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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Komenco</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Membreco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membreco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Membreco</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Membreco-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Baskuli Membreco subsekcio</span> </button> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prezidantoj,_1780-nune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prezidantoj,_1780-nune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prezidantoj, 1780-nune</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prezidantoj,_1780-nune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencoj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencoj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referencoj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencoj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksteraj_ligiloj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksteraj_ligiloj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eksteraj ligiloj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksteraj_ligiloj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Enhavo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Usona Akademio de Artoj kaj Sciencoj</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Iru al artikolo en alia lingvo. Havebla en 40 lingvo" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 lingvoj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم — araba" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="الاكاديميه الامريكانيه للفنون و العلوم — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاكاديميه الامريكانيه للفنون و العلوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_de_les_Artes_y_les_Ciencies_d%27Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Academia de les Artes y les Ciencies d'Estaos Xuníos — asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Academia de les Artes y les Ciencies d'Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_%C4%B0nc%C9%99s%C9%99n%C9%99t_v%C9%99_Elml%C9%99r_Akademiyas%C4%B1" title="Amerika İncəsənət və Elmlər Akademiyası — azerbajĝana" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amerika İncəsənət və Elmlər Akademiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajĝana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Амерыканская акадэмія мастацтваў і навук — belorusa" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амерыканская акадэмія мастацтваў і навук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belorusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Americana_de_les_Arts_i_les_Ci%C3%A8ncies" title="Acadèmia Americana de les Arts i les Ciències — kataluna" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acadèmia Americana de les Arts i les Ciències" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataluna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1_%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="پەیمانگای ئەمریکیی ھونەر و زانست — sorana" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیمانگای ئەمریکیی ھونەر و زانست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americk%C3%A1_akademie_um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_a_v%C4%9Bd" title="Americká akademie umění a věd — ĉeĥa" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Americká akademie umění a věd" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ĉeĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences — germana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences — angla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Estadounidense_de_las_Artes_y_las_Ciencias" title="Academia Estadounidense de las Artes y las Ciencias — hispana" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Academia Estadounidense de las Artes y las Ciencias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_Kunstide_ja_Teaduste_Akadeemia" title="Ameerika Kunstide ja Teaduste Akadeemia — estona" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Kunstide ja Teaduste Akadeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteen_eta_Zientzien_Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Akademia" title="Arteen eta Zientzien Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Akademia — eŭska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arteen eta Zientzien Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Akademia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="eŭska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="فرهنگستان هنر و علوم آمریکا — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگستان هنر و علوم آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences — finna" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_am%C3%A9ricaine_des_arts_et_des_sciences" title="Académie américaine des arts et des sciences — franca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Académie américaine des arts et des