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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revised_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Revised chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revised_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Velikovskyism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Velikovskyism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Velikovskyism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Velikovskyism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Velikovsky_Affair"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Velikovsky_Affair""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>"The Velikovsky Affair"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Velikovsky_Affair"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="إيمانويل فيليكوفسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيمانويل فيليكوفسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Імануіл Велікоўскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імануіл Велікоўскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Имануил Великовски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Имануил Великовски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Immanuel Velikovsky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Immanuel Velikovsky" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuil_Velikovski" title="Immanuil Velikovski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Immanuil Velikovski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Immanuel Velikovsky" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Immanuel Velikovsky" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Immanuel Velikovsky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Immanuel Velikovsky" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuil_Velikovskij" title="Immanuil Velikovskij – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Immanuil Velikovskij" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="עמנואל וליקובסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמנואל וליקובסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Immanuel Velikovsky" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8C%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="イマヌエル・ヴェリコフスキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イマヌエル・ヴェリコフスキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovskij" title="Immanuel Velikovskij – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Immanuel Velikovskij" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanui%C5%82_Wielikowski" title="Immanuił Wielikowski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Immanuił Wielikowski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Immanuel Velikovsky" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Великовский, Иммануил – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великовский, Иммануил" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Имануел Великовски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Имануел Великовски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imanuel_Velikovski" title="Imanuel Velikovski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imanuel Velikovski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Immanuel Velikovsky" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Immanuel Velikovsky" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="伊曼紐爾·維里科夫斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊曼紐爾·維里科夫斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q349749#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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and catastrophist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Immanuel Velikovsky</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Immanuel_Velikovsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Immanuel_Velikovsky.jpg/220px-Immanuel_Velikovsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Immanuel_Velikovsky.jpg/330px-Immanuel_Velikovsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Immanuel_Velikovsky.jpg/440px-Immanuel_Velikovsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="554" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Immanuel Velikovsky at the 1974 <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> Conference in San Francisco</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1895-06-10</span>)</span>10 June 1895<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 1979<span style="display:none">(1979-11-17)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Immanuel Velikovsky</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Иммануи́л Велико́вский</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɪmənʊˈil<span class="wrap"> </span>vʲɪlʲɪˈkofskʲɪj]</a></span>; 10 June [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 29 May] 1895 – 17 November 1979) was a Russian-American <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalyst">psychoanalyst</a>, writer, and <a href="/wiki/Catastrophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catastrophist">catastrophist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goodman1979_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman1979-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bader2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bader2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the author of several books offering <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistorical</a> interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a>, including the U.S. bestseller <i><a href="/wiki/Worlds_in_Collision" title="Worlds in Collision">Worlds in Collision</a></i> published in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Velikovsky's work is frequently cited as a canonical example of <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> and has been used as an example of the <a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">demarcation problem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His books use <a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">comparative mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">ancient literary sources</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>) to argue that Earth suffered <a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">catastrophic</a> close contacts with other planets (principally <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>) in ancient history. In positioning Velikovsky among <a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">catastrophists</a> including <a href="/wiki/Hans_Schindler_Bellamy" title="Hans Schindler Bellamy">Hans Bellamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius Donnelly</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Gottlieb_Radlof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Gottlieb Radlof (page does not exist)">Johann Gottlieb Radlof</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Radlof" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Gottlieb Radlof">de</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the British astronomers <a href="/wiki/Victor_Clube" title="Victor Clube">Victor Clube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Napier" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Napier">Bill Napier</a> noted "... Velikovsky is not so much the first of the new catastrophists ...; he is the last in a line of traditional catastrophists going back to mediaeval times and probably earlier."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Velikovsky argued that electromagnetic effects play an important role in <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a>. He also proposed a revised chronology for <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Israel</a>, and other cultures of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>. The revised chronology aimed at explaining the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">dark age</a>" of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span>–750 BC) and reconciling biblical accounts with mainstream archaeology and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian chronology</a>. </p><p>In general, Velikovsky's theories have been ignored or vigorously rejected by the academic community.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, his books often sold well and gained enthusiastic support in lay circles, often fuelled by claims of unfair treatment of Velikovsky by orthodox academia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversy surrounding his work and its reception is often referred to as "the Velikovsky affair".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_early_education">Childhood and early education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood and early education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immanuel Velikovsky was born in 1895 to a prosperous Jewish family in <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>). The son of Shimon (Simon Yehiel) Velikovsky (1859–1937) and Beila Grodensky, he learned several languages as a child and was sent away to study at the Medvednikov <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, where he performed well in Russian language and mathematics. He graduated with a gold medal in 1913. Velikovsky then traveled in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and visited Palestine before briefly studying medicine at <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> in France and taking premedical courses at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. He returned to Russia before the outbreak of World War I, enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Moscow">University of Moscow</a>, and received a medical degree in 1921. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editorial_work_and_marriage">Editorial work and marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Editorial work and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon taking his medical degree, Velikovsky left Russia for Berlin. With the financial support of his father, Velikovsky edited and published two volumes of scientific papers translated into Hebrew. The volumes were titled <i>Scripta Universitatis Atque Bibliothecae Hierosolymitanarum</i> ("Writings of the Jerusalem University & Library"). He enlisted <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> to prepare the volume dealing with mathematics and physics.