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class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Intra-personal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intra-personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpersonal/family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpersonal/family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Interpersonal/family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpersonal/family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Socioeconomic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parenting_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parenting_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Parenting styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parenting_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taboo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taboo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Taboo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taboo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disclosure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disclosure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Disclosure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disclosure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessing_and_identifying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessing_and_identifying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Assessing and identifying</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessing_and_identifying-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assessing and identifying subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assessing_and_identifying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development-focused_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development-focused_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Development-focused methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-focused_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starting_the_assessment_by_examining_the_nurturance_received_by_the_child" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starting_the_assessment_by_examining_the_nurturance_received_by_the_child"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Starting the assessment by examining the nurturance received by the child</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starting_the_assessment_by_examining_the_nurturance_received_by_the_child-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starting_the_assessment_by_examining_the_nurturance_provided_by_the_carer_or_parent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starting_the_assessment_by_examining_the_nurturance_provided_by_the_carer_or_parent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Starting the assessment by examining the nurturance provided by the carer or parent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starting_the_assessment_by_examining_the_nurturance_provided_by_the_carer_or_parent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linking_development_to_stimulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linking_development_to_stimulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Linking development to stimulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linking_development_to_stimulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practical_tools_for_measuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practical_tools_for_measuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Practical tools for measuring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practical_tools_for_measuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intervention_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intervention_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Intervention programs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intervention_programs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Intervention programs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Intervention_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parenting_programmes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parenting_programmes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Parenting programmes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parenting_programmes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video_Interaction_Guidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_Interaction_Guidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>Video Interaction Guidance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_Interaction_Guidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SafeCare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SafeCare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.2</span> <span>SafeCare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SafeCare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triple_P" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triple_P"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.3</span> <span>Triple P</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triple_P-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness_of_intervention_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness_of_intervention_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Effectiveness of intervention programs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effectiveness_of_intervention_programs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effectiveness of intervention programs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness_of_intervention_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Impact studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video_interaction_guidance_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_interaction_guidance_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.1</span> <span>Video interaction guidance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_interaction_guidance_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SafeCare_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SafeCare_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.2</span> <span>SafeCare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SafeCare_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triple_P_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triple_P_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.3</span> <span>Triple P</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triple_P_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanisms_to_stop_neglect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanisms_to_stop_neglect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Mechanisms to stop neglect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanisms_to_stop_neglect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_learning_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_learning_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2.1</span> <span>Social learning theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_learning_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_between_practitioner_and_parent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_between_practitioner_and_parent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2.2</span> <span>Relationship between practitioner and parent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_between_practitioner_and_parent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Children's responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="إهمال الأطفال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إهمال الأطفال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neglig%C3%A8ncia_infantil" title="Negligència infantil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Negligència infantil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%81%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9" title="غفلت از کودک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غفلت از کودک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B9%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ծնողական պարտականությունների չկատարում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծնողական պարտականությունների չկատարում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הזנחת ילדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הזנחת ילדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%81%A0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="ကမၠင်မေတ္တာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကမၠင်မေတ္တာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omsorgssvikt" title="Omsorgssvikt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Omsorgssvikt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaniedbywanie_dziecka" title="Zaniedbywanie dziecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zaniedbywanie dziecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Неисполнение родительских обязанностей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неисполнение родительских обязанностей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Занемаривање деце – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Занемаривање деце" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Нехтування дітьми – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нехтування дітьми" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%86%D9%88%DA%BA_%D8%B3%DB%92_%D8%BA%D9%81%D9%84%D8%AA" title="بچوں سے غفلت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بچوں سے غفلت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%8F_b%C3%AA_tr%E1%BA%BB_em" title="Bỏ bê trẻ em – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bỏ bê trẻ em" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q559562#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Child_neglect" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of child abuse</div> <p> <b>Child neglect</b> is an act of caregivers (e.g., parents) that results in <a href="/wiki/Deprivation_(child_development)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprivation (child development)">depriving</a> a child of their <a href="/wiki/Basic_needs" title="Basic needs">basic needs</a>, such as the failure to provide adequate supervision, health care, clothing, or housing, as well as other physical, emotional, social, educational, and safety needs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All societies have established that there are necessary behaviours a caregiver must provide for a child to develop physically, socially, and emotionally. Causes of neglect may result from several <a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">parenting</a> problems including <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unplanned_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unplanned pregnancy">unplanned pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a>, unemployment, over employment, domestic violence, and, in special cases, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>. </p><p>Child neglect depends on how a child and society perceive the caregiver's behaviour; it is not how parents believe they are behaving toward their child.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parental failure to provide for a child, when options are available, is different from failure to provide when options are not available. Poverty and lack of resources are often contributing factors and can prevent parents from meeting their children's needs when they otherwise would. The circumstances and <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a> must be examined before defining behaviour as neglectful. </p><p>Child neglect is the most prevalent form of child abuse, with children born to young mothers at substantial risk for neglect. Neglected children are at risk of developing lifelong social, emotional and health problems, particularly if neglected before the age of two years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neglect is difficult to define since there are no clear, <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">cross-cultural</a> standards for desirable or minimally adequate <a href="/wiki/Child-rearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-rearing">child-rearing</a> practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Gau0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gau0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research shows that neglect often coexists with other forms of abuse and adversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Dan0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dan0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CC0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While neglect generally refers to the absence of parental care and the chronic failure to meet children's <a href="/wiki/Basic_needs" title="Basic needs">basic needs</a>, defining those needs has not been straightforward. In "Working Together", the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education_and_Skills_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department for Education and Skills (United Kingdom)">Department for Education and Skills (United Kingdom)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Df0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Df0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defined neglect in 2006 as: </p> <blockquote><p>...the persistent failure to meet a child's basic physical and/or psychological needs, likely to result in the serious impairment of the child's health or development. Neglect may occur during pregnancy as a result of maternal substance use disorders. Once a child is born, neglect may involve a parent or carer failing to provide adequate food, clothing and shelter (including exclusion from home or abandonment); protect a child from physical and emotional harm or danger; ensure adequate supervision (including the use of inadequate care-givers), or ensure access to appropriate medical care or treatment. It may also include neglect of, or unresponsiveness to, a child's basic emotional needs.</p></blockquote> <p>Child neglect is commonly defined as a failure by a child's caregiver to meet a child's physical, emotional, educational, or medical needs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forms of child neglect include: Allowing the child to witness violence or severe abuse between parents or adults, ignoring, insulting, or threatening the child with violence, not providing the child with a safe environment and adult emotional support, and showing reckless disregard for the child's well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other definitions of child neglect are: </p> <ul><li>"The failure of a person responsible for a child's care and upbringing to safeguard the child's emotional and physical health and general well-being." per Webster's New World Law Dictionary<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Acts of <a href="/wiki/Omission_(criminal_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omission (criminal law)">omission</a>: failure to provide for a child's basic physical, emotional, or educational needs or to protect a child from harm or potential harm. [...] harm to a child may or may not be the intended consequence. Failure to provide [results in] physical neglect, emotional neglect, medical/dental neglect, and educational neglect. The failure to supervise [results in] inadequate supervision, exposure to violent environments." per the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The persistent failure to meet a child's basic physical and/or psychological needs resulting in serious impairment of health and/or development."<sup id="cite_ref-TT0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–8">: 1–8 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>The definition of child neglect is broad. There are no specific guidelines that determine when a child is being neglected; therefore, it is up to state government agencies and professional groups to determine what is considered neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> In general, child neglect is considered the failure of parents or caregivers to meet the needs that are necessary for the mental, physical, and emotional development of a child.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 262">: 262 </span></sup> </p><p>Child neglect is one of the most common forms of <a href="/wiki/Child_maltreatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Child maltreatment">child maltreatment</a>, and it continues to be a serious problem for many children. Child neglect tremendously affects the <a href="/wiki/Physical_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical development">physical development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental development">mental development</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infant#Emotional_development" title="Infant">emotional development</a> of a child causing long-term consequences, such as poor <a href="/wiki/Academic_achievement" title="Academic achievement">academic achievement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression (mood)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a>. These consequences also impact society, since it is more likely that children who suffered from child neglect will have <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a> problems and educational failure when they grow up.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various types of child neglect. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Types </th> <th>Definition </th> <th>Case study examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>Supervisory </td> <td>Guardian or parent of a child is unable or unwilling to display acceptable supervision or control over the child or young person, e.g. leaving the child alone for long periods. </td> <td>Henry, a 7-year-old boy, walks home from school every day and looks after himself until his mother comes home at 7 PM. Sometimes, he tries to cook food on the stove or goes for walks to the local shops. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physical </td> <td>Basic physical needs are not met due to the child not being provided with food, water, clothing, shelter, inadequate hygiene, etc. </td> <td>Joyce, a 4-year-old girl, is given snacks (chips and chocolate) and McDonald's meals by her father. Her father does not like to cook, and when he does it is just frozen meals. Although she is fed, her nutritional needs are not met. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medical </td> <td>Refusal or delay in child receiving needed medical care. </td> <td>Ben, a 9-year-old boy, has had a cough for a month. His parents are worried about his health. However, his father has recently lost his job, so his parents continue to not take him to a doctor because of the financial cost. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Educational </td> <td>Guardian or parent fails to ensure that the child receives formal education, e.g. attending school, ensuring special needs requirements are met. </td> <td>Chase, an 8-year-old boy, hates school. His mother has given up on making him attend as he throws a tantrum each time. He has missed over a month of school. His teachers suspect that he has a learning disability, but his mother has not had him tested. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Emotional </td> <td>Guardian or parent give inadequate nurturing or affection. The parent or guardian fails to create an environment where the child feels secure, loved, wanted, worthy, etc. </td> <td>Tiana, a 3-year-old girl, is currently in childcare from 7 AM to 6 PM every weekday. Both her parents work long hours. On the weekends, her parents gave her an iPad to keep her content, but are too busy to play or talk to her directly. </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Physical neglect refers to the failure to provide a child with necessities of life, such as food and clothing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_neglect" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical neglect">Medical neglect</a> is a failure of caregivers to meet a child's basic health care needs, such as not brushing teeth daily, bathing a child and or taking children to doctor visits when needed.</li> <li>Emotional neglect is failing to provide emotional support, such as emotional security and encouragement.</li> <li>Educational/developmental neglect is the failure to provide a child with experiences for necessary growth and development, such as not sending a child to school or educating them.</li> <li>Depending on the laws and child protection policies in one's area, leaving a young child unsupervised may be considered neglect, especially if doing so places the child in danger.<sup id="cite_ref-nichd.nih.gov_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichd.nih.gov-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Child neglect can also be described by degrees of severity and the responses considered warranted by communities and government agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mild neglect is the least likely to be perceived as neglect by the child but raises the possibility of harm in ways that need intervention by the community. An example might be a parent who does not use a proper car safety seat.</li> <li>Moderate neglect occurs when some harm to the child has occurred. An example might be a child repeatedly dressed inappropriately for the weather (e.g. shorts in winter.) In cases of moderate harm, governmental agencies might be called in to assist parents.</li> <li>Severe neglect occurs over time and results in significant harm to the child. An example might be a child with <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> being denied treatment.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experience">Experience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children may be left at home alone, which can result in negative consequences. Being left at home alone can leave young people feeling scared, vulnerable and not knowing when their parents are going to return.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc2015_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frequency and duration of being left at home alone may range from every evening to several days or even weeks at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc2015_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, young children may not be provided with a suitable amount of decent food to eat, which is another form of neglect. Children have reported being provided with mouldy food, not having any food in the house, or they were given an insufficient amount of food.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc2015_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The causes of child neglect are complex and can be attributed to three different levels: an intrapersonal, an inter-personal/family, and a social/economic level.<sup id="cite_ref-TT0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the causes of neglect are varied, studies suggest that, amongst other things, parental mental health problems, substance use,<sup id="cite_ref-Stone0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cle0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cle0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-She0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-She0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caw0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caw0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unemployment,<sup id="cite_ref-Min0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Min0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and poverty<sup id="cite_ref-Tob0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tob0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are factors which increase the likelihood of neglect. Children that result from <a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancies" class="mw-redirect" title="Unintended pregnancies">unintended pregnancies</a> are more likely to suffer from abuse and neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BestIntent_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BestIntent-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also more likely to live in poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-Monea2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monea2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neglectful families often experience a variety or a combination of adverse factors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intra-personal">Intra-personal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intra-personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the intra-personal level, the discussion around neglectful parents' characteristics often focuses on mothers, reflecting traditional notions of women as primary caregivers for children.<sup id="cite_ref-TT0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scou0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scou0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Neglectful attributes" have included an inability to plan, lack of confidence about the future, difficulty with managing money, emotional immaturity, lack of knowledge of children's needs, a large number of children, being a teenage mother, high levels of stress and poor socioeconomic circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Coo0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coo0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gio0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gio0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-May0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pol0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pol0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tom0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tom0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mental health problems, particularly depression, have been linked with a parent's inability to meet a child's needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Min1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Min1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, substance misuse is believed to play a crucial role in undermining a parent's ability to cope with parental responsibilities. Recent empirical works have also pointed to parental burnout (i.e., chronic lack of parenting resources) as an especially potent mechanism in driving neglectful behaviour toward children.