sciences" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadamh_Aimeireaga_nan_Ealan_is_nan_Saidheans" title="Acadamh Aimeireaga nan Ealan is nan Saidheans — skot-gaela" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Acadamh Aimeireaga nan Ealan is nan Saidheans" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skot-gaela" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D" title="האקדמיה האמריקאית לאמנויות ולמדעים — hebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האקדמיה האמריקאית לאמנויות ולמדעים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C" title="अमेरिकन एकेडमी ऑफ आर्ट्स एंड साइंसेज — hinda" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमेरिकन एकेडमी ऑफ आर्ट्स एंड साइंसेज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hinda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dka_akademija_umjetnosti_i_znanosti" title="Američka akademija umjetnosti i znanosti — kroata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Američka akademija umjetnosti i znanosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi_Seni_dan_Ilmu_Amerika" title="Akademi Seni dan Ilmu Amerika — indonezia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akademi Seni dan Ilmu Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences — itala" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E8%8A%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC" title="アメリカ芸術科学アカデミー — japana" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ芸術科学アカデミー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Америка өнер және ғылым академиясы — kazaĥa" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Америка өнер және ғылым академиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99_%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B4%EB%8D%B0%EB%AF%B8" title="미국 예술 과학 아카데미 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 예술 과학 아카데미" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Америка искусство жана илимдер академиясы — kirgiza" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Америка искусство жана илимдер академиясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences — luksemburga" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Американска академија на уметностите и науките — makedona" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Американска академија на уметностите и науките" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences — nederlanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameryka%C5%84ska_Akademia_Sztuk_i_Nauk" title="Amerykańska Akademia Sztuk i Nauk — pola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amerykańska Akademia Sztuk i Nauk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_de_Artes_e_Ci%C3%AAncias_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Academia de Artes e Ciências dos Estados Unidos — portugala" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Academia de Artes e Ciências dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Американская академия искусств и наук — rusa" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американская академия искусств и наук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences — slovaka" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C5%A1ka_akademija_umetnosti_in_znanosti" title="Ameriška akademija umetnosti in znanosti — slovena" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ameriška akademija umetnosti in znanosti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">El Vikipedio, la libera enciklopedio</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eo" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width: 23em; background: #ffffff; -moz-box-shadow: 4px 4px 4px #CCC; -webkit-box-shadow: 4px 4px 4px #CCC; box-shadow: 4px 4px 4px #CCC;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color:#dddddd;color:#000000" class="kaplinio universitato">Usona Akademio de Artoj kaj Sciencoj </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 1em 0; text-align: center;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences.png/220px-American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences.png/330px-American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="52" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:AAAS_exterior_1_-_Cambridge,_MA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/AAAS_exterior_1_-_Cambridge%2C_MA.JPG/280px-AAAS_exterior_1_-_Cambridge%2C_MA.