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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>, former <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy" title="Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy">abolition of the monarchy</a>, was publicly executed on 21 January 1793 during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9volution" class="mw-redirect" title="Place de la Révolution">Place de la Révolution</a></i> in Paris. At <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Louis_XVI" title="Trial of Louis XVI">his trial</a> four days prior, the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> had convicted the former king of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> in a near-unanimous vote; while no one voted "not guilty", several deputies abstained. Ultimately, they condemned him to death by a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">simple majority</a>. The execution by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> was performed by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Henri_Sanson" title="Charles-Henri Sanson">Charles-Henri Sanson</a>, then High Executioner of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> and previously royal executioner under Louis. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg/300px-Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg/450px-Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg/600px-Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5043" data-file-height="3016"></a><figcaption><i>Day of 21 January 1793 – the death of Louis Capet at the Place de la Révolution</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Monnet" title="Charles Monnet">Charles Monnet</a> (1794)</figcaption></figure> <p>Often viewed as a turning point in both French and European history, the execution inspired various reactions around the world. To some, Louis' death at the hands of his former subjects symbolized the end of an unbroken thousand-year period of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> in France and the true beginning of democracy within the nation, although Louis would not be the last king of France. Others (even some who had supported major political reform) condemned the execution as an act of senseless bloodshed and saw it as a sign that France had devolved into a state of violent, amoral chaos. </p><p>Louis' death emboldened revolutionaries throughout the country, who continued to alter French political and social structure radically over the next several years. Nine months after Louis' death, his wife <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, formerly queen of France, met <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Marie_Antoinette" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution of Marie Antoinette">her own death at the guillotine</a> at the same location in Paris. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Night_of_20_January"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Night of 20 January</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Final_hours_at_the_Temple_Prison"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Final hours at the Temple Prison</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Journey_to_the_Place_de_la_R%C3%A9volution"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Journey to the Place de la Révolution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Execution"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Execution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Witness_quotes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Witness quotes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Henry_Essex_Edgeworth"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Henry Essex Edgeworth</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Charles-Henri_Sanson"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Charles-Henri Sanson</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Henri_Sanson"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Henri Sanson</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Jacques_Roux"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Jacques Roux</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Leboucher"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Leboucher</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Louis-S%C3%A9bastien_Mercier"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Louis-Sébastien Mercier</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Burial_in_the_cemetery_of_the_Madeleine"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Burial in the cemetery of the Madeleine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Jacques_de_Molay"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Jacques de Molay</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Today"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Today</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Louis_XVI" title="Trial of Louis XVI">Trial of Louis XVI</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_journ%C3%A9e_du_13_ao%C3%BBt_1792._Translation_de_Louis_XVI_et_de_la_famille_royale_au_Temple._Rue_du_Templ,_G.28549.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_journ%C3%A9e_du_13_ao%C3%BBt_1792._Translation_de_Louis_XVI_et_de_la_famille_royale_au_Temple._Rue_du_Templ%2C_G.28549.jpg/220px-R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_journ%C3%A9e_du_13_ao%C3%BBt_1792._Translation_de_Louis_XVI_et_de_la_famille_royale_au_Temple._Rue_du_Templ%2C_G.28549.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4803" data-file-height="3500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_journ%C3%A9e_du_13_ao%C3%BBt_1792._Translation_de_Louis_XVI_et_de_la_famille_royale_au_Temple._Rue_du_Templ%2C_G.28549.jpg/220px-R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_journ%C3%A9e_du_13_ao%C3%BBt_1792._Translation_de_Louis_XVI_et_de_la_famille_royale_au_Temple._Rue_du_Templ%2C_G.28549.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_journ%C3%A9e_du_13_ao%C3%BBt_1792._Translation_de_Louis_XVI_et_de_la_famille_royale_au_Temple._Rue_du_Templ%2C_G.28549.jpg/330px-R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_journ%C3%A9e_du_13_ao%C3%BBt_1792._Translation_de_Louis_XVI_et_de_la_famille_royale_au_Temple._Rue_du_Templ%2C_G.28549.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_journ%C3%A9e_du_13_ao%C3%BBt_1792._Translation_de_Louis_XVI_et_de_la_famille_royale_au_Temple._Rue_du_Templ%2C_G.28549.jpg/440px-R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_journ%C3%A9e_du_13_ao%C3%BBt_1792._Translation_de_Louis_XVI_et_de_la_famille_royale_au_Temple._Rue_du_Templ%2C_G.28549.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Louis XVI and his family being transferred to the Temple Prison on 13 August 1792. Engraving by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Swebach-Desfontaines" title="Jacques François Joseph Swebach-Desfontaines">Jacques François Joseph Swebach-Desfontaines</a>, 1792.