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Golden eagles in human culture - Wikipedia
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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">Golden eagle</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Eagle_in_flight_-_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A flying golden eagle."><img alt="A flying golden eagle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Golden_Eagle_in_flight_-_5.jpg/140px-Golden_Eagle_in_flight_-_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Golden_Eagle_in_flight_-_5.jpg/210px-Golden_Eagle_in_flight_-_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Golden_Eagle_in_flight_-_5.jpg/280px-Golden_Eagle_in_flight_-_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3452" data-file-height="3224" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_biology_of_the_golden_eagle" title="Dietary biology of the golden eagle">Dietary biology</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Reproduction_and_life_cycle_of_the_golden_eagle" title="Reproduction and life cycle of the golden eagle">Reproduction and life cycle</a><br /> </p><p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">In human culture</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Status_and_conservation_of_the_golden_eagle" title="Status and conservation of the golden eagle">Status and conservation</a><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Golden_eagle" title="Template:Golden eagle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Golden_eagle" title="Template talk:Golden eagle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Golden_eagle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Golden eagle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mankind has been fascinated by the <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a> as early as the beginning of recorded history. Most early-recorded cultures regarded the golden eagle with reverence. Only after the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, when sport-hunting became widespread and commercial stock farming became internationally common, did humans started to widely regard golden eagles as a threat to their livelihoods. This period also brought about the firearm and industrialized poisons, which made it easy for humans to kill the evasive and powerful birds. The following are various reportages of the significance of eagles, many likely pertaining to the golden eagles, in early cultures and older religions as well as national and military insignias. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_mythology">Ancient mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_eagles_in_human_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ancient Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Sun_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun god">sun god</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> was depicted as having the head of a falcon, and was important as a deity representing the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a>. Horus played an important role, too, as representing <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>, being the son of his mummified father <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> and mother <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>. The Greeks and Romans believed <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> respectively to be represented by the eagle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Falconry">Falconry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_eagles_in_human_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Falconry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunting_with_eagles" title="Hunting with eagles">Hunting with eagles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%95._%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A5%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%92._%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%95._%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A5%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%92._%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/220px-%D0%95._%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A5%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%92._%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%95._%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A5%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%92._%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/330px-%D0%95._%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A5%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%92._%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%95._%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A5%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%92._%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/440px-%D0%95._%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A5%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%92._%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Russian depiction of Mongolian falconers fox-hunting with a golden eagle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Golden eagles can be trained to be highly effective <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">falconry</a> birds, though their size, strength, and aggressiveness require careful handling to control the risk of injury to the falconer.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been used in this practice at least since the Middle Ages. In Asia, they were reportedly used in teams to hunt such animals as deer, antelope and wolves. Concurrently in Europe, their use for falconry was typically reserved for <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperors</a> and <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kings</a>, which is why the common names for the golden eagle in various European languages roughly translate as the “royal eagle”.<sup id="cite_ref-eagles_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eagles-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States falconers seldom use golden eagles, as the similarly aggressive <a href="/wiki/Ferruginous_hawk" title="Ferruginous hawk">Ferruginous hawk</a> is more available and provides a similar hunting experience with most of the same game species with lower risk of injury to the falconer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common interaction of American falconers with golden eagles is in trying to avoid them in order to reduce golden eagle attacks on their trained birds.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very athletic golden eagle is approximately as swift as the large falcons, is quite willing to attack smaller raptors when the opportunity is available, and is often capable of flying down a falcon or hawk. Experienced falconers will consequently not fly their birds if golden eagles are spotted, and usually prefer to fly later in the day when the golden eagles have typically already fed. </p><p>The culture in which falconry with golden eagles is prominent today is amongst the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Tien Shan Mountains">Tien Shan Mountains</a> of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice is also culturally prominent in western <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are around 250 active eagle hunters in <a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii Province</a> of Mongolia, and 50 in Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these cultures, the golden eagle is considered a highly valued <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working animal</a> which will be used for 15 years or more. Falconers carry their bird on a gloved right hand, usually with a wooden brace to support its considerable weight. In the Tien Shan Mountains, falconry mostly occurs in late fall and early winter. It is possible for up to 30 to 50 foxes to be caught by a single eagle during this season.