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/AAAS_exterior_1_-_Cambridge%2C_MA.JPG/420px-AAAS_exterior_1_-_Cambridge%2C_MA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/AAAS_exterior_1_-_Cambridge%2C_MA.JPG/560px-AAAS_exterior_1_-_Cambridge%2C_MA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#dddddd;color:#000000" class="wikidata-content"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q955824" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q955824"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">erudicia societo</span></a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q96888669" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q96888669"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">akademia eldonejo</span></a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Neprofitcela_organiza%C4%B5o" title="Neprofitcela organizaĵo">neprofitcela organizaĵo</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463303?uselang=eo#P31" title="Redakti la valoron en Wikidata"><img alt="Redakti la valoron en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>moto </th> <td class="wikidata-content"><span lang="la">Sub Libertate Florent</span> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#dddddd;color:#000000">Informoj </th></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>fondodato </th> <td class="wikidata-content">4-a de majo 1780 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>fondinto(j) </th> <td class="wikidata-content"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> • James Bowdoin <sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463303#P112" class="extiw" title="d:Q463303">vd</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#dddddd;color:#000000">Situo </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="World Geodetic System 1984">Geografia situo</a> </td> <td><span id="text_coordinates" class="coordinates plainlinks-print"><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&language=eo&params=42.3808_N_71.1103_W_region:US-MA_type:landmark"><span title="Usona Akademio de Artoj kaj Sciencoj"><span title="Latitudo">42° 22′ 51″ <abbr title="Nordo">N</abbr></span>, <span title="Longitudo">71° 6′ 37″ <abbr title="Okcidento">U</abbr></span></span></a> <a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Map/15/42.3808/-71.1103/eo" data-zoom="15" data-lat="42.3808" data-lon="-71.1103" data-overlays="["_d4d4b3f17d0b235c1685af7debfefe8b5735adfe"]">(mapo)</a></span><span class="geo microformat"><span class="latitude">42.3808</span><span class="longitude">-71.1103</span><span class="elevation"></span></span><span id="coordinates" class="coordinates plainlinks-print"><span title="Koordinatosistemo WGS84">Koordinatoj: </span><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&language=eo&params=42.3808_N_71.1103_W_region:US-MA_type:landmark"><span title="coordinates"><span title="Latitudo">42° 22′ 51″ <abbr title="Nordo">N</abbr></span>, <span title="Longitudo">71° 6′ 37″ <abbr title="Okcidento">U</abbr></span></span></a> <a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Map/15/42.3808/-71.1103/eo" data-zoom="15" data-lat="42.3808" data-lon="-71.1103" data-overlays="["_ca9cbee166d00f7d574a05b914947084137c82e9"]">(mapo)</a></span> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>lando </th> <td class="wikidata-content"><a href="/wiki/Usono" title="Usono">Usono</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>urbo </th> <td class="wikidata-content"><a href="/wiki/Kembri%C4%9Do_(Masa%C4%89useco)" title="Kembriĝo (Masaĉuseco)">Kembriĝo</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#dddddd;color:#000000">Estraro </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>ĉefestro(j) </th> <td class="wikidata-content"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6501635" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q6501635"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Laurie L. Patton</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501635?uselang=eo" title="Traduki"><img alt="Traduki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <small>(2025–)</small><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5240733" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q5240733"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">David W. Oxtoby</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5240733?uselang=eo" title="Traduki"><img alt="Traduki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <small>(2019–2024) <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463303?uselang=eo#P488" title="Redakti la valoron en Wikidata"><img alt="Redakti la valoron en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small> <sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463303#P488" class="extiw" title="d:Q463303">vd</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>retejo </th> <td class="wikidata-content"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org">Oficiala retpaĝaro</a></span> <span class="el_wd"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463303#P856" class="extiw" title="d:Q463303">[+]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#dddddd;color:#000000">Listoj </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>membro de </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="wikidata-content"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usona_Konsilio_de_Erudiciaj_Societoj" title="Usona Konsilio de Erudiciaj Societoj">Usona Konsilio de Erudiciaj Societoj</a> <small>(1919–)</small></li><li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q124358776" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q124358776"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">National Humanities Alliance</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124358776?uselang=eo" title="Traduki"><img