaela Cojuangco Jaworski</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>Supervise the promotion of Olympic values-based education and provides strategic direction on IOC programmes and activities related to the education of youth through sport. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Olympic Programme Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Stoss" title="Karl Stoss">Karl Stoss</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>Analyze Summer, Winter and Youth Olympic Games programmes and form proposals for consideration by the IOC Executive Board. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Olympic Solidarity Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robin_E._Mitchell" title="Robin E. Mitchell">Robin E. Mitchell</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></td> <td>Provide assistance to all the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) for athlete development programmes, in particular those with the greatest needs of it. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Olympism 365 Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auvita_Rapilla" title="Auvita Rapilla">Auvita Rapilla</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></td> <td>Strengthen the role of sport and Olympism in society as important enablers of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 365 days a year . </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Commission for Public Affairs and Social Development Through Sport</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Moreno" title="Luis Alberto Moreno">Luis Alberto Moreno</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td>Protect and promote the autonomy and neutrality of sport. It also advises on the role of sport and Olympism in society, as a contributor to the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and as a contributor to peace. It recommends approaches to position the IOC as a thought-leader and policy-influencer on the international stage. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Technology And Technical Innovation Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Werthein" title="Gerardo Werthein">Gerardo Werthein</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>Ensure that the IOC has the appropriate strategies relating to the secure and sustainable use of technology in support of the IOC's daily operations, the delivery of the Olympic Games and of the Youth Olympic Games. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Sustainability and Legacy Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert II, Prince of Monaco">Albert II, Prince of Monaco</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></td> <td>Supervise sustainability and legacy matters and make informed, balanced decisions that maximise positive impacts, minimise negative impacts and foster positive change and legacies in the social, economic and environmental spheres. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gender Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Nsekera" title="Lydia Nsekera">Lydia Nsekera</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></td> <td>Supervise the implementation of the gender equality and inclusion strategy to enable them to make informed and balanced decisions to advance gender equality in sport on and off the field of play across the three spheres of responsibility of the IOC. </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOC Revenues And Commercial Partnerships Commission</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiri_Kejval" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiri Kejval">Jiri Kejval</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>Give guidance, perspective and ideas in the area of Olympic marketing and commercial partnerships which will assist the IOC to continue to generate, enable and grow long-term, sustainable revenue streams for the Olympic Movement. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Olympic_Partner_programme">The Olympic Partner programme</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: The Olympic Partner programme">edit</a>]</div> The Olympic Partner (TOP) sponsorship programme includes the following commercial sponsors of the Olympic Games.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AB_InBev" title="AB InBev">AB InBev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbnb" title="Airbnb">Airbnb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allianz" title="Allianz">Allianz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atos" title="Atos">Atos</a> (sponsorship ends after 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgestone" title="Bridgestone">Bridgestone</a> (sponsorship ends after 2024, not renewing<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">Coca-Cola</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mengniu_Dairy" title="Mengniu Dairy">Mengniu Dairy</a> (joint partnership)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> (sponsorship ends after 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_SA" title="Omega SA">Omega SA</a> (previously <a href="/wiki/The_Swatch_Group" title="The Swatch Group">The Swatch Group</a>, its parent company)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> (sponsorship ends after 2024, not renewing<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> (sponsorship ends after 2024, not renewing<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Inc." title="Visa Inc.">Visa Inc.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:International_Olympic_Committee" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_International_Olympic_Winter_Sports_Federations" title="Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations">Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations</a> (AIOWF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_IOC_Recognised_International_Sports_Federations" title="Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations">Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations</a> (ARISF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Summer_Olympic_International_Federations" title="Association of Summer Olympic International Federations">Association of Summer Olympic International Federations</a> (ASOIF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Sport_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="International Academy of Sport Science and Technology">International Academy of Sport Science and Technology</a> (AISTS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_Sports_for_the_Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="International Committee of Sports for the Deaf">International Committee of Sports for the Deaf</a> (ICSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a> (IPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_University_Sports_Federation" title="International University Sports Federation">International University Sports Federation</a> (FISU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Association_of_International_Sports_Federations" title="Global Association of International Sports Federations">Global Association of International Sports Federations</a> (GAISF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FICTS_(F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_Cin%C3%A9ma_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Sportifs)" class="mw-redirect" title="FICTS (Fédération Internationale Cinéma Télévision Sportifs)">FICTS (Fédération Internationale Cinéma Télévision Sportifs)</a> (Organisation recognised by the IOC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings" title="List of IOC meetings">List of IOC meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Congress" title="Olympic Congress">Olympic Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-olympic1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olympic1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olympic1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/ioc/executive-board">"IOC"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Olympics%3A+Don%27t+Promote+Chinese+State+Propaganda&rft.date=2021-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2021%2F11%2F22%2Folympics-dont-promote-chinese-state-propaganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushnell2021" class="citation news cs1">Bushnell, Henry (22 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.yahoo.com/the-ioc-says-peng-shuai-is-safe-experts-say-the-ioc-has-become-chinese-propaganda-001025997.html">"The IOC says Peng Shuai is safe. Experts say the IOC has become a vehicle for Chinese propaganda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Sports">Yahoo! Sports</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124235321/https://sports.yahoo.com/the-ioc-says-peng-shuai-is-safe-experts-say-the-ioc-has-become-chinese-propaganda-001025997.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+Sports&rft.atitle=The+IOC+says+Peng+Shuai+is+safe.+Experts+say+the+IOC+has+become+a+vehicle+for+Chinese+propaganda&rft.date=2021-11-22&rft.aulast=Bushnell&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.yahoo.com%2Fthe-ioc-says-peng-shuai-is-safe-experts-say-the-ioc-has-become-chinese-propaganda-001025997.