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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="" xml:lang=""> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <title>The WIPO Manual on Open Source Patent Analytics (2nd edition)</title> <meta name="description" content="A practical introduction to free and open source tools for patent analytics." /> <meta name="generator" content="bookdown 0.28.1 and GitBook 2.6.7" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The WIPO Manual on Open Source Patent Analytics (2nd edition)" /> <meta property="og:type" content="book" /> <meta property="og:description" content="A practical introduction to free and open source tools for patent analytics." /> <meta name="github-repo" content="wipo-analytics/manual_bookdown" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="The WIPO Manual on Open Source Patent Analytics (2nd edition)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="A practical introduction to free and open source tools for patent analytics." /> 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class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html">Frontmatter</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="0.1" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#authorship">0.1 Authorship</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html">1 Preface</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#acknowledgements">1.1 Acknowledgements</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#further-information">1.2 Further information</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#conditions-of-use">1.3 Conditions of use</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#disclaimer">1.4 Disclaimer</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html">2 Introduction</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#structure">2.1 Structure</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#an-overview-of-open-source-and-free-software-tools">2.1.1 An Overview of Open Source and Free Software Tools</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#approaching-patent-data">2.1.2 Approaching Patent Data</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#obtaining-patent-data">2.1.3 Obtaining Patent Data</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#cleaning-and-tidying-patent-data">2.1.4 Cleaning and Tidying Patent Data</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.5" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#analysing-and-visualizing-patent-data">2.1.5 Analysing and Visualizing Patent Data</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.6" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#sharing-data-and-the-writing-of-the-manual">2.1.6 Sharing Data and The Writing of the Manual</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html"><a href="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html">3 The Patent Analytics Workflow</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html"><a href="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html#scoping-search">3.1 Scoping Search</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html"><a href="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html#exploratory-data-visualisation">3.2 Exploratory data visualisation</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html"><a href="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html#defined-search">3.3 Defined Search</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html"><a href="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html#core-dataset">3.4 Core Dataset</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html"><a href="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html#cleaning-the-core-dataset">3.5 Cleaning the Core Dataset</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.1" data-path="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html"><a href="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html#splitting-data">3.5.1 Splitting Data</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.2" data-path="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html"><a href="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html#cleaning-data">3.5.2 Cleaning Data</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html"><a href="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html#visualise-report">3.6 Visualise & Report</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="3.7" data-path="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html"><a href="the-patent-analytics-workflow.html#conclusion">3.7 Conclusion</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html">4 An Overview of Tools</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#general-tools">4.1 General Tools</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#open-office">4.1.1 Open Office</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.2" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#google-sheets">4.1.2 Google Sheets</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#data-studio">4.1.3 Data Studio</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#cleaning-tools">4.2 Cleaning Tools</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.1" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#open-refine-formerly-google-refine">4.2.1 Open Refine (formerly Google Refine)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#data-mining">4.3 Data Mining</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.1" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#rstudio">4.3.1 RStudio</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.2" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#rapidminer-studio">4.3.2 RapidMiner Studio</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.3" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#knime">4.3.3 KNIME</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#data-visualization">4.4 Data visualization</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.1" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#google-charts">4.4.1 Google Charts</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.2" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#tableau-public">4.4.2 Tableau Public</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.3" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#r-and-rstudio">4.4.3 R and RStudio</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.4" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#shiny">4.4.4 Shiny</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.5" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#other-visualization-tools">4.4.5 Other visualization Tools</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#network-visualization">4.5 Network Visualization</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.1" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#gephi">4.5.1 Gephi</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.2" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#nodexl">4.5.2 NodeXL</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.3" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#pajek">4.5.3 Pajek</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.4" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#vos-viewer">4.5.4 VOS Viewer</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.5" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#hive-plots">4.5.5 Hive Plots</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.6" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#infographics">4.6 Infographics</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.7" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#geographical-mapping">4.7 Geographical Mapping</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.1" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#openstreetmap">4.7.1 OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.2" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#leaflet">4.7.2 Leaflet</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.3" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#tableau-public-1">4.7.3 Tableau Public</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.4" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#qgis">4.7.4 QGIS</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.5" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#geonames.org.">4.7.5 Geonames.org.