alt="Traduki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <small></small></li><li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101483295" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q101483295"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Konsorcio de Socisciencaj Asocioj</span></a> <small></small></li><li><a href="/wiki/Publikiga_Etika_Komitato" title="Publikiga Etika Komitato">Publikiga Etika Komitato</a> <small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463303?uselang=eo#P463" title="Redakti la valoron en Wikidata"><img alt="Redakti la valoron en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></li></ul> <sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463303#P463" class="extiw" title="d:Q463303">vd</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>jura formo </th> <td class="wikidata-content">organizaĵo laŭ 501(c)(3) <sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463303#P1454" class="extiw" title="d:Q463303">vd</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#f2f2f4; padding:0px;"> <table class="situo-mapo" style="margin: 0 auto; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; width: 1px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="border: none; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: center;"><div style="position: relative; z-index: 0; padding: 0; border: none;"><figure class="mw-halign-center noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Usona Akademio de Artoj kaj Sciencoj (Masaĉuseco)"><img alt="Usona Akademio de Artoj kaj Sciencoj (Masaĉuseco)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png/280px-Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png/420px-Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png/560px-Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Usona Akademio de Artoj kaj Sciencoj (Masaĉuseco)</figcaption></figure><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Cablono:Situo_sur_mapo/korektado/DEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ŝablono:Situo sur mapo/korektado/DEC (paĝo ne ekzistas)">DEC</a></span><div style="position:absolute; z-index:2; top:34.2%; left:64.7%; height:0; width:0;"><div style="position:relative; z-index:100; left:-4px; top:-4px; width:8px; height:8px;line-height:0px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&language=eo&params=42.3808_N_71.1103_W_region:US-MA_type:landmark" title="Usona Akademio de Artoj kaj Sciencoj"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div> </div></div></div></td></tr> </tbody></table><span style="display:none;"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 250px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="12" data-lat="42.3808" data-lon="-71.1103" data-overlays="["_ad992341c458803a5b6dce7f19ba567dedf4b35e"]" href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Map/12/42.3808/-71.1103/eo"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,42.3808,-71.1103,250x200.png?lang=eo&domain=eo.wikipedia.org&title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&revid=8478226&groups=_ad992341c458803a5b6dce7f19ba567dedf4b35e" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,42.3808,-71.1103,250x200@2x.png?lang=eo&domain=eo.wikipedia.org&title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&revid=8478226&groups=_ad992341c458803a5b6dce7f19ba567dedf4b35e 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Usona Akademio de Artoj kaj Sciencoj</div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr><td class="shangu-shablonon infoboximage" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em"><div class="noprint toccolours" style="border:2px solid #a2a9b1;padding:5px;background-color:#dddddd;color:#000000;font-size:xx-small;font-weight:normal"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedio:Informkestoj" title="Vikipedio:Informkestoj"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/15px-Information_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/23px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><span class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Cablono:Informkesto_universitato" title="Ŝablono:Informkesto universitato"><span style="color:#000000">v</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Cablono-Diskuto:Informkesto_universitato" title="Ŝablono-Diskuto:Informkesto universitato"><span style="color:#000000">d</span></a> • <a class="external text" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Cablono%3AInformkesto_universitato&action=edit"><span style="color:#000000">r</span></a></span></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/220px-American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/330px-American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/440px-American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>La sidejo de la Akademio, <a href="/wiki/Kembri%C4%9Do_(Masa%C4%89useco)" title="Kembriĝo (Masaĉuseco)">Kembriĝo (Masaĉuseco)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>Usona Akademio de Artoj kaj Sciencoj</b> (<a href="/wiki/Angla_lingvo" title="Angla