<sup id="cite_ref-Karpel2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karpel2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, Velikovsky married Elisheva Kramer, a young violinist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_as_a_psychiatrist">Career as a psychiatrist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career as a psychiatrist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Velikovsky lived in what was then the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a> from 1924 to 1939, practising medicine in the fields of <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">general practice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> which he had studied under <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s pupil <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stekel" title="Wilhelm Stekel">Wilhelm Stekel</a> in Vienna. During this time, he had about a dozen papers published in medical and psychoanalytic journals. He was also published in Freud's <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imago_(periodical)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imago (periodical) (page does not exist)">Imago</a></i>, including a precocious analysis of Freud's own dreams.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration_to_the_US_and_a_career_as_an_author">Emigration to the US and a career as an author</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emigration to the US and a career as an author"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939, with the prospect of war looming, Velikovsky travelled with his family to New York City, intending to spend a <a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">sabbatical</a> year researching for his book <i>Oedipus and Akhenaton.</i> The book was inspired by Freud's <i><a href="/wiki/Moses_and_Monotheism" title="Moses and Monotheism">Moses and Monotheism</a></i> and explored the possibility that <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhenaton">Akhenaton</a> was the legendary <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>. Freud had argued that Akhenaton, the supposedly monotheistic Egyptian pharaoh, was the source of the religious principles that Moses taught to the people of Israel in the desert. Freud's claim (and that of others before him) was based in part on the resemblance of Psalm 104 in the Bible to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a>, an Egyptian hymn discovered on the wall of the tomb of Akhenaten's courtier, <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a>, in Akhenaten's city of <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Akhetaten</a>. To disprove Freud's claim and to prove the Exodus as such, Velikovsky sought evidence for the Exodus in Egyptian documents. One such document was the <a href="/wiki/Ipuwer_Papyrus" title="Ipuwer Papyrus">Ipuwer Papyrus</a>, which he felt reported events similar to several of the Biblical plagues. Since conventional Egyptology dated the Ipuwer Papyrus much earlier than either the Biblical date for the Exodus (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>—1450 BCE) or the Exodus date accepted by many of those who accepted the conventional chronology of Egypt (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250 BCE</span>), Velikovsky had to revise the conventional chronology. </p><p>Within weeks of his arrival in the United States, World War II began. Launching on a tangent from his original book project, Velikovsky began to develop the radical <a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">catastrophist</a> <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> and revised chronology theories for which he would become notorious. For the remainder of the Second World War, now as a permanent resident of New York City, he continued to research and write about his ideas, searching for a means to disseminate them to academia and the public. He privately published two small <i>Scripta Academica</i> pamphlets summarising his theories in 1945 (<i>Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History</i> and <i>Cosmos Without Gravitation</i>). He mailed copies of the latter to academic libraries and scientists, including Harvard astronomer <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a> in 1947. </p><p>In 1950, after eight publishing houses rejected the <i><a href="/wiki/Worlds_in_Collision" title="Worlds in Collision">Worlds in Collision</a></i> manuscript,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was finally published by <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, which had a large presence in the academic textbook market. Even before its appearance, the book was enveloped by furious controversy, when <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a></i> published a highly positive feature on it, as did <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i>, with what would today be called a <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationist</a> slant. This came to the attention of Shapley, who opposed the publication of the work, having been made familiar with Velikovsky's claims through the pamphlet Velikovsky had given him. Shapley threatened to organise a textbook boycott of Macmillan for its publication of <i>Worlds in Collision</i>, and within two months the book was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. It was by then a bestseller in the United States. In 1952, Doubleday published the first installment in Velikovsky's revised chronology, <i><a href="/wiki/Ages_in_Chaos" title="Ages in Chaos">Ages in Chaos</a></i>, followed by the <i>Earth in Upheaval</i> (a geological volume) in 1955. In November 1952, Velikovsky moved from Manhattan to Princeton, New Jersey. </p><p>For most of the 1950s and early 1960s, Velikovsky was <i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a></i> on college and university campuses. After this period, he began to receive more requests to speak. He lectured, frequently to record crowds, at universities across <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> aired a one-hour television special featuring Velikovsky and his work, and this was followed by a thirty-minute documentary by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in 1973. </p><p>During the remainder of the 1970s, Velikovsky devoted a great deal of his time and energy to rebutting his critics in academia, and he continued to tour North America and Europe to deliver lectures on his ideas. By that time, the elderly Velikovsky had <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> and intermittent <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">depression</a>, which his daughter said may have been exacerbated by the academic establishment's continuing rejection of his work.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources"><span title="This claim needs a reference to a independent, third-party source. (September 2011)">third-party source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He died in 1979. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_administration_of_literary_estate">Posthumous administration of literary estate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Posthumous administration of literary estate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many years, Velikovsky's estate was controlled by his two daughters, Shulamit Velikovsky Kogan (b. 1925), and Ruth Ruhama Velikovsky Sharon (b. 1926),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who generally resisted the publication of any further material.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Exceptions include the biography <i>ABA – the Glory and the Torment: The Life of Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky</i>, issued in 1995 and greeted with rather dubious reviews;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Hebrew translation of another <i>Ages in Chaos</i> volume, <i>The Dark Age of Greece</i>, which was published in Israel.) A volume of Velikovsky's discussions and correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> appeared in Hebrew in Israel, translated and edited by his daughter Shulamit Velikovsky Kogan. In the late 1990s, a large portion of Velikovsky's unpublished book manuscripts, essays and correspondence became available at the Velikovsky Archive website.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Velikovsky's daughter Ruth Sharon presented his entire archive to <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Library" title="Princeton University Library">Princeton University Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideas">Ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s and 1930s, Velikovsky published his concepts in medical and psychoanalytic journals.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is best known, however, for research performed in the 1940s when living in New York City. His main ideas in this area were summarized in an affidavit of November 1942,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two privately published <i>Scripta Academica</i> pamphlets, <i>Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History</i> (1945) and <i>Cosmos without Gravitation</i> (1946).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than have his ideas dismissed wholesale because of potential flaws in any one area, Velikovsky then chose to publish them as a series of book volumes, aimed at a lay audience, dealing separately with his proposals on ancient history, and with areas more relevant to the physical sciences. Velikovsky was a passionate <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this did steer the focus of his work, although its scope was considerably more far-reaching than this. The entire body of work could be said to stem from an attempt to solve the following problem: that to Velikovsky there appeared to be insufficient correlation in the written or archaeological records between Biblical history and what was known of the history of the area, in particular, Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Velikovsky searched for common mention of events within literary records, and in the <a href="/wiki/Ipuwer_Papyrus" title="Ipuwer Papyrus">Ipuwer Papyrus</a> he believed he had found a contemporary Egyptian account of the <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">Plagues of Egypt</a>. Moreover, he interpreted both accounts as descriptions of a great natural catastrophe. Velikovsky attempted to investigate the physical cause of these events, and extrapolated backwards and forwards in history from this point, cross-comparing written and mythical records from cultures on every inhabited continent, using them to attempt synchronisms of the historical records, yielding what he believed to be further periodic natural catastrophes that can be global in scale.