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the attack on the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">insurrection of 10 August 1792</a>, King Louis XVI was imprisoned at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple Prison">Temple Prison</a> in Paris, along with his wife Marie Antoinette, their two children and his younger sister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" title="Élisabeth of France">Élisabeth</a>. The Convention's unanimous decision to abolish the monarchy on 21 September 1792, and the subsequent foundation of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a>, left the fate of the former king open to debate. A commission was established to examine the evidence against him while the Convention's Legislation Committee considered legal aspects of any future trial. On 13 November, <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a> stated in the Convention that a <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">Constitution</a> which Louis himself had violated, and which declared his inviolability, could not now be used in his defence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobespierre1958104–05,_[httpsfrwikisourceorgwindexphptitlePageŒuvres_complètes_de_Maximilien_de_Robespierre_tome_9.djvu/122_120].in_Tome_IX,_Discours_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobespierre1958104%E2%80%9305,_%5BhttpsfrwikisourceorgwindexphptitlePage%C5%92uvres_compl%C3%A8tes_de_Maximilien_de_Robespierre_tome_9.djvu/122_120%5D.in_Tome_IX,_Discours-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 November, opinion turned sharply against Louis following the discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Armoire_de_fer" title="Armoire de fer">secret cache of 726 documents</a> consisting of Louis's communications with bankers and ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the question of the King's fate now occupying public discourse, Robespierre delivered a speech that would define the rhetoric and course of Louis's trial.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robespierre argued that the dethroned king could now function only as a threat to liberty and national peace and that the members of the Assembly were not to be impartial judges but rather statesmen with responsibility for ensuring public safety: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Louis was a king, and our republic is established; the critical question concerning you must be decided by these words alone. Louis was dethroned by his crimes; Louis denounced the French people as rebels; he appealed to chains, to the armies of tyrants who are his brothers; the victory of the people established that Louis alone was a rebel; Louis cannot, therefore, be judged; he already is judged. He is condemned, or the republic cannot be absolved. To propose to have a trial of Louis XVI, in whatever manner one may, is to retrogress to royal despotism and constitutionality; it is a counter-revolutionary idea because it places the revolution itself in litigation. In effect, if Louis may still be given a trial, he may be absolved, and innocent. What am I saying? He is presumed to be so until he is judged. But if Louis is absolved, if he may be presumed innocent, what becomes of the revolution? If Louis is innocent, all the defenders of liberty become slanderers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaidoyer_de_Louis_XVI_%C3%A0_la_Convention_nationale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plaidoyer_de_Louis_XVI_%C3%A0_la_Convention_nationale.jpg/220px-Plaidoyer_de_Louis_XVI_%C3%A0_la_Convention_nationale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4003" data-file-height="2987"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plaidoyer_de_Louis_XVI_%C3%A0_la_Convention_nationale.jpg/220px-Plaidoyer_de_Louis_XVI_%C3%A0_la_Convention_nationale.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plaidoyer_de_Louis_XVI_%C3%A0_la_Convention_nationale.jpg/330px-Plaidoyer_de_Louis_XVI_%C3%A0_la_Convention_nationale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plaidoyer_de_Louis_XVI_%C3%A0_la_Convention_nationale.jpg/440px-Plaidoyer_de_Louis_XVI_%C3%A0_la_Convention_nationale.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Louis stands trial before the Convention, as Robespierre watches from the first row. Engraving by <a href="/wiki/Reinier_Vinkeles" title="Reinier Vinkeles">Reinier Vinkeles</a>, c. 1793-1796.</figcaption></figure> <p>In arguing for a judgment by the elected Convention without trial, Robespierre supported the recommendations of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Mailhe" title="Jean-Baptiste Mailhe">Jean-Baptiste Mailhe</a>, who headed the commission reporting on legal aspects of Louis's trial or judgment. Unlike some <a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a> (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Pétion</a>), Robespierre specifically opposed judgment by primary assemblies or a referendum, believing that this could cause a civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoboul2005867in_"''Procès_du_Roi''"_by_Dorigny,_M_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoboul2005867in_%22''Proc%C3%A8s_du_Roi''%22_by_Dorigny,_M-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he called for a trial of Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> and the imprisonment of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis-Charles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a>, Robespierre advocated that the King be executed despite his opposition to capital punishment: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yes, the death penalty is, in general, a crime, unjustifiable by the indestructible principles of nature, except in cases protecting the safety of individuals or the society altogether. Ordinary misdemeanours have never threatened public safety because society may always protect itself by other means, making those culpable powerless to harm it. But for a king dethroned in the bosom of a revolution, which is as yet cemented only by laws; a king whose name attracts the scourge of war upon a troubled nation; neither prison nor exile can render his existence inconsequential to public happiness; this cruel exception to the ordinary laws avowed by justice can be imputed only to the nature of his crimes. With regret, I pronounce this fatal truth: Louis must die so that the nation may live.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobespierre1958129–30in_Tome_IX,_Discours_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobespierre1958129%E2%80%9330in_Tome_IX,_Discours-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>All the deputies from <a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">the Mountain</a> were asked to attend the meeting on 3 December. Most Montagnards favoured judgment and execution, while the Girondins were more divided concerning how to proceed, with some arguing for royal inviolability, others for clemency, and others advocating lesser punishment or banishment.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day on 4 December the Convention decreed all the royalist writings illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 26 December was the day of the last hearing of the King. On 28 December, Robespierre was asked to repeat his speech on the fate of the king in the <a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobin</a> club. On 14 January 1793, the King was unanimously voted guilty of conspiracy and attacks upon public safety. Never before the Convention was like a court.