</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.6" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#cartodb">4.7.6 CartoDB</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.7" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#highcharts">4.7.7 Highcharts</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.8" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#datawrapper">4.7.8 Datawrapper</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.9" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#plotly">4.7.9 Plotly</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.8" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#text-mining">4.8 Text Mining</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.1" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#tidytext">4.8.1 Tidytext</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.2" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#weka">4.8.2 Weka</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.3" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#nltk">4.8.3 NLTK</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.4" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#spacy">4.8.4 Spacy</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.5" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#annotation-tools-for-machine-learning">4.8.5 Annotation Tools for Machine Learning</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.6" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#word-trees">4.8.6 Word Trees</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.7" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#google-word-trees-on-the-google-developers-site-provides-instructions-for-generating-word-trees-using-javascript.">4.8.7 Google Word Trees on the Google Developers site provides instructions for generating word trees using Javascript.</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.8" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#r-and-the-tm-package">4.8.8 R and the <code>tm</code> package</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.9" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#python-and-text-mining">4.8.9 Python and Text Mining</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.10" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#other-text-mining-resources">4.8.10 Other text mining resources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.9" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#round-up">4.9 Round Up</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.10" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#the-checklist">4.10 The Checklist</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="4.11" data-path="an-overview-of-tools.html"><a href="an-overview-of-tools.html#credits">4.11 Credits</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="part">I Approaching Patent Data</li> <li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html">5 Patent Datafields</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#what-is-a-patent">5.1 What is a Patent?</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#as-a-form-of-intellectual-property-right">5.2 As a form of intellectual property right</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#patents-as-a-type-of-document">5.3 Patents as a type of document</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#basic-data-types">5.4 Basic Data Types</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.1" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#synthetic-genomes">5.4.1 Synthetic Genomes</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.2" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#original-front-page">5.4.2 Original Front Page</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.3" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#espacenet-front-page">5.4.3 espacenet Front Page</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.4" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#description">5.4.4 Description</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.5" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#claims">5.4.5 Claims</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.6" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#family-members">5.4.6 Family Members</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.7" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#cited">5.4.7 Cited</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.8" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#citing">5.4.8 Citing</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.9" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#legal-status">5.4.9 Legal Status</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="patent-datafields.html"><a href="patent-datafields.html#round-up-1">5.5 Round Up</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="datasets.html"><a href="datasets.html">6 Datasets</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="datasets.html"><a href="datasets.html#the-datasets">6.1 The datasets</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.1" data-path="datasets.html"><a href="datasets.html#core-dataset-1">6.1.1 Core dataset</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.2" data-path="datasets.html"><a href="datasets.html#sample-datasets">6.1.2 Sample datasets</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.3" data-path="datasets.html"><a href="datasets.html#patent-landscape-reports-datasets">6.1.3 Patent Landscape Reports datasets</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="part">II Obtaining Patent Data</li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html">7 Databases</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.0.1" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#introduction-1">7.0.1 Introduction</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#the-databases">7.1 The Databases</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#the-lens">7.1.1 The Lens</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#patentscope">7.1.2 Patentscope</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.3" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#espacenet">7.1.3 espacenet</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.4" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#latipat">7.1.4 LATIPAT</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.5" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#epo-open-patent-services">7.1.5 EPO Open Patent Services</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.6" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#uspto-patents-view">7.1.6 USPTO Patents View</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.7" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#google-patents">7.1.7 Google Patents</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.8" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#uspto-bulk-downloads">7.1.8 USPTO Bulk Downloads</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.9" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#free-patents-online">7.1.9 Free Patents Online</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.10" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#depatisnet">7.1.10 DEPATISnet</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.11" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#oecd-patent-databases-resources">7.1.11 OECD Patent Databases & Resources</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.12" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#epo-world-patent-statistical-database">7.1.12 EPO World Patent Statistical