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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Taxonomy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Taxonomy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Families </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legless_lizards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legless_lizards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Legless lizards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legless_lizards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Fossils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_basis_of_snake_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_basis_of_snake_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Genetic basis of snake evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_basis_of_snake_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Biology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Perception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Skin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Molting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Molting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeleton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeleton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Skeleton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeleton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Internal organs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Venom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Reproduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facultative_parthenogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facultative_parthenogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Facultative parthenogenesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facultative_parthenogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embryonic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embryonic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Embryonic development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embryonic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior_and_life_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior_and_life_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Behavior and life history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior_and_life_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Behavior and life history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior_and_life_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Winter_dormancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_dormancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Winter dormancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_dormancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding_and_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding_and_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Feeding and diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding_and_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hooding_and_spitting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hooding_and_spitting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Hooding and spitting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hooding_and_spitting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Locomotion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lateral_undulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lateral_undulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Lateral undulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lateral_undulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sidewinding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sidewinding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Sidewinding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sidewinding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concertina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concertina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Concertina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concertina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arboreal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arboreal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Arboreal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arboreal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rectilinear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rectilinear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.5 Rectilinear </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rectilinear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Interactions with humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interactions with humans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Bite </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snake_charmers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snake_charmers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Snake charmers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snake_charmers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Trapping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Pets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Symbolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Snake</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 192 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-192" aria-hidden="true" > 192 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang" title="Slang – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slang" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlangen" title="Schlangen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schlangen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A5" title="እባብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እባብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="सर्प – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सर्प" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaca" title="Snaca – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Snaca" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ثعبان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثعبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܚܘܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܘܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B1%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Օձեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օձեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="সাপ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাপ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culiebra" title="Culiebra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Culiebra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinepikw" title="Kinepikw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Kinepikw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%B3i" title="Mbói – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbói" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiru" title="Asiru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Asiru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lanlar" title="İlanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İlanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ایلانلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایلانلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelipi" title="Lelipi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lelipi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="সাপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadung" title="Tadung – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tadung" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%C3%A2" title="Choâ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Choâ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Йыландар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йыландар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Змеі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Змеі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Зьмеі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зьмеі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halas" title="Halas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Halas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Змии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Змии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སྦྲུལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྦྲུལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmija" title="Zmija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zmija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naer" title="Naer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Naer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Могой – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Могой" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serps" title="Serps – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Serps" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Çĕленсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕленсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitin" title="Bitin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bitin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadi" title="Hadi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hadi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyoka" title="Nyoka – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nyoka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njoka" title="Njoka – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Njoka" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neidr" title="Neidr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Neidr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanger" title="Slanger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slanger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearpma%C5%A1at" title="Gearpmašat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Gearpmašat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlangen" title="Schlangen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlangen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82%CA%BCiish" title="Tłʼiish – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tłʼiish" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="स्याप – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="स्याप" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maolised" title="Maolised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maolised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9" title="Φίδι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φίδι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentoj" title="Serpentoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Serpentoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suge" title="Suge – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suge" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A3" title="Dã – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dã" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saamp" title="Saamp – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Saamp" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slangur" title="Slangur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Slangur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slangen" title="Slangen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slangen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathair" title="Nathair – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nathair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathair" title="Nathair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nathair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobras" title="Cobras – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cobras" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A4%D9%85" title="میلؤم – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="میلؤم" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA" title="સાપ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સાપ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0-k%C3%B4" title="Sà-kô – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sà-kô" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B1%80" title="뱀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뱀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciji" title="Maciji – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Maciji" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B1%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Օձեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օձեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AA" title="साँप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साँप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmije" title="Zmije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zmije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulidu" title="Tulidu – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Tulidu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpento" title="Serpento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Serpento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uleg" title="Uleg – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Uleg" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular" title="Ular – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ular" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADvore" title="Vívore – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vívore" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%82%E1%92%A5%E1%95%86%E1%90%8A%E1%96%85" title="ᓂᒥᕆᐊᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓂᒥᕆᐊᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimi%C4%A1iaq_(paam%C4%A1uaq)" title="Nimiġiaq (paamġuaq) – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nimiġiaq (paamġuaq)" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Калм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Калм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyoka" title="Inyoka – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Inyoka" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%B6ngur" title="Slöngur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Slöngur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נחשים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נחשים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula" title="Ula – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ula" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%89%CA%8Am" title="Ɖʊm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɖʊm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%81" title="ಹಾವು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾವು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubingan" title="Ubingan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ubingan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გველები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გველები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%8F%D9%BE%DA%BE" title="سَرُپھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَرُپھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жыландар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жыландар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarf" title="Sarf – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sarf" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyoka" title="Nyoka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyoka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koul%C3%A8v" title="Koulèv – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Koulèv" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Жылан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жылан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%B9%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%B9" title="Кӹшкӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кӹшкӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%B9" title="ງູ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ງູ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C5%ABskas" title="Čūskas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čūskas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlaangen" title="Schlaangen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schlaangen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyvat%C4%97s" title="Gyvatės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvatės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slange" title="Slange – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Slange" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%B3ka" title="Nyóka – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyóka" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpente" title="Serpente – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Serpente" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADgy%C3%B3k" title="Kígyók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kígyók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AA" title="साँप – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="साँप" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Змија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Змија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibilava" title="Bibilava – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bibilava" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="പാമ്പ്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാമ്പ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serp" title="Serp – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Serp" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="साप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تعبان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تعبان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1" title="مر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular" title="Ular – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ular" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯂꯤꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯤꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8" title="Siè – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siè" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Могой – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Могой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1" title="မြွေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြွေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatl" title="Coatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Coatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gata" title="Gata – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Gata" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slangen" title="Slangen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slangen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="सर्प – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सर्प" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="तहा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तहा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%93" title="ヘビ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘビ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8rpa" title="Sèrpa – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sèrpa" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лаьхьарчий – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лаьхьарчий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaanger" title="Slaanger – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Slaanger" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanger" title="Slanger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slanger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormar" title="Ormar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ormar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchilieuvre" title="Tchilieuvre – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tchilieuvre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA" title="ସାପ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାପ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilonlar" title="Ilonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ilonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA" title="ਸੱਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੱਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE" title="سپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slangen" title="Slangen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Slangen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99%C5%BCe" title="Węże – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węże" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpente" title="Serpente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serpente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98arpe" title="Șarpe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șarpe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%27aqway" title="Mach'aqway – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mach'aqway" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%97" title="Змыї – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Змыї" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Змеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Змеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%95%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Моҕойдор – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Моҕойдор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bau" title="bau – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bau" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83" title="सर्पः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सर्पः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7" title="ᱵᱤᱧ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱤᱧ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake" title="Snake – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Snake" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyu" title="Quyu – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Quyu" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noga" title="Noga – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Noga" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjarpri" title="Gjarpri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjarpri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scursuni" title="Scursuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scursuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D" title="සර්පයෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සර්පයෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake" title="Snake – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Snake" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="نانگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نانگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hady" title="Hady – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hady" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%8De" title="Kače – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kače" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlangi" title="Szlangi – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szlangi" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas" title="Mas – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mas" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Змије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Змије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmija" title="Zmija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zmija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oray" title="Oray – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Oray" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%A4rmeet" title="Käärmeet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käärmeet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormar" title="Ormar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ormar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahas" title="Ahas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ahas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பாம்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாம்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azrem" title="Azrem – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azrem" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Еланнар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Еланнар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/mqu" title="mqu – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="mqu" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="పాము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B9" title="งู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="งู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%27%C5%A1enov%C3%B4tse" title="Še'šenovôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Še'šenovôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1lan" title="Yılan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yılan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwak" title="Zwak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zwak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Кый – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кый" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%97" title="Змії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Змії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BE" title="سانپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سانپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwz" title="Ngwz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ngwz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCd" title="Küd – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Küd" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BA%AFn" title="Rắn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rắn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siug" title="Siug – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Siug" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpint" title="Sierpint – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sierpint" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%87" title="蛇 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蛇" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halas" title="Halas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Halas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%87" title="蛇 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蛇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="שלאנג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שלאנג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%B2" title="Ejò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ejò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%87" title="蛇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蛇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ABvat%C4%97" title="Gīvatė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gīvatė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%87" title="蛇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蛇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula" title="Ula – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ula" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular" title="Ular – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ular" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulay" title="Ulay – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Ulay" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%A7%E1%A5%B0" title="ᥒᥧᥰ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥒᥧᥰ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94" title="ⵉⴼⵉⵖⵔ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⴼⵉⵖⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2102#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Snake" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9F%90%8D&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="🐍">🐍</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Limbless, scaly, elongate reptile</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the reptile. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Snake_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Snake (disambiguation)">Snake (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: uncited text, undue weight and bad structure. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Snake" title="Special:EditPage/Snake">improve this article</a> if you can. (June 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Snake <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a>,<a href="#cite_note-snake_origin_ecology-1">[1]</a> 94–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:182.09230769231px; width:37.907692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:188.18461538462px; width:31.815384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:189.18461538462px; width:29.815384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:268px;max-width:268px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Corallus_caninus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Corallus_caninus.JPG/130px-Corallus_caninus.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Corallus_caninus.JPG/195px-Corallus_caninus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Corallus_caninus.JPG/260px-Corallus_caninus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Corallus_caninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Corallus caninus">Corallus caninus</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg/130px-Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg/195px-Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg/260px-Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2100" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_cerastes" title="Crotalus cerastes">Crotalus cerastes</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Cobra,_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Indian_Cobra%2C_crop.jpg/105px-Indian_Cobra%2C_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Indian_Cobra%2C_crop.jpg/158px-Indian_Cobra%2C_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Indian_Cobra%2C_crop.jpg/210px-Indian_Cobra%2C_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2224" data-file-height="2184" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Naja_naja" class="mw-redirect" title="Naja naja">Naja naja</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptotyphlops_distanti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Leptotyphlops_distanti.jpg/154px-Leptotyphlops_distanti.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Leptotyphlops_distanti.jpg/231px-Leptotyphlops_distanti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Leptotyphlops_distanti.jpg/308px-Leptotyphlops_distanti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Leptotyphlops_distanti" title="Leptotyphlops distanti">Leptotyphlops distanti</a></div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Serpentes" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ophidia" title="Ophidia">Ophidia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serpentes</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Infraorders </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul class="taxonlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Alethinophidia" title="Alethinophidia">Alethinophidia</a> Nopcsa, 1923 </li><li><a href="/wiki/Scolecophidia" title="Scolecophidia">Scolecophidia</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Cope</a>, 1864 </li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:World_distribution_of_snakes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/World_distribution_of_snakes.svg/220px-World_distribution_of_snakes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/World_distribution_of_snakes.svg/330px-World_distribution_of_snakes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/World_distribution_of_snakes.svg/440px-World_distribution_of_snakes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Approximate world distribution of snakes, all species </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Snakes are elongated, <a href="/wiki/Limbless_vertebrate" title="Limbless vertebrate">limbless</a> <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Suborder" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborder">suborder</a> Serpentes (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sɜːrˈpɛntiːz/</a>).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Like all other <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamates</a>, snakes are <a href="/wiki/Ectothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectothermic">ectothermic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniote</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> covered in overlapping <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scales</a>. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizard</a> ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads (<a href="/wiki/Cranial_kinesis" title="Cranial kinesis">cranial kinesis</a>). To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a>. Some species retain a <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_girdle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic girdle">pelvic girdle</a> with a pair of <a href="/wiki/Vestigial" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial">vestigial</a> claws on either side of the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>. Lizards have independently evolved elongate bodies without limbs or with greatly reduced limbs at least twenty-five times via <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>, leading to many lineages of <a href="/wiki/Legless_lizard" title="Legless lizard">legless lizards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> These resemble snakes, but several common groups of legless lizards have eyelids and external ears, which snakes lack, although this rule is not universal (see <a href="/wiki/Amphisbaenia" title="Amphisbaenia">Amphisbaenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dibamidae" title="Dibamidae">Dibamidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pygopodidae" title="Pygopodidae">Pygopodidae</a>). Living snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica, and on most smaller land masses; exceptions include some large islands, such as Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, and the islands of New Zealand, as well as many small islands of the Atlantic and central Pacific oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Bauchot-4">[4]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Sea_snake" title="Sea snake">sea snakes</a> are widespread throughout the Indian and Pacific oceans. Around thirty <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a> are currently recognized, comprising about 520 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> and about 3,900 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NRDB-Cs-5">[5]</a> They range in size from the tiny, 10.4 cm-long (4.1 in) <a href="/wiki/Barbados_threadsnake" title="Barbados threadsnake">Barbados threadsnake</a><a href="#cite_note-zootaxa-6">[6]</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Reticulated_python" title="Reticulated python">reticulated python</a> of 6.95 meters (22.8 ft) in length.<a href="#cite_note-SunBear-7">[7]</a> The fossil species <a href="/wiki/Titanoboa" title="Titanoboa">Titanoboa cerrejonensis</a> was 12.8 meters (42 ft) long.<a href="#cite_note-head-8">[8]</a> Snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards, perhaps during the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period, with the earliest known fossils dating to between 143 and 167 <a href="/wiki/Mega-annum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega-annum">Ma</a> ago.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The diversity of modern snakes appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> epoch (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 66 to 56 Ma ago, after the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a>). The oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Papyrus" title="Brooklyn Papyrus">Brooklyn Papyrus</a>. Most species of snake are nonvenomous and <a href="/wiki/Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">those that have venom</a> use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defense. Some possess venom that is potent enough to cause painful injury or death to humans. Nonvenomous snakes either swallow prey alive or kill by <a href="/wiki/Constriction" title="Constriction">constriction</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The English word snake comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> snaca, itself from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *snak-an- (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> Schnake 'ring snake', Swedish snok 'grass snake'), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *(s)nēg-o- 'to crawl to creep', which also gave sneak as well as <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> nāgá 'snake'.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The word ousted <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adder" class="extiw" title="wikt:adder">adder</a>, as adder went on to narrow in meaning, though in Old English næddre was the general word for snake.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The other term, serpent, is from French, ultimately from Indo-European *serp- 'to creep',<a href="#cite_note-serpent-13">[13]</a> which also gave <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> ἕρπω (hérpō) 'I crawl' and Sanskrit sarpá ‘snake’.