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Full-grown wolves are not believed to be viable prey for wild golden eagles; they are too dangerous due to their large size and large, powerful bite.<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, falconers occasionally use golden eagles to hunt wolves. The <a href="/wiki/Steppe_wolf" title="Steppe wolf">steppe wolf</a> (<i>Canis lupus campestris</i>), a relatively small-bodied race of wolf at around 35 kg (77 lb), is the main wolf reportedly hunted by golden eagles in falconry.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are records that some experienced golden eagles successfully kill subadult or even adult wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-Naish_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naish-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even a well-trained golden eagle has a risk of injury so most falconers do not risk casting a mature eagle at an adult wolf.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some wolves prove particularly challenging quarry: there is the tale of one that was injured by 11 successive eagles but foiled their attempts – killing each one – until it was finally dispatched thanks to the efforts of a twelfth eagle.<sup id="cite_ref-Naish_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naish-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraldry_and_myth">Heraldry and myth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_eagles_in_human_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Heraldry and myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle (heraldry)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Albania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/220px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/330px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/440px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Flag">Albanian Flag</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexican_coat_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican coat of arms">Mexican coat of arms</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_(Official).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" title="Coat of arms of Egypt">Coat of arms of Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The golden eagle is the most common <a href="/wiki/National_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National animal">national animal</a> in the world, with five nations—<a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>—making it the national animal. It is also a common motif in the national symbols of countries that have not officially made it the national animal or national bird. The reasons for this are various, but among the nations that use the golden eagle as or in a state symbol, there are two clear traditions that help explain the modern usage. Among European countries, the golden eagle was the model for the <i><a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">aquila</a></i>, the most prominent symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> and more generally the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman civilization</a> that had such a powerful impact on <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>; furthermore, some classical Roman traditions were carried on by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> in the Southern and Eastern of Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in Central and Western Europe, transmitting the use of the golden eagle to several modern states. This association of the golden eagle with Rome has also led to the adoption of similar symbols in other countries; for instance, the adoption of the related and physically similar <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a> as the national bird of the United States was inspired by the conception of the United States as a modern reincarnation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, a theme that recurs in other elements as well (including the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical architecture</a> in American public buildings and the use of Roman terminology—such as naming the upper house of Congress the Senate—to hark back to the Roman model). <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> used a golden eagle regularly as a symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, including large monuments or statues on buildings and bridges as well as the pins worn on lapels of Nazi officers. In this case, the eagle was used as to stir up nationalism, since it was a longtime symbol (<i>Hoheitszeichen</i>) for the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> dating back centuries in use for the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Prussia" title="Coat of arms of Prussia">coat of arms of Prussia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another large tradition of using the golden eagle can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, where the eagle is historically a symbol of power in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetry</a>, and was according to legend the personal emblem of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>. The specific depiction of golden eagle legendarily considered to be Saladin's was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalist</a> movement, and currently appears on the arms of <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" title="Coat of arms of Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq" title="Coat of arms of Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the Palestinian National Authority">Palestine</a>; it had previously appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yemen" title="Emblem of Yemen">arms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Democratic Republic of Yemen">People's Democratic Republic of Yemen</a> (1967–1990) and on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Libya">arms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Republic">Libyan Arab Republic</a> (1970–1972). The current emblem of Yemen displays a golden eagle, but it is not that of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_eagles_in_human_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eagle_lectern" title="Eagle lectern">Eagle lectern</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lleu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lleu.jpg/250px-Lleu.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lleu.jpg/375px-Lleu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lleu.jpg/500px-Lleu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Lleu rises in the form of an eagle. Image from <i>The Mabinogion</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Charlotte_Guest" title="Lady Charlotte Guest">Charlotte Guest</a>, 1877.</figcaption></figure> <p>Eagles are often prominent in <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">The Bible</a>, though are sometimes mixed with carrion birds and are not specifically identifiable to species. As the most widespread eagle in the Middle East and Eurasia, certainly many said references must pertain to the golden eagle. The use of eagles seems generally heavier in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> than in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. In biblical times, eagles and other meat-eating birds were banned from being eaten since their diet was considered unclean.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, eagles are mentioned in the Bible as being admired for their swiftness,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> great physical power<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their seemingly endless endurance.