CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '917f66f13f8e8962',cH: 'f0fhuYwdcKiuXeWvqTI1vQ6PFOyyCWkMf7qrZFZBifY-1740567319-1.2.1.1-qxR945VoKLno6.MEmu2B40LFvC48ahYK2mJY2QdzlNjCszBW.2NIsyXoWKWLjZdd',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=shade%20effect&__cf_chl_tk=_88gBfEM2R6SZSlGNjSBHvIwjC_fOLSGwqvwj5os3C8-1740567319-1.0.1.1-TVD_6oFxrS1s7q.TqAasYls4z2ajjZURF9qa92OZ3K0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740567319',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=shade%20effect&__cf_chl_f_tk=_88gBfEM2R6SZSlGNjSBHvIwjC_fOLSGwqvwj5os3C8-1740567319-1.0.1.1-TVD_6oFxrS1s7q.TqAasYls4z2ajjZURF9qa92OZ3K0",md: "hhDzG5z4BbVrJDj57VTXJmm9eLbt3v68I.O5fRtrBpc-1740567319-1.2.1.1-vA.wpV2.AE7wvk93JL2gOKKWmmK0mLXUUF2mwdeziUVjlIqqi_CKZGvPQVVnXPVh14dWUjzb0bT5_uqfO8oZZxl0nWQ_5XCAGGTntYCz5fdqnvC8Iv9mghQunPOgS_wrtMQxkG3Y0Vvi7GJz215.s1afeIVEsT4tJyz..6y_G_PuHUn.PDAGqx9fSji4s9EaZqwCVGDXrAHYC2v9zs.SqXH2tOX63.fd6fx3DZd9igHuMSTYmaaISQ6ZArn5H68Ge0WWFHKJu3fwelHJmvQhviXO3C2iMCzRsjmMQXY.Mo.3ZVh_MJXugfYihMhjgOJFVkCYGaDFsgu3KTHWgKdqzBASU8in1l1unqLWdESnMwp.6TkTmo53Q96Jwf7TrEnSAMcTwSvWXU6VpQMvr4fqOocOYtAFkw1IohAqbj7kUZhAC2vy2TSoImRkX5R0oXVrT5tYHBrJjMpv2vlliYm9stwJ33ac.fE6FlTWmM2m9cfpuwQGhoSwOTvwvDpAaaLtq1fOcLdwJ7E1la9XvhMbt_0ewJELDnuNPhp6Qtlqkm_upZVmkTMiWe5g.jbPUt2Afrm.11bvYha.yOVFyfbh9GRRUxjQZvniS_CJjg8ZweWhIb.JMKSwB0AgdxUpjWqvUaNCHoMH85Y0cFpBiDUrIqnjUj.8BS81eWYbAYn6WtajjF5nbYFs4Nr6dK6O_DMxYdGFyTWTR3WM8wqwnjdB7bnj01e0t.PW7QCuXiW9Qv0xkSZemkDwec3r406d0GVMOG0hZ8FRTqjfNERLnRjuUnGy_gz1LoiCiZFeGtt8FE9xZV6zQFt1aW6KhWpKidUlf2iVqi1xo5HZwNwPZWSgAvUd63OWmeLOpMWRpxlJ9nIVPFBYjbQmrLQfy_gi2Gy_Lcs7EY3iFzl6pr5HI7zjPAd_xREoajCjZyrqckjcIu6jbx73YC3ziIdPoa20g5Bd_wYiNLQGnBzeJOZDlTxHjVqQnga4WAf0h.yvMl0yFM1cs3X_bmkPBsmboSuLBAbUVgCwpP6EW0XJVKR6dL8qzVVtDJX00xmZiiqZIwVP6yuWcnz8OmWc0s8zfhcGVlkNVWTrWX_Dttjjd86aRg.i_WMBGpHWqzQ9_MQhsV.kPhPBcDjU00H0fXZiEiXz411c_gMdNSkyOb4BsWzAuPzeOVofGMue89v6Lm0PVJI.WhgNa_1Wg.0dhccOaxOJzG7VFK2PueNgb0z5F3HEHkXL3LxC4xrNw.1Nk5QUu.QeperSeR6pjLRRKzH_SGyxzvuShLVD78rVnBlS8UmgTJ5qUkOMPp.mxOg1NWu9.twwtNEknywnSS5O60v6GQBeTPjM2qxqt9A84PZYmWORJQ1PTaF86a_OuhlgMVAtlJ2k5AiQTTwUCGrIuSvSvUk9h2Z.mef7S_lgVHOCU2ZK8WL_U.4Nc31Td.TMAdYpqMZFeDpwQF5uHCdaQRHibrTY2KqrPazdX110CO1j0BDHkdRmx0IL57Z0Fqd_B9lGUdh0T6NextYUqUMwxaFyf_ukv8OoymS_w_6n0UYkx_AqpqcyJ3Qwrq92jl1t90iJ2AespJ8QSML0Doofsegn.UCfwcomsbiexd7Rz0xQkWYb13CVLW4lKmIyA.Tm2IRjgtuO.iI1JlukRSLRQPCJMnRTKftB6NauXGRs_VxuQyfsfjY7KHC1iE7.wPq9BlxYi8sNVeRHWrfXk_MMg57BnR9lG3EgLVPX3JPnKI8_5N8xBmxWQwPDl8dboZxPaqIMTE8PoY3pUV7CpshgG90AlCQVJ8PZjq2lmY926FZGLWDW65VcT5JVxdpakF5Ugm5vqhOif3S_QHZ4.nSqmKO8JE8osGuKo2AJ4m_COxMvmOXOyKks32B.VxAsxtoobazX6E13kEahiN5FYtUjI7xsBM60JhlOC2JkvE0EN5n0znTuTdtNU0CMUjT5FgdWPeKxCWQ..kw",mdrd: "243BSKUX__s7GEF_W0jQkqeg43pw.PJqMv1EZvhkCGM-1740567319-1.2.1.1-yirdn1nndqZzch9vq5KQfb2GcYBQEaAC567ySQTA6vbWDotpazTMdxDBRP.gtfYln_5uL6wH1r6Jevj2IEuTWEDn2qu_YWN3YebrHdORYVHRyhhv6yXU_q.33.t9uw6D6dySC9j8Iaktk4JiLnkC.bLkAmwZBijh__n57RfvoKEp5BcdemAVVEklaMZJVMeg3IbIQJW3k5TCDKUwnrgP_A2CqyCptmbQt4OoQ1lBIuzee_MMzKFwUrSLDWJPAauGq2HuKFnS4qfqxROqBa3.6DhbKH2_WC7axQztL8pP0Ffs_uIu5t2ZCnLGaZrwyj8757hC.2cIyhZ_G2u0D3tSN2vqux5hkLDzmFi2rqSIW63f9PnIOhB8e8SZ48j9SjTjwB_ys8k.OlMVXfSbHKovnLdrdQIdoeVc08oCvMQnWWEThJ59AviVA5jzTmlOuaANzc1X0LDeGQa2eYnZoYqRBQb14rFeB4dVxXh4AgoLDC.f1srURel3U1x3A_jIJHZCHkF7ZPGkVsnhj5B.hQjWuED8Yy5oJdyg_6hpYz9EeKizqo9KqiMfSoruwtEJwvRq0_HpoalcSXbfR0OuVN269AINsG9qQ7oPOebzyeT.oMyBb7pnMuC5bNOQkuzTbXu.5oEMUXCLyQwQ69KbaqicuxVBrO9jb0oXtI6u_MndlGo64elxQlRRonpGxiAJeaAISkEHZ6d3Oi.ONBMcVCxb7EUUvDn9Xf42._Vrw8vzcmyyrSb_JDgMjCJIByCEpnjeWAJocI2BnJV.k18jXZBq4jtFB9I7oLgWzawJcyihtARipW1VyTcZ5mKwy4U_.hlAnhka0K4aXw47qD8r9X7X6lcQC40ZuoU5Hir5wyVYV493.BvPfQn6uQlYtvf3.mdPiuJSKo2cPi2.fMrFzJHP93.34D94oDmG9.KFk_o2tW6scSj2u_HcETkqxhYbL_smbOqRxV3Hz_6nj0yzCfDScvKHXrZc.wL81rXo9iljAbmqIbngZ5I6LyF4aAScEyWs35zd.H76Uny.kr1Lp6iLe5Rlr1gFQXHcJRiN1MHjrmos4wAOp0tbxqfpkWbjO8mJqqqeKS8A6ry.MruhFg5toUdTBxgwLdHt7Qu.Ckv47Sm2ckRwribM17VZ0UVW7meXS8gv_pJiuMCPSfN1vY350NHoPDgkGqE7eLIqymfG2oASkjj9WaJafuNoJdKHZiKVFUAviMOP6xb_djPkUZ33lmjp9LaxXrv_Z6ZoZ0DzjSKKnLAkrbzOVicJ7G1MlQPITyxbb09v7cVSVTrp.mJiyrAVoD2iAs53JcbfCF.wHUpbovZV6cmbYh6tHOBEAsHgh7obPgcxjAVmgh0ouU4YOjcpqlt3uVDAMnTTVet5LHCJ8VcEbIMZsVNScA4VGN1Nxi39q7DlXQQePs6MyHXsc1zF2CaaeTmjPOYQ1fXpEwnhWog6DhLADkF0ODmlXDwTd7jqdDOxnfCDSrx8D.IqLU8FXe.V69675h4k.nNiiqD183Gti8BrQiwrkZBQ.rvhZj3CC4z5dxi32ibblpa.bjfhpudb.UwCPJ5kLUvixK508ShHBV6L6gRdQBeCXEdPJOfdLLiFyEKpKwFbCTwe.IfgxtsATwbFBjwJSM20j5J.P93hq_xsONYFuIRzXjUh1Wr_.KR8IkaS1VqdhAc1t04mC.oU5dsNRnUyQUHXZrKFxkgpZlCa7ILjLsnJCWweJHC9NxGVPhJsanbYs7YrPDrpAR.FR.5pzO1BjGtZqvg8qRvl4TeXloQHXvgxKThF.R1274sZlRo6ZXoPM6yYqFTB1_HIRtUZwzR9yK_A8NkW9r30CK.PNmEq2JJtVJQj.ZvOS6V2JL.eCqKZsJdiZM6NQqdzHN99No60u_DTgMrIYYyexnwxFYrSL7_CMW1b.qNTaZoE_qcAh1SFS8ytivIIP.DaXZ1P7p96hpn3LUxyOczVqitQoqQTExhD2wgg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=917f66f13f8e8962';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=shade%20effect&__cf_chl_rt_tk=_88gBfEM2R6SZSlGNjSBHvIwjC_fOLSGwqvwj5os3C8-1740567319-1.0.1.1-TVD_6oFxrS1s7q.TqAasYls4z2ajjZURF9qa92OZ3K0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>