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level</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: township level"> <meta name="keywords" content="township level"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="township level"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 12713</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: township level</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12713</span> Revitalization Strategy of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Rural Areas Organized by Production-Living-Ecology Spatial Network at Township Level</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liuhui%20Zhu">Liuhui Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peng%20Zeng"> Peng Zeng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rural revitalization strategy means to take the country and the city on the same level, and achieve urban-rural integration and comprehensive development of rural areas. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei rural areas have always been the weak links in the region, with prominently uneven development between urban and rural areas. The rural areas need to join the overall regional synergy. Based on the analysis of the characteristics and problems of rural development in the region from the perspective of production-living-ecology space, the paper proposes the township as the basic unit for rural revitalization according to the overall requirements of the rural revitalization strategy. The basic unit helps to realize resource arrangement, functional organization, and collaborative governance organized by the production-living-ecology spatial network. The paper summarizes the planning strategies for the basic unit. Through spatial cognition and spatial reconstruction, the three space is networked through the base, nodes, and connections to improve the comprehensive value of rural areas and achieve the multiple goals of rural revitalization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20revitalization" title="rural revitalization">rural revitalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei%20region" title=" Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region"> Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=township%20level" title=" township level"> township level</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production-living-ecology%20spatial%20network" title=" production-living-ecology spatial network"> production-living-ecology spatial network</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116760/revitalization-strategy-of-beijing-tianjin-hebei-rural-areas-organized-by-production-living-ecology-spatial-network-at-township-level" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116760.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12712</span> Survey for Mango Seed Weevils and Pulp Weevil Sternochetus Species (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) on Mango, Mangifera indica in Shan State-South, Myanmar </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khin%20Nyunt%20Yee">Khin Nyunt Yee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mu%20Mu%20Thein"> Mu Mu Thein </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Detection survey of mango seed and Pulp weevils was undertaken at major mango production areas, Yat Sauk, Taunggyi, Nyaung Shwe and Hopong Townships, in Shan State (South) of Myanmar on two mango cultivars of Sein Ta Lone and Yinkwe from May to August 2016 to coincide with fruiting season to conduct a survey of mango seed and pulp weevils population. The total numbers of 6300 fruits of both mango cultivars were sampled. Among them, 2900 fruits from 5674 fruit bearing plants were collected for Sein Ta Lone cultivar of five well managed, one unmanaged orchards and Urban in Yatsauk Twonship, 400 fruits from only one well managed orchard in Taunggyi Township, 400 fruits from two managed orchards in Nyaung Shwe Township and 400 fruits from one managed orchard in Hopong Township from May to June. 2200 fruits were collected from 4043 fruit bearing plants for Yinkwe Cultivar of four well managed orchards, one unmanaged orchards and one wild tree only in Yat Sauk Township from July to August, 2016. Fruit sample size was 200 fruits /orchard, / wild or /volunteer trees as minimum number. The pulps of all randomly sampling fruits were longitudinal cut open into three slices on each side of fruit and seed were cut longitudinally to inspect the presence of mango weevils. The collected weevils were identified up to species level at Plant Quarantine Laboratory, Plant Protection Division, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Yangon, Myanmar. Mango Pulp and Seed weevils were found on Sein Ta Lone Mango Cultivar in three out of four surveyed Townships except Hopong with the level of infestation ranged from 0.0% to 3.5% of fruits per Township with 0.0% to 39.0% of fruits per orchard. The highest infestation rate per township was 3.5% of fruits (n=400 fruits) in Nyaung Shwe, then, at Yat Suak, the rate was 2.47% (n=2900 fruits). A well-managed orchard at Taung Gyi had 0.75% (n=400 fruits) whereas Hopong was free 0.0% (n=400). The weevils were also recorded on Yinkwe Mango Cultivar in Yatsauk Township where the infestation level was 12.63% of fruits (n=2200) with 0.0% to 67.0% of fruits per orchard. This high level of infestation was obtained by including an absolutely non Integrated Pest Management (non IPM) orchards in both survey with the infestation rates 63.0% of fruits (n=200) and 67.0% of fruits (n=200) respectively on Yinkwe cultivar. Two different species; mango pulp weevil, Sternochetus frigitus, and mango seed weevil Sternochetus olivieri (Faust) of family Curculionidae under the order Coleoptera were recorded. Sternochetus mangiferae was not found during these surveys. Three different developmental stages of mango seed and pulp weevils: larva, pupa and adult were first detected since the first survey in 3rd week of May and mostly were recorded as adult stages in the following surveys in June, July and August The number of Mango pulp weevil was statistically higher than that of mango seed weevils at P < 0.001%. More precise surveys should be carried out national wide to detect the mango weevils. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mango%20pulp%20weevil" title="mango pulp weevil">mango pulp weevil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sternochetus%20frigitus" title=" Sternochetus frigitus"> Sternochetus frigitus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mango%20seed%20weevil%20Sternochetus%20olivieri" title=" mango seed weevil Sternochetus olivieri"> mango seed weevil Sternochetus olivieri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=faust" title=" faust"> faust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sternochetus%20mangiferae" title=" Sternochetus mangiferae"> Sternochetus mangiferae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fabricius" title=" fabricius"> fabricius</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sein%20Ta%20Lone" title=" Sein Ta Lone"> Sein Ta Lone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yinkwe%20mango%20cultivars" title=" Yinkwe mango cultivars"> Yinkwe mango cultivars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shan%20State%20%28South%29%20Myanmar" title=" Shan State (South) Myanmar"> Shan State (South) Myanmar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65063/survey-for-mango-seed-weevils-and-pulp-weevil-sternochetus-species-coleopteracurculionidae-on-mango-mangifera-indica-in-shan-state-south-myanmar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65063.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12711</span> Investigating Willingness to Pay for Water Services in a Newly Established Municipality in Malamulele, Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20T.%20Chabalala">D. T. Chabalala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently South Africa is facing a triple challenge of poverty, unemployment and inequality. As such, communities have limited access to basic municipal services such as water, sanitation and electricity. Citizens such as those residing at Malamulele Township will be responsible to pay for the cost of water services that they consume instead of having the costs subsidised by the newly formed Municipality. The question on whether Malamulele residents would be willing to pay for water services provided for them need to be investigated. This study was conducted in Malamulele Township and surrounding villages. The article is based on a survey of 500 randomly selected households from township and villages surrounding Malamulele. The study uses the contingent valuation method to determine households’ willingness to pay for water services as well as the consequences they possibly will encounter in case their response is negative. The obtained results can be used by the Municipality and other Government Departments in order to better identify the affordable rates and the quantity of water service to be provided. Thus, it will make Municipality water supply services stable and sustainable. It will also be used as a tool to provide inform decisions about a range of infrastructure to enhance water supply systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=willingness%20to%20pay" title="willingness to pay">willingness to pay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contingent%20valuation%20method" title=" contingent valuation method"> contingent valuation method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20supply%20systems" title=" water supply systems"> water supply systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malamulele" title=" Malamulele"> Malamulele</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60715/investigating-willingness-to-pay-for-water-services-in-a-newly-established-municipality-in-malamulele-vhembe-district-municipality-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60715.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12710</span> The Impact of Purpose as a Principal Leadership Skill on the Performance Select Township Schools in South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pepe%20Marais">Pepe Marais</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krishna%20Govender"> Krishna Govender</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aimed to investigate the impact of “purpose” as a principal leadership skill on the performance of two township schools using a quantitative research design and collecting data from the school principals, teachers and matric learners, using the 28-scale Servant Leadership Test as well as Gallup’s Q12 Employee Engagement survey. The questionnaires addressed the key objectives, namely, the extent to which the principals of the participating schools exhibited servant leadership and their understanding of “purpose” as one word in leadership and how teachers and learners perceived the impact of a “one-word” purpose-driven leader on the performance of the selected schools. Although no relationship could be demonstrated between ‘’purpose’’ and the performance of the two township schools, it became evident that a significant increase in Servant Leadership leads to a significant increase in engagement and performance, as measured by the matric pass rate. It is recommended that workshops be facilitated with principals and teachers in order to entrench ‘’purpose’’ deeper throughout the schools. In addition, Servant Leadership training has to be conduced to increase the leadership ability of the school principals. Future research in the area of ‘’purpose as one word’’, as well as Servant Leadership as a principal skillset within South Africa’s public school leadership, is recommended. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school%20leadership" title="school leadership">school leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=servant%20leadership" title=" servant leadership"> servant leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one-word%20purpose" title=" one-word purpose"> one-word purpose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engagement" title=" engagement"> engagement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leadership" title=" leadership"> leadership</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149253/the-impact-of-purpose-as-a-principal-leadership-skill-on-the-performance-select-township-schools-in-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149253.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12709</span> Teachers Influence on Encouraging Physical Activity and Recreation in Township Schools in the City of Tshwane</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rapuane%20Eric%20Jan%20Pule">Rapuane Eric Jan Pule</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sport participation plays a significant role in learners’ well-being and lifestyle. Learners spend most of their time in the school environment, where they are monitored, guided and advised by teachers. Teachers have a good relationship with the learners, therefore they can play a major role in promoting and influencing learners to participate in physical activities, both competitive and recreational purposes. Their influence and involvement could assist in increasing the number learners' involvement in physical activities, sport and recreation at Township schools. The national sport and recreation plan in South Africa, recommends that promotion of sport and physical activities at primary and secondary schools should play an important role in helping learners commit to a live-long participation in sport, recreational and physical activities. Schoolteachers could play an influential role in ensuring that learners spent their leisure time productively through physical and recreational activities. However, the role and the influence of teachers in promoting physical and recreational activities have been previously overlooked in the literature. Part of this study focuses on the in-depth challenges encountered by primary and secondary school teachers at Township schools in promoting and influencing learners’ involvement in sport, recreation and physical activities. 109 primary and secondary teachers at Township schools agreed to participate in the study through the provision of informed consent. The participants consisted of 49 primary school teachers and 60 secondary school teachers. Quantitative approach was followed using validated structured questionnaire comprising 12 close-ended items were used. Findings indicated that teachers' can play a significant role in influencing and encouraging learners to participate in sport, recreation or physical activities. Teachers view physical activity as an important developmental component for learners. Primary school teachers believe that they have a significant role to play in encouraging and promoting physical activities, sport and recreation, as compared to the secondary school teachers. Both group of teachers at primary and secondary schools, believe that infrastructure development, financial support, and extra incentives could motivate them to promote physical, recreational and sporting activities at schools. Teachers also acknowledge that schools are facing challenges in implementing and coordinating physical activities and recreational programmes as required by the Department of sport and recreation South Africa. It is recommended that the Department of Basic Education and Sport and Recreation South Africa revise their policies regarding the role of teachers in promoting and administering physical and recreational activities at schools. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=township" title="township">township</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20activities" title=" physical activities"> physical activities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sport%20and%20recreation%20participation" title=" sport and recreation participation"> sport and recreation participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learners" title=" learners"> learners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teachers" title=" teachers"> teachers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=primary%20and%20secondary%20schools" title=" primary and secondary schools"> primary and secondary schools</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20education" title=" physical education"> physical education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52371/teachers-influence-on-encouraging-physical-activity-and-recreation-in-township-schools-in-the-city-of-tshwane" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52371.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12708</span> The Extent of Rural Women’s Awareness of Gender Issues and Discrimination Against Woman</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norhan%20Anwar%20Elshikh">Norhan Anwar Elshikh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study aimed to identify the extent of rural women’s awareness of gender issues and discrimination against women. The study also investigated the relationship between the extent of that awareness and the social and economic characteristics of the surveyed women. The study aimed to find both the related factors and the affecting factors of the surveyed women's awareness of gender issues and the discrimination against them. The study then proposed some recommendations that can raise rural women's ability to understand gender issues and discrimination against women. To achieve the study goals, a field study was conducted in the Al-Buhaira governorate. Abu Homs township was chosen as one of the traditional rural areas closest in its characteristics to most rural areas in Egypt, and the Abu Homs township consists of one town and seven rural local units. The local unit of Baraka Ghattas was chosen, as it is considered on average level in human development. Baraka Ghattas local unit includes five villages. Alherfah village and Barakat Ghatas village were chosen to conduct the study as they represent the high and the low levels of human development, respectively. The study included households of women who were in their fertile period in the sample’s villages. The volume of the sample was divided among the two villages according to the number of families in each village, so that each village is represented in the sample space by the same percentage of its presence in the original community. The size of the sample was determined, which is 385 women, According to the Crijsey and Morgen equation. To execute the study, a questionnaire was designed and collected through personal interviews. The results showed that the independent variables most influencing the dependent variable are, from high to low, the economic level of the respondent's family, the number of children of the respondent, the level of formal education of the husband, then leadership ability and the level of ambition, respectively. These variables are responsible for explaining 52% of the change in the extent of rural women's awareness of gender issues and discrimination against women. The study was concluded by providing suggestions and recommendations to improve rural women's awareness of gender issues and discrimination against women. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title="gender">gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20women" title=" rural women"> rural women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrimination" title=" discrimination"> discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrimination%20against%20women" title=" discrimination against women"> discrimination against women</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186415/the-extent-of-rural-womens-awareness-of-gender-issues-and-discrimination-against-woman" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186415.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">42</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12707</span> The Use of Sustainability Criteria on Infrastructure Design to Encourage Sustainable Engineering Solutions on Infrastructure Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shian%20Saroop">Shian Saroop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhiren%20Allopi"> Dhiren Allopi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to stay competitive and to meet upcoming stricter environmental regulations and customer requirements, designers have a key role in designing civil infrastructure so that it is environmentally sustainable. There is an urgent need for engineers to apply technologies and methods that deliver better and more sustainable performance of civil infrastructure as well as a need to establish a standard of measurement for greener infrastructure, rather than merely use tradition solutions. However, there are no systems in place at the design stage that assesses the environmental impact of design decisions on township infrastructure projects. This paper identifies alternative eco-efficient civil infrastructure design solutions and developed sustainability criteria and a toolkit to analyse the eco efficiency of infrastructure projects. The proposed toolkit is aimed at promoting high-performance, eco-efficient, economical and environmentally friendly design decisions on stormwater, roads, water and sanitation related to township infrastructure projects. These green solutions would bring a whole new class of eco-friendly solutions to current infrastructure problems, while at the same time adding a fresh perspective to the traditional infrastructure design process. A variety of projects were evaluated using the green infrastructure toolkit and their results are compared to each other, to assess the results of using greener infrastructure verses the traditional method of designing infrastructure. The application of ‘green technology’ would ensure a sustainable design of township infrastructure services assisting the design to consider alternative resources, the environmental impacts of design decisions, ecological sensitivity issues, innovation, maintenance and materials, at the design stage of a project. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eco-efficiency" title="eco-efficiency">eco-efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20infrastructure" title=" green infrastructure"> green infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure%20design" title=" infrastructure design"> infrastructure design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55705/the-use-of-sustainability-criteria-on-infrastructure-design-to-encourage-sustainable-engineering-solutions-on-infrastructure-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55705.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">227</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12706</span> A Case Study Approach to the Rate the Eco Sensitivity of Green Infrastructure Solutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Saroop">S. Saroop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Allopi"> D. Allopi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the area of civil infrastructure, there is an urgent need to apply technologies that deliver infrastructure sustainably in a way that is cost-effective. Civil engineering projects can have a significant impact on ecological and social systems if not correctly planned, designed and implemented. It can impact climate change by addressing the issue of flooding and sustainability. Poor design choices now can result in future generations to live in a climate with depleted resources and without green spaces. The objectives of the research study were to rate the sensitivity of various greener infrastructure technologies that can be used in township infrastructure, at the various stages of the project. This paper discusses the Green Township Infrastructure Design Toolkit, that is used to rate the sustainability of infrastructure service projects. Various case studies were undertaken on a range of infrastructure projects to test the sensitivity of various design solution against sustainability criteria. The Green reporting tools ensure efficient, economical and sustainable provision of infrastructure services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eco-efficiency" title="eco-efficiency">eco-efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20infrastructure" title=" green infrastructure"> green infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20technology" title=" green technology"> green technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure%20design" title=" infrastructure design"> infrastructure design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79903/a-case-study-approach-to-the-rate-the-eco-sensitivity-of-green-infrastructure-solutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79903.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">382</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12705</span> Marketing Strategy of Agricultural Products in Remote Districts: A Case Study of Mudan Township, Taiwan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ying-Hsiang%20Ho">Ying-Hsiang Ho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsiao-Tseng%20Lin"> Hsiao-Tseng Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mudan Township is a remote mountainous area in Taiwan. In recent years, due to the migration of the population, inconvenient transportation, digital divide, and low production, agricultural products marketing have become a major issue. This research aims to develop the marketing strategy suitable for the agricultural products of the rural areas. The main objective of this work is to conduct in-depth interviews with scholars and experts in the marketing field, combined with the marketing 4P combination, to analyze and summarize the possible marketing strategies for agricultural products for remote districts. The interviews consist of seven experts from industry who have practical experience in producing, marketing, and selling agricultural products and three professors that have experience in teaching marketing management. The in-depth interviews are conducted for about an hour using a pre-drafted interview outline. The results of the interviews are summarized by semantic analysis and presented in a marketing 4P combination. The results indicate that in terms of products, high-quality products with original characteristics can be added through the implementation of production history, organic certification, and cultural packaging. In the place part, we found that the use of emerging communities, the emphasis on cross-industry alliances, the improvement of information application capabilities of rural households, production and marketing group, and contractual farming system are the development priorities. In terms of promotion, it should be an emphasis on the management of internet social media and word-of-mouth marketing. Mudan Township may consider promoting agricultural products through special festivals such as farmer's market, wild ginger flower season and hot spring season. This research also proposes relevant recommendations for the government's public sector and related industry reference for the promotion of agricultural products for remote area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marketing%20strategy" title="marketing strategy">marketing strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20districts" title=" remote districts"> remote districts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20products" title=" agricultural products"> agricultural products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-depth%20interviews" title=" in-depth interviews"> in-depth interviews</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106063/marketing-strategy-of-agricultural-products-in-remote-districts-a-case-study-of-mudan-township-taiwan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106063.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12704</span> Migration-Related Challenges during the Covid-19 Pandemic in South Africa. A Case of Alexandra Township</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edwin%20Mwasakidzeni%20Mutyenyoka">Edwin Mwasakidzeni Mutyenyoka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Without ignoring migration-related challenges in transit zones and places of origin, this inquiry focuses on arrived international immigrants’ exacerbated vulnerability during crises. The aim is to underline longstanding inequalities and demonstrate that crises merely amplify and exacerbate challenges that low-income migrants already face during ‘non-crises’ periods. Social protection, as an agenda for reducing vulnerability, poverty, and risk for low-income households, with regard to basic consumption and services, has been foregrounded in the post-apartheid development discourse in South Africa. Evidently, however, the state, through the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA), systemically excludes the majority of non-citizens from state-sponsored social assistance programs - often leaving them heavily dependent on sporadic non-state options and erosive coping mechanisms. In this paper, migration itself should not only be understood as a social protection strategy against poverty and risk but also as a source of vulnerability that often requires social protection. For quasi-ethnographic, it use one migrant destination, Alex Park Township, as a “contact zone” and space of negotiation during the pandemic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=south-south%20migration" title="south-south migration">south-south migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crises" title=" crises"> crises</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20protection" title=" social protection"> social protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Covid-19%20pandemic" title=" Covid-19 pandemic"> Covid-19 pandemic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154364/migration-related-challenges-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-south-africa-a-case-of-alexandra-township" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154364.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12703</span> The Infiltration Interface Structure of Suburban Landscape Forms in Bimen Township, Anji, Zhejiang Province, China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ke%20Wang">Ke Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhu%20Wang"> Zhu Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Coordinating and promoting urban and rural development has been a new round of institutional change in Zhejiang province since 2004. And this plan was fully implemented, which showed that the isolation between the urban and rural areas had gradually diminished. Little by little, an infiltration interface that is dynamic, flexible and interactive is formed, and this morphological structure starts to appear on the landscape form in the surrounding villages. In order to study the specific function and formation of the structure in the context of industrial revolution, Bimen village located on the interface between Anji Township, Huzhou and Yuhang District, Hangzhou is taken as the case. Anji township is in the cross area between Yangtze River delta economic circle and innovation center in Hangzhou. Awarded with ‘Chinese beautiful village’, Bimen has witnessed the growing process of infiltration in ecology, economy, technology and culture on the interface. Within the opportunity, Bimen village presents internal reformation to adapt to the energy exchange with urban areas. In the research, the reformation is to adjust the industrial structure, to upgrade the local special bamboo crafts, to release space for activities, and to establish infrastructures on the interface. The characteristic of an interface is elasticity achieved by introducing an Internet platform using ‘O2O’ agriculture method to connect cities and farmlands. There is a platform of this kind in Bimen named ‘Xiao Mei’. ‘Xiao’ in Chinese means small, ‘Mei’ means beautiful, which indicates the method to refine the landscape form. It turns out that the new agriculture mode will strengthen the interface by orienting the Third Party Platform upon the old dynamic basis and will bring new vitality for economy development in Bimen village. The research concludes opportunities and challenges generated by the evolution of the infiltration interface. It also proposes strategies for how to organically adapt to the urbanization process. Finally it demonstrates what will happen by increasing flexibility in the landscape forms of suburbs in the Bimen village. