Ultrahigh fatigue strength of gradient nanostructured plain steel - CityU Scholars

<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <title>Ultrahigh fatigue strength of gradient nanostructured plain steel - CityU Scholars | A Research Hub of Excellence</title> <meta property="og:image" content="/resources/style/gfx/logo_top.png" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/ultrahigh-fatigue-strength-of-gradient-nanostructured-plain-steel(b1e51268-278c-4858-88f8-1d8a8d4a18d9).html" /> <link rel="image_src" type="image/png" href="/resources/style/gfx/logo_top.png" /> <link rel="icon" href="/resources/style/gfx/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,300,700,600" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/resources/style/fonts/icons/css/fontello.css?stamp=1731905518316" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" 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content="Shanghai Jiao Tong University" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Shuai Wang" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shanghai Jiao Tong University" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Xiangyu Song" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shanghai Jiao Tong University" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Jiacheng Xu" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Mechanical Engineering" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Centre for Advanced Structural Materials" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shenzhen Research Institute" /><meta name="citation_author_email" content="jiacxu3@cityu.edu.hk" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Jingchen Wang" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="CityU Shenzhen Futian Research Institute" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Ying Li" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="CityU Shenzhen Futian Research Institute" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Yonghua Rong" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shanghai Jiao Tong University" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Xunwei Zuo" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shanghai Jiao Tong University" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Nailu Chen" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shanghai Jiao Tong University" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Jian Lu" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Mechanical Engineering" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Centre for Advanced Structural Materials" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shenzhen Research Institute" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="CityU Shenzhen Futian Research Institute" /><meta name="citation_author_email" content="jianlu@cityu.edu.hk" /><meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0001-5362-0316" /><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/11/01" /><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116243" /><meta name="citation_language" content="English" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="High cycle fatigue; High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels; Martensitic phase transformation; Residual stresses; Ultrafine grained microstructure" /><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Scripta Materialia" /><meta name="citation_issn" content="1359-6462" /><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Scripta Metallurgica et Materiala" /><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Scripta metallurgica et materialia" /><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Scr Met" /><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Scr Metal" /><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Scr Metall" /><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Scripta metallurgica" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="Elsevier Limited" /><meta name="citation_volume" content="252" /><meta name="citation_firstpage" 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class="type_classification"><span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span>peer-review</span></p></div> <div class="tabs-container"> <ul class="clear"> <li class="selected"><a class="portal_link" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/ultrahigh-fatigue-strength-of-gradient-nanostructured-plain-steel(b1e51268-278c-4858-88f8-1d8a8d4a18d9).html"><span>Overview</span></a> </li> <li><a class="portal_link" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/ultrahigh-fatigue-strength-of-gradient-nanostructured-plain-steel(b1e51268-278c-4858-88f8-1d8a8d4a18d9)/projects.html"><span>Projects</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="pub-full"> <div class="pub-top"> <div class="view-box almetric"> <script type="text/javascript" src="//d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script> <div class="altmetric-embed pure_altmetric_component" data-badge-type="2" data-badge-popover="left" data-hide-no-mentions="true" data-link-target="true" data-doi="10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116243"></div> </div> <div class="graph_viewer"> <div class="graph"><a class="portal_graphviewer_button" href="javascript:void(0);" id="j_id-222676425_40f6ca2e"><span>View graph of relations</span></a> <script type="text/javascript"></script> <i class="icon-network"></i> </div> </div> <div class="addthis"> <div class="addthis_sharing_toolbox"></div> </div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Author(s)</h2><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_associatesauthorsclassifiedsummarizedlistportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_associatesauthorsclassifiedsummarizedlistportal rendering_contributiontojournal_associatesauthorsclassifiedsummarizedlistportal"><ul class="relations