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 January the call for a referendum was defeated by 424 votes to 287, which Robespierre led. On 16 January, voting began to determine the King's sentence; the session continued for 24 hours. Robespierre worked fervently to ensure the king's execution. The Jacobins successfully defeated the Girondins' final appeal for clemency.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 January half of the deputies voted for immediate death. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Night_of_20_January">Night of 20 January</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Night of 20 January" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Garat_(1749-1833)_Proclaims_the_Arrest_of_King_Louis_XVI_(1754-93),_by_H._de_la_Charlerie_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Joseph_Garat_%281749-1833%29_Proclaims_the_Arrest_of_King_Louis_XVI_%281754-93%29%2C_by_H._de_la_Charlerie_2.jpg/220px-Joseph_Garat_%281749-1833%29_Proclaims_the_Arrest_of_King_Louis_XVI_%281754-93%29%2C_by_H._de_la_Charlerie_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="447"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Joseph_Garat_%281749-1833%29_Proclaims_the_Arrest_of_King_Louis_XVI_%281754-93%29%2C_by_H._de_la_Charlerie_2.jpg/220px-Joseph_Garat_%281749-1833%29_Proclaims_the_Arrest_of_King_Louis_XVI_%281754-93%29%2C_by_H._de_la_Charlerie_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Joseph_Garat_%281749-1833%29_Proclaims_the_Arrest_of_King_Louis_XVI_%281754-93%29%2C_by_H._de_la_Charlerie_2.jpg/330px-Joseph_Garat_%281749-1833%29_Proclaims_the_Arrest_of_King_Louis_XVI_%281754-93%29%2C_by_H._de_la_Charlerie_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Joseph_Garat_%281749-1833%29_Proclaims_the_Arrest_of_King_Louis_XVI_%281754-93%29%2C_by_H._de_la_Charlerie_2.jpg/440px-Joseph_Garat_%281749-1833%29_Proclaims_the_Arrest_of_King_Louis_XVI_%281754-93%29%2C_by_H._de_la_Charlerie_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Joseph_Garat" title="Dominique Joseph Garat">Dominique Joseph Garat</a> announces the death sentence to Louis XVI on 20 January 1793, by <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_de_la_Charlerie" title="Hippolyte de la Charlerie">Hippolyte de la Charlerie</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After voting for Louis' execution, the Convention sent a delegation to announce the verdict to the former king at the Temple Prison. Louis made a number of requests, notably asking for an additional period of three days before his execution and a final visit from his family. The deputies accepted the latter but refused to postpone the execution. Louis was served his last dinner at around 7 p.m. After meeting with his confessor, the Irish priest <a href="/wiki/Henry_Essex_Edgeworth" title="Henry Essex Edgeworth">Henry Essex Edgeworth</a>, at around 8 p.m. Louis received the former royal family at his room. He was visited by Marie Antoinette, their children <a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Marie-Thérèse</a> and Louis-Charles, and his sister Élisabeth. At around 11 p.m., Louis' family left the Temple and the former king again met with his confessor. He went to sleep at half past midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Final_hours_at_the_Temple_Prison">Final hours at the Temple Prison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Final hours at the Temple Prison" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Louis was awakened by his valet <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cl%C3%A9ry" title="Jean-Baptiste Cléry">Jean-Baptiste Cléry</a> at around 5 a.m., and was greeted by a host of people including <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a>, who was appointed to report on the day's events by the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune</a>. After dressing with Cléry's aid, the former king was joined by Edgeworth at approximately 6. a.m.. He heard his last Mass, served by Cléry, and received <a href="/wiki/Viaticum" title="Viaticum">Viaticum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mass requisites were provided by special direction of the authorities. </p><p>On Edgeworth's advice, Louis avoided a last farewell scene with his family. At 7 a.m. he confided his last wishes to the priest: his <a href="/wiki/Royal_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal seal">royal seal</a> was to go to his son and his wedding ring to his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertière_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berti%C3%A8re-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around 8 a.m. the commander of the National Guard, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Joseph_Santerre" title="Antoine Joseph Santerre">Antoine Joseph Santerre</a>, arrived at the Temple. Louis received a final blessing from Edgeworth, presented his <a href="/wiki/Last_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Last will">last will</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_de_Louis_XVI" class="extiw" title="fr:Testament de Louis XVI">fr</a>]</span> to a municipal official and handed himself over to Santerre.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertière_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berti%C3%A8re-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Journey_to_the_Place_de_la_Révolution"><span id="Journey_to_the_Place_de_la_R.C3.A9volution"></span>Journey to the Place de la Révolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Journey to the Place de la Révolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XVI_au_pied_de_l%27%C3%A9chafaud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Louis_XVI_au_pied_de_l%27%C3%A9chafaud.jpg/220px-Louis_XVI_au_pied_de_l%27%C3%A9chafaud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2182" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Louis_XVI_au_pied_de_l%27%C3%A9chafaud.jpg/220px-Louis_XVI_au_pied_de_l%27%C3%A9chafaud.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Louis_XVI_au_pied_de_l%27%C3%A9chafaud.jpg/330px-Louis_XVI_au_pied_de_l%27%C3%A9chafaud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Louis_XVI_au_pied_de_l%27%C3%A9chafaud.jpg/440px-Louis_XVI_au_pied_de_l%27%C3%A9chafaud.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>Louis XVI and <a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9" title="Abbé">Abbé</a> Edgeworth de Firmont at the foot of the scaffold, 21 January 1793</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Benazech" title="Charles Benazech">Charles Benazech</a> (1793)</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis entered a green carriage awaiting in the second court. The mayor of Paris, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chambon" title="Nicolas Chambon">Nicolas Chambon</a>, had ensured that the deposed king would not be taken in a <a href="/wiki/Tumbrel" title="Tumbrel">tumbrel</a>. He seated himself in it with the priest, with two militiamen sitting opposite them. The carriage left the Temple at approximately 9 a.m. to the sound of drums and trumpets. For more than an hour the carriage made its way through Paris, escorted by about 200 mounted <a href="/wiki/Gendarmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gendarmes">gendarmes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city had 80,000 men-at-arms (<a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guardsmen</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédérés">fédérés</a></i>, and riflemen) occupying intersections, squares and posted along the streets, as well as cannons placed at strategic locations.