Database</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.13" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#other-data-sources">7.1.13 Other data sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#tools-for-accessing-patent-data">7.2 Tools for Accessing Patent Data</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.1" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#patent2net-in-python">7.2.1 Patent2Net in Python</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.2" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#python-epo-ops-client-by-gsong">7.2.2 Python EPO OPS Client by Gsong</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="databases.html"><a href="databases.html#round-up-2">7.3 Round Up</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="patentscope-1.html"><a href="patentscope-1.html">8 Patentscope</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="patentscope-1.html"><a href="patentscope-1.html#introduction-2">8.1 Introduction</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="patentscope-1.html"><a href="patentscope-1.html#collections-to-search">8.2 Collections to Search</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="patentscope-1.html"><a href="patentscope-1.html#simple-search">8.3 Simple Search</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="patentscope-1.html"><a href="patentscope-1.html#downloading-results">8.4 Downloading Results</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="8.5" data-path="patentscope-1.html"><a href="patentscope-1.html#cross-lingual-searching">8.5 Cross Lingual Searching</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="8.6" data-path="patentscope-1.html"><a href="patentscope-1.html#sequence-data">8.6 Sequence Data</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="8.7" data-path="patentscope-1.html"><a href="patentscope-1.html#round-up-3">8.7 Round Up</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="the-lens-1.html"><a href="the-lens-1.html">9 The Lens</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="the-lens-1.html"><a href="the-lens-1.html#introduction-3">9.1 Introduction</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="the-lens-1.html"><a href="the-lens-1.html#getting-started">9.2 Getting Started</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.1" data-path="the-lens-1.html"><a href="the-lens-1.html#lens-analysis-tools">9.2.1 Lens Analysis Tools</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.2" data-path="the-lens-1.html"><a href="the-lens-1.html#exporting-patent-data">9.2.2 Exporting Patent Data</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.3" data-path="the-lens-1.html"><a href="the-lens-1.html#going-further-with-citations">9.2.3 Going Further with Citations</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="the-lens-1.html"><a href="the-lens-1.html#working-with-texts">9.3 Working with texts</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="the-lens-1.html"><a href="the-lens-1.html#patseq">9.4 PatSeq</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="the-lens-1.html"><a href="the-lens-1.html#round-up-4">9.5 Round Up</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="part">III Cleaning Patent Data</li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html">10 Open Refine</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#install-open-refine">10.1 Install Open Refine</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#create-a-project">10.2 Create a Project</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#open-refine-basics">10.3 Open Refine Basics</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.1" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#open-refine-runs-in-a-browser">10.3.1 Open Refine runs in a browser</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.2" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#open-refine-works-on-columns.">10.3.2 Open Refine works on columns.</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.3" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#open-refine-works-with-facets.">10.3.3 Open Refine works with Facets.</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.4" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#custom-facets">10.3.4 Custom Facets</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.5" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#reordering-columns">10.3.5 Reordering Columns</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.6" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#undo-and-redo">10.3.6 Undo and Redo</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.7" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#exporting">10.3.7 Exporting</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.4" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#basic-cleaning">10.4 Basic Cleaning</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.1" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#changing-case">10.4.1 Changing case</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.2" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#regularise-case">10.4.2 Regularise case</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.3" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#remove-leading-and-trailing-whitespace">10.4.3 Remove leading and trailing whitespace</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.4" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#add-columns">10.4.4 Add Columns</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.5" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#address-encoding-and-related-problems">10.4.5 Address Encoding and related problems</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.6" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#reformatting-dates">10.4.6 Reformatting dates</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.7" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#access-additional-information">10.4.7 Access additional information</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.5" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#fill-blank-cells">10.5 Fill blank cells</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.6" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#renaming-columns">10.6 Renaming columns</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.7" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#exporting-data">10.7 Exporting Data</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.8" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#splitting-applicants">10.8 Splitting Applicants</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.8.1" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#situation-1---first-applicants">10.8.1 Situation 1 - First Applicants</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.8.2" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#situation-2---all-applicants">10.8.2 Situation 2 - All Applicants</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.8.3" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#phonetic-fingerprint-metaphone-3-clustering">10.8.3 Phonetic Fingerprint (Metaphone 3) clustering</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.8.4" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#levenshtein-edit-distance">10.8.4 Levenshtein Edit Distance</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.8.5" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#ppm">10.8.5 PPM</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.8.6" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#preparing-for-export">10.8.6 Preparing for export</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.9" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#round-up-5">10.9 Round Up</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="10.10" data-path="open-refine.html"><a href="open-refine.html#useful-resources">10.10 Useful Resources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="part">IV Visualizing Patent Data</li> <li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="tableau-public-2.html"><a href="tableau-public-2.html">11 Tableau