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/nov/22/peng-shuai-wta-says-chinese-tennis-stars-call-with-ioc-chief-is-not-enough">"Peng Shuai: IOC accused of 'publicity stunt' over video call"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 22 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124162247/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/nov/22/peng-shuai-wta-says-chinese-tennis-stars-call-with-ioc-chief-is-not-enough">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Peng+Shuai%3A+IOC+accused+of+%27publicity+stunt%27+over+video+call&rft.date=2021-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2021%2Fnov%2F22%2Fpeng-shuai-wta-says-chinese-tennis-stars-call-with-ioc-chief-is-not-enough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaiBachmanRobinson2021" class="citation news cs1">Zhai, Keith; Bachman, Rachel; Robinson, Joshua (24 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-official-accused-of-sexual-assault-played-key-role-in-setting-up-beijing-olympics-11637767947">"Chinese Official Accused of Sexual Assault Played Key Role in Setting Up Beijing 2022 Olympics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125172622/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-official-accused-of-sexual-assault-played-key-role-in-setting-up-beijing-olympics-11637767947">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Chinese+Official+Accused+of+Sexual+Assault+Played+Key+Role+in+Setting+Up+Beijing+2022+Olympics&rft.date=2021-11-24&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Zhai&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Bachman%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fchinese-official-accused-of-sexual-assault-played-key-role-in-setting-up-beijing-olympics-11637767947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJomantas2020" class="citation web cs1">Jomantas, Nicole (6 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafencing.org/news_article/show/1093278-handshaking-rule-suspended-at-usa-fencing-events">"Handshaking Rule Suspended at USA Fencing Events"</a>. USA Fencing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123173558/https://www.usafencing.org/news_article/show/1093278-handshaking-rule-suspended-at-usa-fencing-events">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Fencing&rft.atitle=Handshaking+Rule+Suspended+at+USA+Fencing+Events&rft.date=2020-03-06&rft.aulast=Jomantas&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafencing.org%2Fnews_article%2Fshow%2F1093278-handshaking-rule-suspended-at-usa-fencing-events&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2020" class="citation web cs1">Hopkins, Amanda (12 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fencing.org.nz/news/162-covid-19-update-oceania-u20s-and-handshaking-rule">"Oceania U20s and Handshaking Rule"</a>. Fencing New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118201743/https://www.fencing.org.nz/news/162-covid-19-update-oceania-u20s-and-handshaking-rule">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oceania+U20s+and+Handshaking+Rule&rft.pub=Fencing+New+Zealand&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fencing.org.nz%2Fnews%2F162-covid-19-update-oceania-u20s-and-handshaking-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishfencing.com/handshaking-rule-temporarily-suspended/">"Handshaking Rule Temporarily Suspended"</a>. British Fencing. 5 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129053614/https://www.britishfencing.com/handshaking-rule-temporarily-suspended/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Fencing&rft.atitle=Handshaking+Rule+Temporarily+Suspended&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishfencing.com%2Fhandshaking-rule-temporarily-suspended%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.fie.org/uploads/24/124713-FIE_outline_risk-mitig_Covid-19%20ang.pdf">"FIE OUTLINE of RISK-MITIGATION REQUIREMENTS for NATIONAL FENCING FEDERATIONS and COMPETITION ORGANIZERS in the CONTEXT of COVID-19; PREPARED by FIE TASK FORCE and REVIEWED by FIE MEDICAL COMMISSION and FIE LEGAL COMMISSION,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230805194038/https://static.fie.org/uploads/24/124713-FIE_outline_risk-mitig_Covid-19%20ang.pdf">Archived</a> 5 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> FIE, 1 July 2020 and September 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.fie.org/uploads/24/124248-1.c%20upd%20FIE%20outline%20risk-mitig%20Covid-19%20ang.pdf">"FIE OUTLINE of RISK-MITIGATION REQUIREMENTS for NATIONAL FENCING FEDERATIONS and COMPETITION ORGANISERS in the CONTEXT of COVID-19 (FORMIR – COVID-19) PREPARED by FIE TASK FORCE and REVIEWED by FIE MEDICAL COMMISSION and FIE LEGAL COMMISSION,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230805194040/https://static.fie.org/uploads/24/124248-1.c%20upd%20FIE%20outline%20risk-mitig%20Covid-19%20ang.pdf">Archived</a> 5 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> FIE, January 2021.] </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1a-121"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1a_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/fencing/66322668">"World Fencing Championships: Ukraine's Olga Kharlan disqualified for refusing Russian Anna Smirnov's handshake"</a>. BBC. 27 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816224235/https://www.bbc.com/sport/fencing/66322668">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=World+Fencing+Championships%3A+Ukraine%27s+Olga+Kharlan+disqualified+for+refusing+Russian+Anna+Smirnov%27s+handshake&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Ffencing%2F66322668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3a-122"><a href="#cite_ref-auto3a_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAadi_Nair2023" class="citation web cs1">Aadi Nair (27 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/fencing-ukraine-russia-handshake-world-championship-b2383066.html">"Ukrainian fencer disqualified from world championships for refusing handshake with Russian opponent; Olga Kharlan offered to touch blades after beating Anna Smirnova, who then staged a sit-down protest at the handshake refusal"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728003903/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/fencing-ukraine-russia-handshake-world-championship-b2383066.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+fencer+disqualified+from+world+championships+for+refusing+handshake+with+Russian+opponent%3B+Olga+Kharlan+offered+to+touch+blades+after+beating+Anna+Smirnova%2C+who+then+staged+a+sit-down+protest+at+the+handshake+refusal&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft.au=Aadi+Nair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffencing-ukraine-russia-handshake-world-championship-b2383066.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto10-123"><a href="#cite_ref-auto10_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2023/07/28/ukrainian-fencer-wont-shake-hands-with-russian-promised-olympic-spot/70488240007/">"Ukrainian fencer won't shake hands with Russian at world championships, gets Olympic spot"</a>. USA TODAY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729033645/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2023/07/28/ukrainian-fencer-wont-shake-hands-with-russian-promised-olympic-spot/70488240007/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+fencer+won%27t+shake+hands+with+Russian+at+world+championships%2C+gets+Olympic+spot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fsports%2Folympics%2F2023%2F07%2F28%2Fukrainian-fencer-wont-shake-hands-with-russian-promised-olympic-spot%2F70488240007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7413289Kharlan-124"><a href="#cite_ref-7413289Kharlan_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYevhen_Kizilov2023" class="citation web cs1">Yevhen Kizilov (28 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/07/28/7413289/">"Ukrainian fencer gets automatically qualified for Olympics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728172256/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/07/28/7413289/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+fencer+gets+automatically+qualified+for+Olympics&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft.au=Yevhen+Kizilov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2023%2F07%2F28%2F7413289%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/fencing/66339461">"Russia-Ukraine conflict: Fencer Olga Kharlan ban lifted as she is handed Olympic spot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Sport" title="BBC Sport">BBC Sport</a>. 28 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728143616/https://www.bbc.com/sport/fencing/66339461">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Russia-Ukraine+conflict%3A+Fencer+Olga+Kharlan+ban+lifted+as+she+is+handed+Olympic+spot&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Ffencing%2F66339461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1139327/kharlan-2024-place">"Ukraine's Kharlan assured of Paris 2024 place by IOC after handshake furore"</a>. Inside the Games. 28 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728165543/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1139327/kharlan-2024-place">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+the+Games&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Kharlan+assured+of+Paris+2024+place+by+IOC+after+handshake+furore&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F1139327%2Fkharlan-2024-place&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-executive-board-suspends-russian-olympic-committee-with-immediate-effect">"IOC Executive Board suspends Russian Olympic Committee with immediate effect"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220045519/https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-executive-board-suspends-russian-olympic-committee-with-immediate-effect">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IOC+Executive+Board+suspends+Russian+Olympic+Committee+with+immediate+effect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fioc%2Fnews%2Fioc-executive-board-suspends-russian-olympic-committee-with-immediate-effect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYork2024" class="citation web cs1">York, Chris (20 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/russia-accuses-olympic-committee-of-racism-and-neo-nazism-over-opening-ceremony-decision/">"Russia accuses Olympic Committee of 'racism and neo-Nazism' over opening ceremony decision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Kyiv_Independent" title="The Kyiv Independent">The Kyiv Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320220858/https://kyivindependent.com/russia-accuses-olympic-committee-of-racism-and-neo-nazism-over-opening-ceremony-decision/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kyiv+Independent&rft.atitle=Russia+accuses+Olympic+Committee+of+%27racism+and+neo-Nazism%27+over+opening+ceremony+decision&rft.date=2024-03-20&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Frussia-accuses-olympic-committee-of-racism-and-neo-nazism-over-opening-ceremony-decision%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZirin2024" class="citation news cs1">Zirin, Dave (10 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/society/ioc-israel-palestine-olympics/">"Will the IOC Do Anything About the Killing of Palestinian Athletes?