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He arrived at a body of radical inter-disciplinary ideas, which might be summarised as:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Planet Earth has suffered natural catastrophes on a global scale, both before and during humankind's recorded history.</li> <li>There is evidence for these catastrophes in the geological record (here Velikovsky was advocating <a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophist</a> ideas as opposed to the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniformitarian">Uniformitarian</a> notions) and archeological record. The extinction of many species had occurred catastrophically, not by gradual Darwinian means.</li> <li>The catastrophes that occurred within the memory of humankind are recorded in the myths, legends and written history of all ancient cultures and civilisations. Velikovsky pointed to alleged concordances in the accounts of many cultures, and proposed that they referred to the same real events. For instance, the memory of a flood is recorded in the Hebrew Bible, in the Greek legend of <a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Sraddhadeva_Manu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sraddhadeva Manu">Manu</a> legend of India. Velikovsky put forward the psychoanalytic idea of "Cultural Amnesia" as a mechanism whereby these literal records came to be regarded as mere myths and legends.</li> <li>The causes of these natural catastrophes were close encounters between the Earth and other bodies within the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> — not least what are now the planets Saturn, Jupiter, Venus, and Mars, these bodies having moved upon different orbits within human memory.</li> <li>To explain the fact that these changes to the configuration of the Solar System violate several well-understood laws of physics, Velikovsky invented a role for electromagnetic forces in counteracting <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">orbital mechanics</a>.</li></ul> <p>Some of Velikovsky's specific postulated catastrophes included:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>A tentative suggestion that Earth had once been a satellite of a "proto-<a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>" body, before its current solar orbit.</li> <li>That the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deluge (mythology)">Deluge</a> (Noah's Flood) had been caused by proto-Saturn's entering a <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">nova</a> state, and ejecting much of its mass into space.</li> <li>A suggestion that the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> catastrophe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> had been the prime mover in the catastrophe that saw the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>.</li> <li>Periodic close contacts with a "<a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">cometary</a> <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>" (which had been ejected from Jupiter) had caused the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> events (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BCE</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>'s subsequent "sun standing still" (Joshua 10:12–13) incident.</li> <li>Periodic close contacts with <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> had caused havoc in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE.</li></ul> <p>As noted above, Velikovsky had conceived the broad sweep of this material by the early 1940s. However, within his lifetime, whilst he continued to research, expand and lecture upon the details of his ideas, he released only selected portions of his work to the public in book form:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Worlds_in_Collision" title="Worlds in Collision">Worlds in Collision</a></i> (1950) discussed the literary and mythical records of the "Venus" and "Mars" catastrophes</li> <li>Portions of his <i>Revised Chronology</i> were published as <i><a href="/wiki/Ages_in_Chaos" title="Ages in Chaos">Ages in Chaos</a></i> (1952), <i>Peoples of the Sea</i> (1977) and <i>Rameses II and His Time</i> (1978) (The related monograph <i>Oedipus and Akhenaten</i>, 1960, posited the thesis that pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> was the prototype for the Greek mythic figure <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>.)</li> <li><i>Earth in Upheaval</i> (1955) dealt with geological evidence for global natural catastrophes.</li></ul> <p>Velikovsky's ideas on his earlier Saturn/Mercury/Jupiter events were never published, and the available archived manuscripts are much less developed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Of all the strands of his work, Velikovsky published least on his belief that electromagnetism plays a role in orbital mechanics. Although he appears to have retreated from the propositions in his 1946 monograph <i>Cosmos without Gravitation</i>, no such retreat is apparent in <i>Stargazers and Gravediggers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cosmos without Gravitation</i>, which Velikovsky placed in university libraries and sent to scientists, is a probable catalyst for the hostile response of astronomers and physicists to his later claims about astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other Velikovskian enthusiasts such as Ralph Juergens (dec.), Earl Milton (dec.), Wal Thornhill, and Donald E. Scott have claimed that stars are powered not by internal nuclear fusion, but by galactic-scale electrical discharge currents. Such ideas do not find support in the conventional literature and are rejected as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> by the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revised_chronology">Revised chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revised chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ages_in_Chaos" title="Ages in Chaos">Ages in Chaos</a></div> <p>Velikovsky argued that the conventional chronology of the Near East and classical world, based upon Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Sothic_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sothic dating">Sothic dating</a> and the king lists of <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>, was wholly flawed. This was the reason for the apparent absence of correlation between the Biblical account and those of neighbouring cultures, and also the cause of the enigmatic "<a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Dark Ages</a>" in Greece and elsewhere. Velikovsky shifted several chronologies and dynasties from the Egyptian Old Kingdom to Ptolemaic times by centuries (a scheme he called the <i>Revised Chronology</i>), placing <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a> contemporary with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a>. He proposed numerous other synchronisms stretching up to the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. He argued that these eliminate phantom "Dark Ages", and vindicate the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> accounts of history and those recorded by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>. </p><p>These ideas were first put forward briefly in his <i>Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History</i>, but <i>Ages in Chaos</i> was his first full-length work on the subject. This was followed by <i>Oedipus and Akhenaton</i>, <i>Peoples of the Sea</i> and <i>Rameses II and His Time</i>, and two further works that were unpublished at the time of his death but that are now available online at the Velikovsky Archive: <i>The Assyrian Conquest</i> and <i>The Dark Ages of Greece</i>. </p><p>Though rejected by mainstream historians, these ideas have been developed by other historians such as <a href="/wiki/David_Rohl" class="mw-redirect" title="David Rohl">David Rohl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_James_(historian)" title="Peter James (historian)">Peter James</a>, who have also attempted their own revised chronologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Velikovskyism">Velikovskyism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Velikovskyism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leroy_vel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Leroy_vel.jpg/256px-Leroy_vel.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Leroy_vel.jpg/384px-Leroy_vel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Leroy_vel.jpg/512px-Leroy_vel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C._Leroy_Ellenberger" title="C. Leroy Ellenberger">C. Leroy Ellenberger</a> with Immanuel Velikovsky at Seaside Heights, New Jersey, in 1978.</figcaption></figure> <p>Velikovsky inspired numerous followers during the 1960s and 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Grazia" title="Alfred de Grazia">Alfred de Grazia</a> dedicated a 1963 issue of his journal, <i>American Behavioral Scientist</i>, to Velikovsky, which was published in an expanded version as a book, <i>The Velikovsky Affair – Scientism Versus Science</i>, in 1966. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptical_Inquirer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Skeptical Inquirer">The Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>, in a review of a later book by de Grazia, <i>Cosmic Heretics</i> (1984), suggests that de Grazia's efforts may be responsible for Velikovsky's continuing notability during the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-skeptical_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skeptical-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Society for Interdisciplinary Studies (SIS) was "formed in 1974 in response to the growing interest in the works of modern catastrophists, notably the highly controversial Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky". The Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Sciences (ISIS) is a 1985 spinoff from the SIS founded under the directorship of <a href="/wiki/David_Rohl" class="mw-redirect" title="David Rohl">David Rohl</a>, who had come to reject Velikovsky's <a href="/wiki/Revised_Chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Chronology">Revised Chronology</a> in favour of his own "<a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Rohl)" title="New Chronology (Rohl)">New Chronology</a>". </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Kronos:_A_Journal_of_Interdisciplinary_Synthesis" title="Kronos: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis">Kronos: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis</a></i> was founded in 1975 explicitly "to deal with Velikovsky's work". Ten issues of <i><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e:_Immanuel_Velikovsky_Reconsidered" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensée: Immanuel Velikovsky Reconsidered">Pensée: Immanuel Velikovsky Reconsidered</a></i> appeared from 1972 to 1975. The controversy surrounding Velikovsky peaked in the mid-1970s and public interest declined in the 1980s and, by 1984, erstwhile Velikovskyist <a href="/wiki/C._Leroy_Ellenberger" title="C. Leroy Ellenberger">C. Leroy Ellenberger</a> had become a vocal critic of Velikovskian catastrophism. Some Velikovskyist publications and authors such as David Talbott remain active into the 2000s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Velikovsky's ideas have been rejected by mainstream academia (often vociferously so) and his work is generally regarded as erroneous in all its detailed conclusions. Moreover, scholars view his unorthodox methodology (for example, using comparative mythology to derive scenarios in celestial mechanics) as an unacceptable way to arrive at conclusions. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offered a synopsis of the mainstream response to Velikovsky, writing, "Velikovsky is neither <a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">crank</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">charlatan</a>—although, to state my opinion and to quote one of my colleagues, he is at least gloriously wrong ... Velikovsky would rebuild the science of <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a> to save the literal accuracy of ancient legends." </p><p>Velikovsky's bestselling, and as a consequence most criticized, book is <i><a href="/wiki/Worlds_in_Collision" title="Worlds in Collision">Worlds in Collision</a></i>. Astronomer <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a>, along with others such as <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin" title="Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin">Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin</a>, were highly critical of Macmillan's decision to publish the work. The fundamental criticism against this book from the astronomy community was that its celestial mechanics were physically impossible, requiring planetary orbits that do not conform with the laws of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy">conservation of energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of angular momentum">conservation of angular momentum</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Velikovsky relates in his book <i>Stargazers & Gravediggers</i> how he tried to protect himself from criticism of his celestial mechanics by removing the original appendix on the subject from <i>Worlds in Collision</i>, hoping that the merit of his ideas would be evaluated on the basis of his comparative mythology and use of literary sources alone. However, this strategy did not protect him: the appendix was an expanded version of the <i>Cosmos Without Gravitation</i> monograph, which he had already distributed to Shapley and others in the late 1940s—and they had regarded the physics within it as absurd.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By 1974, the controversy surrounding Velikovsky's work had permeated US society to the point where the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> felt obliged to address the situation, as they had previously done in relation to <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified flying objects">UFOs</a>, and devoted a scientific session to Velikovsky featuring (among others) Velikovsky himself and Professor <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>. Sagan gave a critique of Velikovsky's ideas (the book version of Sagan's critique is much longer than that presented in the talk; see <a href="#References">below</a>). His criticisms are available in <i>Scientists Confront Velikovsky</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a corrected and revised version in the book <i><a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_Brain:_Reflections_on_the_Romance_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science">Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until the 1980s that a very detailed critique of <i>Worlds in Collision</i> was made in terms of its use of mythical and literary sources when Bob Forrest published a highly critical examination of them (see <a href="#References">below</a>). Earlier in 1974, James Fitton published a brief critique of Velikovsky's interpretation of myth (ignored by Velikovsky and his defenders) whose indictment began: "In at least three important ways Velikovsky's use of mythology is unsound. The first of these is his proclivity to treat all myths as having independent value; the second is the tendency to treat only such material as is consistent with his thesis; and the third is his very unsystematic method."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A short analysis of the position of arguments in the late 20th century is given by Dr Velikovsky's ex-associate, and <i><a href="/wiki/Kronos_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kronos (journal)">Kronos</a></i> editor, <a href="/wiki/C._Leroy_Ellenberger" title="C. Leroy Ellenberger">C. Leroy Ellenberger</a>, in his <i>A Lesson from Velikovsky</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, the absence of supporting material in <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice-core studies</a> (such as the Greenland Dye-3 and <a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok cores</a>) has removed any basis for the proposition of a global catastrophe of the proposed dimension within the later <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> period. However, tree-ring expert <a href="/wiki/Mike_Baillie" title="Mike Baillie">Mike Baillie</a> would give credit to Velikovsky after disallowing the impossible aspects of <i>Worlds in Collision</i>: "However, I would not disagree with <i>all</i> aspects of Velikovsky's work. Velikovsky was almost certainly correct in his assertion that ancient texts hold clues to catastrophic events in the relatively recent past, within the span of human civilization, which involve the effects of comets, meteorites and cometary dust ... But fundamentally, Velikovsky did not understand anything about comets ... He did not know about the hazard posed by relatively small objects ... This failure to recognize the power of comets and asteroids means that it is reasonable to go back to Velikovsky and delete all the physically impossible text about Venus and Mars passing close to the earth ... In other words, we can get down to his main thesis, which is that the Earth experienced dramatic events from heavenly bodies particularly in the second millennium BC."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Velikovsky's revised chronology has been rejected by nearly all mainstream historians and <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptologists</a>. It was claimed, starting with early reviewers, that Velikovsky's usage of material for proof is often very selective.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965 the leading cuneiformist Abraham Sachs, in a forum at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, discredited Velikovsky's use of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform</a> sources.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Velikovsky was never able to refute Sachs' attack.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, following the much-postponed publication of further volumes in Velikovsky's <i>Ages in Chaos</i> series, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>-based Society for Interdisciplinary Studies organised a conference in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> specifically to debate the revised chronology.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate conclusion of this work, by scholars including <a href="/wiki/Peter_James_(historian)" title="Peter James (historian)">Peter James</a>, John Bimson, Geoffrey Gammonn, and <a href="/wiki/David_Rohl" class="mw-redirect" title="David Rohl">David Rohl</a>, was that the Revised Chronology was untenable.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SIS has continued to publish updates of this ongoing discussion, in particular the work of historian Emmet Sweeney. </p><p>While James credits Velikovsky with "point[ing] the way to a solution by challenging Egyptian chronology", he severely criticised the contents of Velikovsky's chronology as "disastrously extreme", producing "a rash of new problems far more severe than those it hoped to solve" and claiming that "Velikovsky understood little of archaeology and nothing of stratigraphy."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bauer accuses Velikovsky of dogmatically asserting interpretations which are at best possible, and gives several examples from <i>Ages in Chaos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""The_Velikovsky_Affair""><span id=".22The_Velikovsky_Affair.22"></span>"The Velikovsky Affair"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "The Velikovsky Affair""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Such was the hostility directed against Velikovsky from some quarters (particularly the original campaign led by <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a>), that some commentators have made an analysis of the conflict itself. Among these was a study by <i><a href="/wiki/American_Behavioral_Scientist" title="American Behavioral Scientist">American Behavioral Scientist</a></i> magazine, eventually published in book form as <i>The Velikovsky Affair — Scientism Versus Science.</i><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This framed the discussion in terms of how academic disciplines reacted to ideas from workers from outside their field, claiming that there was an academic aversion to permitting people to cross <a href="/wiki/Inter-disciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-disciplinary">inter-disciplinary</a> boundaries. More recently, James Gilbert, professor of history at the University of Maryland, challenged this traditional version with an account that focused on the intellectual rivalry between Velikovsky's ally <a href="/wiki/Horace_Kallen" title="Horace Kallen">Horace Kallen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bauer">Henry Bauer</a> had challenged the view that the Velikovsky Affair illustrated the resistance of scientists to new ideas by pointing out "the nature and validity of Velikovsky's claims must be considered before one decides that the Affair can illuminate the reception of new ideas in science ..."