Public</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="tableau-public-2.html"><a href="tableau-public-2.html#introduction-4">11.1 Introduction</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="tableau-public-2.html"><a href="tableau-public-2.html#installing-tableau">11.2 Installing Tableau</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="11.3" data-path="tableau-public-2.html"><a href="tableau-public-2.html#getting-started-1">11.3 Getting Started</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="11.4" data-path="tableau-public-2.html"><a href="tableau-public-2.html#publication-trends">11.4 Publication Trends</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="11.5" data-path="tableau-public-2.html"><a href="tableau-public-2.html#adding-new-data-sources">11.5 Adding New Data Sources</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="11.6" data-path="tableau-public-2.html"><a href="tableau-public-2.html#creating-an-overview-dashboard">11.6 Creating an Overview Dashboard</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="11.7" data-path="tableau-public-2.html"><a href="tableau-public-2.html#saving-display-and-privacy-settings">11.7 Saving, Display and Privacy Settings</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="11.8" data-path="tableau-public-2.html"><a href="tableau-public-2.html#privacy-and-security">11.8 Privacy and Security</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="11.9" data-path="tableau-public-2.html"><a href="tableau-public-2.html#round-up-6">11.9 Round Up</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html">12 Gephi</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#installing-gephi">12.1 Installing Gephi</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#opening-gephi-and-installing-plugins">12.2 Opening Gephi and Installing Plugins</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#importing-a-file-to-gephi-with-the-converter-plugin">12.3 Importing a file to Gephi with the converter plugin</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.3.1" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#step-1.-open-gephi-and-choose-file-import">12.3.1 Step 1. Open Gephi and Choose File > Import</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.4" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#sizing-and-colouring-nodes">12.4 Sizing and Colouring Nodes</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.4.1" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#filtering-the-data">12.4.1 Filtering the data</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.4.2" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#setting-node-size">12.4.2 Setting Node Size</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.4.3" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#colouring-the-nodes">12.4.3 Colouring the Nodes</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.5" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#laying-out-the-graph">12.5 Laying out the Graph</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.5.1" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#save-your-work">12.5.1 Save your work</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.6" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#adding-labels">12.6 Adding Labels</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.7" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#using-the-preview-options">12.7 Using the Preview Options</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.8" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#exporting-from-preview">12.8 Exporting from Preview</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="12.9" data-path="gephi-1.html"><a href="gephi-1.html#resources">12.9 Resources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html"><a href="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html">13 Patent Analytics with Plotly</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html"><a href="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html#introduction-5">13.1 Introduction</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html"><a href="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html#getting-started-with-plotly">13.2 Getting Started with Plotly</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html"><a href="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html#importing-files">13.3 Importing Files</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="13.4" data-path="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html"><a href="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html#creating-a-graphic-online">13.4 Creating a Graphic Online</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="13.5" data-path="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html"><a href="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html#working-with-plotly-in-r">13.5 Working with Plotly in R</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="13.6" data-path="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html"><a href="patent-analytics-with-plotly.html#round-up-7">13.6 Round Up</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html">14 Patent Infographics with R</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.1" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#getting-started-2">14.1 Getting Started</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.2" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#load-a-.csv-file-using-readr">14.2 Load a .csv file using <code>readr</code></a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.3" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#viewing-data">14.3 Viewing Data</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.4" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#identifying-types-of-object">14.4 Identifying Types of Object</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.5" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#working-with-data">14.5 Working with Data</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.5.1" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#select">14.5.1 Select</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.5.2" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#adding-data-with-mutate">14.5.2 Adding data with <code>mutate()</code></a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.5.3" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#counting-data-using-count">14.5.3 Counting data using <code>count()</code></a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.5.4" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#rename-a-field-with-rename">14.5.4 Rename a field with <code>rename()</code></a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.5.5" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#make-a-quickplot-with-qplot">14.5.5 Make a quickplot with <code>qplot()</code></a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.5.6" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#filter-data-using-filter">14.5.6 Filter data using <code>filter()</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.6" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#simplify-code-with-pipes">14.6 Simplify code with pipes <code>%>%</code></a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.7" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#harmonising-data">14.7 Harmonising data</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.8" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#country-trends-using-spread-and-pivot_wider">14.8 Country Trends using <code>spread()</code> and <code>pivot_wider()</code></a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.9" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#tidying-data---separating-and-gathering">14.9 Tidying data - Separating and Gathering</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.9.1" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#trimming-with-stringr">14.9.1 Trimming with <code>stringr</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.10" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#selecting-applicants-using-filter">14.10 