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the literature largely focuses on mothers, the role of fathers in neglect, as well as the impact of their absence, remains largely unexplored. There is still little known about whether mothers and fathers neglect differently and how this affects children. Similarly, not much is known about whether girls and boys experience neglect differently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpersonal/family"><span id="Interpersonal.2Ffamily"></span>Interpersonal/family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interpersonal/family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the interpersonal/family level, a significant number of neglectful families are headed by a lone mother or have a transient male.<sup id="cite_ref-Ste0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ste0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unstable and abusive relationships have also been mentioned as increasing the risk of child neglect. The impact of living with domestic violence on children frequently includes either direct violence or forced witnessing of abuse, which is potentially very damaging to children.<sup id="cite_ref-Red0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the UK Department of Health connects children's exposure to domestic violence to parents' failure to protect them from emotional harm,<sup id="cite_ref-Dep2000_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dep2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the notion of "failure to protect" has been challenged as it focuses primarily on the responsibility of the abused parent, usually the mother, who is often herself at significant risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Hes0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hes0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent reform to the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act (2004) has introduced a new offence of causing or allowing the death of a child or vulnerable adult, thus reinforcing the notion of "failure to protect". Research on domestic violence, however, has consistently shown that supporting the non-abusive parent is good for child protection. There is some indication of the cyclical and inter-generational nature of neglect. A study on childhood abuse and the mother's later ability to be sensitive to a child's emotions showed that mothers with a self-reported history of physical abuse had higher indications of insensitivity and lack of attunement to infants' emotional cues than mothers with no history of abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Cas0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cas0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the literature suggests that neglectful parents may have been affected adversely by their own past experiences, more research is needed to explore the link between past experiences of maltreatment and neglectful parenting behaviours.<sup id="cite_ref-Har0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Har0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcohol and drug abuse in caregivers are important risk factors for recurrent child maltreatment after accounting for other known risk factors; the increased risk appears to be similar between alcohol and drug abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-LaslettRoomDietzeFerris2012_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaslettRoomDietzeFerris2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic">Socioeconomic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the social and economic level, the association between poverty and neglect has frequently been made. A study of the maltreatment of children by the <a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children">National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children</a> <small>(NSPCC)</small> supports the association between neglect and lower socio-economic class.<sup id="cite_ref-Caw0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caw0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US studies have shown that less affluent families are more likely to be found to maltreat their children, particularly in the form of neglect and physical abuse, than affluent families.<sup id="cite_ref-Wol0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wol0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sed0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sed0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue that many forms of physical neglect, such as inadequate clothing, exposure to environmental hazards and poor hygiene may be directly attributed to poverty<sup id="cite_ref-Dub94_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dub94-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas others are more cautious in making a direct link.<sup id="cite_ref-Min0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Min0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that parents in a low socioeconomic level are less likely to purchase resources needed for their children, which makes them experience school failure at a more frequent level.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While poverty is believed to increase the likelihood of neglect, poverty does not predetermine neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-Mc0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mc0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many low-income families are not neglectful and provide loving homes for their children. However, when poverty coexists with other forms of adversity, it can negatively impact a parent's ability to cope with stressors and undermine their capacity to adequately respond to their child's needs. It can also mean that parents who want to work are faced with the choice between being unemployed and leaving their children at home.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McSherry argues that the relationship between child neglect and poverty should be seen as circular and interdependent.<sup id="cite_ref-Mc0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mc0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where caregiver alcohol abuse is identified, children are significantly more likely to experience multiple incidents of neglect compared with children where this is not identified, as were children where other family risk factors (including markers of socioeconomic disadvantage) are found.<sup id="cite_ref-LaslettRoomDietzeFerris2012_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaslettRoomDietzeFerris2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parenting_styles">Parenting styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parenting styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The patterns of repetitive behaviour point out that a cycle of violence repeats. Research on the correlation between child neglect and <a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">parenting styles</a> has shown that those who suffered from parental neglect tend to have problems in relationships as adults.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attachment style of children of abusive parents was less secure compared to children with <a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">authoritative caregivers</a>. Children who suffered from physical and emotional abuse are more likely to have an insecure attachment, such as being preoccupied, dismissive, or fearful. Three parenting styles lead to child neglect: <a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">authoritarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">permissive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">disengaged</a> styles.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taboo">Taboo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Taboo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is some evidence to suggest that there is a cultural taboo around acknowledging child neglect in one's own family. In one research study parents who accessed a service focused on families where child neglect is a concern never mentioned the word 'neglect' during interviews designed to find out about their experience of the service.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc.org.uk_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc.org.uk-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an analysis of NSPCC Childline data, John Cameron, the Head of Helplines reported that many of the neglected children who contacted the line did not use the word neglect and did not indicate that they were being neglected when they first spoke to a member of <a href="/wiki/Childline" title="Childline">Childline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc2015_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Effects of child neglect can differ depending on the individual and how much treatment is provided, but generally speaking child neglect that occurs in the first two years of a child's life may be more of an important precursor of childhood aggression compared to later neglect, which may not have as strong a correlation. Maltreatment in children leads to compromises in the development of cognitive, language, socioemotional, and neurobiological domains.