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parisians came in large numbers to witness the execution, both on the route and at the site of the guillotine.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the neighbourhood of the present-day <i>rue de Cléry</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Jean,_Baron_de_Batz" title="Jean, Baron de Batz">Baron de Batz</a>, a supporter of the former royal family who had financed the <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">flight to Varennes</a>, had summoned 300 royalists to enable the former king's escape. Louis was to be hidden in a house in the <i>rue de Cléry</i> belonging to the Count of Marsan. The Baron leaped forward calling "Follow me, my friends, let us save the King!", but his associates had been denounced and only a few had been able to turn up. Three of them were killed, but de Batz managed to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The convoy continued on its way along the <a href="/wiki/Boulevards_of_Paris" title="Boulevards of Paris">boulevards</a> and the <i>rue de la Révolution</i> (now <i><a href="/wiki/Rue_Royale,_Paris" title="Rue Royale, Paris">rue Royale</a></i>). Louis' carriage arrived at the Place de la Révolution at around 10:15 a.m., stopping in front of a scaffold installed between the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> and a pedestal, where a statue of his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>, once stood until it was toppled in 1792. The scaffold was placed in an empty space surrounded by guns and <i>fédérés</i>, with the people being kept at a distance. 20,000 men were deployed to guard the area. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Execution">Execution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Execution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png/220px-Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2749" data-file-height="1783"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png/220px-Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png/330px-Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png/440px-Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Execution of Louis XVI in a contemporary German engraving</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis exited the carriage and was received by the executioner Charles-Henri Sanson, and then took off his frock coat and <a href="/wiki/Cravat_(early)" title="Cravat (early)">cravat</a>. After initially refusing to permit Sanson and his assistants to bind his hands together, the former king was ultimately convinced by Edgeworth, and his own handkerchief was used instead of rope. The executioner's men then cut his hair and opened his shirt's collar.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accompanied by drum rolls, Louis climbed the stairs of the scaffold and joined Sanson and his four assistants on the platform.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After walking to the edge of the scaffold, Louis signaled to the drummers to stop and proclaimed his innocence to the crowd and expressed his concern for the future of France. He would have continued but a drum roll was ordered by Santerre, and the resulting noise made his final words difficult to understand.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order has also been attributed to others, including Santerre's aide-de-camp <a href="/wiki/Dugazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugazon">Dugazon</a>, maréchal de camp <a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles_Antoine_de_Beaufranchet" title="Louis Charles Antoine de Beaufranchet">Beaufranchet d'Ayat</a>, and the drummer Pierrard.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executioners fastened Louis to the guillotine's bench (<i>bascule</i>), positioning his neck beneath the device's yoke (<i>lunette</i>) to hold it in place. At 10:22 a.m., the device was activated and the blade swiftly decapitated him. One of Sanson's assistants grabbed his severed head out of the receptacle into which it fell and exhibited it to the cheering crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-LeNabour_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeNabour-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the spectators shouted "Long live the Nation!", Long live the Republic!", and "Long live Liberty!", and <a href="/wiki/Gun_salutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun salutes">gun salutes</a> were fired while a few danced the <a href="/wiki/Farandole" title="Farandole">farandole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LeNabour_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeNabour-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Witness_quotes">Witness quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Witness quotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg/220px-Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="868"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 314px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg/220px-Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="314" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg/330px-Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg/440px-Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The death of Louis XVI, King of France, from an English engraving, published in 1798.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_Essex_Edgeworth">Henry Essex Edgeworth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Henry Essex Edgeworth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Essex_Edgeworth" title="Henry Essex Edgeworth">Henry Essex Edgeworth</a></div> <p>Edgeworth, Louis' Irish confessor, wrote in his memoirs: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The path leading to the scaffold was extremely rough and difficult to pass; the King was obliged to lean on my arm, and from the slowness with which he proceeded, I feared for a moment that his courage might fail; but what was my astonishment, when arrived at the last step, I felt that he suddenly let go my arm, and I saw him cross with a firm foot the breadth of the whole scaffold; silence, by his look alone, fifteen or twenty drums that were placed opposite to me; and in a voice so loud, that it must have been heard at the Pont Tournant, I heard him pronounce distinctly these memorable words: "I die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge; I Pardon those who have occasioned my death; and I pray to God that the blood you are going to shed may never be visited on France."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles-Henri_Sanson">Charles-Henri Sanson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Charles-Henri Sanson" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The executioner <a href="/wiki/Charles-Henri_Sanson" title="Charles-Henri Sanson">Charles-Henri Sanson</a> responded to the story by offering his own version of events in a letter dated 20 February 1793. The account of Sanson states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Arriving at the foot of the guillotine, Louis XVI looked for a moment at the instruments of his execution and asked Sanson why the drums had stopped beating. He came forward to speak, but there were shouts to the executioners to get on with their work. As he was strapped down, he exclaimed "My people, I die innocent!" Then, turning towards his executioners, Louis XVI declared "Gentlemen, I am innocent of everything of which I am accused. I hope that my blood may cement the good fortune of the French." The blade fell. It was 10:22 am. One of the assistants of Sanson showed the head of Louis XVI to the people, whereupon a huge cry of "Vive la Nation! Vive la République!" arose and an artillery salute rang out which reached the ears of the imprisoned Royal family.