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eagles are one of four dimensions of creation,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a messenger of God,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a skilled predator.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eagles are also widespread in the Bible for symbolism.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, due to the perceived high level of parental care, eagles were associated with protection and even paralleled to God carrying the Israelites out of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the biblical word for eagle is also utilised for the <a href="/wiki/Cinereous_vulture" title="Cinereous vulture">Cinereous vulture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and it is likely that it actually is the subject of most of these verses. </p><p>Many Eurasian cultures and faiths also feature eagles quite prominently. In <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a>, the golden eagle is the signature bird of the god <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, a connection most notable in the myth of <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a>, where the god adopted the form of a golden eagle to kidnap the boy, as well as the eagle-like <a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">daimon</a> Aetos Dios.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least a few sources also associate it with <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, the golden eagle sits atop <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a>, the great ash tree that runs through the universe. A squirrel, Ratsatosk, carries messages and insults between the eagle at the crown and a serpent gnawing at the tree roots.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cultures, eagles were viewed as a link between terrestrial mankind and celestial deities.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eagles were particularly prominent in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Roman culture</a>. Many banners, coins and insignias from Rome feature eagles. In Roman religion, the eagle was both the symbol and the messenger of the Roman sky-god, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>. When an <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> died, his body was burned in a <a href="/wiki/Funeral_pyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral pyre">funeral pyre</a> and an eagle was released above his ashes to carry his soul to the heavens. </p><p>Eagles play a small role in <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eagle is said to be the oldest of birds, and a form that may be taken by a deity or other mythological figure.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh tale</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lleu_Llaw_Gyffes" title="Lleu Llaw Gyffes">Lleu Llaw Gyffes</a>, the protagonist escapes death at the hands of a hunter by taking an eagle's form and killing the hunter who assaulted him.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_North_America">In North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_eagles_in_human_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEPE_Head-dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NEPE_Head-dress.jpg/220px-NEPE_Head-dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NEPE_Head-dress.jpg/330px-NEPE_Head-dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NEPE_Head-dress.jpg/440px-NEPE_Head-dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>A ceremonial <a href="/wiki/War_bonnet" title="War bonnet">head-dress</a> made by the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce people</a> from the tail feathers of juvenile golden eagles in what is now <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In ancient North America, eagles were more prominent than in Eurasia. The eagle is still considered a sacred bird in many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous American</a> cultures. The feathers in particular are central to a number of religious and spiritual ceremonies. While most prominent among the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains cultures</a>, eagles are also held sacred in the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">spiritual ways</a> of a number of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> Peoples in Canada, as well as among some of the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. </p><p>Feathers are often worn on Native American <a href="/wiki/War_bonnet" title="War bonnet">headdresses</a> and have been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">cross</a> of Christianity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some nations use eagle feathers in the construction of prayer sticks, doctors’ rattles and sacred medicine pipes. Per Thomas E. Mails: "in the mind of the Plains warrior in the 18th and 19th century, the male golden eagle flew above all the creatures of the world and saw everything. Nothing matched his courage and swiftness, and his talons had the strength of a giant's hand. The eagle was very holy."<sup id="cite_ref-Mails_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mails-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tail feathers of juvenile golden eagles are used in some ceremonies as well as to honor noteworthy achievements and qualities such as exceptional leadership and bravery.<sup id="cite_ref-Mails_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mails-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> communities have an “eagle dance”, where the dancers imitate the motions of a flying eagle, accompanied by a traditional song for the eagles. Historically, plains warriors have not been allowed to use weapons when capturing eagles for their feathers. The most common method to capture golden eagles is to lay a trap, consisting of an earth-colored tarp, with a dead jackrabbit on it, over a pit containing a crouching warrior. When the eagle comes to land on the tarp, the warrior grabs the eagle by the top of its feet to pull it in and kill it. The hunter may simply take some feathers and let the bird go free. If the warrior fails to grab the eagle properly it sometimes results in serious injury to the human.<sup id="cite_ref-Mails_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mails-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Hopi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopi people">Hopi people</a>, one of two eagle nestlings (it is strictly forbidden to capture one unless there are two nestlings in the nest) may be captured and raised with great care, until it reaches an age where feathers can be taken.