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, on the same basis, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Dixon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Dixon (page does not exist)">Keith Dixon</a> contended that the treatment of the case by sociologists was an example of a broader unhealthy tendency in sociology to explain all opinions as ideologically motivated without considering their possible rational basis.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scientific press, in general, denied Velikovsky a forum to rebut his critics. Velikovsky claimed that this made him a "suppressed genius", and he likened himself to the 16th century heretical friar <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a>, who was burnt at the stake for his beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The controversy created by Velikovsky's publications may have helped revive the <a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">catastrophist</a> movement in the second half of the 20th century; however, some working in the field also hold that progress has actually been retarded by the negative aspects of the so-called Velikovsky Affair.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Title </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Publisher </th> <th>ISBN </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td rowspan="3"><i><a href="/wiki/Worlds_in_Collision" title="Worlds in Collision">Worlds in Collision</a></i> </td> <td>1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a> </td> <td>978-1-906833-11-4 </td> <td>original edition </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a> </td> <td>978-1-906833-11-4 </td> <td>transferred to new publisher </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>2009 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paradigma-publishing.com/books1.html">Paradigma</a> </td> <td>978-1-906833-11-4 </td> <td>reissued </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Ages_in_Chaos" title="Ages in Chaos">Ages in Chaos</a></i>:<br /><i>From the Exodus to King Akhnaton</i> </td> <td>1952 </td> <td>Doubleday </td> <td>978-1-906833-13-8 </td> <td>first edition </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>2009 </td> <td>Paradigma </td> <td>978-1-906833-51-0 </td> <td>reissued </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td rowspan="2"><i>Earth In Upheaval</i> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Doubleday </td> <td>978-1-906833-12-1 </td> <td>first edition </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>2009 </td> <td>Paradigma </td> <td>978-1-906833-52-7 </td> <td>reissued </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td rowspan="2"><i>Oedipus and Akhnaton</i> </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>Doubleday </td> <td>978-1-906833-18-3 </td> <td>first edition </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>2018 </td> <td>Paradigma </td> <td>978-1-906833-58-9 </td> <td>reissued </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td rowspan="2"><i>Peoples of the Sea</i><br />(<i>Ages in Chaos</i>) </td> <td>1977 </td> <td>Doubleday </td> <td>978-1-906833-15-2 </td> <td>first edition </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>2011 </td> <td>Paradigma </td> <td>978-1-906833-55-8 </td> <td>reissued </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td rowspan="2"><i>Ramses II and His Time</i><br />(<i>Ages in Chaos</i>) </td> <td>1978 </td> <td>Doubleday </td> <td>978-1-906833-14-5 </td> <td>first edition </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>2010 </td> <td>Paradigma </td> <td>978-1-906833-54-1 </td> <td>reissued </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td rowspan="2"><i>Mankind in Amnesia</i> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>Doubleday </td> <td>978-1-906833-16-9 </td> <td>first edition </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>2010 </td> <td>Paradigma </td> <td>978-1-906833-56-5 </td> <td>reissued </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td rowspan="2"><i>Stargazers and Gravediggers</i> </td> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow</a> </td> <td>978-1-906833-17-6 </td> <td>first edition </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>2012 </td> <td>Paradigma </td> <td>978-1-906833-57-2 </td> <td>reissued </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><i>In the Beginning</i> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>Paradigma </td> <td>978-1-906833-50-3 </td> <td>also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varchive.org/itb/index.htm">from the Velikovsky archive</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><i>The Dark Age of Greece</i><br />(<i>Ages in Chaos</i>) </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>Paradigma </td> <td>978-1-906833-59-6 </td> <td>also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varchive.org/dag/index.htm">from the Velikovsky archive</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><i>The Assyrian Conquest</i><br />(<i>Ages in Chaos</i>) </td> <td>posthumous </td> <td>unpublished </td> <td>manuscript </td> <td>available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://varchive.org/tac/index.htm">from the Velikovsky archive</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624855">Immanuel Velikovsky</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman1979-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodman1979_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1979" class="citation news cs1">Goodman, George (18 November 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/18/archives/article-2-no-title-effects-of-encounter-outlined.html">"Immanuel Velikovsky, Who Wrote 'Worlds in Collision,' Is Dead at 84"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Immanuel+Velikovsky%2C+Who+Wrote+%27Worlds+in+Collision%2C%27+Is+Dead+at+84&rft.date=1979-11-18&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F11%2F18%2Farchives%2Farticle-2-no-title-effects-of-encounter-outlined.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmanuel+Velikovsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bader2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bader2014_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBader2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bader, Christopher D. (1 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/sociology_articles/14/">"The Pseudo-Science Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the Modern Fringe"</a>. <i>Nova Religio</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 123–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2014.18.1.123">10.1525/nr.2014.18.1.123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=The+Pseudo-Science+Wars%3A+Immanuel+Velikovsky+and+the+Birth+of+the+Modern+Fringe&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-125&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2014.18.1.123&rft.aulast=Bader&rft.aufirst=Christopher+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.chapman.edu%2Fsociology_articles%2F14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmanuel+Velikovsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080822012133/http://www.ruthvelikovskysharon.com/immanuel.html">"Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky - Scientist"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruthvelikovskysharon.com/immanuel.html">the original</a> on August 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Immanuel+Velikovsky+-+Scientist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruthvelikovskysharon.com%2Fimmanuel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmanuel+Velikovsky" class="Z3988"></span> (quoted on website of Ruth Velikovsky Sharon)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gordin_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordin2012" class="citation book cs1">Gordin, Michael D. (2012). <i>The Pseudoscience Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the Modern Fringe</i>. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30442-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30442-7"><bdi>978-0-226-30442-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pseudoscience+Wars%3A+Immanuel+Velikovsky+and+the+Birth+of+the+Modern+Fringe&rft.place=Chicago%2C+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-30442-7&rft.aulast=Gordin&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmanuel+Velikovsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.velikovsky.info/johann-gottlieb-radlof/">"Johann Gottlieb Radlof — The Velikovsky Encyclopedia"</a>. Velikovsky.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johann+Gottlieb+Radlof+%E2%80%94+The+Velikovsky+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Velikovsky.info&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.velikovsky.info%2Fjohann-gottlieb-radlof%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmanuel+Velikovsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clube, S. V. M. and Bill Napier 1984. Velikovskians In Collision. <i>Quadrant</i> (Sydney). Jan.-Feb., pp. 33–34; reprinted in <a href="/wiki/Kronos_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kronos (journal)"><i>Kronos</i></a> vol. IX, no. 3, 1984. pp. 44–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor Palmer, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/asia/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521819282">Perilous Planet Earth: Catastrophes and Catastrophism through the Ages</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81928-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81928-8">0-521-81928-8</a>. pp. 116–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrison, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmske/is_1_9/ai_n28869901/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1">Velikovsky at Fifty: Cultures in Collision on the Fringes of Science.</a> <i>Skeptic</i>, <b>9</b> (1), 62–76; reprinted in Shermer, Michael (editor) (2002). <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a>, Santa Barbara, Calif. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-653-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-653-9">1-57607-653-9</a>. 