</p></blockquote> <p>In his letter, published along with its French mistakes in the <i>Thermomètre</i> of Thursday, 21 February 1793, Sanson emphasises that the King "bore all this with a composure and a firmness which has surprised us all. I remained strongly convinced that he derived this firmness from the principles of the religion by which he seemed penetrated and persuaded as no other man." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henri_Sanson">Henri Sanson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Henri Sanson" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In his <a href="/wiki/Causerie" title="Causerie">Causeries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> refers to a meeting circa 1830 with Henri Sanson, eldest son of Charles-Henri Sanson, who had also been present at the execution. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p> "Now then, you were saying you wanted something, Monsieur Dumas?"<br> "You know how much playwrights need accurate information, Monsieur Sanson. The moment may come for me to put Louis XVI on the stage. How much truth is there in the story of the wrestling bout between him and your father's assistants at the foot of the scaffold?"<br> "Oh, I can tell you that, Monsieur, I was there."<br> "I know, that's why it is you I'm asking."<br> "Well listen. The King had been driven to the scaffold in his own carriage and his hands were free. At the foot of the scaffold we decided to tie his hands, but less because we feared that he might defend himself than because we thought he might by an involuntary movement spoil his execution or make it more painful. So one assistant waited with a rope, while another said to him 'It is necessary to tie your hands'. On hearing these unexpected words, at the unexpected sight of that rope, Louis XVI made an involuntary gesture of repulsion. 'Never!' he cried, 'never!' and pushed back the man holding the rope. The other three assistants, believing that a struggle was imminent, dashed forward. That is the explanation of the moment of confusion interpreted after their fashion by the historians. It was then that my father approached and said, in the most respectful tone of voice imaginable, 'With a handkerchief, Sire'. At the word 'Sire', which he had not heard for so long, Louis XVI winced, and at the same moment his confessor had addressed a few words to him from the carriage,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said 'So be it, then, that too, my God!' and held out his hands." </p> </div></blockquote> <p>His son Henri Sanson was appointed Executioner of Paris from April 1793, and executed Marie Antoinette. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacques_Roux">Jacques Roux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jacques Roux" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Roux_-_gravure_de_J.-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cazenave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jacques_Roux_-_gravure_de_J.-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cazenave.jpg/220px-Jacques_Roux_-_gravure_de_J.-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cazenave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="431" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1561"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 431px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jacques_Roux_-_gravure_de_J.-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cazenave.jpg/220px-Jacques_Roux_-_gravure_de_J.-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cazenave.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="431" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jacques_Roux_-_gravure_de_J.-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cazenave.jpg/330px-Jacques_Roux_-_gravure_de_J.-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cazenave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jacques_Roux_-_gravure_de_J.-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cazenave.jpg/440px-Jacques_Roux_-_gravure_de_J.-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cazenave.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Jacques Roux drafting the report on the execution of Louis XVI. Detail from an engraving by J.-Frédéric Cazenave after a 1793 painting by Charles Benazech</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a>, a radical <a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragé</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune</a>, was assigned to write a report on Louis' death. In his report, he wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>We [those assigned to lead Louis to the guillotine] went to <a href="/wiki/Square_du_Temple" title="Square du Temple">the Temple</a>. There we announced to the tyrant [Louis] that the hour of execution had arrived. </p><p>He asked to be alone for a few minutes with his confessor. He wanted to give us a package to turn over to you [the Paris Commune]; we made the observation that we were only charged with taking him to the scaffold. He answered: “This is proper.” He turned the package over to one of our colleagues, asked that we look after his family, and asked that Cléry, his <i>valet-de-chambre,</i> be that of the queen; hurriedly he then said: “my wife.” In addition, he asked that his former servants at Versailles not be forgotten. He said to Santerre: “Let us go.” He crossed one courtyard on foot and climbed into a carriage in the second. On the way the most profound silence reigned. </p><p>Nothing of note happened. We went up to the office of the Marine to prepare the official report of the execution. Capet was never out of our sight up till the guillotine. He arrived at 10 hours 10 minutes; it took him three minutes to get out of the carriage. He wanted to speak to the people but Santerre wouldn’t allow it. His head fell. The citizens dipped their pikes and their handkerchiefs in his blood.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote><p>Santerre is then quoted as saying:</p><blockquote><p>We have just given you an exact account of what occurred. I have only praise for the armed force, which was extremely obedient. Louis Capet wanted to speak of commiseration to the people, but I prevented him so the king could receive his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leboucher">Leboucher</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leboucher" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Speaking to <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> in 1840, a man called Leboucher, who had arrived in Paris from <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a> in December 1792 and was present at the execution of Louis XVI, recalled vividly: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here are some unknown details. The executioners numbered four; two only performed the execution; the third stayed at the foot of the ladder, and the fourth was on the wagon which was to convey the King's body to the Madeleine Cemetery and which was waiting a few feet from the scaffold. </p><p>The executioners wore breeches, coats in the French style as the Revolution had modified it, and three-cornered hats with enormous tri-colour cockades. </p><p> They executed the King with their hats on, and it was without taking his hat off that Samson, [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] seizing by the hair the severed head of Louis XVI., showed it to the people, and for a few moments let the blood from it trickle upon the scaffold.