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bimen%20village" title="Bimen village">Bimen village</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infiltration%20interface" title=" infiltration interface"> infiltration interface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexibility" title=" flexibility"> flexibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=suburban%20landscape%20form" title=" suburban landscape form"> suburban landscape form</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68261/the-infiltration-interface-structure-of-suburban-landscape-forms-in-bimen-township-anji-zhejiang-province-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68261.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">378</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12702</span> Narrative Function of Public Meeting Places in Uzalo Soap Opera</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michelle%20Micah%20Augustine">Michelle Micah Augustine</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Soap opera narrative creates a sense of community. Uzalo is a South African local soap opera television series. It is unique because Uzalo tells the story of black people and their everyday struggle centered in KwaMashu township community, which is an excellent example of how moving image culture has contributed in portraying township community that was once marginalized by the apartheid regime in contemporary South Africa. While soap opera importance and promotion of social change and behaviours have been extensively studied throughout history, little research has examined the importance of space and place in its narrative. This study explored the conventional community space and place, the core elements that drive soap opera narrative. By means of qualitative content analysis, the study investigated the construction of public meeting places in Uzalo, using a purposive sampling technique to collect data by choosing episodes. The result indicates that characters convergence in public meeting places in soap opera creates disequilibrium which drives the narrative; reveals that construction of a public meeting place is an important way of creating a minimum of homogeneousness among disparate characters, gives a sense of unified experience drawing on the notion of the particular characteristics or attitude generated from such place. The result shows that the use of camera angles, movements, editing, music and usual tricks (mise-en-scene) applied in the narrative setting function as a guide for viewers comprehension of emotional responses of the story and to connect with the space in which the narrative is set. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community" title="community">community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=narrative" title=" narrative"> narrative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=place" title=" place"> place</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space" title=" space"> space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soap%20opera" title=" soap opera"> soap opera</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102016/narrative-function-of-public-meeting-places-in-uzalo-soap-opera" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102016.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12701</span> Communicative Competence Is About Speaking a Lot: Teacher’s Voice on the Art of Developing Communicative Competence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernice%20Badal">Bernice Badal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The South African English curriculum emphasizes the adoption of the Communicative Approach (CA) using Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) methodologies to develop English as a second language (ESL) learners’ communicative competence in contexts such as township schools in South Africa. However, studies indicate that the adoption of the approach largely remains a rhetoric. Poor English language proficiency among learners and poor student performance, which continues from the secondary to the tertiary phase, is widely attributed to a lack of English language proficiency in South Africa. Consequently, this qualitative study, using a mix of classroom observations and interviews, sought to investigate teacher knowledge of Communicative Competence and the methods and strategies ESL teachers used to develop their learners’ communicative competence. The success of learners’ ability to develop communicative competence in contexts such as township schools in South Africa is inseparable from materials, tasks, teacher knowledge and how they implement the approach in the classrooms. Accordingly, teacher knowledge of the theory and practical implications of the CLT approach is imperative for the negotiation of meaning and appropriate use of language in context in resource-impoverished areas like the township. Using a mix of interviews and observations as data sources, this qualitative study examined teachers’ definitions and knowledge of Communicative competence with a focus on how it influenced their classroom practices. The findings revealed that teachers were not familiar with the notion of communicative competence, the communication process, and the underpinnings of CLT. Teachers’ narratives indicated an awareness that there should be interactions and communication in the classroom, but a lack of theoretical understanding of the types of communication necessary scuttled their initiatives. Thus, conceptual deficiency influences teachers’ practices as they engage in classroom activities in a superficial manner or focus on stipulated learner activities prescribed by the CAPS document. This study, therefore, concluded that partial or limited conceptual and coherent understandings with ‘teacher-proof’ stipulations for classroom practice do not inspire teacher efficacy and mastery of prescribed approaches; thus, more efforts should be made by the Department of Basic Education to strengthen the existing Professional Development workshops to support teachers in improving their understandings and application of CLT for the development of Communicative competence in their learners. The findings of the study contribute to the field of teacher knowledge acquisition, teacher beliefs and practices and professional development in the context of second language teaching and learning with a recommendation that frameworks for the development of communicative competence with wider applicability in resource-poor environments be developed to support teacher understanding and application in classrooms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communicative%20competence" title="communicative competence">communicative competence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CLT" title=" CLT"> CLT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conceptual%20understanding%20of%20reforms" title=" conceptual understanding of reforms"> conceptual understanding of reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=professional%20development" title=" professional development"> professional development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177826/communicative-competence-is-about-speaking-a-lot-teachers-voice-on-the-art-of-developing-communicative-competence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177826.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">58</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12700</span> Participatory Communication in the IDP (Integrate Development Plan) Context of Local Government: Case Study of Matlosana Municipality, South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tshephang%20Bright%20Molale">Tshephang Bright Molale</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Much is written on the importance of participatory communication and its role in uplifting indigent communities. As the closest government sphere to communities, local government is charged with directly improving the lives of the poor and is required by legislation to conduct Integrated Development Planning (IDP). This requires a municipality to utilise participatory communication aspects including dialogue, empowerment, and planning. These are most important pillars of community development. However, many studies have warned that elements such as modernisation, dependency and bureaucracy need to be observed with caution since they have the potential to impede and limit the extent of participatory communication in community development. These concepts serve as the basic points of departure and theoretical background underpinning this study, which is tasked with exploring the extent of participatory communication in the IDP context of Jouberton Township in the Matlosana Local Municipality, South Africa. In her public address on challenges facing South Africa’s local municipalities in January 2014, former premier, Thandi Modise, emphasised the need for communities to attend municipal IDP meetings, approve earmarked IDP projects, and learn about municipal budget spending. It is evident from theory and higher echelon of government that participatory communication is seen as cardinal to the existence of municipal government. From this background, this study was carried out under the assumption that the practice of participatory communication in contemporary local government only exists on paper; while in reality the public does not enjoy active participation in municipal IDP consultative frameworks. This is despite much discourse being available in government and in academia around the importance of participatory communication in community development. The study espoused a qualitative research approach to gather data and purposive sampling was used to select respondents linked to two IDP projects in Jouberton Township from the 2012/13 financial year. Its purpose was to explore perceptions among municipal representatives and community members in Jouberton Township on the extent of participatory communication in the IDP context. The empirical part of the study comprised of focus group, unstructured interviews, and participant observation. The study revealed that Jouberton communities are passive participators in municipal IDP consultative frameworks where they participate by just being informed about what is going to happen or has already happened and feedback is minimal. This is opposed to a desired form of empowered participation which is recommended by scholars in development communication where stakeholders granted space to participate in joint analysis and joint decision-making about what should be achieved and how. It has been discovered that there is a lack of active participation in community development in the IDP context of Matlosana Municipality and the study makes recommendations on how transformative participatory communication can be applied to improve current norms and standards in local government. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development%20communication" title="development communication">development communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=government%20communication" title=" government communication"> government communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20development%20plan" title=" integrated development plan"> integrated development plan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participatory%20communication" title=" participatory communication"> participatory communication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43953/participatory-communication-in-the-idp-integrate-development-plan-context-of-local-government-case-study-of-matlosana-municipality-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43953.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12699</span> An Assessment of Drainage Network System in Nigeria Urban Areas using Geographical Information Systems: A Case Study of Bida, Niger State</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yusuf%20Hussaini%20Atulukwu">Yusuf Hussaini Atulukwu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daramola%20Japheth"> Daramola Japheth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tabitit%20S.%20Tabiti"> Tabitit S. Tabiti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daramola%20Elizabeth%20Lara"> Daramola Elizabeth Lara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In view of the recent limitations faced by the township concerning poorly constructed and in some cases non - existence of drainage facilities that resulted into incessant flooding in some parts of the community poses threat to life,property and the environment. The research seeks to address this issue by showing the spatial distribution of drainage network in Bida Urban using Geographic information System techniques. Relevant features were extracted from existing Bida based Map using un-screen digitization and x, y, z, data of existing drainages were acquired using handheld Global Positioning System (GPS). These data were uploaded into ArcGIS 9.2, software, and stored in the relational database structure that was used to produce the spatial data drainage network of the township. The result revealed that about 40 % of the drainages are blocked with sand and refuse, 35 % water-logged as a result of building across erosion channels and dilapidated bridges as a result of lack of drainage along major roads. The study thus concluded that drainage network systems in Bida community are not in good working condition and urgent measures must be initiated in order to avoid future disasters especially with the raining season setting in. Based on the above findings, the study therefore recommends that people within the locality should avoid dumping municipal waste within the drainage path while sand blocked or weed blocked drains should be clear by the authority concerned. In the same vein the authority should ensured that contract of drainage construction be awarded to professionals and all the natural drainages caused by erosion should be addressed to avoid future disasters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drainage%20network" title="drainage network">drainage network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial" title=" spatial"> spatial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digitization" title=" digitization"> digitization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relational%20database" title=" relational database"> relational database</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste" title=" waste"> waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32733/an-assessment-of-drainage-network-system-in-nigeria-urban-areas-using-geographical-information-systems-a-case-study-of-bida-niger-state" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32733.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">334</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12698</span> Exploring the Spatial Characteristics of Mortality Map: A Statistical Area Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung-Hong%20Hong">Jung-Hong Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jing-Cen%20Yang"> Jing-Cen Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cai-Yu%20Ou"> Cai-Yu Ou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The analysis of geographic inequality heavily relies on the use of location-enabled statistical data and quantitative measures to present the spatial patterns of the selected phenomena and analyze their differences. To protect the privacy of individual instance and link to administrative units, point-based datasets are spatially aggregated to area-based statistical datasets, where only the overall status for the selected levels of spatial units is used for decision making. The partition of the spatial units thus has dominant influence on the outcomes of the analyzed results, well known as the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP). A new spatial reference framework, the Taiwan Geographical Statistical Classification (TGSC), was recently introduced in Taiwan based on the spatial partition principles of homogeneous consideration of the number of population and households. Comparing to the outcomes of the traditional township units, TGSC provides additional levels of spatial units with finer granularity for presenting spatial phenomena and enables domain experts to select appropriate dissemination level for publishing statistical data. This paper compares the results of respectively using TGSC and township unit on the mortality data and examines the spatial characteristics of their outcomes. For the mortality data between the period of January 1<sup>st</sup>, 2008 and December 31<sup>st</sup>, 2010 of the Taitung County, the all-cause age-standardized death rate (ASDR) ranges from 571 to 1757 per 100,000 persons, whereas the 2<sup>nd</sup> dissemination area (TGSC) shows greater variation, ranged from 0 to 2222 per 100,000. The finer granularity of spatial units of TGSC clearly provides better outcomes for identifying and evaluating the geographic inequality and can be further analyzed with the statistical measures from other perspectives (e.g., population, area, environment.). The management and analysis of the statistical data referring to the TGSC in this research is strongly supported by the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. An integrated workflow that consists of the tasks of the processing of death certificates, the geocoding of street address, the quality assurance of geocoded results, the automatic calculation of statistic measures, the standardized encoding of measures and the geo-visualization of statistical outcomes is developed. This paper also introduces a set of auxiliary measures from a geographic distribution perspective to further examine the hidden spatial characteristics of mortality data and justify the analyzed results. With the common statistical area framework like TGSC, the preliminary results demonstrate promising potential for developing a web-based statistical service that can effectively access domain statistical data and present the analyzed outcomes in meaningful ways to avoid wrong decision making. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality%20map" title="mortality map">mortality map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20patterns" title=" spatial patterns"> spatial patterns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20area" title=" statistical area"> statistical area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variation" title=" variation"> variation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62843/exploring-the-spatial-characteristics-of-mortality-map-a-statistical-area-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62843.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">258</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12697</span> Urban Resilince and Its Prioritised Components: Analysis of Industrial Township Greater Noida</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Mehrotra">N. Mehrotra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Ahuja"> V. Ahuja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Sridharan"> N. Sridharan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Resilience is an all hazard and a proactive approach, require a multidisciplinary input in the inter related variables of the city system. This research based to identify and operationalize indicators for assessment in domain of institutions, infrastructure and knowledge, all three operating in task oriented community networks. This paper gives a brief account of the methodology developed for assessment of Urban Resilience and its prioritized components for a target population within a newly planned urban complex integrating Surajpur and Kasna village as nodes. People’s perception of Urban Resilience has been examined by conducting questionnaire survey among the target population of Greater Noida. As defined by experts, Urban Resilience of a place is considered to be both a product and process of operation to regain normalcy after an event of disturbance of certain level. Based on this methodology, six indicators are identified that contribute to perception of urban resilience both as in the process of evolution and as an outcome. The relative significance of 6 R’ has also been identified. The dependency factor of various resilience indicators have been explored in this paper, which helps in generating new perspective for future research in disaster management. Based on the stated factors this methodology can be applied to assess urban resilience requirements of a well planned town, which is not an end in itself, but calls for new beginnings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster" title="disaster">disaster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resilience" title=" resilience"> resilience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system" title=" system"> system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban" title=" urban "> urban </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2067/urban-resilince-and-its-prioritised-components-analysis-of-industrial-township-greater-noida" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2067.