473–488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, Daniel (1967). Myths of the Space Age, Dodd Mead. LCCN 67-25108. Chap. VIII, Immanuel Velikovsky — the Man Who Challenged the World, pp. 172–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Theodore J. (1966). Ideas in Conflict, St. Martin's Press. LCCN 66-23261. Chap. 2, The Miracles of Exodus, pp. 18–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Fair" title="Charles M. Fair">Fair, Charles</a> (1974). The New Nonsense: The End of the Rational Consensus, Simon and Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-21822-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-21822-0">0-671-21822-0</a>. Chap. viii, Speaking of Flying Objects ..., pp. 139–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer, Henry H. (1992). The Velikovsky Affair <i>Aeon</i>, <b>2</b> (6), 75–84. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henryhbauer.homestead.com/Aeon1992.pdf">Homestead.com</a> This article, a comprehensive overview, originally appeared in Dec. 1988 La Recherche, pp. 1448–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer, Henry H. (1996). Velikovsky, Immanuel, in Gordon Stein (editor), <i>The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal</i>. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-021-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-021-5">1-57392-021-5</a>. pp. 781–788.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, J. W. (1989). In Defence of Science: Science, technology, and politics in modern society, University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-2634-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-2634-6">0-8020-2634-6</a>. Chap. 5, Pseudo-science, pp. 120–50; adapted from Grove, J. W. (1985). Rationality at Risk: Science against Pseudoscience. <i>Minerva</i>, <b>23</b> (2), 216-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karpel2013-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karpel2013_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpel2013" class="citation news cs1">Karpel, Dalia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-the-shrink-who-became-a-u-s-hero-1.5304293">"The Tel Aviv Psychiatrist Who Became a Cultural Hero in America"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+Tel+Aviv+Psychiatrist+Who+Became+a+Cultural+Hero+in+America&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Karpel&rft.aufirst=Dalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F.premium-the-shrink-who-became-a-u-s-hero-1.5304293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmanuel+Velikovsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velikovsky, I. "The Dreams Freud Dreamed" <i>Psychoanalytic Review</i> Vol. 28 pp. 487–511 (October, 1941), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varchive.org/tpp/dreams.htm">Varchive.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velikovsky, Immanuel (1983). <i>Stargazers and Gravediggers</i>, William Morrow & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-01545-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-01545-X">0-688-01545-X</a>. p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharon, Ruth Velikovsky: "Aba: The Glory and the Torment. The Life of Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky" McGraw Hill, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duane Vorhees, "The Early Years: Part Two", <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeonjournal.com/">Aeon</a></i> III:1 (Nov 1992). See also the Web site of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruthvelikovskysharon.com/index.html">Ruth Velikovsky Sharon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091203/http://www.ruthvelikovskysharon.com/index.html">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vorhees, Duane (1996). <i>Aeon</i>, <b>4</b> (2), 107-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._Leroy_Ellenberger" title="C. Leroy Ellenberger">Ellenberger, Leroy</a> (1996). <i>Journal of Scientific Exploration</i>, <b>10</b> (4), 561-9., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://defendgaia.org/bobk/cle/cle-jose.txt">UGA.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Brian (1997). <i>Chronology & Catastrophism Review</i> <b>1997</b> (2), 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varchive.org/">The Immanuel Velikovsky Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/html/mss/C0968/index.html">Princeton University Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060512035201/http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/html/mss/C0968/index.html">Archived</a> 2006-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Current listing (less detail): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.princeton.edu/collections/C0968">Immanuel Velikovsky Papers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varchive.org/tpp/index.htm">Varchive.org</a> for a list</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varchive.org/ce/affidavit.htm">Velikovsky, Immanuel (1942). Affidavit, November 23</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collected at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varchive.org/ce/index.htm">Varchive.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velikovsky penned a weekly political column under the moniker "Observer" in the <i>New York Post</i> November 25, 1947– June 23, 1949, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varchive.org/obs/index.htm">Varchive.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sieff, M "Velikovsky and his Heroes" <i>Society for Interdisciplinary Studies Review</i> Vol. V, issue 4 (1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vorhees, Duane. (1990). The "Jewish Science" of Immanuel Velikovsky: Culture and Biography as Ideational Determinants. Dissertation, Bowling Green State University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velikovsky, Immanuel 1983. <i>Stargazers and Gravediggers</i>. William Morrow and Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-01545-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-01545-X">0-688-01545-X</a>. Footnote, p. 165, indicates no retreat and states "Gravitation is an electromagnetic phenomenon."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer, Henry H. 1984. <i>Beyond Velikovsky: The History of a Public Controversy</i>. University of Illinois Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01104-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-01104-X">0-252-01104-X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xf2fS6DqahUC&dq=bauer+%22beyond+velikovsky%22+%22various+astronomers%22&pg=PA233">p. 233</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._Leroy_Ellenberger" title="C. Leroy Ellenberger">Ellenberger, C. Leroy</a> 1985. sec. "Electric Stars" in "Still Facing Many Problems (Part II)", <i>Kronos</i> <b>X</b> (3), pp. 15–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Tim 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tim-thompson.com/electric-sun.html">"On the 'Electric Sun' Hypothesis"</a>. Thompson is a physicist retired from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bridgman, W. T. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.mac.com/cygnusx1/anomalies/ElectricSky_20080322.pdf">"The Electric Sky, Short-Circuited"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090919232743/http://homepage.mac.com/cygnusx1/anomalies/ElectricSky_20080322.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bridgman is an astrophysicist at NASA-Goddard Spaceflight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skeptical-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-skeptical_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1985" class="citation cs2">Bauer, Henry H. (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henryhbauer.homestead.com/DeGraziaReviewSI1985.pdf">"Inside the Velikovsky Affair"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>, <b>9</b> (3): 284–288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Velikovsky+Affair&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=284-288&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.henryhbauer.homestead.com%2FDeGraziaReviewSI1985.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmanuel+Velikovsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, Stephen Jay</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/gould_velikovsky.html"><i>Velikovsky in Collision</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sagan, Carl (1977). An Analysis of <i>Worlds in Collision</i>, in Goldsmith, Donald (editor) (1977). <i>Scientists Confront Velikovsky</i>. Cornell University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0961-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-0961-6">0-8014-0961-6</a>. pp. 41–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Here is an example of the reworking of the text between 1977 and 1979: "My own position is that even if twenty percent of the legendary concordances which Velikovsky produces are real, there is something important to be explained ... Likewise, we should not be surprised if a few elements of a few legends are coincidentally identical. But I do not believe that all of the concordances which Velikovsky produces can be explained away in this manner" (1977, pp. 48–50), compared with "My own position is that if even 20 percent of the legendary concordances that Velikovsky produces are real, there is something important to be explained ... Likewise, we should not be surprised if a few elements of a few legends are coincidentally identical. But I believe that <i>all</i> of the concordances Velikovsky produces can be explained away in this manner" (1979, pp. 86–88).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitton, James (1974). Velikovsky Mythistoricus. <i>Chiron</i>, <b>I</b> (1&2), 29–36; excerpts at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://defendgaia.org/bobk/vfitton.html">UGA.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://defendgaia.org/bobk/vlesson.html"><i>A Lesson from Velikovsky</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baillie, Mike (1999). <i>Exodus to Arthur: Catastrophic Encounters with Comets</i>, B.T. Batsford Ltd.; London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-8352-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-8352-0">0-7134-8352-0</a>. Chap. 12, Velikovsky Revisited, pp. 166–180 (170–172).