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current United States <a href="/wiki/Eagle_feather_law" title="Eagle feather law">eagle feather law</a> (50 <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">CFR</a> 22) stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for religious or spiritual use. Thus, the supply of eagle material for traditional ceremonial use can be guaranteed and ceremonial eagle items can be passed on as <a href="/wiki/Heirloom" title="Heirloom">heirlooms</a> by their traditional owners without the restrictions that would usually apply. Commercial trade in golden eagles or their feathers or body parts is not legalized by these exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Aztec religion, eagles are associated with the god <a href="/wiki/Huitzilopochtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Huitzilopochtli">Huitzilopochtli</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Eagle warriors</a> were one of the two main leading military special forces of the Aztec armies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postage_stamps">Postage stamps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_eagles_in_human_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Postage stamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The golden eagle is the eighth-most common bird depicted on postage stamps with 155 stamps issued by 71 stamp-issuing entities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_eagles_in_human_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> used an image of an immature golden eagle from <a href="/wiki/T._A._Coward" class="mw-redirect" title="T. A. Coward">T. A. Coward</a>'s 1919 work <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Birds_of_the_British_Isles_and_Their_Eggs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Birds of the British Isles and Their Eggs (page does not exist)">The Birds of the British Isles and Their Eggs</a></i> for an illustration depicting <a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo Baggins</a> awaking next to <a href="/wiki/Gwaihir" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwaihir">Gwaihir</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Eagle_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle (Middle-earth)">giant eagle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American aircraft manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Cessna" title="Cessna">Cessna</a> manufactured its <a href="/wiki/Cessna_421" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 421">Model 421</a> series of aircraft between the late 1960s and mid-1980s, calling the type the Golden Eagle. </p><p>Before every football game, <a href="/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a> has a golden eagle fly around the stadium as tradition, despite the official school athletic name being the <a href="/wiki/Auburn_University_Tigers_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn University Tigers football">Tigers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University" title="Kent State University">Kent State University</a>, named the <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Golden_Flashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Golden Flashes">Golden Flashes</a>, eventually refined the nickname to refer to a golden eagle.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Golden_Eagle_Syrup" title="Golden Eagle Syrup">Golden Eagle Syrup</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">syrup</a> company, uses a Golden eagle as their logo.<sup id="cite_ref-EoA_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_eagles_in_human_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHollinshead1995" class="citation book cs1">Hollinshead, Martin (1995). <i>Hawking with golden eagles</i>. Surrey, British Columbia: Hancock House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88839-343-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88839-343-1"><bdi>0-88839-343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawking+with+golden+eagles&rft.place=Surrey%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pub=Hancock+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-88839-343-1&rft.aulast=Hollinshead&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+eagles+in+human+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eagles-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eagles_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarhol,_TomReiter,_Chris2003" class="citation book cs1">Warhol, Tom; Reiter, Chris (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aH-Aq6oF5uoC&pg=PA18"><i>Eagles</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-1578-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-1578-5"><bdi>0-7614-1578-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagles&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7614-1578-5&rft.au=Warhol%2C+Tom&rft.au=Reiter%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaH-Aq6oF5uoC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+eagles+in+human+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeebe1984" class="citation book cs1">Beebe, Frank (1984). <i>A Falconry Manual</i>. Hancock House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88839-978-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88839-978-6"><bdi>978-0-88839-978-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Falconry+Manual&rft.pub=Hancock+House&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-88839-978-6&rft.aulast=Beebe&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+eagles+in+human+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Dickinson, Rachel (2009). <i>Falconer on the Edge</i>. 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David and Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0360003184" title="Special:BookSources/0360003184"><bdi>0360003184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagles+of+the+World&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0360003184&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+eagles+in+human+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naish-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naish_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naish_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaish,_Darrin1996" class="citation journal cs1">Naish, Darrin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2010/12/10/using-eagles-to-kill-wolves/">"Using an eagle to catch and kill a wolf"</a>. <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i>. <b>24</b>. 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Naturalist Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Eagle&rft.pub=Naturalist+Magazine&rft.au=Mykola+Rud%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproeco.visti.net%2Fnaturalist%2Ffalconry%2Fgeagl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+eagles+in+human+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoff_Walden" class="citation web cs1">Geoff Walden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thirdreichruins.com/reichsadler.htm">"Nazi Eagles"</a>. <i>Third Reich in Ruins</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theme+Birds+on+Stamps&rft.atitle=Bird+Stamp+Statistics&rft.au=Scharning%2C+Kjell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdtheme.org%2Fstatistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+eagles+in+human+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharning,_Kjell" class="citation web cs1">Scharning, Kjell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdtheme.org/mainlyimages/index.php?spec=1265">"Stamps showing Golden Eagle <i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>"</a>. <i>Theme Birds on Stamps</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theme+Birds+on+Stamps&rft.atitle=Stamps+showing+Golden+Eagle+Aquila+chrysaetos&rft.au=Scharning%2C+Kjell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdtheme.org%2Fmainlyimages%2Findex.php%3Fspec%3D1265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+eagles+in+human+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond,_Wayne_G.Scull,_Christina1995" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina (1995). <i>J. R. R. Tolkien Artist and Illustrator</i>. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins. pp. 120–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-261-10322-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-261-10322-9"><bdi>0-261-10322-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Artist+and+Illustrator&rft.place=Hammersmith%2C+London&rft.pages=120-21&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-261-10322-9&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Wayne+G.