persons"><li><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/liyang-zeng(370ee5ea-4b84-4b10-bc6b-3aa399444dd7).html" class="link person"><span>Liyang Zeng</span></a></li><li><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/gan-li(32ef7f26-cc5c-4f98-9331-2628147423b5).html" class="link person"><span>Gan Li</span></a></li><li><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/jiacheng-xu(8b577845-5f6d-4ea1-bece-a5c92b8726ff).html" class="link person"><span>Jiacheng Xu</span></a></li><li><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/jian-lu(2e28d779-1155-49a2-bd2a-81aa891225cf).html" class="link person"><span>Jian Lu</span></a></li><li><a onclick="$(this).up('ul').next('ul').toggleClassName('common_hidden');return false;" href="#" class="all link"><span>And 9 others</span></a></li></ul><ul class="relations persons common_hidden associates_authors_full_list"><li class="external">Jiazhi Zhang</li><li class="external">Jie Li</li><li class="external">Shuai Wang</li><li class="external">Xiangyu Song</li><li class="external">Jingchen Wang</li><li class="external">Ying Li</li><li class="external">Yonghua Rong</li><li class="external">Xunwei Zuo</li><li class="external">Nailu Chen</li></ul></div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Related Research Unit(s)</h2><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_associatesorganisationsportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_associatesorganisationsportal rendering_contributiontojournal_associatesorganisationsportal"><ul class="relations organisations"><li class="a"><a rel="Organisation" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/organisations/department-of-mechanical-engineering(1c0db6bb-c770-4af6-a94a-2fcfa1754094).html" class="link"><span>Department of Mechanical Engineering</span></a></li><li class="r"><a rel="Organisation" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/organisations/centre-for-advanced-structural-materials(9bd90c01-6420-4b36-a1d6-6548fcb08855).html" class="link"><span>Centre for Advanced Structural Materials</span></a></li><li class="r"><a rel="Organisation" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/organisations/shenzhen-research-institute(cb371cf0-7bf5-4d6d-8127-c5f46f6469f5).html" class="link"><span>Shenzhen Research Institute</span></a></li></ul></div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Detail(s)</h2><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_detailsportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_detailsportal rendering_contributiontojournal_detailsportal"><div class="article"><table class="properties"><tbody><tr class="language"><th scope="row">Original language</th><td>English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Article number</th><td>116243</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Journal / Publication</th><td><a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/scripta-materialia(5b2f134e-fde0-48e5-b17b-80948b2e4b88)/publications.html" class="link"><span>Scripta Materialia</span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Volume</th><td>252</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Online published</th><td><span class="date">27 Jun 2024</span></td></tr><tr class="status"><th scope="row">Publication status</th><td><span class="prefix">Published - </span><span class="date">1 Nov 2024</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Link(s)</h2> <table class="properties pub-links"> <tr> <th>DOI</th> <td><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_versioneddoiextensionportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_versioneddoiextensionportal rendering_contributiontojournal_versioneddoiextensionportal"><h2 class="subheader">DOI</h3><ul class="relations links digital_object_identifiers"><li class="embargo_date_ended available unknown "><a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116243" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116243</span></a> <p class="dimmed">Final Published version</p></li></ul></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th></th> <td> <span class="sfx-button" title="Check@CityULib"> <a href="https://julac.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_tim=2024-11-24T02%3A41%3A51HKT&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2FencUTF-8&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Fkev%3Afmt%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2F%3Apure&rft.atitle=Ultrahigh%20fatigue%20strength%20of%20gradient%20nanostructured%20plain%20steel&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scriptamat.2024.116243&rft.aulast=Zeng&rft.aufirst=Liyang&rft.auinit=L&rft.date=2024-11-01&rft.volume=252&rft.issn=1359-6462&rft.jtitle=Scripta%20Materialia&institution=CUH_ALMA&vid=CUH" target="_blank"> Check@CityULib </a> </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>Link to Scopus</th> <td><a target="_blank" class="scopus-link-pub" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85196961999&origin=recordpage"> https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85196961999&origin=recordpage </a></td> </tr> <tr class="permanent_link"> <th>Permanent Link</th> <td> <a href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/publication(b1e51268-278c-4858-88f8-1d8a8d4a18d9).html">https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/publication(b1e51268-278c-4858-88f8-1d8a8d4a18d9).html</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Abstract</h2><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_customabstractportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_customabstractportal rendering_contributiontojournal_customabstractportal"><div class="textblock">In light of the steel development trend—plainification and high performance, we designed a gradient nanostructured plain steel with ultrahigh mechanical performance and exceptional cost performance. This multiscale design is achieved by using surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) in