lingvo">angle</a> <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</span></i>, ofte konataj kiel la <span class="lang-en" lang="en">American Academy</span> (Usona Akademio)) estas unu el la plej aĝaj kaj la plej multe prestiĝaj honoraj socioj kaj gvida centro por strategiesplorado en Usono. Elekto al la akademio estas konsiderita unu el la plej altaj honoroj de la nacio ekde ĝia fondo dum la <a href="/wiki/Usona_Revolucio" class="mw-redirect" title="Usona Revolucio">Usona Revolucio</a> fare de <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, kaj aliaj fakul-patriotoj kiuj kontribuis elstare al la establado de la nova nacio, ĝia registaro, kaj ĝia <a href="/wiki/Konstitucio" title="Konstitucio">konstitucio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hodiaŭ la akademio estas ŝarĝita je duobla funkcio: elekti al membreco la plej bonajn mensojn kaj la plej multajn influajn gvidantojn, tiritajn de <a href="/wiki/Scienco" title="Scienco">scienco</a>, studentaro, <a href="/wiki/Negoco" class="mw-redirect" title="Negoco">negocoj</a>, publikaj aferoj, kaj <a href="/wiki/Arto" title="Arto">artoj</a>, de ĉiu generacio, kaj fari strategistudojn en respondo al la bezonoj de <a href="/wiki/Socio" title="Socio">socio</a>. Gravaj akademiaj projektoj nun temigis altedukon kaj esploradon, homsciencon kaj kultursciencojn, sciencajn kaj teknologiajn progresojn, <a href="/wiki/Politiko" title="Politiko">politikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populacio" title="Populacio">populacion</a> kaj la <a href="/wiki/Medio" title="Medio">medion</a>, kaj la socian bonfarton de infanoj. <i>Dædalus</i>, nome la kvaronjara <a href="/wiki/Gazeto" title="Gazeto">gazeto</a> de la akademio, estas vaste rigardita kiel unu el la gvidaj intelektaj ĵurnaloj de la mondo. </p><p>La akademio estas ĉefsidejita en <a href="/wiki/Kembri%C4%9Do_(Masa%C4%89useco)" title="Kembriĝo (Masaĉuseco)">Kembriĝo (Masaĉuseco)</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membreco">Membreco</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redakti sekcion: Membreco" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&action=edit&section=1" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Membreco"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fondaj_membroj">Fondaj membroj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redakti sekcion: Fondaj membroj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&action=edit&section=2" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Fondaj membroj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ĉartanoj de la akademio estis Samuel Adams, John Adams, John Bacon, James Bowdoin, Charles Chauncy, John Clarke, David Cobb, Samuel Cooper, Thomas Cushing, Nathan Cushing, William Cushing, Tristram Dalton, Francis Dana, Samuel Deane, Perez Fobes, Caleb Gannett, Henry Gardner, Benjamin Guild, John Hancock, Joseph Hawley, Edward Augustus Holyoke, Ebenezer Hunt, Jonathan Jackson, Charles Jarvis, Samuel Langdon, Levi Lincoln, Daniel Little, Elijah Lothrup, John Lowell, Samuel Mather, Samuel Moody, Andrew Oliver, Joseph Orne, Theodore Parsons, George Partridge, Robert Treat Paine, Phillips Payson, Samuel Phillips, John Pickering, Oliver Prescott, Zedekiah Sanger, Nathaniel Peaslee Sargeant, Micajah Sawyer, Theodore Sedgwick, William Sever, Stephen Sewall, David Sewall, John Sprague, Ebenezer Storer, Caleb Strong, James Sullivan, John Bernard Sweat, Nathaniel Tracy, Cotton Tufts, James Warren, Samuel West, Edward Wigglesworth, Joseph Willard, Samuel Williams, Abraham Williams, Nehemiah Williams, kaj James Winthrop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membroj">Membroj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redakti sekcion: Membroj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&action=edit&section=3" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Membroj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De la komenco, la membreco, nomumita kaj elektita fare de kunuloj, inkludis ne nur sciencistojn kaj akademiulojn sed ankaŭ <a href="/wiki/Verkisto" title="Verkisto">verkistojn</a> kaj <a href="/wiki/Artisto" title="Artisto">artistojn</a> same kiel reprezentantojn de la plena vico da profesioj kaj la publika vivo. Dum la historio de la akademio, 10,000 uloj estis elektitaj, inkluzive de tiaj famuloj kiaj <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a>, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a>, Eudora Welty, kaj <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>. </p><p>Eksterlandaj honoraj membroj estis <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Motier,_markizo_de_La_Fayette" title="Marie-Joseph Motier, markizo de La Fayette">Markizo de La Fayette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galina_Ulanova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galina Ulanova (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Galina Ulanova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> kaj <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Salgado" title="Sebastião Salgado">Sebastião Salgado</a>. </p><p>Astronomo Maria Mitchell estis la unua