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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Threats and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سييرا مادري الشرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سييرا مادري الشرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Усходняя Сьера-Мадрэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усходняя Сьера-Мадрэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Източна Сиера Мадре – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Източна Сиера Мадре" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sierra Madre Oriental" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sierra Madre Oriental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental_(kabukiran_sa_Mehiko)" title="Sierra Madre Oriental (kabukiran sa Mehiko) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sierra Madre Oriental (kabukiran sa Mehiko)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sierra Madre Oriental" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sierra Madre Oriental" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sierra Madre Oriental" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sierra Madre Oriental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienta_Patrinmontaro" title="Orienta Patrinmontaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orienta Patrinmontaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_Sierra_Madre" title="Ekialdeko Sierra Madre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko Sierra Madre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سیرا مادره خاوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیرا مادره خاوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_orientale" title="Sierra Madre orientale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sierra Madre orientale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_Madre_Oriental" title="Serra Madre Oriental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Serra Madre Oriental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%8B%9C%EC%97%90%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88_%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="동시에라마드레 산맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동시에라마드레 산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A5" title="Արևելյան Սիեռա Մադրե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևելյան Սիեռա Մադրե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sierra Madre Oriental" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Orientale" title="Sierra Madre Orientale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sierra Madre Orientale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="აღმოსავლეთი სიერა-მადრე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღმოსავლეთი სიერა-მადრე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt%C5%B3_Siera_Madr%C4%97" title="Rytų Siera Madrė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rytų Siera Madrė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87" title="سييرا مادرى الشرقيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سييرا مادرى الشرقيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostelijke_Sierra_Madre" title="Oostelijke Sierra Madre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oostelijke Sierra Madre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stlige_Sierra_Madre" title="Østlige Sierra Madre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Østlige Sierra Madre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Wschodnia" title="Sierra Madre Wschodnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sierra Madre Wschodnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sierra Madre Oriental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Восточная Сьерра-Мадре – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточная Сьерра-Мадре" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sierra Madre Oriental" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sierra Madre Oriental" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Східна Сьєрра-Мадре – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Східна Сьєрра-Мадре" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%A6%AC%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="東馬德雷山脈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東馬德雷山脈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sierra_Madre_Oriental&params=25_22_N_100_33_W_type:mountain_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°22′N</span> <span class="longitude">100°33′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.367°N 100.550°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.367; -100.550</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain range in Mexico</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Sierra Madre Oriental</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerros_Sierra_Madre_Oriental.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cerros_Sierra_Madre_Oriental.jpg/272px-Cerros_Sierra_Madre_Oriental.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cerros_Sierra_Madre_Oriental.jpg/408px-Cerros_Sierra_Madre_Oriental.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cerros_Sierra_Madre_Oriental.jpg/544px-Cerros_Sierra_Madre_Oriental.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Sierra Madre Oriental near <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Victoria" title="Ciudad Victoria">Ciudad Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data">Cerro San Rafael</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,700 m (12,100 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,855 m (6,086 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sierra_Madre_Oriental&params=25_22_N_100_33_W_type:mountain_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°22′N</span> <span class="longitude">100°33′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.367°N 100.550°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.367; -100.550</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Madres_of_Mexiko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sierra_Madres_of_Mexiko.jpg/272px-Sierra_Madres_of_Mexiko.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sierra_Madres_of_Mexiko.jpg/408px-Sierra_Madres_of_Mexiko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sierra_Madres_of_Mexiko.jpg/544px-Sierra_Madres_of_Mexiko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="722" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">States</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puebla_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebla (state)">Puebla</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sierra Madre Oriental</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈsjera<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmaðɾe<span class="wrap"> </span>oɾjenˈtal]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/40\/SierraMadreOrientalPronunciation.ogg\/SierraMadreOrientalPronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"SierraMadreOrientalPronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/SierraMadreOrientalPronunciation.ogg/SierraMadreOrientalPronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:SierraMadreOrientalPronunciation.ogg" title="File:SierraMadreOrientalPronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. The Sierra Madre Oriental is part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Cordillera" title="American Cordillera">American Cordillera</a>, a chain of mountain ranges (cordillera) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Setting">Setting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Madre_Oriental&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) the Sierra Madre Oriental runs from the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> on the border between <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> south through <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, southwest <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidalgo (Mexico)">Hidalgo</a> to northern <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, where it joins with the east-west running <a href="/wiki/Eje_Volc%C3%A1nico_Transversal" class="mw-redirect" title="Eje Volcánico Transversal">Eje Volcánico Transversal</a> of central Mexico. The northernmost are the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_del_Burro" title="Sierra del Burro">Sierra del Burro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_del_Carmen" title="Sierra del Carmen">Sierra del Carmen</a> which reach the border with the United States at the Rio Grande. North of the Rio Grande, the range continues northwestward into Texas and beyond as the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Mountains" title="Davis Mountains">Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Mountains" title="Guadalupe Mountains">Guadalupe</a> Ranges. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerro_de_Chipinque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cerro_de_Chipinque.jpg/220px-Cerro_de_Chipinque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cerro_de_Chipinque.jpg/330px-Cerro_de_Chipinque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cerro_de_Chipinque.jpg/440px-Cerro_de_Chipinque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Sierra Madre Oriental in <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Garza_Garcia" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pedro Garza Garcia">San Pedro Garza Garcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuevo Leon">Nuevo Leon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plain" title="Gulf Coastal Plain">Gulf Coastal Plain</a> lies to the east of the range, between the mountains and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> coast. The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Plateau" title="Mexican Plateau">Mexican Plateau</a>, which averages 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) in elevation, lies between the Sierra Madre Oriental and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a> further west. </p><p>The climate of the Sierra Madre Oriental is drier than the <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> areas further south. The <a href="/wiki/Serranias_del_Burro" class="mw-redirect" title="Serranias del Burro">Serranias del Burro</a> in the northern range is much drier, semi-arid to arid, yet annually <a href="/wiki/Orography" title="Orography">orographically</a> induces and/or intensifies notably vigorous thunderstorm activity in April and May. This small region consistently is a particularly active area for <a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">supercells</a> with significantly severe <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>, which first form over to just leeward of the mountains then move eastward, sometimes hundreds of kilometres (miles) past the Rio Grande River into Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_madre_oriental,_en_el_estado_de_Hidalgo,_en_el_municipio_de_Molango,_M%C3%A9xico.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sierra_madre_oriental%2C_en_el_estado_de_Hidalgo%2C_en_el_municipio_de_Molango%2C_M%C3%A9xico.JPG/250px-Sierra_madre_oriental%2C_en_el_estado_de_Hidalgo%2C_en_el_municipio_de_Molango%2C_M%C3%A9xico.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sierra_madre_oriental%2C_en_el_estado_de_Hidalgo%2C_en_el_municipio_de_Molango%2C_M%C3%A9xico.JPG/375px-Sierra_madre_oriental%2C_en_el_estado_de_Hidalgo%2C_en_el_municipio_de_Molango%2C_M%C3%A9xico.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sierra_madre_oriental%2C_en_el_estado_de_Hidalgo%2C_en_el_municipio_de_Molango%2C_M%C3%A9xico.JPG/500px-Sierra_madre_oriental%2C_en_el_estado_de_Hidalgo%2C_en_el_municipio_de_Molango%2C_M%C3%A9xico.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The Sierra Madre Oriental in Hidalgo state.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Highest_major_summits">Highest major summits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Madre_Oriental&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Highest major summits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cerro_El_Potos%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerro El Potosí">Cerro El Potosí</a>, at 3,720 metres (12,200 ft) above sea level (ASL), is the highest point of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the state of <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>The Highest Major Mountain Peaks of Sierra Madre Oriental </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ranking" title="Ranking">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Summit_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit (topography)">Mountain Peak</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Political divisions of Mexico">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Range">Mountain Range</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Topographic_elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographic elevation">Elevation</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Topographic_isolation" title="Topographic isolation">Isolation</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerro_el_Potos%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerro el Potosí">Cerro el Potosí</a><sup id="cite_ref-El_Potosí_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_Potosí-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=7984">PB</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a> </td> <td>Sierra Madre Oriental </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="3720.000" style="display:none;"></span>3700 m<br />12,139 feet </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1380.000" style="display:none;"></span>1380 m<br />4,528 feet </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="00570.41" style="display:none;"></span>570 km<br />354 miles </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerro_San_Rafael" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerro San Rafael">Cerro San Rafael</a><sup id="cite_ref-San_Rafael_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-San_Rafael-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=7981">PB</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/23px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/35px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/46px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> </td> <td>Sierra Madre Oriental </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="3715.000" style="display:none;"></span>3700 m<br />12,139 feet </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1855.000" style="display:none;"></span>1855 m<br />6,086 feet </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="00627.58" style="display:none;"></span>628 km<br />390 miles </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_de_la_Marta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sierra de la Marta (page does not exist)">Sierra de la Marta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=7983">PB</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/23px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/35px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/46px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a> </td> <td>Sierra Madre Oriental </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="3700.000" style="display:none;"></span>3700 m<br />12,139 feet </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0000.000" style="display:none;"></span>NA </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="00607.30" style="display:none;"></span>607 km<br />377 miles </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Madre_Oriental&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This long range of tall mountains is noted for its abundant <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and large number of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species of plants and wildlife, from the dry north to the wetter south. The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental_pine-oak_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests">Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests</a> are found at high elevations in the range (1,000–3,500 m or 3,300–11,500 ft above sea level).