Selecting applicants using <code>filter()</code></a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.11" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#generating-ipc-tables">14.11 Generating IPC Tables</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.11.1" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#phrases-tables">14.11.1 Phrases Tables</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.12" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#creating-an-infographic-in-infogr.am">14.12 Creating an infographic in infogr.am</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="14.12.1" data-path="patent-infographics-with-r.html"><a href="patent-infographics-with-r.html#round-up-8">14.12.1 Round Up</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="part">V Using APIs</li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html">15 Scientific Literature with Rplos</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.1" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#introduction-6">15.1 Introduction</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.2" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#install-r-and-rstudio">15.2 Install R and RStudio</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.3" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#create-a-project-1">15.3 Create A Project</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.4" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#install-packages">15.4 Install Packages</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.5" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#key-functions-in-rplos">15.5 Key functions in rplos</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.6" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#data-fields-in-rplos">15.6 Data Fields in rplos</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.7" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#basic-searching-using-searchplos-navigating-and-exporting-data">15.7 Basic Searching using <code>searchplos()</code>, Navigating and Exporting Data</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.7.1" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#creating-a-new-object-and-writing-to-file">15.7.1 Creating a New Object and Writing to File</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.8" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#limit-by-journal">15.8 Limit by journal</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.9" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#obtaining-the-full-number-of-results">15.9 Obtaining the full number of results</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.10" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#obtaining-the-number-of-records-across-plos-journals">15.10 Obtaining the number of records across PLOS Journals</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.11" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#writing-the-results-and-using-a-codebook">15.11 Writing the results and using a codebook</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.12" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#proximity-searching">15.12 Proximity Searching</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.13" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#searching-using-multiple-phrases">15.13 Searching Using Multiple Phrases</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.14" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#tidying-and-organising-the-data">15.14 Tidying and Organising the Data</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.14.1" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#renaming-a-column">15.14.1 Renaming a column</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.15" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#filling-blank-spaces">15.15 Filling Blank Spaces</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.16" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#converting-dates">15.16 Converting Dates</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.17" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#add-a-count">15.17 Add a count</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.18" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#remove-a-column">15.18 Remove a column</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.19" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#arranging-the-data">15.19 Arranging the Data</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.20" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#dealing-with-duplicates">15.20 Dealing with Duplicates</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.20.1" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#pivoting-data-using-pivot_wider-from-tidyr">15.20.1 Pivoting data using <code>pivot_wider()</code> from <code>tidyr</code></a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.20.2" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#deleting-duplicates">15.20.2 Deleting Duplicates</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.21" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#restricting-searches-by-section">15.21 Restricting searches by section</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.22" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#by-author">15.22 By author</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.23" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#title-search-using-plostitle">15.23 Title search using <code>plostitle()</code></a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.24" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#abstract-search-using-plosabstract">15.24 Abstract search using <code>plosabstract()</code></a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.25" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#subject-area-using-plossubject">15.25 Subject Area using <code>plossubject()</code></a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.26" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#highlighting-terms-and-text-fragments-with-highplos">15.26 Highlighting terms and text fragments with highplos()</a> <ul> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.26.1" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#snippets-using-hl.snippets">15.26.1 Snippets using hl.snippets</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.26.2" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#fragment-size-using-hl.fragsize">15.26.2 fragment size using hl.fragsize</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.27" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#get-the-full-text-of-one-or-more-articles">15.27 Get the full text of one or more articles</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.28" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#writing-a-corpus-to-disk">15.28 Writing a corpus to disk</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.29" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#round-up-9">15.29 Round Up</a></li> <li class="chapter" data-level="15.30" data-path="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html"><a href="scientific-literature-with-rplos.html#resources-1">15.30 Resources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="divider"></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/wipo-analytics/wipo-analytics.github.io" target="blank">Published with bookdown</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="book-body"> <div class="body-inner"> <div class="book-header" role="navigation"> <h1> <a href="./">The WIPO Manual on Open Source Patent Analytics (2nd edition)</a> </h1> </div> <div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main"> <div class="page-inner"> <section class="normal" id="section-"> <div id="header"> <h1 class="title">The WIPO Manual on Open Source Patent Analytics (2nd edition)</h1> 2022 </div> <div id="frontmatter" class="section level1 unnumbered hasAnchor"> <h1>Frontmatter<a 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