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">458</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12696</span> A Study of Different Retail Models That Penetrates South African Townships</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beaula">Beaula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Kruger"> M. Kruger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silindisipho"> Silindisipho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Belot"> T. Belot</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Small informal retailers are considered one of the most important features of developing countries around the world. Those small informal retailers form part of the local communities in South African townships and are estimated to be more than 100,000 across the country. The township economic landscape has changed over time in South Africa. The traditional small informal retailers in South African Townships have been faced with numerous challenges of increasing competition; an increase in the number of local retail shops and foreign-owned shops. There is evidence that the South African personal and disposable income has increased amongst black African consumers. Historically, people residing in townships were restricted to informal retail shops; however, this has changed due to the growing number of formal large retail chains entering into the township market. The larger retail chains are aware of the improved income levels of the middle-income townships residence and as a result, larger retailers have followed certain strategies such as; (1) retail format development; (2) diversification growth strategy; (3) market penetration growth strategy and (4) market expansion. This research did a comparative analysis between the different retail models developed by Pick n Pay, Spar and Shoprite. The research methodology employed for this study was of a qualitative nature and made use of a case study to conduct a comparative analysis between larger retailers. A questionnaire was also designed to obtain data from existing smaller retailers. The study found that larger retailers have developed smaller retail formats to compete with the traditional smaller retailers operating in South African townships. Only one out of the two large retailers offers entrepreneurs a franchise model. One of the big retailers offers the opportunity to employ between 15 to 20 employees while the others are subject to the outcome of a feasibility study. The response obtained from the entrepreneurs in the townships were mixed, while some found their presence as having a “negative impact,” which has increased competition; others saw them as a means to obtain a variety of products. This research found that the most beneficial retail model for both bigger retail and existing and new entrepreneurs are from Pick n Pay. The other retail format models are more beneficial for the bigger retailers and not to new and existing entrepreneurs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pick%20n%20Pay" title="Pick n Pay">Pick n Pay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retailers" title=" retailers"> retailers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shoprite" title=" shoprite"> shoprite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spar" title=" spar"> spar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=townships" title=" townships"> townships</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138764/a-study-of-different-retail-models-that-penetrates-south-african-townships" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138764.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12695</span> Heightening Pre-Service Teachers’ Attitude towards Learning and Metacognitive Learning through Information and Communication Technology: Pre-Service Science Teachers’ Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abiodun%20Ezekiel%20Adesina">Abiodun Ezekiel Adesina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ijeoma%20Ginikanwa%20Akubugwo"> Ijeoma Ginikanwa Akubugwo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Information and Communication Technology, ICT can heighten pre-service teachers’ attitudes toward learning and metacognitive learning; however, there is a dearth of literature on the perception of the pre-service teachers on heightening their attitude toward learning and metacognitive learning. Thus, this study investigates the perception of pre-service science teachers on heightening their attitude towards learning and metacognitive learning through ICT. Two research questions and four hypotheses guided the research. A mixed methods research was adopted for the study in concurrent triangulation type of integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches to the study. The cluster random sampling technique was adopted to select 250 pre-service science teachers in Oyo township. Two self-constructed instruments: Heightening Pre-service Science Teachers’ Attitude towards Learning and Metacognitive Learning through Information and Communication Technology Scale (HPALMIS, r=.73), and an unstructured interview were used for data collection. Thematic analysis, frequency counts and percentages, t-tests, and analysis of variance were used for data analysis. The perception level of the pre-service science teachers on heightening their attitude towards learning and metacognitive learning through ICT is above average, with the majority perceiving that ICT can enhance their thinking about their learning. The perception was significant (mean=92.68, SD=10.86, df=249, t=134.91, p<.05). The perception was significantly differentiated by gender (t=2.10, df= 248, p<.05) in favour of the female pre-service teachers and based on the first time of ICTs use (F(5,244)= 9.586, p<.05). Lecturers of science and science related courses should therefore imbibe the use of ICTs in heightening pre-service teachers’ attitude towards learning and metacognitive learning. Government should organize workshops, seminars, lectures, and symposia along with professional bodies for the science education lecturers to keep abreast of the trending ICT. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-service%20teachers%E2%80%99%20attitude%20towards%20learning" title="pre-service teachers’ attitude towards learning">pre-service teachers’ attitude towards learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metacognitive%20learning" title=" metacognitive learning"> metacognitive learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICT" title=" ICT"> ICT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-service%20teachers%E2%80%99%20perspectives" title=" pre-service teachers’ perspectives"> pre-service teachers’ perspectives</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154897/heightening-pre-service-teachers-attitude-towards-learning-and-metacognitive-learning-through-information-and-communication-technology-pre-service-science-teachers-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154897.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12694</span> Long-Term Trends of Sea Level and Sea Surface Temperature in the Mediterranean Sea</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bayoumy%20Mohamed">Bayoumy Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Alam%20El-Din"> Khaled Alam El-Din </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, 24 years of gridded sea level anomalies (SLA) from satellite altimetry and sea surface temperature (SST) from advanced very-high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) daily data (1993-2016) are used. These data have been used to investigate the sea level rising and warming rates of SST, and their spatial distribution in the Mediterranean Sea. The results revealed that there is a significant sea level rise in the Mediterranean Sea of 2.86 ± 0.45 mm/year together with a significant warming of 0.037 ± 0.007 °C/year. The high spatial correlation between sea level and SST variations suggests that at least part of the sea level change reported during the period of study was due to heating of surface layers. This indicated that the steric effect had a significant influence on sea level change in the Mediterranean Sea. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=altimetry" title="altimetry">altimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AVHRR" title=" AVHRR"> AVHRR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mediterranean%20Sea" title=" Mediterranean Sea"> Mediterranean Sea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sea%20level%20and%20SST%20changes" title=" sea level and SST changes"> sea level and SST changes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trend%20analysis" title=" trend analysis"> trend analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103295/long-term-trends-of-sea-level-and-sea-surface-temperature-in-the-mediterranean-sea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103295.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12693</span> Traffic Noise Study at Intersection in Bangalore: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiva%20Kumar%20G.">Shiva Kumar G.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study is to know the level of noises emanated from vehicles in intersections located in urban areas using Sound Level Meter and the possibility of reducing noise levels through traffic flow optimization. The main objective is to study traffic noise level of the Intersections located at on-going metro construction activities and which are away from metro construction activities. To compare traffic noise level between stop phase, go phase and drive phase at the Intersections. To study the effect of traffic noise level of directional movement of traffic and variation in noise level during day and night times. The range of Noise level observed at intersections is between 60 to 105 decibel. The noise level of stop and drive phases were minimum and almost same where go phase had maximum noise level. By comparing noise level of directional movement of traffic, it has been noticed that Vijayanagar intersection has no significant difference in their noise level and all other intersection has a significant difference in their noise level. By comparing noise level of stop, go and drive phase it has been noticed that there was a significant difference in noise level during peak hours compared to off-peak hour. By comparing noise level between Metro and Non-Metro construction activity intersections it has been noticed that there was a significant difference in noise level. By comparing noise level during day and night times, significant differences in noise level were observed at all intersections. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noise" title="noise">noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metro%20and%20non-metro%20intersections" title=" metro and non-metro intersections"> metro and non-metro intersections</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20flow%20optimization" title=" traffic flow optimization"> traffic flow optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stop-go%20and%20drive%20phase" title=" stop-go and drive phase"> stop-go and drive phase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88727/traffic-noise-study-at-intersection-in-bangalore-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88727.