<sup id="cite_ref-WWFPOF_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFPOF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the east, the <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipan_matorral" title="Tamaulipan matorral">Tamaulipan matorral</a> occupies the range's lower slopes in Nuevo León and northern Tamaulipas, while the <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_moist_forests" title="Veracruz moist forests">Veracruz moist forests</a> cover the lower slopes of the central range, and the eastern slopes at the southern end of the range are home to the <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_montane_forests" title="Veracruz montane forests">Veracruz montane forests</a>. West of the range, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Plateau" title="Mexican Plateau">Mexican Plateau</a> is home to <a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">deserts and xeric shrublands</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan Desert</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Meseta_Central_matorral" title="Meseta Central matorral">Meseta Central matorral</a> on the central part of the plateau, and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Mexican_matorral" title="Central Mexican matorral">Central Mexican matorral</a> on the southern plateau. </p><p>Much of the wildlife can also be found in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a>, which runs parallel to these mountains along western Mexico. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Cielo_Biosphere_Reserve,_Municipality_of_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas,_Tamaulipas,_Mexico_(16_April_2001).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Road into the cloud forest of El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, Municipality of Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, Mexico (16 April 2001)"><img alt="Road into the cloud forest of El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, Municipality of Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, Mexico (16 April 2001)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/El_Cielo_Biosphere_Reserve%2C_Municipality_of_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2816_April_2001%29.jpg/360px-El_Cielo_Biosphere_Reserve%2C_Municipality_of_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2816_April_2001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/El_Cielo_Biosphere_Reserve%2C_Municipality_of_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2816_April_2001%29.jpg/540px-El_Cielo_Biosphere_Reserve%2C_Municipality_of_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2816_April_2001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/El_Cielo_Biosphere_Reserve%2C_Municipality_of_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2816_April_2001%29.jpg/720px-El_Cielo_Biosphere_Reserve%2C_Municipality_of_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2816_April_2001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Road into the cloud forest of El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, Municipality of Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, Mexico (16 April 2001)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 243.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 241.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Madre_Oriental,_Municipality_of_Miquihuana,_Tamaulipas,_Mexico_(10_August_2003).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gravel road through the arid interior slopes of the Sierra Madre Oriental, Municipality of Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, Mexico (10 August 2003)"><img alt="Gravel road through the arid interior slopes of the Sierra Madre Oriental, Municipality of Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, Mexico (10 August 2003)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sierra_Madre_Oriental%2C_Municipality_of_Miquihuana%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2810_August_2003%29.jpg/362px-Sierra_Madre_Oriental%2C_Municipality_of_Miquihuana%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2810_August_2003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sierra_Madre_Oriental%2C_Municipality_of_Miquihuana%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2810_August_2003%29.jpg/543px-Sierra_Madre_Oriental%2C_Municipality_of_Miquihuana%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2810_August_2003%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sierra_Madre_Oriental%2C_Municipality_of_Miquihuana%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2810_August_2003%29.jpg/724px-Sierra_Madre_Oriental%2C_Municipality_of_Miquihuana%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2810_August_2003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gravel road through the arid interior slopes of the Sierra Madre Oriental, Municipality of Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, Mexico (10 August 2003)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Pe%C3%B1a_Navada,_Municipality_of_Miquihuana,_Tamaulipas,_Mexico_(10_August_2003).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Looking down on the Marcela valley from Sierra Peña Navada, Municipality of Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, Mexico (10 August 2003)"><img alt="Looking down on the Marcela valley from Sierra Peña Navada, Municipality of Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, Mexico (10 August 2003)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sierra_Pe%C3%B1a_Navada%2C_Municipality_of_Miquihuana%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2810_August_2003%29.jpg/360px-Sierra_Pe%C3%B1a_Navada%2C_Municipality_of_Miquihuana%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2810_August_2003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sierra_Pe%C3%B1a_Navada%2C_Municipality_of_Miquihuana%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2810_August_2003%29.jpg/540px-Sierra_Pe%C3%B1a_Navada%2C_Municipality_of_Miquihuana%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2810_August_2003%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sierra_Pe%C3%B1a_Navada%2C_Municipality_of_Miquihuana%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2810_August_2003%29.jpg/720px-Sierra_Pe%C3%B1a_Navada%2C_Municipality_of_Miquihuana%2C_Tamaulipas%2C_Mexico_%2810_August_2003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Looking down on the Marcela valley from Sierra Peña Navada, Municipality of Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, Mexico (10 August 2003)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Madre_Oriental&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pine-oak forests are dominated by several species of <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_nelsonii" title="Pinus nelsonii">Pinus nelsonii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Pinyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Pinyon">P. cembroides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_pseudostrobus" title="Pinus pseudostrobus">P. pseudostrobus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Pine">P. arizonica</a></i>, and oak, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_castanea" title="Quercus castanea">Quercus castanea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_affinis" title="Quercus affinis">Q. affinis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFPOF_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFPOF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matorral is characterized