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227072424/https://www.thenation.com/article/society/ioc-israel-palestine-olympics/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Will+the+IOC+Do+Anything+About+the+Killing+of+Palestinian+Athletes%3F&rft.date=2024-01-10&rft.aulast=Zirin&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fsociety%2Fioc-israel-palestine-olympics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZidan2024" class="citation news cs1">Zidan, Karim (18 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/jan/18/the-case-for-sports-sanctions-against-israel">"The case for sports sanctions against Israel"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+case+for+sports+sanctions+against+Israel&rft.date=2024-01-18&rft.aulast=Zidan&rft.aufirst=Karim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2024%2Fjan%2F18%2Fthe-case-for-sports-sanctions-against-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalguero2023" class="citation news cs1">Salguero, David Rubio (6 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1142358/ioc-defe">"IOC defends the participation of Israeli athletes in Paris 2024"</a>. insidethegames.biz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220202117/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1142358/ioc-defe">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=insidethegames.biz&rft.atitle=IOC+defends+the+participation+of+Israeli+athletes+in+Paris+2024&rft.date=2023-11-06&rft.aulast=Salguero&rft.aufirst=David+Rubio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F1142358%2Fioc-defe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-medicine-arrives-for-captives-palestinians?update=2629791">"More than 300 Palestinian sports clubs call for Israel Olympic Games ban"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=More+than+300+Palestinian+sports+clubs+call+for+Israel+Olympic+Games+ban&rft.date=2024-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fliveblog%2F2024%2F1%2F18%2Fisraels-war-on-gaza-live-medicine-arrives-for-captives-palestinians%3Fupdate%3D2629791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/sport/artikel/5416404/ioc-waarschuwt-voor-boycots-en-discriminatie-tijdens-spelen">"IOC waarschuwt voor boycots en discriminatie tijdens Spelen"</a> [IOC warns against boycotts and discrimination during Games]. <a href="/wiki/RTL_Nieuws" title="RTL Nieuws">RTL Nieuws</a> (in Dutch). 1 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217160509/https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/sport/artikel/5416404/ioc-waarschuwt-voor-boycots-en-discriminatie-tijdens-spelen">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RTL+Nieuws&rft.atitle=IOC+waarschuwt+voor+boycots+en+discriminatie+tijdens+Spelen&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtlnieuws.nl%2Fsport%2Fartikel%2F5416404%2Fioc-waarschuwt-voor-boycots-en-discriminatie-tijdens-spelen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/paris-olympics-ioc-bach-israel-russia-8b6005213cb0e680bf533c0454ece216">"Israel's Olympic status not in question says IOC president Bach amid frustration with Russia"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Olympic+officials+try+to+crush+U.S.+probes+of+China+doping%2C+threaten+Salt+Lake+Games&rft.date=2024-07-24&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2024%2F07%2F24%2Fnx-s1-5050528%2Folympic-threaten-salt-lake-2034-winter-games-doping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongmanPanjaSchmidt2024" class="citation news cs1">Longman, Jeré; Panja, Tariq; Schmidt, Michael S. (24 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/24/world/olympics/salt-lake-city-winter-olympics-2034.html">"Salt Lake Awarded 2034 Olympics Under I.O.C. 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Retrieved 10 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IOC+Comissions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fioc%2Fcommissions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/ioc/partners">"The Olympic Partner Programme"</a>. Retrieved 11 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Olympic+Partner+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fioc%2Fpartners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoriano2024" class="citation web cs1">Soriano, Daniel (1 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1149055/bridgestone-the-latest-brand-pulls-out">"Bridgestone, the latest major brand to end Olympic sponsorship"</a>. Inside the Games.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+the+Games&rft.atitle=Bridgestone%2C+the+latest+major+brand+to+end+Olympic+sponsorship&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft.aulast=Soriano&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F1149055%2Fbridgestone-the-latest-brand-pulls-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2024" class="citation web cs1">Cunningham, Euan (1 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sportcal.com/news/bridgestone-to-let-ioc-deal-expire-move-focus-to-motorsport/">"Bridgestone to let IOC deal expire, move focus to motorsport"</a>. 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Inside the Games. 10 September 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240910135308/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1148514/japan-olympic-sponsorship-ends-37-years">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+the+Games&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Panasonic+to+conclude+Olympic+sponsorship&rft.date=2024-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F1148514%2Fjapan-olympic-sponsorship-ends-37-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japantoday.com/category/sports/Top-Olympic-sponsor-Panasonic-is-ending-its-contract-with-IOC">"Top Olympic sponsor Panasonic ending its contract with IOC"</a>. Japan Today. 10 September 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240910122853/https://japantoday.com/category/sports/Top-Olympic-sponsor-Panasonic-is-ending-its-contract-with-IOC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japan+Today&rft.atitle=Top+Olympic+sponsor+Panasonic+ending+its+contract+with+IOC&rft.date=2024-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapantoday.com%2Fcategory%2Fsports%2FTop-Olympic-sponsor-Panasonic-is-ending-its-contract-with-IOC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2024" class="citation web cs1">Butler, Eleanor (27 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/business/2024/05/27/carmaker-toyota-set-to-call-a-halt-to-olympic-sponsorship-deal-after-paris-2024-event">"Carmaker Toyota set to call a halt to Olympic sponsorship deal after Paris Games"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527095419/https://www.euronews.com/business/2024/05/27/carmaker-toyota-set-to-call-a-halt-to-olympic-sponsorship-deal-after-paris-2024-event">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Carmaker+Toyota+set+to+call+a+halt+to+Olympic+sponsorship+deal+after+Paris+Games&rft.date=2024-05-27&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fbusiness%2F2024%2F05%2F27%2Fcarmaker-toyota-set-to-call-a-halt-to-olympic-sponsorship-deal-after-paris-2024-event&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicazo2024" class="citation web cs1">Picazo, Raúl Daffunchio (27 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1145610/toyota-to-say-goodbye-after-paris-2024">"Toyota to say goodbye after Paris 2024"</a>. Inside the Games. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527114620/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1145610/toyota-to-say-goodbye-after-paris-2024">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+the+Games&rft.atitle=Toyota+to+say+goodbye+after+Paris+2024&rft.date=2024-05-27&rft.aulast=Picazo&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl+Daffunchio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F1145610%2Ftoyota-to-say-goodbye-after-paris-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanonMallon2006" class="citation book cs1">Buchanon, Ian; Mallon, Bill (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00buch_0">Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement</a>. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5574-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5574-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-5574-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Olympic+Movement&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5574-8&rft.aulast=Buchanon&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Mallon%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio00buch_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappeletBrenda_Kübler-Mabbott2008" class="citation book cs1">Chappelet, Jean-Loup; Brenda Kübler-Mabbott (2008). International Olympic Committee and the Olympic system: the governance of world sport. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43167-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43167-5"><bdi>978-0-415-43167-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Olympic+Committee+and+the+Olympic+system%3A+the+governance+of+world+sport&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43167-5&rft.aulast=Chappelet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Loup&rft.au=Brenda+K%C3%BCbler-Mabbott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper-Chen2005" class="citation book cs1">Cooper-Chen, Anne (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Su8jRiVVdoC&q=tv+influence+on+olympic+games&pg=PA228">Global entertainment media</a>. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5168-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5168-7"><bdi>978-0-8058-5168-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+entertainment+media&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-5168-7&rft.aulast=Cooper-Chen&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Su8jRiVVdoC%26q%3Dtv%2Binfluence%2Bon%2Bolympic%2Bgames%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenskyj2000" class="citation book cs1">Lenskyj, Helen Jefferson (2000). Inside the Olympic Industry: Power, Politics and Activism. New York: SUNY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Olympic+Industry%3A+Power%2C+Politics+and+Activism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=SUNY&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lenskyj&rft.aufirst=Helen+Jefferson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodnieksSzemberg2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Podnieks" title="Andrew Podnieks">Podnieks, Andrew</a>; Szemberg, Szymon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iihf.com/100-years/100-years-of-ice-hockey/home/100-top-stories.html">IIHF Top 100 Hockey Stories of All-Time</a>. H. B. Fenn & Company, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55168-358-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55168-358-4"><bdi>978-1-55168-358-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321095926/http://www.iihf.com/100-years/100-years-of-ice-hockey/home/100-top-stories.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IIHF+Top+100+Hockey+Stories+of+All-Time&rft.pub=H.+B.+Fenn+%26+Company%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55168-358-4&rft.aulast=Podnieks&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Szemberg%2C+Szymon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iihf.com%2F100-years%2F100-years-of-ice-hockey%2Fhome%2F100-top-stories.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Olympic+Committee" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/ioc">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40970#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Olympic_Committee" title="Template:International Olympic Committee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_Olympic_Committee" title="Template talk:International Olympic Committee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_Olympic_Committee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International Olympic Committee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_International_Olympic_Committee_(IOC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Olympic Committee (IOC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_symbols" title="Olympic symbols">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Charter" title="Olympic Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_International_Olympic_Committee" title="List of members of the International Olympic Committee">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_International_Olympic_Committee" title="President of the International Olympic Committee">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Congress" title="Olympic Congress">Olympic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOC_Athletes%27_Commission" title="IOC Athletes' Commission">IOC Athletes' Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Refuge_Foundation" title="Olympic Refuge Foundation">Olympic Refuge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Broadcasting_Services" title="Olympic Broadcasting Services">Olympic Broadcasting Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Channel" title="Olympic Channel">Olympic Channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Channel_(American_TV_channel)" title="Olympic Channel (American TV channel)">American</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings#Olympic_Congresses" title="List of IOC meetings">Olympic Congresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/13th_Olympic_Congress" title="13th Olympic Congress">13th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings#IOC_Sessions" title="List of IOC meetings">IOC sessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/117th_IOC_Session" title="117th IOC Session">117th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/121st_IOC_Session" title="121st IOC Session">121st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/123rd_IOC_Session" title="123rd IOC Session">123rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/125th_IOC_Session" title="125th IOC Session">125th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/127th_IOC_Session" title="127th IOC Session">127th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/128th_IOC_Session" title="128th IOC Session">128th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/129th_IOC_Session" title="129th IOC Session">129th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/130th_IOC_Session" title="130th IOC Session">130th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/131st_IOC_Session" title="131st IOC Session">131st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/132nd_IOC_Session" title="132nd IOC Session">132nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/133rd_IOC_Session" title="133rd IOC Session">133rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/134th_IOC_Session" title="134th IOC Session">134th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/141st_IOC_Session" title="141st IOC Session">141st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/142nd_IOC_Session" title="142nd IOC Session">142nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/144th_IOC_Session" title="144th IOC Session">144th</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Order" title="Olympic Order">Olympic Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Cup" title="Olympic Cup">Olympic Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin_Medal" title="Pierre de Coubertin Medal">Pierre de Coubertin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Laurel" title="Olympic Laurel">Olympic Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Diploma_of_Merit" title="Olympic Diploma of Merit">Olympic Diploma of Merit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee" title="National Olympic Committee">National Olympic Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Association of National Olympic Committees">Association of NOCs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International sports federations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Summer_Olympic_International_Federations" title="Association of Summer Olympic International Federations">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_International_Olympic_Winter_Sports_Federations" title="Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_IOC_Recognised_International_Sports_Federations" title="Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations">IOC Recognised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Games_Association" title="International World Games Association">International World Games Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_Sports_for_the_Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="International Committee of Sports for the Deaf">International Committee of Sports for the Deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/32px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/48px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/64px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="495" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games" title="Portal:Olympic Games">Olympic Games portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Association_of_National_Olympic_Committees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Template:Association of National Olympic Committees"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Association_of_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Association of National Olympic Committees">Association of National Olympic Committees</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Games" title="Pacific Games">Pacific Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Beach_Games" title="World Beach Games">World Beach Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #000000;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">ANOCA – <a href="/wiki/Association_of_National_Olympic_Committees_of_Africa" title="Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa">Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Association_of_National_Olympic_Committees.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Association of National Olympic Committees."><img alt="Association of National Olympic Committees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Association_of_National_Olympic_Committees.svg/220px-Association_of_National_Olympic_Committees.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Association_of_National_Olympic_Committees.svg/330px-Association_of_National_Olympic_Committees.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Association_of_National_Olympic_Committees.svg/440px-Association_of_National_Olympic_Committees.