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">Albright, William</a> 1952. <i>New York Herald Tribune Book Review</i> April 20. Retelling the Near East's Ancient History. p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Kaempffert" title="Waldemar Kaempffert">Kaempffert, Waldemar</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1952/04/20/archives/solomon-the-queen-of-sheba-and-the-egypt-of-exodus-ages-in-chaos.html">"Solomon, the Queen of Sheba, and the Egypt of Exodus" (abstract with subscriber access to full PDF)</a>, <i>New York Times Book Review</i> p. 23, April 20, 1952. Digital link retrieved 2015-07-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stiebing, Jr., William H. 1984. Cosmic Catastrophism, Chap. III, in <i>Ancient Astronauts, Cosmic Collisions</i> Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-260-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-260-2">0-87975-260-2</a>. pp. 57–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Transcript in <i>Aeon</i> 1992, Vol.3 No.1, pp. 103–5. Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://defendgaia.org/bobk/vsachs.html">"Address of Abraham Sachs at Brown University, 3/15/65"</a>; provided by Leroy Ellenberger via <i>abob.libs.uga.edu</i>. Retrieved 2016-03-05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._Leroy_Ellenberger" title="C. Leroy Ellenberger">Ellenberger, Leroy</a> 1992. <i>Aeon</i> <b>3</b> (1), section "Bonanza from Brown" in "Of Lessons, Legacies, and Litmus Tests: A Velikovsky Potpourri (Part One)", pp. 88–90. "Velikovsky confronted a panel of four professors [at Brown University on March 15, 1965]: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Leon N. Cooper</a> (physics), Bruno J Giletti (geology), Charles Smiley (astronomy) and Abraham J. Sachs (history of mathematics) [who was substituting for <a href="/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Neugebauer">Otto Neugebauer</a> ], moderated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ku%C4%8Dera" title="Henry Kučera">Henry Kučera</a> (linguistics). In the event, Velikovsky debated the first three handily. He was stunned by Sachs whose address was both a rhetorical and substantive <i>tour de force</i>. Velikovsky's rebuttal began: 'Dr. Sachs threw so many accusations in that <a href="/wiki/Philippic" title="Philippic">Philippic</a> of his that I am at a difficulty to answer; but I invite Dr. Sachs to spend the hour and a half tomorrow at the meeting [at Diman House], and every one of you too, and point by point each of his statements will be proven wrong.' Unfortunately, Sachs did not show up the next day and Velikovsky did not even mention Sachs [according to the tape recording of the proceedings in the possession of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.velikovsky.info/Warner_B._Sizemore">Warner B. Sizemore</a> who loaned it to Ellenberger March 31, 1979]. Curiously, Velikovsky's file for the Brown trip contains typed rebuttals to all the panelists <i>except</i> Sachs, for whom only partial, penciled notes exist—but later that year Velikovsky would reply to Kim J. Masters, a Princeton sophomore, within a week in <i>The Daily Princetonian</i> (Nov. 15, 1965) over a criticism of <i>Oedipus and Akhnaton</i>. Velikovsky's rebuttal to Masters was scathing, running the gamut from haggling over details to <i>ad hominems</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ages in Chaos?'-Proceedings of the Residential Weekend Conference, Glasgow, 7th–9th April 1978" <i>Society for Interdisciplinary Studies Review</i> Vol. VI, issue 1/2/3 84pp (1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bimson, "Finding the Limits of Chronological Revision" in "Proceedings of the SIS Conference: Ages Still in Chaos" <i>Chronology & Catastrophism Review</i> 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_James_(historian)" title="Peter James (historian)">James, Peter</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centuries.co.uk/preface.htm">Preface from <i>Centuries of Darkness</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer <i>Beyond Velikovsky</i> pages 158–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_de_Grazia" class="citation web cs1">Alfred de Grazia (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grazian-archive.com/quantavolution/QUANTAVOL/va_docs/va_1.pdf">"The Velikovsky Affair - Scientism Versus Science"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Velikovsky+Affair+-+Scientism+Versus+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grazian-archive.com%2Fquantavolution%2FQUANTAVOL%2Fva_docs%2Fva_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmanuel+Velikovsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, James (1997). Redeeming Culture: American Religion in an Age of Science, University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-29320-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-29320-3">0-226-29320-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tIEGBimKQSwC&q=velikovsky&pg=PA172">Chap. 8, Two Men of Science, pp. 170–97</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1984" class="citation journal cs1">Bauer, Henry (1984). "Velikovsky and Social Studies of Science". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=4S_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4S Review (page does not exist)">4S Review</a></i>. <b>2</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Sage_Publications,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Sage Publications, Inc.">Sage Publications, Inc.</a>: 2–8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0738-0526">0738-0526</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/690283">690283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=4S+Review&rft.atitle=Velikovsky+and+Social+Studies+of+Science&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2-8&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F690283%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0738-0526&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmanuel+Velikovsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon, Keith (1980). <i>The Sociology of Belief: Fallacy and Foundation</i>. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. pp. 73–76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0445-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-0445-1">0-7100-0445-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velikovsky, I. <i>The Acceptance of Correct Ideas in Science</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varchive.org/ce/accept.htm">Varchive.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velikovsky, I <i>My Challenge to Conventional Views in Science</i>, presented at the AAAS 1974 conference, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varchive.org/lec/aaas/challenge.htm">Varchive.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velikovsky, I <i>Claude Schaeffer</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varchive.org/cor/schaeffer/schaef.htm">Varchive.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steel, Duncan (1995). <i>Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets</i>, John Wiley & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-30824-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-30824-2">0-471-30824-2</a>. p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrison, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmske/is_1_9/ai_n28869901/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1">Velikovsky at Fifty: Cultures in Collision on the Fringes of Science.</a> <i>Skeptic</i>, <b>9</b> (1), 62–76; reprinted in Shermer, Michael (editor) (2002). <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a>, Santa Barbara, Calif. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-653-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-653-9">1-57607-653-9</a>. 473–488. Morrison quotes several scientists who embrace the latter view, including <a href="/wiki/Walter_Alvarez" title="Walter Alvarez">Walter Alvarez</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Raup" class="mw-redirect" title="David Raup">David Raup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Muller" title="Richard A. Muller">Richard Muller</a>, Jay Melosh, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ward_(paleontologist)" title="Peter Ward (paleontologist)">Peter Ward</a>, and Don Yeomans. This survey confirms the hunch expressed by Morrison and Clark R. Chapman<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in Chapter 13 "Catastrophism Gone Wild: The Case of Immanuel Velikovsky" in <i>Cosmic Catastrophes</i> (1989), pp. 183–96.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_O._Abell" title="George O. Abell">Abell, George O.</a> (1981). Scientists and Velikovsky, in <i>Paranormal Borderlands of Science</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Frazier" title="Kendrick Frazier">Kendrick Frazier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>.</li> <li>Allan, D.S. and J.B. Delair (1995). <i>When The Earth Nearly Died</i>. Gateway Books, UK. published in US as <i>Cataclysm</i> by Bear & Co, 1997. A précis is here. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123135334/http://www.knowledge.co.uk/xxx/cat/earth/">When the Earth Nearly Died</a> Knowledge.co.uk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bauer">Bauer, Henry H.</a> (1980). Passions and Purposes: A Perspective, <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>, Vol 5, #1, Fall 1980, 28–31. Reprinted in <i>Paranormal Borderlands of Science</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Frazier" title="Kendrick Frazier">Kendrick Frazier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>.</li> <li>Bauer, Henry H. (1984, paperback ed. 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6miMYvJU29QC&dq=bauer+%22beyond+velikovsky%22&pg=PA168"><i>Beyond Velikovsky. The History of a Public Controversy</i></a>. University of Illinois, Urbana.</li> <li>Bauer, Henry H. (1995). Velikovsky's place in the history of science: A lesson on the strengths and limitations of science. <i>Skeptic</i> <b>3</b> (4), 52–56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henryhbauer.homestead.com/Skeptic1996.pdf">Homestead.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll,_Robert_Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Carroll, Robert Todd">Carroll, Robert Todd</a> (2003). <i>The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-27242-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-27242-6">0-471-27242-6</a>. Pages 396–401.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Grazia" title="Alfred de Grazia">Alfred de Grazia</a>, Ralph E. Juergens, <a href="/wiki/Livio_Catullo_Stecchini" class="mw-redirect" title="Livio Catullo Stecchini">Stecchini L.C.</a> (Eds.) (1978). <i>The Velikovsky Affair — Scientism versus Science</i>. 2ed., Metron Publications, Princeton, New Jersey. Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grazian-archive.com/quantavolution/QuantaHTML/index_all.htm#v15">online</a>.