&rft.au=Scull%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+eagles+in+human+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auburnvillager.com/news/fly-down-the-field-auburn-s-pre-game-tradition-to/article_6038deb4-aee4-11e9-afc7-838388d6b684.html">"Fly down the field: Auburn's pre-game tradition to continue with Spirit and new golden eagle, Aurea"</a>. 25 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fly+down+the+field%3A+Auburn%27s+pre-game+tradition+to+continue+with+Spirit+and+new+golden+eagle%2C+Aurea&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.auburnvillager.com%2Fnews%2Ffly-down-the-field-auburn-s-pre-game-tradition-to%2Farticle_6038deb4-aee4-11e9-afc7-838388d6b684.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+eagles+in+human+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kentwired.com/latest_updates/article_005a4c03-337f-5bb8-a0a9-3f3ac7d58257.html">"What's a Flash? The history of KSU's mascot"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+a+Flash%3F+The+history+of+KSU%27s+mascot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kentwired.com%2Flatest_updates%2Farticle_005a4c03-337f-5bb8-a0a9-3f3ac7d58257.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+eagles+in+human+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoA-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoA_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiver" class="citation web cs1">Shiver, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-4176">"Golden Eagle Syrup"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Alabama</i>. Alabama Humanities Alliance<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft.atitle=Golden+Eagle+Syrup&rft.aulast=Shiver&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofalabama.org%2Farticle%2Fh-4176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+eagles+in+human+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_use_of_birds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds_in_culture" title="Template talk:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_use_of_birds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human use</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">Big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">Fletching</a></li> <li>In sport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinkensport" title="Vinkensport">Vinkensport</a></li></ul></li> <li>In science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li></ul></li> <li>In mythology and religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_sacred_ibis" title="African sacred ibis">Sacred ibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li>In hunting <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cormorant_fishing" title="Cormorant fishing">Cormorant fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Wildfowling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/80px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/120px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/160px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">Guano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>In art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird-and-flower_painting" title="Bird-and-flower painting">Bird-and-flower painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_tights" title="Feather tights">Feather tights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heraldic_birds" title="Category:Heraldic birds">In heraldry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalerion" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalerion">Avalerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvus (heraldry)">Crow/Raven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_rooster" title="Gallic rooster">Gallic rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turul" title="Turul">Turul</a></li></ul></li> <li>In poetry <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birds" title="The Conference of the Birds">The Conference of the Birds</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_a_Nightingale" title="Ode to a Nightingale">Ode to a Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_a_Skylark" title="To a Skylark">To a Skylark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crow_(poetry)" title="Crow (poetry)">Crow</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In prose <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Jemima_Puddle-Duck" title="The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck">The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ugly_Duckling" title="The Ugly Duckling">The Ugly Duckling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In theatre and ballet <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(play)" title="The Birds (play)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In film <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kes_(film)" title="Kes (film)">Kes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Year" title="The Big Year">The Big Year</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animated_films_about_birds" title="Category:Animated films about birds">Animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chickens" title="Category:Films about chickens">Chicken films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_films_about_birds" title="Category:Horror films about birds">Horror films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds in music">In music</a></li> <li>In fashion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigrette" title="Aigrette">Aigrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_boa" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather boa">Feather boa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_cloak" title="Feather cloak">Feather cloak</a></li></ul></li> <li>In dance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cendrawasih_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cendrawasih (dance)">Cendrawasih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(dance)" title="Chicken (dance)">Chicken dance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Golden eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_penguins" title="Cultural depictions of penguins">Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbidae#Domestication" title="Columbidae">Pigeon/Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_ravens" title="Cultural depictions of ravens">Raven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">of the Tower of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Illustrators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Jonsson_(illustrator)" title="Lars Jonsson (illustrator)">Lars Jonsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerrard_Keulemans" title="John Gerrard Keulemans">John Gerrard Keulemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewington_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lewington (artist)">Richard Lewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tory_Peterson" title="Roger Tory Peterson">Roger Tory Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Constantine_Richter" title="Henry Constantine Richter">Henry Constantine Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smit" title="Joseph Smit">Joseph Smit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Thorburn" title="Archibald Thorburn">Archibald Thorburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolf" title="Joseph Wolf">Joseph Wolf</a></li></ul></li> <li>Conservationists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Krabbe" title="Niels Krabbe">Niels Krabbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scott" title="Peter Scott">Peter Scott</a></li></ul></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93dinosaur_coexistence" title="Human–dinosaur coexistence">Human–dinosaur coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds_and_humans" title="Category:Birds and humans">Category:Birds and humans</a></li> 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