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #df0024;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">PASO – <a href="/wiki/Panam_Sports" title="Panam Sports">Panam Sports</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f4c300;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">OCA – <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Council_of_Asia" title="Olympic Council of Asia">Olympic Council of Asia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #009f3d;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">EOC – <a href="/wiki/European_Olympic_Committees" title="European Olympic Committees">European Olympic Committees</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0085c7;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">ONOC – <a href="/wiki/Oceania_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Oceania National Olympic Committees">Oceania National Olympic Committees</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_sports_federations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Sports_Federations" title="Template:International Sports Federations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_Sports_Federations" title="Template talk:International Sports Federations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_Sports_Federations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International Sports Federations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_sports_federations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International sports federations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Summer_Olympic_International_Federations" title="Association of Summer Olympic International Federations">ASOIF</a> (30+2) Summer Olympics Federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Aquatics" title="World Aquatics">WAqu</a> (aquatic sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Archery Federation">WA</a> (archery)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">WAth</a> (athletics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation" title="Badminton World Federation">BWF</a> (badminton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Baseball_Softball_Confederation" title="World Baseball Softball Confederation">WBSC</a> (baseball, softball and Baseball5) (associate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIBA" title="FIBA">FIBA</a> (basketball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Canoe_Federation" title="International Canoe Federation">ICF</a> (canoeing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale" title="Union Cycliste Internationale">UCI</a> (cycling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_DanceSport_Federation" title="World DanceSport Federation">WDSF</a> (dance sport) (associate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports" title="International Federation for Equestrian Sports">FEI</a> (equestrian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_d%27Escrime" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Internationale d'Escrime">FIE</a> (fencing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> (football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Golf_Federation" title="International Golf Federation">IGF</a> (golf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gymnastics_Federation" title="International Gymnastics Federation">FIG</a> (gymnastics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Handball_Federation" title="International Handball Federation">IHF</a> (handball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Hockey_Federation" title="International Hockey Federation">FIH</a> (field hockey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Judo_Federation" title="International Judo Federation">IJF</a> (judo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Internationale_de_Pentathlon_Moderne" title="Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne">UIPM</a> (modern pentathlon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Skate" title="World Skate">WSK</a> (roller sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rowing Federation">FISA</a> (rowing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">WR</a> (rugby union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Sailing" title="World Sailing">WS</a> (sailing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Shooting_Sport_Federation" title="International Shooting Sport Federation">ISSF</a> (shooting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Sport_Climbing" title="International Federation of Sport Climbing">IFSC</a> (sport climbing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Surfing_Association" title="International Surfing Association">ISA</a> (surfing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Table_Tennis_Federation" title="International Table Tennis Federation">ITTF</a> (table tennis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo" title="World Taekwondo">WT</a> (taekwondo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">ITF</a> (tennis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Triathlon" title="World Triathlon">WT</a> (triathlon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Volleyball" title="Fédération Internationale de Volleyball">FIVB</a> (volleyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Weightlifting_Federation" title="International Weightlifting Federation">IWF</a> (weightlifting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_World_Wrestling" title="United World Wrestling">UWW</a> (wrestling)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_International_Olympic_Winter_Sports_Federations" title="Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations">AIOWF</a> (7) Winter Olympics Federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Biathlon_Union" title="International Biathlon Union">IBU</a> (biathlon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bobsleigh_and_Skeleton_Federation" title="International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation">IBSF</a> (bobsleigh and skeleton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Curling" title="World Curling">WC</a> (curling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation" title="International Ice Hockey Federation">IIHF</a> (ice hockey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Luge_Federation" title="International Luge Federation">FIL</a> (luge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Skating_Union" title="International Skating Union">ISU</a> (skating sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ski_and_Snowboard_Federation" title="International Ski and Snowboard Federation">FIS</a> (skiing and snowboarding sports)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_IOC_Recognised_International_Sports_Federations" title="Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations">ARISF</a> (39) Others recognised by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">IOC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">FAI</a> (air sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">IFAF</a> (American football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">FIA</a> (auto racing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Bandy" title="Federation of International Bandy">FIB</a> (bandy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Baseball_Softball_Confederation" title="World Baseball Softball Confederation">WBSC</a> (baseball, softball and Baseball5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Basque_Pelota" title="International Federation of Basque Pelota">FIPV</a> (basque pelota)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Confederation_of_Billiards_Sports" title="World Confederation of Billiards Sports">WCBS</a> (billiards sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Sports_de_Boules" title="Confédération Mondiale des Sports de Boules">CMSB</a> (boules)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bowling_Federation" title="International Bowling Federation">IBF</a> (bowling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bridge_Federation" title="World Bridge Federation">WBF</a> (bridge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cheer_Union" title="International Cheer Union">ICU</a> (cheer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> (chess)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">ICC</a> (cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_DanceSport_Federation" title="World DanceSport Federation">WDSF</a> (dance sport)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Floorball_Federation" title="International Floorball Federation">IFF</a> (floorball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flying_Disc_Federation" title="World Flying Disc Federation">WFDF</a> (flying disc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_Icestocksport" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation Icestocksport">IFI</a> (ice stock sport)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Karate_Federation" title="World Karate Federation">WKF</a> (karate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Kickboxing_Organizations" title="World Association of Kickboxing Organizations">WAKO</a> (kickboxing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Korfball_Federation" title="International Korfball Federation">IKF</a> (korfball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Lacrosse" title="World Lacrosse">FIL</a> (lacrosse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">ILSF</a> (life saving)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Motocyclisme" title="Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme">FIM</a> (motorcycle sport)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Climbing_and_Mountaineering_Federation" title="International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation">UIAA</a> (mountaineering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Muaythai_Associations" title="International Federation of Muaythai Associations">IFMA</a> (muaythai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Netball" title="World Netball">WN</a> (netball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Orienteering_Federation" title="International Orienteering