a plain steel matrix subjected to quenching-partitioning-tempering (Q-P-T) process. The integration of Q-P-T and SMAT processes effectively achieves the gradient surface nanocrystallization on the high mechanical performance matrix. This gradient nanostructure exhibits an environment with gradient compressive stress accompanying with the refinement of grains, which prevent crack formation and propagation effectively. Consequently, an ultrahigh fatigue strength (up to 820 MPa) at high-cycle (10<sup>7</sup>) can be achieved with remarkable cost performance (1653.1 MPa·kg/USD) at the same time, surpassing maraging steel by 14 times. The multiscale design of gradient nanostructured plain steel not only breaks the endurance-cost trade-off but also paves the way to imparting significant endurance on high carbon plain steel. <br /><br />© 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc</div></div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Research Area(s)</h2><div class="rendering rendering_keywordable rendering_keywordgroupsexcludecopyright rendering_keywordable_keywordgroupsexcludecopyright"><div class="keywordcontainers"><ul class="relations keywords"><li>High cycle fatigue, High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, Martensitic phase transformation, Residual stresses, Ultrafine grained microstructure</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="publication_related_concepts"> <div class="view_preview_panel"><script type="text/javascript" src="/resources/style/js/concept_tooltip.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script> <div class="relationlist for_publication_fingerprints"> <h2 class="section 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href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/concepts/refinement.html?conceptIds=195880805" title="nanostructures in INIS has a weight of 100%"><span> <div class="canvas-wrap"> <canvas class="canvas" width="50" height="50" data-procent="100"></canvas> <span class="procent">100</span> </div> <div class="finger-info"> <span class="title"> <span class="text">nanostructures</span> </span> <span class="concept_badge less_100" data-content-id="195880805" data-thesauri-acronym="inis"> <span class="rating rank_100"><em></em></span> <span class="domain"> <span class="text">INIS</span> </span> </span> </div></span></a> </div> <div class="concept-badge-wrapper"><a class="portal_link concept" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/concepts/refinement.html?conceptIds=195921569" title="fatigue in INIS has a weight of 100%"><span> <div class="canvas-wrap"> <canvas class="canvas" width="50" height="50" data-procent="100"></canvas> <span class="procent">100</span> </div> <div class="finger-info"> <span 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data-content-id="195869303" data-thesauri-acronym="Engineering"> <span class="rating rank_60"><em></em></span> <span class="domain"> <span class="text">Engineering</span> </span> </span> </div></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="concept_links"><a class="portal_link" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/ultrahigh-fatigue-strength-of-gradient-nanostructured-plain-steel(b1e51268-278c-4858-88f8-1d8a8d4a18d9)/fingerprints.html"><span>Full Fingerprint ›</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-box citations"> <h2 class="subheader">Citation Format(s)</h2> <div class="tabs-container citations clear"> <ul class="citations"> <li class="selected"><a href="#">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="#">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="#">APA</a></li> <li><a href="#">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="#">Author</a></li> </ul> <div class="cite-export"> <span class="publication_export">[ <a class="portal_link" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/ultrahigh-fatigue-strength-of-gradient-nanostructured-plain-steel(b1e51268-278c-4858-88f8-1d8a8d4a18d9).ris?download=true"><span>RIS</span></a> ]</span> <span class="publication_export">[ <a class="portal_link" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/ultrahigh-fatigue-strength-of-gradient-nanostructured-plain-steel(b1e51268-278c-4858-88f8-1d8a8d4a18d9).bibtex?download=true"><span>BibTeX</span></a> ]</span> </div> </div> <div class="citation-container"> <div class="view-box cite"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_standard rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_standard rendering_contributiontojournal_standard"><a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/ultrahigh-fatigue-strength-of-gradient-nanostructured-plain-steel(b1e51268-278c-4858-88f8-1d8a8d4a18d9).html" class="link"><span><strong>Ultrahigh fatigue strength of gradient nanostructured plain steel.</strong></span></a> / <a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/liyang-zeng(370ee5ea-4b84-4b10-bc6b-3aa399444dd7).html" class="link"><span>Zeng, Liyang</span></a>; Zhang, Jiazhi<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/gan-li(32ef7f26-cc5c-4f98-9331-2628147423b5).html" class="link"><span>; Li, Gan</span></a> et al. <br />In: <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/scripta-materialia(5b2f134e-fde0-48e5-b17b-80948b2e4b88)/publications.html" class="link"><span>Scripta Materialia</span></a>, Vol. 252, 116243, 01.11.2024.