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children who suffer from neglect most often also have <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">attachment</a> difficulties, cognitive deficits, emotional/behavioural problems, and physical consequences as a result of neglect. Early neglect has the potential to modify the body's stress response, specifically cortisol levels (stress hormones) which can cause abnormalities and alter the body's overall health. Research has shown that there is a relationship between neglect and disturbing patterns of infant-caretaker attachment. If parents lack sensitivity to their baby's needs, the baby may develop <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory#Attachment_patterns" title="Attachment theory">insecure-anxious attachment</a>. The neglectful behaviour the child experiences will contribute to their attachment difficulties and formation of relationships in the future, or lack thereof. In addition to biological and social effects, neglect affects the intellectual ability and cognitive/academic deficits. Children who suffer from child neglect may also suffer from anxiety or impulse-control disorders. Another result of child neglect is what people call "<a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">failure to thrive</a>". Infants who have deficits in growth and abnormal behaviours such as withdrawal, apathy and excessive sleep are failing to thrive, rather than developing to become "healthy" individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study by Robert Wilson, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Rush_University_Medical_Center" title="Rush University Medical Center">Rush University Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and his colleagues, showed for the first time that children under the age of 18 when were moderately neglected in some manner by their caregivers had a 3 times likely risk of stroke over those with moderately low levels, after controlling for some common risk factors (they interviewed 1,040 participants ages 55 or older; after <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> years, 257 of them died and 192 were autopsied, with 89 having stroke evidence upon autopsy and another 40 had a history of it). Neglect, bullying, and abuse have previously been linked to changes in the brain's <a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">grey matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a> and to accelerated ageing.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of who is reported for neglectful behaviour, it is most often women. The higher proportion of females reported for neglect may reflect the social attitude that mothers are responsible for meeting the needs of their children. In recent years, latent issues for child development and for the culture and political economy that are associated with paternal neglect have received more attention, however.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neglecting parents interact less with their children, engage in less verbal instruction and play behaviour, show less affection and are involved in more negative interactions with their children, for example, verbal aggression. Often parents who neglect their children are single parents or disabled mothers who already have to care for themselves, and therefore the child is an additional stress. This additional stress is often neglected. Family size can contribute to child neglect. If a family has several children, they may not be able to give all the children all the necessities needed to survive and thrive. Unfortunately, if the family cannot provide for all their children, children can suffer neglect. Family history can play a role in parents' neglectful behaviour. If parents were neglected as children meaning they learned neglectful behaviour from their parents, they often internalize and believe those behaviours to be the "norm", which results in neglecting their children.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one study done in 2011, results showed that one in four mothers were neglectful, and neglect was four times as likely with a maternal history of physical abuse in childhood than with no history of maltreatment.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neglect is by far the most common type of child abuse reported in the U.S., and in 2016, it accounted for nearly 65 per cent of child abuse cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disclosure">Disclosure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Disclosure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research suggests that most neglected children, even when they can talk to a professional about their circumstances, do not use the word 'neglect' and may not even indicate that they are being neglected.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc2015_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is therefore recommended that professionals are proactive in exploring for and identifying neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc2015_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When neglect is disclosed, action is not always taken. Equally, when professionals pass concerns about neglect on to other professionals in the workplace they find those professionals do not always respond.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc2015_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NSPCC recently reported on the case of a teaching assistant, who contacted the organization with concerns about a particular child. The teaching assistant asked to remain anonymous, fearing that she would be sacked by her school if they were to find out that she'd made the disclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc2015_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessing_and_identifying">Assessing and identifying</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Assessing and identifying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Assessing and identifying neglect pose several challenges for practitioners. </p><p>Selecting the right method to identify neglect can be helped by having a clear conceptualization of neglect. Neglect is a process whereby a child experiences developmental delay owing to the fact of not having received sufficient levels of any combination of care, stimulation or nutrition, which collectively can be referred to as nurturance. Given that neglect is a dynamic between the child's development and levels of nurturance, the question in identifying neglect, becomes one of where does one start, with the child's development or with the levels of nurturance? </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development-focused_methods">Development-focused methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Development-focused methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some professionals identify neglect by measuring the developmental levels of a child, for if those developmental levels are normal, one can, by definition, conclude that a child is not being neglected. Areas of development that could be measured include weight, height, stamina, social and emotional responses, and speech and motor development. All these features go up to make a medical assessment of whether a child is thriving, so that a professional looking to start an assessment of neglect, might reasonably start with information collected by a doctor. Infants are often weighed and measured when seen by their physicians for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Well-baby_visit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Well-baby visit (page does not exist)">well-baby check-ups</a>. The physician initiates a more complete evaluation when the infant's development and functioning are found to be delayed. What this suggests is that social work staff could consult medical notes to establish if the baby or child is failing to thrive, as the first step in a pathway towards identifying neglect. If developmental levels are subnormal, then the identification of neglect requires the professional to establish if those subnormal levels of development can be put down to the level of nurturance experienced by the child. One needs to discount that the developmental delay was caused by some genetic condition or disease. These development-focused methods used for detecting child neglect and abuse are among the most effective we have to date, are useful tools for professionals to quickly recognize and easily detect when something is amiss in regards to the care of a child. <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starting_the_assessment_by_examining_the_nurturance_received_by_the_child">Starting the assessment by examining the nurturance received by the child</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Starting the assessment by examining the nurturance received by the child"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another way of beginning the process of identifying neglect is to identify if the child in question is experiencing a level of nurturance lower than that considered necessary to support normal development.