Federation">IOF</a> (orienteering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Polo" title="Federation of International Polo">FIP</a> (polo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Internationale_Motonautique" title="Union Internationale Motonautique">UIM</a> (powerboating)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Racquetball_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Racquetball Federation">IRF</a> (racquetball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Sambo" title="Fédération Internationale de Sambo">FIAS</a> (sambo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ski_Mountaineering_Federation" title="International Ski Mountaineering Federation">ISMF</a> (ski mountaineering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Squash_Federation" title="World Squash Federation">WSF</a> (squash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sumo_Federation" title="International Sumo Federation">IFS</a> (sumo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_of_War_International_Federation" title="Tug of War International Federation">TWIF</a> (tug-of-war)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS</a> (underwater sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_University_Sports_Federation" title="International University Sports Federation">FISU</a> (university sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Waterski_%26_Wakeboard_Federation" title="International Waterski & Wakeboard Federation">IWWF</a> (waterski and wakeboard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Wushu_Federation" title="International Wushu Federation">IWUF</a> (wushu)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Independent_Recognised_Members_of_Sport" title="Alliance of Independent Recognised Members of Sport">AIMS</a> (20) Others in <a href="/wiki/SportAccord" title="SportAccord">SportAccord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Aikido_Federation" title="International Aikido Federation">IAF</a> (aikido)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Armwrestling_Federation" title="World Armwrestling Federation">WAF</a> (arm wrestling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilding_and_Fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of BodyBuilding and Fitness">IFBB</a> (bodybuilding)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Casting_Sport_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Casting Sport Federation">ICSF</a> (casting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Darts_Federation" title="World Darts Federation">WDF</a> (darts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Dragon_Boat_Federation" title="International Dragon Boat Federation">IDBF</a> (dragon boat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Draughts_Federation" title="World Draughts Federation">FMJD</a> (draughts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fistball_Association" title="International Fistball Association">IFA</a> (fistball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Go_Federation" title="International Go Federation">IGF</a> (go)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju-Jitsu_International_Federation" title="Ju-Jitsu International Federation">JJIF</a> (ju-jitsu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Kendo_Federation" title="International Kendo Federation">FIK</a> (kendo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Minigolf_Sport_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Minigolf Sport Federation">WMF</a> (minigolf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Powerlifting_Federation" title="International Powerlifting Federation">IPF</a> (powerlifting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Practical_Shooting_Confederation" title="International Practical Shooting Confederation">IPSC</a> (practical shooting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_Internationale_de_Savate" title="Federation Internationale de Savate">FISav</a> (savate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sepaktakraw_Federation" title="International Sepaktakraw Federation">ISTAF</a> (sepak takraw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Sleddog_Sports" title="International Federation of Sleddog Sports">ISFF</a> (sleddog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Soft_Tennis_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Soft Tennis Federation">ISTF</a> (soft tennis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_la_P%C3%AAche_Sportive" title="Confédération Internationale de la Pêche Sportive">CIPS</a> (sport fishing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Teqball_Federation" title="International Teqball Federation">FITEQ</a> (teqball)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">former <a href="/wiki/Global_Association_of_International_Sports_Federations" title="Global Association of International Sports Federations">GAISF</a> observer members (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Dodgeball_Association" title="World Dodgeball Association">WDA</a> (dodgeball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_International_FootGolf" title="Federation for International FootGolf">FIFG</a> (footgolf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jump_Rope_Union" title="International Jump Rope Union">IJRU</a> (jump rope)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Kettlebell_Lifting" title="International Union of Kettlebell Lifting">IUKL</a> (kettlebell lifting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Obstacle" title="World Obstacle">FISO</a> (obstacle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Padel_Federation" title="International Padel Federation">IPF</a> (padel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Match_Poker" title="International Federation of Match Poker">IFMP</a> (poker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Pole_Sports_Federation" title="International Pole Sports Federation">IPSF</a> (pole dance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rafting_Federation" title="International Rafting Federation">IRF</a> (rafting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rugby_League" title="International Rugby League">IRL</a> (rugby league)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Table_Soccer_Federation" title="International Table Soccer Federation">ITSF</a> (table football/soccer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Eskrima_Kali_Arnis_Federation" title="World Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation">WEKAF</a> (arnis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AFL_Commission" title="AFL Commission">AFLC</a> (Australian rules football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Backgammon_Federation" title="World Backgammon Federation">WBGF</a> (backgammon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Street_and_Ball_Hockey_Federation" title="International Street and Ball Hockey Federation">ISBHF</a> (ball hockey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bodyboarding_Association" title="International Bodyboarding Association">IBA</a> (bodyboarding)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bowls" title="World Bowls">WB</a> (bowls)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Association" title="International Boxing Association">IBA</a>1 (boxing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Boxing" title="World Boxing">WB</a>2 (boxing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_Jiu-Jitsu_International_Federation" title="Sport Jiu-Jitsu International Federation">SJJIF</a> (Brazilian jiu-jitsu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Broomball_Associations" title="International Federation of Broomball Associations">IFBA</a> (broomball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Croquet_Federation" title="World Croquet Federation">WCF</a> (croquet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Dodgeball_Federation" title="World Dodgeball Federation">WDBF</a> (dodgeball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Fullbore_Rifle_Associations" title="International Confederation of Fullbore Rifle Associations">ICFRA</a> (fullbore rifle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">IGAA</a> (Gaelic football and hurling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Terrain_Skate_Cross_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="All Terrain Skate Cross Federation">ATSX</a> (downhill ice cross)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Kabaddi_Federation" title="International Kabaddi Federation">IKF</a> (kabaddi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Kempo_Federation" title="International Kempo Federation">IKF</a> (kempo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Landsailing_Organisation" title="World Landsailing Organisation">FISLY</a> (landsailing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mixed_Martial_Arts_Federation" title="International Mixed Martial Arts Federation">IMMAF</a> (mixed martial arts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mountain_Running_Association" title="World Mountain Running Association">WMRA</a> (mountain running)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Rowing_Society_International" title="Ocean Rowing Society International">ORSI</a> (ocean rowing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Pickleball_Federation" title="International Pickleball Federation">IPF</a> (pickleball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Quidditch_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="International Quidditch Association">IQA</a> (quidditch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Model_Auto_Racing" title="International Federation of Model Auto Racing">IFMAR</a> (radio-controlled racing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rogaining_Federation" title="International Rogaining Federation">IRF</a> (rogaining)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Snowshoe_Federation" title="World