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Louis-Sébastien_Mercier"><span id="Louis-S.C3.A9bastien_Mercier"></span>Louis-Sébastien Mercier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Louis-Sébastien Mercier" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In <i>Le nouveau Paris</i>, <a href="/wiki/Louis-S%C3%A9bastien_Mercier" title="Louis-Sébastien Mercier">Mercier</a> describes the execution of Louis XVI in these words: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... is this really the same man that I see being jostled by four assistant executioners, forcibly undressed, his voice drowned out by the drums, trussed to a plank, still struggling, and receiving the heavy blade so badly that the cut does not go through his neck, but through the back of his head and his jaw, horribly?</p></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Burial_in_the_cemetery_of_the_Madeleine">Burial in the cemetery of the Madeleine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Burial in the cemetery of the Madeleine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_with_image_of_execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Plate_with_image_of_execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg/220px-Plate_with_image_of_execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Plate_with_image_of_execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg/220px-Plate_with_image_of_execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Plate_with_image_of_execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg/330px-Plate_with_image_of_execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Plate_with_image_of_execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg/440px-Plate_with_image_of_execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The execution depicted on a Portuguese plate (<a href="/wiki/Museu_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga">Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The body of Louis XVI was immediately transported to the old <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Madeleine" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Madeleine">Church of the Madeleine</a> (demolished in 1799), since the legislation in force forbade burial of his remains beside those of his father, the Dauphin <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis de France</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Sens" title="Sens">Sens</a>. Two vicars who had sworn fealty to the Revolution held a short memorial service at the church. One of them, Damoureau, stated in evidence: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Arriving at the cemetery, I called for silence. A detachment of <a href="/wiki/Gendarme_(historical)" title="Gendarme (historical)">Gendarmes</a> showed us the body. It was clothed in a white vest and grey silk breeches with matching stockings. We chanted <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> and the service for the dead. In pursuance of an executive order, the body lying in its open coffin was thrown onto a bed of <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a> at the bottom of the pit and covered by one of earth, the whole being firmly and thoroughly tamped down. Louis XVI's head was placed at his feet.</p></blockquote> <p>On 21 January 1815, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Restoration" title="First Restoration">First Bourbon Restoration</a>, Louis XVI and his wife's remains were re-buried in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a> where in 1816 his brother, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>, had a funerary monument erected by <a href="/wiki/Edme_Gaulle" title="Edme Gaulle">Edme Gaulle</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Jacques_de_Molay">Jacques de Molay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Jacques de Molay" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>A popular but apocryphal legend holds that as soon as the guillotine fell, an anonymous <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a> leaped on the scaffolding, plunged his hand into the blood, splashed drips of it onto the crown, and shouted, "<i><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay" title="Jacques de Molay">Jacques de Molay</a>, tu es vengé!</i>" (usually translated as, "Jacques de Molay, thou art avenged"). De Molay (died 1314), the last <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_Templar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master of the Knights Templar">Grand Master of the Knights Templar</a>, had reportedly cursed Louis' ancestor <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip the Fair</a>, after the latter had sentenced him to <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burn at the stake</a> based on false confessions. The story spread widely and the phrase remains in use today to indicate "the triumph of reason and logic over religious superstition".<sup id="cite_ref-DuQuette2006_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuQuette2006-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Today" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <p>The area where Louis XVI and later (16 October 1793) <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> were buried, in the cemetery of the Church of the Madeleine, is today the "Square Louis XVI" greenspace, containing the classically self-effacing <a href="/wiki/Chapelle_expiatoire" title="Chapelle expiatoire">Expiatory Chapel</a> completed in 1826 during the reign of Louis' youngest brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>. The crypt altar stands above the exact spot where the remains of the royal couple were originally laid to rest. The chapel narrowly escaped destruction on politico-ideological grounds during the violently <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism#Third_Republic" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clerical period</a> at the beginning of the 20th century. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobespierre1958104–05,_[httpsfrwikisourceorgwindexphptitlePageŒuvres_complètes_de_Maximilien_de_Robespierre_tome_9.djvu/122_120].in_Tome_IX,_Discours-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobespierre1958104%E2%80%9305,_%5BhttpsfrwikisourceorgwindexphptitlePage%C5%92uvres_compl%C3%A8tes_de_Maximilien_de_Robespierre_tome_9.djvu/122_120%5D.in_Tome_IX,_Discours_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobespierre1958">Robespierre 1958</a>, pp. 104–05, <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Page:%C5%92uvres_compl%C3%A8tes_de_Maximilien_de_Robespierre,">_tome_9.djvu/122 120</a>., in Tome IX, Discours.