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel,_B._2011_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel,_B._2011-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part, this requires a knowledge of the level of nurturance required by the child to sustain normal development, which might be particular to his or her age, gender and other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel,_B._2011_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel,_B._2011-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, quite how one ascertains what a particular child needs, without referring back to their level of development, is not something theory and policy on neglect is clear about. Furthermore, ascertaining whether a child is getting the requisite level of nurturance needs to take into account not just the intensity of the nurturance, but also, given that the intensity of certain forms of nurturance can carry across time, the duration and frequency of the nurturance. It is OK for a child to experience varying and low levels of certain types of nurturance across a day and from time to time, however, it is not OK if the levels of nurturance never cross thresholds of intensity, duration and frequency. For this reason, professionals are minded to keep detailed histories of care provision, which demonstrate the duration to which the child is exposed to periods of subnormal exposure to care, stimulation and nutrition.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starting_the_assessment_by_examining_the_nurturance_provided_by_the_carer_or_parent">Starting the assessment by examining the nurturance provided by the carer or parent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Starting the assessment by examining the nurturance provided by the carer or parent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professionals should focus on the levels of nurturance provided by the carers of the child, where neglect is understood as an issue of the parent's behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors feel that establishing the failure of parents and caregivers to provide care would be sufficient to conclude that neglect was occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Action for Children<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that "A child experiences neglect when the adults who look after them fail to meet their needs" clearly defining neglect as a matter of parental performance. This raises the question about what level of nurturance, a carer or parent needs to fall under, to provoke developmental delay, and how one goes about measuring that accurately. </p><p>The method, which focuses on the stimulation provided by the carer, can be subject to critique. Neglect is about the child's development being adversely affected by the levels of nurturance, but the carers' provision of nurturance is not always a good indicator of the level of nurturance received by the child. Neglect may be occurring at school, outside of parental care. The child may be receiving nurturance from siblings or through a boarding school education, which compensates for the lack of nurturance provided by the parents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linking_development_to_stimulation">Linking development to stimulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Linking development to stimulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neglect is a process whereby children experience developmental delay owing to experiencing insufficient levels of nurturance. It has been argued that in principle, this means that when starting an assessment of neglect by identifying developmental delay one needs to then check the levels of nurturance received by the child. Certainly, where guidance on identifying neglect does urge practitioners to measure developmental levels, some guidance urges practitioners to focus on how developmental levels can be attributed to parental behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the narrow focus on parental behaviour can be criticised for unnecessarily ruling out the possible impact of institutionalised neglect, e.g. neglect at school. </p><p>If one starts by concluding that the levels of nurturance received by the child are insufficient, one then needs to consider the developmental levels achieved by the child. </p><p>Further challenges arise, however. Even when one has established developmental delay and exposure to low levels of nurturance, one needs to rule out the possibility that the link between the two is coincidental. The developmental delay may be caused by a genetic disorder, disease or physical, sexual or <a href="/wiki/Emotional_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional abuse">emotional abuse</a>. Of course, the developmental delay may be caused by a mixture of underexposure to nurturance, abuse, genetics and disease. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical_tools_for_measuring">Practical tools for measuring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Practical tools for measuring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Graded_Care_Profile_Tool" title="The Graded Care Profile Tool">The Graded Care Profile Tool</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a practice tool which gives an objective measure of the quality of care in terms of a parent/carer's commitment. It was developed in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Family_Assessment_Scale" title="North Carolina Family Assessment Scale">North Carolina Family Assessment Scale</a> is a tool which can be used by a practitioner to explore whether neglect is taking place across a range of family functioning areas.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NSPCC makes use of the NCFAS in their Evidence Based Decision-making Practice Model, which involves a Society practitioner working alongside the local authorities assigned a social worker to review the functioning of the family in complex neglect cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intervention_programs">Intervention programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Intervention programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early intervention programs and treatments in developed countries include individual counselling, family, group counselling and social support services, and behavioural skills training programs to eliminate problematic behaviour and teach parents "appropriate" parenting behaviour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parenting_programmes">Parenting programmes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parenting programmes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video_Interaction_Guidance">Video Interaction Guidance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Video Interaction Guidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Video_interaction_guidance" title="Video interaction guidance">Video interaction guidance</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Video_feedback_intervention" title="Video feedback intervention">video feedback intervention</a> through which a "guider" helps a client to enhance communication within relationships. The client is guided to analyse and reflect on video clips of their interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video Interaction Guidance has been used where concerns have been expressed over possible parental neglect in cases where the focus child is aged 2–12, and where the child is not the subject of a child protection plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SafeCare">SafeCare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: SafeCare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_SafeCare_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="The SafeCare programme">The SafeCare programme</a> is a preventative programme working with parents of children under 6 years old who are at risk of experiencing significant harm through neglect. The programme is delivered in the home by trained practitioners, over 18 to 20 sessions and focuses on 3 key areas: parent-infant/child interaction; home safety and child health.