Snowshoe Federation">WSSF</a> (snowshoe running)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Skyrunning_Federation" title="International Skyrunning Federation">ISF</a> (skyrunning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Sport_Stacking_Association" title="World Sport Stacking Association">WSSA</a> (sport stacking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Table_Hockey_Federation" title="International Table Hockey Federation">ITHF</a> (table hockey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tent_Pegging_Federation" title="International Tent Pegging Federation">ITPF</a> (tent pegging)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Touch" title="Federation of International Touch">FIT</a> (touch football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trail_Running_Association" title="International Trail Running Association">ITRA</a> (trail running)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Ultrarunners" title="International Association of Ultrarunners">IAU</a> (ultra running)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Olympic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Games_Association" title="International World Games Association">International World Games Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SportAccord" title="SportAccord">SportAccord</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1 IOC recognition withdrawn</li> <li>2 Seeking IOC recognition</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Olympic_Games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #DDEBFF;background: #BFD7FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Olympic_Games" title="Template:Olympic Games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_Games" title="Template talk:Olympic Games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_Games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic Games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Olympic_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: #DDEBFF;background: #D5E6FF"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Olympic sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IOC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Charter" title="Olympic Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Congress" title="Olympic Congress">Olympic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings" title="List of IOC meetings">IOC meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International sports federations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Medals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal_table" title="Olympic medal table">Medal table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">All-time medal table</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-time_Youth_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Youth Olympic Games medal table">youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_teams_by_medals_won" title="List of Olympic teams by medals won">Medal table leaders by Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Olympic_medalists" title="Lists of Olympic medalists">Medalists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Youth_Olympic_medalists" title="Lists of Youth Olympic medalists">youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ties_for_medals_at_the_Olympics" title="List of ties for medals at the Olympics">Medal ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incentives_for_Olympic_medalists_by_country" title="Incentives for Olympic medalists by country">Incentives by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stripped_Olympic_medals" title="List of stripped Olympic medals">Stripped medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_diploma" title="Olympic diploma">Olympic diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_wreath" title="Olive wreath">Olive wreath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee" title="National Olympic Committee">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Summer_Olympic_Games" title="List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympic_Games" title="List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics">tropical nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IOC_country_codes" title="List of IOC country codes">country codes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities" title="List of Olympic Games host cities">Host cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bids_for_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Bids for Olympic Games">Bids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bids_for_the_Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Bids for the Youth Olympic Games">youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues" title="List of Olympic venues">Venues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Youth_Olympic_venues" title="List of Youth Olympic venues">youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium" title="Olympic Stadium">Olympic Stadium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony" title="Olympic Games ceremony">Ceremonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Mass" title="Olympic Mass">Olympic Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_opened_the_Olympic_Games" title="List of people who have opened the Olympic Games">People who opened the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_torch_relays" title="List of Olympic torch relays">Torch relays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torchbearers_who_have_lit_the_Olympic_cauldron" title="List of torchbearers who have lit the Olympic cauldron">lighters of the Olympic cauldron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_kept_the_Olympic_flag" title="List of people who have kept the Olympic flag">Keepers of the Olympic flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympics_on_television" title="Olympics on television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Broadcasting_Services" title="Olympic Broadcasting Services">Olympic Broadcasting Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Channel" title="Olympic Channel">Olympic Channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Channel_(American_TV_channel)" title="Olympic Channel (American TV channel)">American</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_coverage_of_the_Olympics" title="Social media coverage of the Olympics">Social media</a></li> <li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Summer_Olympic_documentary_films" title="List of Summer Olympic documentary films">summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Winter_Olympic_documentary_films" title="List of Winter Olympic documentary films">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_video_games" title="List of Olympic video games">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_symbols" title="Olympic symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_flame" title="Olympic flame">Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Oath" title="Olympic Oath">Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_songs_and_anthems" title="List of Olympic songs and anthems">Songs and anthems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Hymn" title="Olympic Hymn">Hymn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_emblem" title="Olympic emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_poster" title="Olympic poster">Poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_mascots" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic mascots">Mascots</a></li> <li>Coins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_coins" title="Summer Olympic coins">summer (pre-2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Coins_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="Summer Olympic Coins (2000–present)">summer (2000-present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_coins" title="Winter Olympic coins">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin_Medal" title="Pierre de Coubertin Medal">Pierre de Coubertin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Cup" title="Olympic Cup">Olympic Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Diploma_of_Merit" title="Olympic Diploma of Merit">Olympic Diploma of Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Laurel" title="Olympic Laurel">Olympic Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Order" title="Olympic Order">Olympic Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_competitions_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Art competitions at the Summer Olympics">Art competitions at the Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_art_competitions" title="List of Olympic medalists in art competitions">medalists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_scandals,_controversies_and_incidents" title="List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents">Scandals and controversies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism_and_the_Olympic_Games" title="Colonialism and the Olympic Games">colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_at_the_Olympic_Games" title="Doping at the Olympic Games">doping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_and_Paralympic_deaths" title="Olympic and Paralympic deaths">Deaths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">WWI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_II" title="List of Olympians killed in World War II">WWII</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_of_women_in_the_Olympics" title="Participation of women in the Olympics">Participation of women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li>Continental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Games" title="Pacific Games">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Esports_Series" title="Olympic Esports Series">Olympic