virino elektita al la akademio, en <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>. </p><p>La aktuala membreco ampleksas pli ol 4,000 ulojn kaj eksterlandajn honorajn membrojn en la nomlisto, inkluzive de pli ol 250 <a href="/wiki/Nobel-premio" title="Nobel-premio">nobel-premiitoj</a> laŭ fako kaj pli ol 60 gajnintoj de <a href="/wiki/Premio_Pulitzer" title="Premio Pulitzer">Premio Pulitzer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasoj_kaj_sekcioj">Klasoj kaj sekcioj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redakti sekcion: Klasoj kaj sekcioj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&action=edit&section=4" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Klasoj kaj sekcioj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La aktuala membreco estas dividita en kvin klasojn kaj dudek kvar sekciojn. </p><p>Klaso I - Matematika kaj Fizikaj Sciencoj </p> <ul><li>Parto 1. <a href="/wiki/Matematiko" title="Matematiko">Matematiko</a></li> <li>Parto 2. <a href="/wiki/Fiziko" title="Fiziko">Fiziko</a></li> <li>Parto 3. <a href="/wiki/Kemio" title="Kemio">Kemio</a></li> <li>Parto 4. <a href="/wiki/Astronomio" title="Astronomio">Astronomio</a> (inkluzive de Astrofiziko) kaj <a href="/wiki/Terscienco" title="Terscienco">Terscienco</a></li> <li>Parto 5. Inĝenieristikaj Sciencoj kaj <a href="/wiki/Teknologio" title="Teknologio">Teknologioj</a></li> <li>Parto 6. <a href="/wiki/Komputiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Komputiko">Komputiko</a> (inkluzive de Artefarita inteligenteco kaj Informaj teknologioj)</li></ul> <p>Klaso II - Biologiaj Sciencoj </p> <ul><li>Parto 1. <a href="/wiki/Biokemio" title="Biokemio">Biokemio</a> kaj <a href="/wiki/Molekula_biologio" title="Molekula biologio">Molekula biologio</a></li> <li>Parto 2. Ĉela kaj Disvolviĝ-biologio, <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologio" title="Mikrobiologio">Mikrobiologio</a> kaj <a href="/wiki/Imunologio" title="Imunologio">Imunologio</a> (inkluzive de <a href="/wiki/Genetiko" title="Genetiko">Genetiko</a>)</li> <li>Parto 3. Neŭrosciencoj, Kognaj sciencoj, kaj Konduta Biologio</li> <li>Parto 4. Evolua kaj Populacia Biologio kaj <a href="/wiki/Ekologio" title="Ekologio">Ekologio</a></li> <li>Parto 5. <a href="/wiki/Medicino" title="Medicino">Medicino</a> (inkluzive de <a href="/wiki/Fiziologio" title="Fiziologio">Fiziologio</a> kaj <a href="/wiki/Farmakologio" title="Farmakologio">Farmakologio</a>), Klinika Medicino, kaj Popolsano</li></ul> <p>Klaso III - Sociaj Sciencoj </p> <ul><li>Parto 1. Socia kaj Evolupsikologio kaj <a href="/wiki/Eduko" title="Eduko">Eduko</a></li> <li>Parto 2. <a href="/wiki/Ekonomiko" title="Ekonomiko">Ekonomiko</a></li> <li>Parto 3. Politika scienco, Internaciaj rilatoj, kaj Publika politiko</li> <li>Parto 4. <a href="/wiki/Juro" title="Juro">Juro</a> (inkluzive de la Praktiko de juro)</li> <li>Parto 5. <a href="/wiki/Arkeologio" title="Arkeologio">Arkeologio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antropologio" title="Antropologio">Antropologio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociologio" title="Sociologio">Sociologio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geografio" title="Geografio">Geografio</a> kaj <a href="/wiki/Demografio" title="Demografio">Demografio</a></li></ul> <p>Klaso IV - Artoj kaj Beletroj </p> <ul><li>Parto 1. <a href="/wiki/Filozofio" title="Filozofio">Filozofio</a> kaj <a href="/wiki/Religio" title="Religio">Religio</a></li> <li>Parto 2. <a href="/wiki/Historio" title="Historio">Historio</a></li> <li>Parto 3. Literaturscienco (inkluzive de <a href="/wiki/Filologio" title="Filologio">Filologio</a>)</li> <li>Parto 4. <a href="/wiki/Literaturo" title="Literaturo">Literaturo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fikcio" title="Fikcio">Fikcio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poezio" title="Poezio">Poezio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romano" title="Romano">Romano</a>, Nefikcio, <a href="/wiki/Teatro" title="Teatro">Teatro</a>, Scenaro)</li> <li>Parto 5. Bildartoj kaj Prezentartoj</li></ul> <p>Klaso V - publikaj aferoj, komerco, kaj administracio </p> <ul><li>Parto 1. Publikaj aferoj, Ĵurnalismo, kaj Komunikadoj</li> <li>Parto 2. Komerco, Korporacia kaj filantropa estreco</li> <li>Parto 3. Instrua, Scienca, Kultura kaj Filantropia Administrado</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prezidantoj,_1780-nune"><span id="Prezidantoj.2C_1780-nune"></span>Prezidantoj, 1780-nune</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redakti sekcion: Prezidantoj, 1780-nune" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&action=edit&section=5" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Prezidantoj, 1780-nune"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li>1780-1790 James Bowdoin</li> <li>1791-1814 John Adams</li> <li>1814-1820 Edward Augustus Holyoke</li> <li>1820-1829 <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li>1829-1838 Nathaniel Bowditch</li> <li>1838-1839 James Jackson, M.D.