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">468</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12692</span> Environmental Safety and Occupational Health Risk Assessment for Rocket Static Test </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phontip%20Kanlahasuth">Phontip Kanlahasuth </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the environmental safety and occupational health risk assessment of rocket static test by assessing risk level from probability and severity and then appropriately applying the risk control measures. Before the environmental safety and occupational health measures are applied, the serious hazards level is 31%, medium level is 24% and low level is 45%. Once risk control measures are practically implemented, the serious hazard level can be diminished, medium level is 38%, low level is 45% and eliminated level is 17%. It is clearly shown that the environmental safety and occupational health measures can significantly reduce the risk level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rocket%20static%20test" title="rocket static test">rocket static test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hazard" title=" hazard"> hazard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk" title=" risk"> risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20assessment" title=" risk assessment"> risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20analysis" title=" risk analysis"> risk analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=occupational%20health" title=" occupational health"> occupational health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acceptable%20risk" title=" acceptable risk"> acceptable risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probability" title=" probability"> probability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=severity" title=" severity"> severity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20level" title=" risk level"> risk level</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4165/environmental-safety-and-occupational-health-risk-assessment-for-rocket-static-test" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4165.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">587</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12691</span> Legislating for Public Participation and Environmental Justice: Whether It Solves or Prevent Disputes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deborah%20A.%20Hollingworth">Deborah A. Hollingworth</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The key tenets associated with ‘environmental justice’, were first articulated in a global context in Principle 10 of the United Nations Declaration on Environment and Development at Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (the Rio Declaration). The elements can be conflated to require: public participation in decision-making; the provision of relevant information to those affected about environmental hazards issues; access to judicial and administrative proceeding; and the opportunity for redress where remedy where required. This paper examines the legislative and regulatory arrangements in place for the implementation these elements in a number of industrialised democracies, including Australia. Most have, over time made regulatory provision for these elements – even if they are not directly attributed Principle 10 or the notion of environmental justice. The paper proposes, that of these elements the most critical to the achievement of good environmental governance, is a legislated recognition and role of public participation. However, the paper considers that notwithstanding sound legislative and regulatory practices, environmental regulators frequently struggle, where there is a complex decision-making scenario or long-standing enmity between a community and industry to achieve effective engagement with the public. This study considers the dilemma confronted by environmental regulators to given meaningful effect to the principles enshrined in Principle 10 – that even when the legislative expression of Principle 10 is adhered to – does not prevent adverse outcomes. In particular, it considers, as a case study a prominent environmental incident in 2014 in Australia in which an open-cut coalmine located in the regional township of Morwell caught fire during bushfire season. The fire, which took 45 days to be extinguished had a significant and adverse impact on the community in question, but compounded a complex, and sometime antagonistic history between the mine and township. The case study exemplifies the complex factors that will often be present between industry, the public and regulatory bodies, and which confound the concept of environmental justice, and the elements of enshrined in the Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration. The study proposes that such tensions and complex examples will commonly be the reality of communities and regulators. However, to give practical effect to outcomes contemplated by Principle 10, the paper considers that regulators will may consider public intervention more broadly as including early interventions and formal opportunities for “conferencing” between industry, community and regulators. These initiatives help to develop a shared understanding and identification of issues. It is proposed that although important, options for “alternative dispute resolution” are not sufficiently preventative, as they come into play when a dispute has arise. Similarly “restorative justice” programs, while important once an incident or adverse environmental outcome has occurred, are post event and therefore necessarily limited. The paper considers the examples of how public participation at the outset – at the time of a proposal, before issues arise or eventuate to ensure, is demonstrably the most effective way for building commonality and an agreed methodology for working to resolve issues once they occur. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20justice" title="environmental justice">environmental justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20dispute%20resolution" title=" alternative dispute resolution"> alternative dispute resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=domestic%20environmental%20law" title=" domestic environmental law"> domestic environmental law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20environmental%20law" title=" international environmental law"> international environmental law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42937/legislating-for-public-participation-and-environmental-justice-whether-it-solves-or-prevent-disputes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42937.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12690</span> The Level of Job Satisfaction among English as a Foreign Language Instructors </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hashem%20A.%20Alsamadani">Hashem A. Alsamadani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Identifying the level of job satisfaction has many positive benefits for both the worker and employer. The purpose of the study was to examine the overall level of job satisfaction among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instructors. During the past years, multiple methods were utilized to collect data to determine the level of job satisfaction among teachers. This study was conducted using survey research method. A questionnaire was coded and analyzed using the SPSS. The findings revealed that the overall level of job satisfaction among EFL instructors is high. The study recommended improving conditions of instructors working at public universities so as to gain a high level of job satisfaction and improve outcomes of the teaching-learning process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=job%20satisfaction" title="job satisfaction">job satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EFL%20teachers" title=" EFL teachers"> EFL teachers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saudi%20Arabia" title=" Saudi Arabia"> Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instruction" title=" instruction"> instruction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45946/the-level-of-job-satisfaction-among-english-as-a-foreign-language-instructors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45946.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12689</span> The Strategy of Traditional Religious Culture Tourism: Taking Taiwan Minhsiung Infernal Lord Festival for Example</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ching-Yi%20Wang">Ching-Yi Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to explore strategies for integrate Minhsiung environments and cultural resources for Infernal Lord Festival. Minhsiung Infernal Lord Festival is one of the famous religious event in Chia-Yi County, Taiwan. This religious event and the life of local residents are inseparable. Minhsiung Infernal Lord Festival has a rich cultural ceremonies meaning and sentiment of local concern. This study apply field study, document analysis and interviews to analyze Minhsiung Township’s featured attractions and folklore events. The research results reveal the difficulties and strategies while incorporating culture elements into culture tourism. This study hopes to provide innovative techniques for the purpose of prolonging the feasibility of future development of the tradition folk culture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taiwan%20folk%20culture" title="Taiwan folk culture">Taiwan folk culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minhsiung%20Infernal%20Lord%20Festival" title=" Minhsiung Infernal Lord Festival"> Minhsiung Infernal Lord Festival</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20tourism" title=" religious tourism"> religious tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=folklore" title=" folklore"> folklore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20tourism" title=" cultural tourism"> cultural tourism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20864/the-strategy-of-traditional-religious-culture-tourism-taking-taiwan-minhsiung-infernal-lord-festival-for-example" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20864.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">340</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12688</span> A Systematic Review of Street-Level Policy Entrepreneurship Strategies in Different Political Contexts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hui%20Wang">Hui Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huan%20Zhang"> Huan Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study uses systematic review and qualitative comparative analysis methods to comprehensively inquire about the recent street-level policy entrepreneurship research, to identify the characteristics and lessons we can learn from 20 years of street-level policy entrepreneurship literature, and the relations between political contexts and street-level policy entrepreneurs’ strategies. Using data from a systematic review of street-level policy entrepreneurship literature, we identify the sub-components of different political contexts and core strategies of street-level policy entrepreneurs and estimate the configurational relations between different political settings and street-level policy entrepreneurs’ strategies. Our results show that street-level policy entrepreneurs display social acuity, define the problem, and build team strategies when policy or political streams dominate. Street-level policy entrepreneurs will use lead-by-example strategies when both policy and political streams dominate. Furthermore, street-level policy entrepreneurs will use bureaucratic strategies, even if no stream dominates in the political context. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policy%20entrepreneurs" title="policy entrepreneurs">policy entrepreneurs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=qualitative%20comparative%20analysis" title=" qualitative comparative analysis"> qualitative comparative analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=street-level%20bureaucracy" title=" street-level bureaucracy"> street-level bureaucracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systematic%20review" title=" systematic review"> systematic review</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164769/a-systematic-review-of-street-level-policy-entrepreneurship-strategies-in-different-political-contexts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164769.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12687</span> Measurement of Susceptibility Users Using Email Phishing Attack</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cindy%20Sahera">Cindy Sahera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarwono%20Sutikno"> Sarwono Sutikno</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rapid technological developments also have negative impacts, namely the increasing criminal cases based on technology or cybercrime. One technique that can be used to conduct cybercrime attacks are phishing email. The issue is whether the user is aware that email can be misused by others so that it can harm the user's own? This research was conducted to measure the susceptibility of selected targets against email abuse. The objectives of this research are measurement of targets’ susceptibility and find vulnerability in email recipient. There are three steps being taken in this research, (1) the information gathering phase, (2) the design phase, and (3) the execution phase. The first step includes the collection of the information necessary to carry out an attack on a target. The next step is to make the design of an attack against a target. The last step is to send phishing emails to the target. The levels of susceptibility are three: level 1, level 2 and level 3. Level 1 indicates a low level of targets’ susceptibility, level 2 indicates the intermediate level of targets’ susceptibility, and level 3 indicates a high level of targets’ susceptibility. The results showed that users who are on level 1 and level 2 more that level 3, which means the user is not too careless. However, it does not mean the user to be safe. There are still vulnerabilities that may occur, such as automatic location detection when opening emails and automatic downloaded malware as user clicks a link in the email. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cybercrime" title="cybercrime">cybercrime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=email%20phishing" title=" email phishing"> email phishing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=susceptibility" title=" susceptibility"> susceptibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vulnerability" title=" vulnerability"> vulnerability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66869/measurement-of-susceptibility-users-using-email-phishing-attack" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66869.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">287</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12686</span> The Factors that Effect to User Satisfaction of Information System in Bangkok Hospital</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somchai%20Buaroong">Somchai Buaroong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research attempted to study information system success in dimensions of the user satisfaction level and to find the association between the independent factors of the user experiences, user knowledge, and user attitude. The study sample was selected using simple random sampling that comprised of 190 users who had used the Bangkok HIS. The data were reported from 165 questionnaires. The results found that the user satisfaction was at a moderate level, user satisfaction on the information quality and system quality was at a moderate level, while satisfaction on service quality was at a high level. The computer knowledge of the user was at a moderate level, and the user attitude was at a positive level. The participation of the user was at a low level and the participation in decision and in evaluation was at a low level; however participation in implementation and in benefit was at a moderate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20system%20success" title="information system success">information system success</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hospital%20information%20system" title=" hospital information system"> hospital information system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=user%20attitude" title=" user attitude"> user attitude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=user%20satisfaction" title=" user satisfaction"> user satisfaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55237/the-factors-that-effect-to-user-satisfaction-of-information-system-in-bangkok-hospital" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55237.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12685</span> Solar Power Generation in a Mining Town: A Case Study for Australia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ryan%20Chalk">Ryan Chalk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20M.%20Shafiullah"> G. M. Shafiullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Climate change is a pertinent issue facing governments and societies around the world. The industrial revolution has resulted in a steady increase in the average global temperature. The mining and energy production industries have been significant contributors to this change prompting government to intervene by promoting low emission technology within these sectors. This paper initially reviews the energy problem in Australia and the mining sector with a focus on the energy requirements and production methods utilised in Western Australia (WA). Renewable energy in the form of utility-scale solar photovoltaics (PV) provides a solution to these problems by providing emission-free energy which can be used to supplement the existing natural gas turbines in operation at the proposed site. This research presents a custom renewable solution for the mining site considering the specific township network, local weather conditions, and seasonal load profiles. A summary of the required PV output is presented to supply slightly over 50% of the towns power requirements during the peak (summer) period, resulting in close to full coverage in the trench (winter) period. Dig Silent Power Factory Software has been used to simulate the characteristics of the existing infrastructure and produces results of integrating PV. Large scale PV penetration in the network introduce technical challenges, that includes; voltage deviation, increased harmonic distortion, increased available fault current and power factor. Results also show that cloud cover has a dramatic and unpredictable effect on the output of a PV system. The preliminary analyses conclude that mitigation strategies are needed to overcome voltage deviations, unacceptable levels of harmonics, excessive fault current and low power factor. Mitigation strategies are proposed to control these issues predominantly through the use of high quality, made for purpose inverters. Results show that use of inverters with harmonic filtering reduces the level of harmonic injections to an acceptable level according to Australian standards. Furthermore, the configuration of inverters to supply active and reactive power assist in mitigating low power factor problems. Use of FACTS devices; SVC and STATCOM also reduces the harmonics and improve the power factor of the network, and finally, energy storage helps to smooth the power supply. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mitigation%20strategies" title=" mitigation strategies"> mitigation strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photovoltaic%20%28PV%29" title=" photovoltaic (PV)"> photovoltaic (PV)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20quality" title=" power quality"> power quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80875/solar-power-generation-in-a-mining-town-a-case-study-for-australia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80875.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12684</span> Power Generating Embedment beneath Vehicle Traffic Asphalt Roads</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Khalil">Ahmed Khalil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The discoveries in material sciences create an impulse in renewable energy transmission. Application techniques become more accessible by applied sciences. Variety of materials, application methods, and performance analyzing techniques can convert daily life functions to energy sources. These functions not only include natural sources like sun, wind, or water but also comprise the motion of tools used by human beings. In line with this, vehicles' motion, speed and weights come to the scene as energy sources together with piezoelectric nano-generators beneath the roads. Numerous application examples are put forward with repeated average performance, versus the differentiating challenges depending on geography and project conditions. Such holistic approach provides way for feed backs on research and improvement process of nano-generators beneath asphalt roads. This paper introduces the specific application methods of piezoelectric nano-generator beneath asphalt roads of Ahmadi Township in Kuwait. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano-generator%20pavements" title="nano-generator pavements">nano-generator pavements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piezoelectric" title=" piezoelectric"> piezoelectric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title=" renewable energy"> renewable energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transducer" title=" transducer "> transducer </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122578/power-generating-embedment-beneath-vehicle-traffic-asphalt-roads" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122578.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">115</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=township%20level&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=township%20level&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=township%20level&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=township%20level&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=township%20level&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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