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc.org.uk2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc.org.uk2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Triple_P">Triple P</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Triple P"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Triple_P_(Parenting_Program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple P (Parenting Program)">Triple P</a> is a positive parenting program. It is a multilevel, parenting and family support strategy. The idea behind it is that if parents are educated on "proper" parenting and given the appropriate resources, it could help decrease the number of child neglect cases. When deciding whether to leave a child home alone, caregivers need to consider the child's physical, mental, and emotional well-being, as well as state laws and policies regarding this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-nichd.nih.gov_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichd.nih.gov-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness_of_intervention_programs">Effectiveness of intervention programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Effectiveness of intervention programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence for the effectiveness of intervention programs can be divided into two types. One type is impact studies where the evaluation aims to demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in outcomes on a population, which can be attributed to the intervention. A second type is qualitative studies which aim to illuminate the mechanisms through which program participants can access the resources and help offered in the program to achieve better outcomes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_studies">Impact studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Impact studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several interventions aimed at families where child neglect is occurring have been subject to an impact study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video_interaction_guidance_2">Video interaction guidance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Video interaction guidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Video Interaction Guidance has been used where concerns have been expressed over possible parental neglect in cases where the focus child is aged 2–12, and where the child is not the subject of a child protection plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An evaluation of the project demonstrated that VIG produced a significant change in the emotional and behavioural difficulties of the population of children who received the service, and improvement in the reported level of parenting and reported parental relationship with their children in the population of parents whose children received the service.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data excludes parents who failed to complete the programme, parents who completed the programme but decided not to complete evaluation measures, and on some measures parents who completed measures but whose feedback was adjudged to have been positively biased.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SafeCare_2">SafeCare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: SafeCare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SafeCare programme has been provided to families in the United Kingdom where a professional has judged there is a risk of experiencing significant harm through neglect. Outcome data shows that on average families who participated in the evaluation of the programme improved parenting skills and reduced neglectful behaviours. Furthermore, all referrers reported seeing positive changes in the families they referred, particularly in home safety, parent-child interaction and health. However, in the absence of a comparison group it was not possible to attribute the changes to SafeCare.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc.org.uk2_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc.org.uk2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Triple_P_2">Triple P</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Triple P"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Triple P has also been provided to families in the United Kingdom where neglect is a concern. The findings from this service showed that on average the children who participated in the evaluation experienced improved emotional and behavioural outcomes. However, this positive change could not be attributed to Triple P because a control group had not been established.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc.org.uk_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc.org.uk-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanisms_to_stop_neglect">Mechanisms to stop neglect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mechanisms to stop neglect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qualitative research studies have also illuminated some of how programs can help individual parents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_learning_theory">Social learning theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Social learning theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evaluations have demonstrated that in certain cases parents have learned to improve their parenting in the way described by <a href="/wiki/Social_learning_theory" title="Social learning theory">social learning theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social Learning Theory suggests people learn by observing behaviours and the positive outcomes associated with them.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc.org.uk2_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc.org.uk2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An evaluation of the Triple P intervention highlighted how many parents were able to improve how they related to their children after having received advice about how to be clear with their children, and in some cases after having tried and seen the effects of such approaches for themselves, first-hand, and often for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc.org.uk_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc.org.uk-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prompted by Video Interaction Guidance, parents–with several children, who traditionally spent time with each of them all together in a group–started spending one-to-one time with their children, oftentimes for the very first time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some parents also started to do activities with their children, which involved a small element of risk, after having agreed to do them for the first time as part of Video Interaction Guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_between_practitioner_and_parent">Relationship between practitioner and parent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Relationship between practitioner and parent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common finding across evaluations of programmes designed to help families where neglect is a concern is that the principal factor which influences parents' engagement and perception is the quality of the relationship that they can build with the practitioner delivering the programme. Key factors in helping practitioners engage parents in the intervention include:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Establishing a sense that the practitioner will support the family beyond what is necessary to complete the intervention.</li> <li>Giving family members time to talk about their problems both during and outside of appointments.</li> <li>Advocating for the family on issues with which the intervention is not directly concerned.</li> <li>Ensuring that fun forms a part of the interaction.</li> <li>Making family members feel cared for through the provision of clothes, food and gifts.</li> <li>Giving parents a lead in analysing family functioning and parenting.</li> <li>Carrying out the intervention in the home of the parent.</li> <li>Practitioners working on weekday evenings.</li></ul> <p>In the case of Video Interaction Guidance, when parents were asked about their experience of the intervention, parents invariably referred to the care and support provided by the practitioner. Effectively the intervention is experienced as an aspect of the overall relationship of care.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children's_responses"><span id="Children.27s_responses"></span>Children's responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Children's responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a variety of ways in which children can act in response to an experience of neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-nspcc2015_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Some children attempt to talk about the neglect of their parents. In some cases, the parents may respond aggressively or abusively to such attempts to resolve the issue.