<p class="type"><span class="type_family">Research output<span class="type_family_sep">: </span></span><span class="type_classification_parent">Journal Publications and Reviews<span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span></span><span class="type_classification">RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal</span><span class="type_classification"><span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span>peer-review</span></p></div> </div> <div class="view-box cite" style="display: none;"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_harvard rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_harvard rendering_contributiontojournal_harvard"><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/liyang-zeng(370ee5ea-4b84-4b10-bc6b-3aa399444dd7).html" class="link"><span>Zeng, L</span></a>, Zhang, J<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/gan-li(32ef7f26-cc5c-4f98-9331-2628147423b5).html" class="link"><span>, Li, G</span></a>, Li, J, Wang, S, Song, X<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/jiacheng-xu(8b577845-5f6d-4ea1-bece-a5c92b8726ff).html" class="link"><span>, Xu, J</span></a>, Wang, J, Li, Y, Rong, Y, Zuo, X, Chen, N<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/jian-lu(2e28d779-1155-49a2-bd2a-81aa891225cf).html" class="link"><span> & Lu, J</span></a> 2024, '<a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/ultrahigh-fatigue-strength-of-gradient-nanostructured-plain-steel(b1e51268-278c-4858-88f8-1d8a8d4a18d9).html" class="link harvard_title"><span>Ultrahigh fatigue strength of gradient nanostructured plain steel</span></a>', <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/scripta-materialia(5b2f134e-fde0-48e5-b17b-80948b2e4b88)/publications.html" class="link"><span><em>Scripta Materialia</em></span></a>, vol. 252, 116243. <a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116243" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116243</span></a></div> </div> <div class="view-box cite" style="display: none;"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_apa rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_apa rendering_contributiontojournal_apa"><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/liyang-zeng(370ee5ea-4b84-4b10-bc6b-3aa399444dd7).html" class="link"><span>Zeng, L.</span></a>, Zhang, J.<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/gan-li(32ef7f26-cc5c-4f98-9331-2628147423b5).html" class="link"><span>, Li, G.</span></a>, Li, J., Wang, S., Song, X.<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/jiacheng-xu(8b577845-5f6d-4ea1-bece-a5c92b8726ff).html" class="link"><span>, Xu, J.</span></a>, Wang, J., Li, Y., Rong, Y., Zuo, X., Chen, N.<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/jian-lu(2e28d779-1155-49a2-bd2a-81aa891225cf).html" class="link"><span>, & Lu, J.</span></a> (2024). <a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/ultrahigh-fatigue-strength-of-gradient-nanostructured-plain-steel(b1e51268-278c-4858-88f8-1d8a8d4a18d9).html" class="link"><span>Ultrahigh fatigue strength of gradient nanostructured plain steel</span></a>. <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/scripta-materialia(5b2f134e-fde0-48e5-b17b-80948b2e4b88)/publications.html" class="link"><span><em>Scripta Materialia</em></span></a>, <em>252</em>, Article 116243. <a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116243" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116243</span></a></div> </div> <div class="view-box cite" style="display: none;"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_vancouver rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_vancouver rendering_contributiontojournal_vancouver"><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/liyang-zeng(370ee5ea-4b84-4b10-bc6b-3aa399444dd7).html" class="link"><span>Zeng L</span></a>, Zhang J<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/gan-li(32ef7f26-cc5c-4f98-9331-2628147423b5).html" class="link"><span>, Li G</span></a>, Li J, Wang S, Song X et al. <span class="title"><a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/ultrahigh-fatigue-strength-of-gradient-nanostructured-plain-steel(b1e51268-278c-4858-88f8-1d8a8d4a18d9).html" class="link"><span>Ultrahigh fatigue strength of gradient nanostructured plain steel</span></a></span>. <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/scripta-materialia(5b2f134e-fde0-48e5-b17b-80948b2e4b88)/publications.html" class="link"><span>Scripta Materialia</span></a>. 2024 Nov 1;252:116243. Epub 2024 Jun 27. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116243</div> </div> <div class="view-box cite" style="display: none;"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_author rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_author rendering_contributiontojournal_author"><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/liyang-zeng(370ee5ea-4b84-4b10-bc6b-3aa399444dd7).html" class="link"><span>Zeng, Liyang</span></a> ; Zhang, Jiazhi <a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/gan-li(32ef7f26-cc5c-4f98-9331-2628147423b5).html" class="link"><span> ; Li, Gan</span></a> et al. / <a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/ultrahigh-fatigue-strength-of-gradient-nanostructured-plain-steel(b1e51268-278c-4858-88f8-1d8a8d4a18d9).html" class="link"><span><strong>Ultrahigh fatigue strength of gradient nanostructured plain steel</strong></span></a>. In: <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/scripta-materialia(5b2f134e-fde0-48e5-b17b-80948b2e4b88)/publications.html" class="link"><span>Scripta Materialia</span></a>. 2024 ; Vol. 252.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="cityu-scholar-footer-outbox"> <div class="cityu-scholar-footer-inbox"> <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/privacy/index.htm" title="Footer Privacy Policy" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> | <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/copyright/index.htm#copyright" title="Footer Copyright" target="_blank">Copyright</a> | <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/disclaimer/index.htm#disclaimer" title="Footer Disclaimer" target="_blank">Disclaimer</a> | <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/accessibility/" title="Footer Accessibility" target="_blank">Accessibility</a> | <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/contactus/index.htm" title="Footer Contact Us" target="_blank">Contact Us</a><br /> © City University of Hong Kong. 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