by woody shrubs, small trees, <a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">cacti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">succulents</a>. Montane chaparral is found above 1,700 m (5,600 ft) and is home to species in the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus">Quercus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arbutus" title="Arbutus">Arbutus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">Yucca</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cercocarpus" title="Cercocarpus">Cercocarpus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia" title="Bauhinia">Bauhinia</a></i>. Piedmont scrub occurs below 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and is composed of plants 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16.4 ft) in height such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helietta_parvifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helietta parvifolia (page does not exist)">Helietta parvifolia</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopringlea_integrifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopringlea integrifolia (page does not exist)">Neopringlea integrifolia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i> spp.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFTM_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFTM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canopy of moist forests is dominated by trees up to 30 m (98 ft) in height, including <i><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Brosimum alicastrum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Manilkara_zapota" title="Manilkara zapota">Manilkara zapota</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtis_monoica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celtis monoica (page does not exist)">Celtis monoica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bursera_simaruba" title="Bursera simaruba">Bursera simaruba</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendropanax_arboreus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dendropanax arboreus (page does not exist)">Dendropanax arboreus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sideroxylon_capiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sideroxylon capiri (page does not exist)">Sideroxylon capiri</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFVMF_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFVMF-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Madre_Oriental&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="List of birds of the Sierra Madre Oriental">List of birds of the Sierra Madre Oriental</a></div> <p>Birds of the forest include the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_chickadee" title="Mexican chickadee">Mexican chickadee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montezuma_quail" title="Montezuma quail">Montezuma quail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strickland%27s_woodpecker" title="Strickland's woodpecker">Strickland's woodpecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zone-tailed_hawk" title="Zone-tailed hawk">zone-tailed hawk</a> and several species of <a href="/wiki/Jay" title="Jay">jay</a>. </p><p>Pine-oak forests in Coahuila are part of the migration route of monarch butterflies (<i><a href="/wiki/Monarch_(butterfly)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch (butterfly)">Danaus plexippus</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-WWFPOF_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFPOF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats_and_conservation">Threats and conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Madre_Oriental&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Threats and conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Original habitats have been severely reduced by clearance for <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> over hundreds of years. Protected areas include the <a href="/wiki/Cumbres_de_Monterrey_National_Park" title="Cumbres de Monterrey National Park">Cumbres de Monterrey National Park</a> in Mexico and the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park" title="Big Bend National Park">Big Bend National Park</a> in Texas. The <a href="/wiki/El_Cielo_Biosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="El Cielo Biosphere">El Cielo Biosphere</a> in Tamaulipas preserves the northernmost tropical <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_moist_forests" title="Veracruz moist forests">Veracruz moist forests</a> in Mexico and extensive temperate <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forests">cloud forests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Madre_Oriental&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain peaks of Mexico">Mountain peaks of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Madre_Oriental&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2006" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Edwards_(meteorologist)" title="Roger Edwards (meteorologist)">Edwards, Roger</a> (8 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ams.confex.com/ams/23SLS/techprogram/paper_114980.htm">"Supercells of The Serranias Del Burro (Mexico)"</a>. <i>23rd Conference on Severe Local Storms</i>. St. Louis, MO: American Meteorological Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Supercells+of+The+Serranias+Del+Burro+%28Mexico%29&rft.btitle=23rd+Conference+on+Severe+Local+Storms&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2006-11-08&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fams.confex.com%2Fams%2F23SLS%2Ftechprogram%2Fpaper_114980.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Madre+Oriental" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2008" class="citation conference cs1">Weiss, Joshua D. (30 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ams.confex.com/ams/24SLS/techprogram/paper_141558.htm">"Supercells of The Serranias Del Burro (Mexico)"</a>. <i>24th Conference on Severe Local Storms</i>. Savanna, GA: American Meteorological Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Supercells+of+The+Serranias+Del+Burro+%28Mexico%29&rft.btitle=24th+Conference+on+Severe+Local+Storms&rft.place=Savanna%2C+GA&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fams.confex.com%2Fams%2F24SLS%2Ftechprogram%2Fpaper_141558.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Madre+Oriental" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=7984">"Cerro El Potosí - Peakbagger.com"</a>. <i>peakbagger.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=peakbagger.com&rft.atitle=Cerro+El+Potos%C3%AD+-+Peakbagger.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D7984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Madre+Oriental" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=172">"Sierra Madre Oriental"</a>. <i>peakbagger.