</li> <li>Some children steal money from their parents' purses to feed themselves.</li> <li>Babies are too young to ameliorate parental neglect, however in some cases siblings will step in and take care of them. Some older siblings go without food so that their younger siblings can eat.</li> <li>Some children will attempt to flee from their homes. If the child was hungry, they will go to their homes or find the food from a dumpster/ a place that can get free food.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadbeat_parent" title="Deadbeat parent">Deadbeat parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-neglect" title="Self-neglect">Self-neglect</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_neglect&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/child-neglect">"Child Neglect"</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a></i> webpage, as updated on February 22, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarnettBelfield2006" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett, W. 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abuse" title="Template:Abuse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abuse" title="Template talk:Abuse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abuse66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability draft">military draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_abuse" title="Social abuse">Social abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Alcohol abuse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpire_abuse" title="Umpire abuse">Referee and umpire abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parenting171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parenting" title="Template:Parenting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parenting" title="Template talk:Parenting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parenting171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloparenting" title="Alloparenting">Alloparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coparenting" title="Coparenting">Coparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncustodial_parent" title="Noncustodial parent">Noncustodial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">Orphaned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Blended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">Surrogacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">In loco parentis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories <b>·</b> Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">Maternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_ideology" title="Achievement ideology">Achievement ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_personality" title="Atlas personality">Atlas personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">Baby talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-like_mindset" title="Buddha-like mindset">Buddha-like parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerted_cultivation" title="Concerted cultivation">Concerted cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmeshment" title="Enmeshment">Enmeshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">Free-range parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_parent" title="Gatekeeper parent">Gatekeeper parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_parent" title="Helicopter parent">Helicopter parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurturant_parent_model" title="Nurturant parent model">Nurturant parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_parenting" title="Reflective parenting">Reflective parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_parenting" title="Slow parenting">Slow parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soccer_mom" title="Soccer mom">Soccer mom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_father_model" title="Strict father model">Strict father model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking Children Seriously</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theybie" class="mw-redirect" title="Theybie">Theybie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_parenting" title="Tiger parenting">Tiger parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_at_home_parent" title="Work at home parent">Work at home parent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After-school_activity" title="After-school activity">After-school activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allowance_(money)#Allowances_for_children" title="Allowance (money)">Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedtime" title="Bedtime">Bedtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-sleeping" title="Co-sleeping">Co-sleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishabituation" title="Dishabituation">Dishabituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">Habituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommune_1" title="Kommune 1">Kommune 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latchkey_kid" title="Latchkey kid">Latchkey kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_management_training" title="Parent management training">Parent management training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a> (<a href="/wiki/Play_date" title="Play date">date</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_model" title="Role model">Role model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk (race)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_birds_and_the_bees" title="The birds and the bees">The talk (sex education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">Toy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Educational_toy" title="Educational toy">educational</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_P_(parenting_program)" title="Triple P (parenting program)">Positive Parenting Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Child_discipline" title="Child discipline">Child discipline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_training" title="Blanket training">Blanket training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">Corporal punishment in the home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounding_(discipline_technique)" title="Grounding (discipline technique)">Grounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_discipline" title="Positive discipline">Positive discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Tactical ignoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-out_(parenting)" title="Time-out (parenting)">Time-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">Child abandonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Child neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codependency" title="Codependency">Codependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of domestic violence">Effects of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">Stress in early childhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal and<br />social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">Child support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_raising_a_child" title="Cost of raising a child">Cost of raising a child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadbeat_parent" title="Deadbeat parent">Deadbeat parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_disruption" title="Family disruption">Family disruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">Management of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_alienation" title="Parental alienation">Parental alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">Paternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Berry_Brazelton" title="T. Berry Brazelton">T. Berry Brazelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Dreikurs" title="Rudolf Dreikurs">Rudolf Dreikurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Elkind" title="David Elkind">David Elkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Frost" title="Jo Frost">Jo Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(psychologist)" title="Thomas Gordon (psychologist)">Thomas Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truby_King" title="Truby King">Truby King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Annette Lareau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Leach" title="Penelope Leach">Penelope Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Sanders_(parenting_researcher)" title="Matthew Sanders (parenting researcher)">Matthew Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sears_(physician)" title="William Sears (physician)">William Sears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. 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