<sup id="cite_ref-JAMESJACKSON_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAMESJACKSON-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1839-1846 John Pickering<sup id="cite_ref-EULOGYPICKERING_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EULOGYPICKERING-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1846-1863 Jacob Bigelow</li> <li>1863-1873 Asa Gray</li> <li>1873-1880 Charles Francis Adams</li> <li>1880-1892 Joseph Lovering</li> <li>1892-1894 Josiah Parsons Cooke</li> <li>1894-1903 Alexander Agassiz</li> <li>1903-1908 William Watson Goodwin</li> <li>1908-1915 John Trowbridge</li> <li>1915-1917 Henry Pickering Walcott</li> <li>1917-1919 Charles Pickering Bowditch</li> <li>1919-1921 Theodore William Richards</li> <li>1921-1924 George Foot Moore</li> <li>1924-1927 Theodore Lyman</li> <li>1927-1931 Edwin Bidwell Wilson</li> <li>1931-1933 Jeremiah D. M. Ford</li> <li>1933-1935 George Howard Parker</li> <li>1935-1937 Roscoe Pound</li> <li>1937-1939 Dugald C. Jackson</li> <li>1939-1944 Harlow Sharpley</li> <li>1944-1951 Howard Mumford Jones</li> <li>1951-1954 Edwin Herbert Land</li> <li>1954-1957 John Ely Burchard</li> <li>1957-1961 Kirtley Fletcher Mather</li> <li>1961-1964 Hudson Hoagland</li> <li>1964-1967 Paul A. Freund</li> <li>1967-1971 Talcott Parsons</li> <li>1971-1976 Harvey Brooks</li> <li>1976-1979 Victor Frederick Weisskopf</li> <li>1979-1982 Milton Katz</li> <li>1982-1986 Herman Feshbach</li> <li>1986-1989 Edward Hirsch Levi</li> <li>1989-1994 Leo Leroy Beranek</li> <li>1994-1997 Jaroslav Pelikan</li> <li>1997-2000 Daniel C. Tosteson</li> <li>2000-2001 James O. Freedman</li> <li>2001-2006 Patricia Meyer Spacks</li> <li>2006-2009 Emilio Bizzi</li> <li>2010-2013 Leslie C. Berlowitz<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014- Jonathan Fanton</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencoj">Referencoj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redakti sekcion: Referencoj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&action=edit&section=6" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Referencoj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-small" style="padding-right: 6px;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.yale.edu/2004/05/04/yale-faculty-named-american-academy-arts-and-sciences">Yale Faculty Named to American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>. Yale University (2004-05-04).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JAMESJACKSON-2"><a href="#cite_ref-JAMESJACKSON_2-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Bowditch, Nathaniel Ingersoll, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MBE_AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover"><i>Memoir of Nathaniel Bowditch</i></a>, Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1840. Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MBE_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA138">p.138</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EULOGYPICKERING-3"><a href="#cite_ref-EULOGYPICKERING_3-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">White, Daniel Appleton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-25058140">"Eulogy on John Pickering, LL. D., President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences"</a>, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 28a de Oktobro, 1846; publikigita en <i>Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>, v.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonglobe.com/2013/07/25/berlowitz/FmygIUuorBBKl95LwtcHML/story.html">Embattled head of American Academy of Arts and Sciences resigns after questions about resume – Metro</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i> (2013-07-26). Retrieved on 2013-08-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/letters/2013/07/29/academy-loses-tireless-advocate-arts-sciences/HmWyU7rMs0UbXctet4TKCO/story.html">Academy loses a tireless advocate of arts, sciences – Letters</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i> (2013-07-30). Alirita 2013-08-12.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksteraj_ligiloj">Eksteraj ligiloj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redakti sekcion: Eksteraj ligiloj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usona_Akademio_de_Artoj_kaj_Sciencoj&action=edit&section=7" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Eksteraj ligiloj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" id="aliaj_projektoj" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 250px; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 4px; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9;"> <ul class="noarchive"><li class="commons"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences?uselang=eo">Kategorio Usona Akademio de Artoj kaj Sciencoj en la <span>Vikimedia Komunejo</span></a> (Multrimedaj datumoj)</span> </li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="official website"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org">Oficiala retejo</a></span></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="clear:both; 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