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSoboul2005" class="citation book cs1">Soboul, Albert (2005). <i>Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française</i>. Paris: Quadrige / PUF. p. 42 in "<i>Armoir de Fer</i>" by Grendron, F. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2130536055" title="Special:BookSources/978-2130536055"><bdi>978-2130536055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+historique+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=42+in+%22%27%27Armoir+de+Fer%27%27%22+by+Grendron%2C+F&rft.pub=Quadrige+%2F+PUF&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2130536055&rft.aulast=Soboul&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1988" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, J.M. (1988). <i>Robespierre</i>. B. Blackwell. pp. 292–300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-15504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-15504-1"><bdi>978-0-631-15504-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robespierre&rft.pages=292-300&rft.pub=B.+Blackwell&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-631-15504-1&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobespierre1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Robespierre, Maximilien de (1958). <i>Textes choisis</i> (in French). Vol. III: Novembre 1793 – Juillet 1794. Introduction et notes explicatives par <a href="/wiki/Jean_Poperen" title="Jean Poperen">Jean Poperen</a>. Paris: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_%C3%89ditions_sociales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Éditions sociales (page does not exist)">Éditions sociales</a>. pp. 121–22 in Tome IX, Discours.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textes+choisis&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=121-22+in+Tome+IX%2C+Discours&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+sociales&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Robespierre&rft.aufirst=Maximilien+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoboul2005867in_"''Procès_du_Roi''"_by_Dorigny,_M-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoboul2005867in_%22''Proc%C3%A8s_du_Roi''%22_by_Dorigny,_M_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoboul2005">Soboul 2005</a>, p. 867, in "<i>Procès du Roi</i>" by Dorigny, M.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobespierre1958129–30in_Tome_IX,_Discours-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobespierre1958129%E2%80%9330in_Tome_IX,_Discours_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobespierre1958">Robespierre 1958</a>, pp. 129–30, in Tome IX, Discours.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1988" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Michael L. (1988). <i>The Jacobin clubs in the French Revolution: the Middle Years</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 308–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05526-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05526-8"><bdi>978-0-691-05526-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobin+clubs+in+the+French+Revolution%3A+the+Middle+Years&rft.pages=308-10&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05526-8&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William J. Murray (1986) The right-wing press in the French Revolution 1789–792 Royal Historical Society Studies in History 44, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/15181">"Pierre, Louis Manuel – Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 – Assemblée nationale"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205052001/https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/%28num_dept%29/15181">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pierre%2C+Louis+Manuel+%E2%80%93+Base+de+donn%C3%A9es+des+d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s+fran%C3%A7ais+depuis+1789+%E2%80%93+Assembl%C3%A9e+nationale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Fsycomore%2Ffiche%2F%28num_dept%29%2F15181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. McPhee (2016) Liberty or Death, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vincent-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2006" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Bernard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esprit.presse.fr/actualite-des-livres/bernard-vincent/louis-xvi-40295"><i>Louis XVI</i></a>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard" title="Éditions Gallimard">Gallimard</a>. pp. 14–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-030749-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-030749-4"><bdi>978-2-07-030749-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=14-18&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-07-030749-4&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesprit.presse.fr%2Factualite-des-livres%2Fbernard-vincent%2Flouis-xvi-40295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertière-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berti%C3%A8re_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berti%C3%A8re_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertière2002" class="citation book cs1">Bertière, Simone (2002). <i>Marie-Antoinette l'insoumise</i>. Paris: éd. de Fallois.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie-Antoinette+l%27insoumise&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%A9d.+de+Fallois&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Berti%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franceculture.com/emission-la-fabrique-de-l-histoire-deposer-le-souverain-34-2011-01-19.html">L'après-Varennes</a>, radio program <i>La Fabrique de l'Histoire</i>, <a href="/wiki/France_Culture" title="France Culture">France Culture</a>, 19 January 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Franck_Ferrand" title="Franck Ferrand">Franck Ferrand</a>, « Il faut sauver Louis XVI », radio program <i>Au cœur de l'histoire</i> on <a href="/wiki/Europe_1" title="Europe 1">Europe 1</a>, 7 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k36778w"><i>Mémoires de Sanson</i></a> available at <i><a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoraval2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thoraval, Anna (2004). "L'exécution de Louis XVI". <i>Promenades sur les lieux de l'histoire – d'Henri IV à mai 68, les rues de Paris racontent l'histoire de France</i> (in French). Parigramme. pp. 60–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-323-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-323-3"><bdi>978-2-84096-323-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27ex%C3%A9cution+de+Louis+XVI&rft.btitle=Promenades+sur+les+lieux+de+l%27histoire+%E2%80%93+d%27Henri+IV+%C3%A0+mai+68%2C+les+rues+de+Paris+racontent+l%27histoire+de+France&rft.pages=60-69&rft.pub=Parigramme&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-84096-323-3&rft.aulast=Thoraval&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrief2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krief, Philippe (2004). <i>Paris Rive Droite</i> (in French). Paris: Massin. pp. 86–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7072-0488-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7072-0488-9"><bdi>2-7072-0488-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+Rive+Droite&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=86-101&rft.pub=Massin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-7072-0488-9&rft.aulast=Krief&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonnier1989" class="citation book cs1">Monnier, Raymonde (1989). <i>Un bourgeois sans-culotte : le général Santerre</i>. Publications de la Sorbonne. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85944-179-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85944-179-1"><bdi>978-2-85944-179-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+bourgeois+sans-culotte+%3A+le+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+Santerre&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Publications+de+la+Sorbonne&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-2-85944-179-1&rft.aulast=Monnier&rft.aufirst=Raymonde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeNabour-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeNabour_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeNabour_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Nabour1988" class="citation book cs1">Le Nabour, Éric (1988). <i>Louis XVI – le pouvoir et la fatalité</i>. Paris: JC Lattès.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI+%E2%80%93+le+pouvoir+et+la+fatalit%C3%A9&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=JC+Latt%C3%A8s&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Le+Nabour&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From his Memoirs, published 1815.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Father Edgeworth had reminded the King that on Good Friday Jesus had offered his hands to be tied.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux2024" class="citation web cs1">Roux, Jacques (20 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/france/revolution/roux/1793/execution-louisxvi.htm">"Report on the Execution of Louis XVI"</a>. <i>Marxists Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Execution+of+Louis+XVI&rft.date=2024-04-20&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Ffrance%2Frevolution%2Froux%2F1793%2Fexecution-louisxvi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/memoirs-of-hugo/2/">"The Memoirs of Victor Hugo by Victor Hugo: Chapter 2"</a>. <i>www.online-literature.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.online-literature.com&rft.atitle=The+Memoirs+of+Victor+Hugo+by+Victor+Hugo%3A+Chapter+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online-literature.com%2Fvictor_hugo%2Fmemoirs-of-hugo%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuQuette2006-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DuQuette2006_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuQuette2006" class="citation book cs1">DuQuette, Lon Milo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z15J8lgCqxYC&pg=PA47"><i>The Key to Solomon's Key: Secrets of Magic and Masonry</i></a>. CCC Publishing. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888729-14-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888729-14-6"><bdi>978-1-888729-14-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Key+to+Solomon%27s+Key%3A+Secrets+of+Magic+and+Masonry&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=CCC+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-888729-14-6&rft.aulast=DuQuette&rft.aufirst=Lon+Milo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ15J8lgCqxYC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Necker, Anne Louise Germaine</a>, <i>Considerations on the principal events of the French Revolution</i> (1818)</li> <li>Hugo, Victor, <i>The Memoirs of Victor Hugo</i> (1899)</li> <li>Thompson, J.M., <i>English Witnesses of the French Revolution</i> (1938)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_and_Pierrette_Girault_de_Coursac" title="Paul and Pierrette Girault de Coursac">Paul and Pierrette Girault de Coursac</a> have written a number of works on Louis XVI, including: </p> <ul><li><i>Louis XVI, Roi Martyr</i> (1982) Tequi</li> <li><i>Louis XVI, un Visage retrouvé</i> (1990) O.E.I.L.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="80.6.143.145" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1729694173"> <span>Last edited on 23 October 2024, at 14:36</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="إعدام لويس السادس عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إعدام لويس السادس عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazhadenn_Loeiz_XVI" title="Lazhadenn Loeiz XVI – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lazhadenn Loeiz XVI" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poprava_Ludv%C3%ADka_XVI." title="Poprava Ludvíka XVI. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poprava Ludvíka XVI." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_hukkamine" title="Louis XVI hukkamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis XVI hukkamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejecuci%C3%B3n_de_Luis_XVI" title="Ejecución de Luis XVI – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejecución de Luis XVI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Louis_XVI" title="Exécution de Louis XVI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exécution de Louis XVI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortigo_di_Louis_la_16ma_di_Francia" title="Mortigo di Louis la 16ma di Francia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mortigo di Louis la 16ma di Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksekusi_Louis_XVI" title="Eksekusi Louis XVI – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eksekusi Louis XVI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luija_XVI_sod%C4%AB%C5%A1ana_ar_n%C4%81vi" title="Luija XVI sodīšana ar nāvi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luija XVI sodīšana ar nāvi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzekucja_Ludwika_XVI" title="Egzekucja Ludwika XVI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Egzekucja Ludwika XVI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Lu%C3%ADs_XVI" title="Execução de Luís XVI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Execução de Luís XVI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_XVI" title="Казнь Людовика XVI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Казнь Людовика XVI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Execution of Louis XVI" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98%D0%B0_XVI" title="Погубљење Луја XVI – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Погубљење Луја XVI" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogubljenje_Louisa_XVI" title="Pogubljenje Louisa XVI – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pogubljenje Louisa XVI" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI._Louis%27nin_%C4%B0dam%C4%B1" title="XVI. Louis'nin İdamı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XVI. Louis'nin İdamı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_XVI" title="Страта Людовика XVI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Страта Людовика XVI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%99%95%E6%B1%BA" title="路易十六的處決 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路易十六的處決" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img 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