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=peakbagger.com&rft.atitle=Sierra+Madre+Oriental&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Frange.aspx%3Frid%3D172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Madre+Oriental" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-El_Potosí-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-El_Potosí_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The summit of <a href="/wiki/Cerro_El_Potos%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerro El Potosí">Cerro El Potosí</a> is the highest point of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the state of <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-San_Rafael-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-San_Rafael_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The summit of <a href="/wiki/Cerro_San_Rafael" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerro San Rafael">Cerro San Rafael</a> is the highest point of the state of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWFPOF-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WWFPOF_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFPOF_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFPOF_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0303">"Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Sierra+Madre+Oriental+pine-oak+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fna0303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Madre+Oriental" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWFTM-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WWFTM_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na1311">"Tamaulipan matorral"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Tamaulipan+matorral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fna1311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Madre+Oriental" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWFVMF-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WWFVMF_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0176">"Veracruz moist forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Veracruz+moist+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fnt0176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Madre+Oriental" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gomez Farias Region and El Cielo Biosphere Reserve", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150305003818/http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/ma/ma9.htm">"CPD: Middle America, Site MA9, Gómez Farías Region and el Cielo Biosphere Reserve"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/ma/ma9.htm">the original</a> on 2015-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CPD%3A+Middle+America%2C+Site+MA9%2C+G%C3%B3mez+Far%C3%ADas+Region+and+el+Cielo+Biosphere+Reserve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botany.si.edu%2Fprojects%2Fcpd%2Fma%2Fma9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Madre+Oriental" class="Z3988"></span>, accessed 18 Dec 2014</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Madre_Oriental&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sierra_Madre_Oriental" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sierra Madre Oriental">Sierra Madre Oriental</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0303">"Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. 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geography">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Glossary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geography" title="History of geography">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles" title="Index of geography articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_geography" title="Cognitive geography">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_geographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal geographies">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_geographies" title="Children's geographies">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_geography" title="Agricultural geography">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_geography" title="Cyber geography">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_geography" title="Development geography">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_finance" title="Geography of finance">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_economic_geography" title="Historical economic geography">Histo-economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_geography" title="Labor geography">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomarketing" title="Geomarketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_geography" title="Retail geography">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_economic_geography" title="Theoretical economic geography">Theoretical economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_geography" title="Vernacular geography">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_geography" title="Moral geography">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_geography" title="Emotional geography">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neogeography" title="Neogeography">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_space" title="Sexuality and space">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_geography" title="Religion and geography">Religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_food" title="Geography of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_geography" title="Health geography">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_geographies" title="Imagined geographies">Imagined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_geography" title="Internet geography">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geopolitics" title="Critical geopolitics">Critical geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_geography" title="Electoral geography">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_geography" title="Strategic geography">Strategic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_geography" title="Military geography">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_geography" title="Population geography">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_geography" title="Settlement geography">Settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_geography" title="Regional geography">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_geography" title="Social geography">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_geography" title="Tropical geography">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogeography" title="Zoogeography">Zoogeography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pedology" title="Pedology">Pedology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edaphology" title="Edaphology">Edaphology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_science" title="Quaternary science">Quaternary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_science" title="Geographic information science">Geographic information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_geography" title="Statistical geography">Statistical geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">Integrated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography#Tasks_and_tools_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Techniques and tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_geography" title="Quantitative geography">Quantitative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_mapping" title="Web mapping">Web mapping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_GIS" title="Distributed GIS">Distributed GIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_GIS" title="Internet GIS">Internet GIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_GIS" title="Web GIS">Web GIS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_modelling" title="Geologic modelling">Geologic modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomathematics" title="Geomathematics">Geomathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_algebra" title="Map algebra">Map algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">Photogrammetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">Statistical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_change_modeling" title="Land change modeling">Land change modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_geography" title="Qualitative geography">Qualitative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopoetics" title="Geopoetics">Geopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview (research)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey (human research)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_data_and_information_organizations" title="Category:Geographic data and information organizations">Geographic data and information organizations</a></li> <li><a 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