Esports Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906 Intercalated Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #DDEBFF;background: #D5E6FF"><div id="Olympic_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Olympic Games</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896 Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900 Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">1904 St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908 London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Summer_Olympics" title="1916 Summer Olympics">1916 Berlin</a><a href="#cite_note-WW1-146">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics" title="1928 Summer Olympics">1928 Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics" title="1932 Summer Olympics">1932 Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics" title="1940 Summer Olympics">1940 Tokyo</a><a href="#cite_note-WW2-147">[b]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Summer_Olympics" title="1944 Summer Olympics">1944 London</a><a href="#cite_note-WW2-147">[b]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948 London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics" title="1968 Summer Olympics">1968 Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Tokyo</a><a href="#cite_note-COVID2021-148">[c]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028 Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032 Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2036_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2036 Summer Olympics">2036 TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2040_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2040 Summer Olympics">2040 TBD</a></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olympic rings"><img alt="Olympic rings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/110px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/165px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/220px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">1924 Chamonix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics" title="1928 Winter Olympics">1928 St. Moritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics" title="1932 Winter Olympics">1932 Lake Placid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics" title="1936 Winter Olympics">1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics" title="1940 Winter Olympics">1940 Sapporo</a><a href="#cite_note-WW2-147">[b]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics" title="1944 Winter Olympics">1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo</a><a href="#cite_note-WW2-147">[b]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics" title="1948 Winter Olympics">1948 St. Moritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics" title="1952 Winter Olympics">1952 Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics" title="1956 Winter Olympics">1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics" title="1960 Winter Olympics">1960 Squaw Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">1964 Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics" title="1968 Winter Olympics">1968 Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics" title="1972 Winter Olympics">1972 Sapporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">1976 Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics" title="1980 Winter Olympics">1980 Lake Placid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics" title="1984 Winter Olympics">1984 Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988 Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">1992 Albertville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994 Lillehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998 Nagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Salt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Torino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Sochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 PyeongChang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics" title="2026 Winter Olympics">2026 Milano Cortina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics" title="2030 Winter Olympics">2030 French Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2034_Winter_Olympics" title="2034 Winter Olympics">2034 Salt Lake City–Utah</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #DDEBFF;background: #D5E6FF"><div id="Youth_Olympic_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em">Summer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2010 Summer Youth Olympics">2010 Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2014 Summer Youth Olympics">2014 Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2018 Summer Youth Olympics">2018 Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2026 Summer Youth Olympics">2026 Dakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2030_Summer_Youth_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2030 Summer Youth Olympics">2030</a></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Youth Olympic Games logo"><img alt="Youth Olympic Games logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg/110px-Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg/165px-Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg/220px-Youth_Olympic_Games_Logo_Third_Version.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="296" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DDEBFF;width:6em">Winter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even plainlist wraplinks" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2012 Winter Youth Olympics">2012 Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2016 Winter Youth Olympics">2016 Lillehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2020 Winter Youth Olympics">2020 Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2024 Winter Youth Olympics">2024 Gangwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2028 Winter Youth Olympics">2028</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background: #DDEBFF;background: #D5E6FF"><div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WW1-146"><a href="#cite_ref-WW1_146-0">^</a> Cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WW2-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WW2_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WW2_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WW2_147-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WW2_147-3">d</a> Cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-COVID2021-148"><a href="#cite_ref-COVID2021_148-0">^</a> Postponed to 2021 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: #DDEBFF;background: #BFD7FF"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/32px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/48px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/64px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="495" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games" title="Portal:Olympic Games">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Category:Summer Olympic Games">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Summer_Olympics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Summer Olympics">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/21px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/32px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/42px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="495" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Olympics">Olympics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/19px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/29px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/38px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/21px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/32px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/42px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40970#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40970#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40970#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406261762">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121941617">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158842742">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/549528/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/210056-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80125398">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880594w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880594w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001131460">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV000448">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35232501">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20020321506&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX84848">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/278417">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90256912">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000089558&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000723564&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=179045">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt7bkn4f1k49308">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810639413305606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/48039">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263030205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512933406706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02530027?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/874996">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026586827">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016345">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/17191957-d3bb-4d35-ac2a-3ba277d0b93b">MusicBrainz label</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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