</li> <li>Alfred de Grazia, <i>Cosmic Heretics</i> 2nd edition (2013), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60377-084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60377-084-2">978-1-60377-084-2</a></li> <li>Dolby, R. G. A. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102113316/http://www.worldagesarchive.com/Reference_Links/Velikovsky_Affair.pdf">What Can We Usefully Learn from the Velikovsky Affair</a>. <i>Social Studies of Science</i> <b>5</b>, 165–75; revised as On Schools of Thought, <i>S.I.S. Review</i> 1976; <b>I</b>(3), 26–30.</li> <li>Forrest, Bob (1981). <i>Velikovsky's Sources</i>. In six volumes, with Notes and Index Volume. Privately published by the author, Manchester.</li> <li>Forrest, Robert (1983). Venus and Velikovsky: The Original Sources, <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>, Vol 8, #2, Winter 1983–1984, 154–164.</li> <li>Forrest, Bob (1987). <i>Guide to Velikovsky's Sources</i>. Stonehenge Viewpoint, Santa Barbara.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier,_Kendrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Frazier, Kendrick">Frazier, Kendrick</a> (1980). The Distortions Continue, <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>, Vol 5, #1, Fall 1980, 32–38. Reprinted in <i>Paranormal Borderlands of Science</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Frazier" title="Kendrick Frazier">Kendrick Frazier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner,_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardner, Martin">Gardner, Martin</a> (1957). <i><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i>, chapter 3, <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20394-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20394-8">0-486-20394-8</a></li> <li>Goldsmith, Donald, (Ed.) (1977) <i>Scientists Confront Velikovsky</i>. Norton. Proceedings of a symposium at the 1974 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordin2012" class="citation book cs1">Gordin, Michael D. (2012). <i>The Pseudoscience Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the Modern Fringe</i>. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30442-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30442-7"><bdi>978-0-226-30442-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pseudoscience+Wars%3A+Immanuel+Velikovsky+and+the+Birth+of+the+Modern+Fringe&rft.place=Chicago%2C+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-30442-7&rft.aulast=Gordin&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmanuel+Velikovsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1986" class="citation cs2">Greenberg, Lewis M. (1986), <i>Scientists Confront Scientists Who Confront Velikovsky</i> (2nd printing ed.), Glassboro, N.J.: Kronos Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917994-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-917994-06-7"><bdi>978-0-917994-06-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientists+Confront+Scientists+Who+Confront+Velikovsky&rft.place=Glassboro%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=2nd+printing&rft.pub=Kronos+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-917994-06-7&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Lewis+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmanuel+Velikovsky" class="Z3988"></span>. This book is <i>Kronos</i> IV:2, (1978) with a different cover. (see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catastrophism.com/cdrom/pubs/journals/kronos/vol0402/index.htm"><i>Scientists Confront Scientists Who Confront Velikovsky</i></a>)</li> <li>Marriott, David (2004) <i>The Velikovsky Inheritance</i>, Vanguard Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84386-121-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84386-121-6">1-84386-121-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84386-121-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84386-121-8">978-1-84386-121-8</a>.</li> <li>Miller, Alice (1977). <i>Index to the Works of Immanuel Velikovsky</i>. Glassboro State College, Glassboro. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-917994-07-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-917994-07-8">0-917994-07-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberg,_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberg, James">Oberg, James</a> (1980). Ideas in Collision, <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>, Vol 5, #1, Fall 1980, 20–27. Reprinted in <i>Paranormal Borderlands of Science</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Frazier" title="Kendrick Frazier">Kendrick Frazier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>.</li> <li>Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia (1952). <i><a href="/wiki/Worlds_in_Collision" title="Worlds in Collision">Worlds in Collision</a></i>, in <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>, vol 96, Oct. 15, 1952.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_(Immanuel_Velikovsky_Reconsidered)" title="Pensée (Immanuel Velikovsky Reconsidered)">Pensée</a>. 1972–1975. <i>Immanuel Velikovsky Reconsidered. I – X</i>. Student Academic Freedon Forum, Portland.</li> <li>Ransom, C.J. (1976) <i>The Age of Velikovsky</i>. Delta, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-440-50323-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-440-50323-X">0-440-50323-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plait,_Philip" class="mw-redirect" title="Plait, Philip">Plait, Philip</a> (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/Bad_Astronomy:_Misconceptions_and_Misuses_Revealed,_from_Astrology_to_the_Moon_Landing_%22Hoax%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing "Hoax"">Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing "Hoax"</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-40976-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-40976-6">0-471-40976-6</a>. Chapter 18.</li> <li>Rohl, David (1996) <i>A Test of Time</i>. Arrow Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-941656-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-941656-5">0-09-941656-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-941656-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-941656-2">978-0-09-941656-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Sagan, Carl</a>, (1979) <i><a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_Brain:_Reflections_on_the_Romance_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science">Broca's Brain</a></i>. Random House. Reissued 1986 by Ballantine Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-33689-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-33689-5">0-345-33689-5</a>. Reprinted as chapter 15 of <i>Science and the Paranormal: Probing the Existence of the Supernatural</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/George_O._Abell" title="George O. Abell">George O. Abell</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Singer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Singer (page does not exist)">Barry Singer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scribners" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribners">Scribners</a>, 1981. Chapter 7 in <i>Broca's Brain</i>, "Venus and Dr. Velikovsky", is a corrected and slightly revised version of "An Analysis of <i>Worlds in Collision</i>," which originally appeared in <i>Scientists Confront Velikovsky</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadewald,_Robert" class="mw-redirect" title="Schadewald, Robert">Schadewald, Robert</a> (2008). <i>Worlds of Their Own — A Brief History of Misguided Ideas: Creationism, Flat-Earthism, Energy Scams, and the Velikovsky Affair</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xlibris" title="Xlibris">Xlibris</a></i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4363-0435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4363-0435-1">978-1-4363-0435-1</a>, Part I.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Sharon, Ruth Velikovsky (2010): <i>ABA - The Glory and the Torment: The Life of Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky</i>, Paradigma (new revised edition). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906833-20-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906833-20-6">978-1-906833-20-6</a></li> <li>Sharon, Ruth Velikovsky (2010): <i>Immanuel Velikovsky - The Truth Behind the Torment</i>, Paradigma (new revised edition). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906833-21-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906833-21-3">978-1-906833-21-3</a></li> <li>Editors of Pensée. (1976) <i>Velikovsky Reconsidered</i>. Doubleday, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-03118-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-03118-1">0-385-03118-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Velikovsky&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Velikovsky works available online</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varchive.org/">The Velikovsky Archive</a> — an online collection of works, including unpublished manuscripts and audio recordings of lectures</li> <li>Documentary, <a href="//archive.org/details/vkvbd" class="extiw" title="iarchive:vkvbd"><i>Velikovsky: The Bonds of the Past</i>, CBC, 22 February 1972</a></li> <li>Documentary, <a href="//archive.org/details/wrldsc" class="extiw" title="iarchive:wrldsc"><i>Worlds in Collision</i>, BBC Horizon, 11 January 1973</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerrypournelle.com/science/velikovsky.htm#Morrison2">Jerry Pournelle's commentaries</a> on Sagan's arguments at the AAAS meeting</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028144647/http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/gould_velikovsky.html">Velikovsky in Collision</a></i> — Stephen Jay Gould</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenberger1995" class="citation cs2">Ellenberger, Leroy (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://defendgaia.org/bobk/velidelu.html">"An Antidote to Velikovskian Delusions"</a>, <i>Skeptic</i>, <b>3</b> (4)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptic&rft.atitle=An+Antidote+to+Velikovskian+Delusions&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Ellenberger&rft.aufirst=Leroy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdefendgaia.org%2Fbobk%2Fvelidelu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmanuel+Velikovsky" class="Z3988"></span> (Linked on-line copy has some additions by Ellenberger to the article as originally published.)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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