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_snake_genera" class="mw-redirect" title="List of snake genera">List of snake genera</a></div> All modern snakes are grouped within the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">suborder</a> Serpentes in <a href="/wiki/Linnean_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnean taxonomy">Linnean taxonomy</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a>, though their precise placement within squamates remains controversial.<a href="#cite_note-ITIS-15">[15]</a> The two <a href="/wiki/Infraorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraorder">infraorders</a> of Serpentes are <a href="/wiki/Alethinophidia" title="Alethinophidia">Alethinophidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scolecophidia" title="Scolecophidia">Scolecophidia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ITIS-15">[15]</a> This separation is based on <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">morphological</a> characteristics and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> sequence similarity. Alethinophidia is sometimes split into <a href="/wiki/Henophidia" title="Henophidia">Henophidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caenophidia" title="Caenophidia">Caenophidia</a>, with the latter consisting of "colubroid" snakes (<a href="/wiki/Colubrids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colubrids">colubrids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">vipers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elapids" class="mw-redirect" title="Elapids">elapids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrophiinae" title="Hydrophiinae">hydrophiids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atractaspidinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Atractaspidinae">atractaspids</a>) and acrochordids, while the other alethinophidian families comprise Henophidia.<a href="#cite_note-Pou92-16">[16]</a> While not extant today, the <a href="/wiki/Madtsoiidae" title="Madtsoiidae">Madtsoiidae</a>, a family of giant, primitive, python-like snakes, was around until 50,000 years ago in Australia, represented by genera such as <a href="/wiki/Wonambi" title="Wonambi">Wonambi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vasuki-17">[17]</a> Recent molecular studies support the <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Clades" class="mw-redirect" title="Clades">clades</a> of modern snakes, scolecophidians, typhlopids + anomalepidids, alethinophidians, core alethinophidians, uropeltids (Cylindrophis, Anomochilus, uropeltines), macrostomatans, booids, boids, pythonids and caenophidians.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Families">Families</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="100%" style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;">Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Alethinophidia" title="Alethinophidia">Alethinophidia</a> 25 families </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;">Family<a href="#cite_note-NRDB-Cs-5">[5]</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;">Taxon author<a href="#cite_note-NRDB-Cs-5">[5]</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;">Genera<a href="#cite_note-NRDB-Cs-5">[5]</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;">Species<a href="#cite_note-NRDB-Cs-5">[5]</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;">Common name </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;">Geographic range<a href="#cite_note-McD99-19">[19]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acrochordidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrochordidae">Acrochordidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, 1831 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>Wart snakes </td> <td style="width:40%">Western India and Sri Lanka through tropical Southeast Asia to the Philippines, south through the Indonesian/Malaysian island group to Timor, east through New Guinea to the northern coast of Australia to <a href="/wiki/Mussau_Island" title="Mussau Island">Mussau Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalcanal Island">Guadalcanal Island</a> in the Solomon Islands. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aniliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniliidae">Aniliidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Hess_Stejneger" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonhard Hess Stejneger">Stejneger</a>, 1907 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>False coral snake </td> <td>Tropical South America. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anomochilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomochilidae">Anomochilidae</a> </td> <td>Cundall, Wallach, 1993 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>Dwarf pipe snakes </td> <td>West Malaysia and on the Indonesian island of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atractaspididae" title="Atractaspididae">Atractaspididae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_G%C3%BCnther" title="Albert Günther">Günther</a>, 1858 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">72 </td> <td>Burrowing asps </td> <td>Africa and the Middle East </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boidae" title="Boidae">Boidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray</a>, 1825 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">61 </td> <td>Boas </td> <td>Northern, Central and South America, the Caribbean, southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, Northern, Central and East Africa, Madagascar and <a href="/wiki/Reunion_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunion Island">Reunion Island</a>, the Arabian Peninsula, Central and southwestern Asia, India and Sri Lanka, the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a> and New Guinea through to Melanesia and Samoa. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolyeriidae" title="Bolyeriidae">Bolyeriidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hoffstetter" title="Robert Hoffstetter">Hoffstetter</a>, 1946 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>Splitjaw snakes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colubridae" title="Colubridae">Colubridae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Michael_Oppel" title="Nicolaus Michael Oppel">Oppel</a>, 1811 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">258<a href="#cite_note-NRDB-Cs-5">[5]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2055<a href="#cite_note-NRDB-Cs-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>Typical snakes </td> <td>Widespread on all continents, except Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-Spa04-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclocoridae" title="Cyclocoridae">Cyclocoridae</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_L.Weinell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey L.Weinell (page does not exist)">Weinell</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafe_M.Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafe M.Brown (page does not exist)">Brown</a>, 2017 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>Cyclocorids </td> <td>The Philippines </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cylindrophiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylindrophiidae">Cylindrophiidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Fitzinger" title="Leopold Fitzinger">Fitzinger</a>, 1843 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td> <td>Asian pipe snakes </td> <td>Sri Lanka east through Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and the Malay Archipelago to as far east as <a href="/wiki/Aru_Islands_Regency" title="Aru Islands Regency">Aru Islands</a> off the southwestern coast of New Guinea. Also found in southern China (Fujian, Hong Kong and on Hainan Island) and in Laos. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elapidae" title="Elapidae">Elapidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Boie" title="Friedrich Boie">Boie</a>, 1827 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">55 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">389 </td> <td>Elapids </td> <td>On land, worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, except in Europe. Sea snakes occur in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-NRDB-E-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Homalopsidae" title="Homalopsidae">Homalopsidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, 1845 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">53 </td> <td>Homalopsids </td> <td>Southeastern Asia and northern Australia. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamprophiidae" title="Lamprophiidae">Lamprophiidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Fitzinger" title="Leopold Fitzinger">Fitzinger</a>, 1843 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">89 </td> <td>Lamprophiids (formerly included Atracaspididae, Psammophiidae, and several other families) </td> <td>Africa (including the Seychelles) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loxocemidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Loxocemidae">Loxocemidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Cope</a>, 1861 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>Mexican burrowing snake </td> <td>Along the Pacific versant from Mexico south to Costa Rica. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Micrelapidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrelapidae">Micrelapidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunandan_Das&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunandan Das (page does not exist)">Das</a> et al., 2023 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>Two-headed snakes </td> <td>Eastern Africa and the Levant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pareidae" title="Pareidae">Pareidae</a> </td> <td>Romer, 1956 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">20 </td> <td>Snail-eating snakes </td> <td>Southeast Asia and islands on the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and their surrounding smaller islands). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prosymnidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosymnidae">Prosymnidae</a> </td> <td>Kelly, Barker, Villet & Broadley, 2009 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16 </td> <td>Shovel-snout snakes </td> <td>Subsaharan Africa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psammodynastidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psammodynastidae">Psammodynastidae</a> </td> <td>Das et al., 2024 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>Mock vipers </td> <td>Tropical Asia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psammophiidae" title="Psammophiidae">Psammophiidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monique_Bourgeois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monique Bourgeois (page does not exist)">Bourgeois</a>, 1968 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">55 </td> <td>Psammophiids </td> <td>Africa (including Madagascar), Asia and southern Europe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pseudaspididae" title="Pseudaspididae">Pseudaspididae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Cope</a>, 1893 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>Pseudaspidids </td> <td>Mostly Subsaharan Africa; two species in Southeast Asia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pseudoxyrhophiidae" title="Pseudoxyrhophiidae">Pseudoxyrhophiidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herndon_G._Dowling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herndon G. Dowling (page does not exist)">Dowling</a>, 1975 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">22 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">89 </td> <td>Pseudoxyrhophiids </td> <td>Mostly Madagascar and the Comoros; 5 species in subsaharan Africa, 1 in Socotra </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">Pythonidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Fitzinger" title="Leopold Fitzinger">Fitzinger</a>, 1826 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">40 </td> <td>Pythons </td> <td>Subsaharan Africa, India, Myanmar, southern China, Southeast Asia and from the Philippines southeast through Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropidophiidae" title="Tropidophiidae">Tropidophiidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L.D._Brongersma" class="mw-redirect" title="L.D. Brongersma">Brongersma</a>, 1951 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">34 </td> <td>Dwarf boas </td> <td>West Indies; also Panama and northwestern South America, as well as in northwestern and southeastern Brazil. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uropeltidae" title="Uropeltidae">Uropeltidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Müller</a>, 1832 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">55 </td> <td>Shield-tailed snakes </td> <td>Southern India and Sri Lanka. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">Viperidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Michael_Oppel" title="Nicolaus Michael Oppel">Oppel</a>, 1811 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">35 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">341 </td> <td>Vipers </td> <td>The Americas, Africa, and Eurasia east to <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace's Line</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenodermidae" title="Xenodermidae">Xenodermidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Cope</a>, 1900 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18 </td> <td>Dragon and odd-scaled snakes </td> <td>Southern and southeastern Asia, and islands on the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and their surrounding smaller islands). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenopeltidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenopeltidae">Xenopeltidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, 1845 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>Sunbeam snakes </td> <td>Southeast Asia from the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicobar_Islands" title="Nicobar Islands">Nicobar Islands</a>, east through Myanmar to southern China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Malay Peninsula and the East Indies to <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, as well as the Philippines. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenophidiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophidiidae">Xenophidiidae</a> </td> <td>Wallach & Günther, 1998 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>Spine-jawed snakes </td> <td>Borneo and peninsular Malaysia. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="100%" style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;">Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Scolecophidia" title="Scolecophidia">Scolecophidia</a> 5 families </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;">Family<a href="#cite_note-NRDB-Cs-5">[5]</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;">Taxon author<a href="#cite_note-NRDB-Cs-5">[5]</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;">Genera<a href="#cite_note-NRDB-Cs-5">[5]</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;">Species<a href="#cite_note-NRDB-Cs-5">[5]</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;">Common name </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;">Geographic range<a href="#cite_note-McD99-19">[19]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anomalepidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalepidae">Anomalepidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Harrison_Taylor" title="Edward Harrison Taylor">Taylor</a>, 1939 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18 </td> <td>Primitive blind snakes </td> <td style="width:40%">From southern Central America to northwestern South America. Disjunct populations in northeastern and southeastern South America. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerrhopilidae" title="Gerrhopilidae">Gerrhopilidae</a> </td> <td style="width:15%">Vidal, Wynn, Donnellan and Hedges 2010 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18 </td> <td>Indo-Malayan blindsnakes </td> <td>Southern and southeastern Asia, including Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and New Guinea. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leptotyphlopidae" title="Leptotyphlopidae">Leptotyphlopidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Hess_Stejneger" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonhard Hess Stejneger">Stejneger</a>, 1892 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">139 </td> <td>Slender blind snakes </td> <td>Africa, western Asia from Turkey to northwestern India, on <a href="/wiki/Socotra_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Socotra Island">Socotra Island</a>, from the southwestern United States south through Mexico and Central to South America, though not in the high <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>. In Pacific South America they occur as far south as southern coastal Peru, and on the Atlantic side as far as Uruguay and Argentina. In the Caribbean they are found on the Bahamas, <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Typhlopidae" title="Typhlopidae">Typhlopidae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blasius_Merrem" title="Blasius Merrem">Merrem</a>, 1820 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">266 </td> <td>Typical blind snakes </td> <td>Most tropical and many subtropical regions around the world, particularly in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, islands in the Pacific, tropical America and in southeastern Europe. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenotyphlopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenotyphlopidae">Xenotyphlopidae</a> </td> <td>Vidal, Vences, Branch and Hedges 2010 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>Round-nosed blindsnake </td> <td>Northern Madagascar. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legless_lizards">Legless lizards</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legless_lizard" title="Legless lizard">Legless lizard</a></div> While snakes are limbless reptiles, evolved from (and grouped with) lizards, there are many other species of lizards that have lost their limbs independently but which superficially look similar to snakes. These include the <a href="/wiki/Slowworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Slowworm">slowworm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass_snake" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass snake">glass snake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amphisbaenia" title="Amphisbaenia">amphisbaenians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Southwest-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">A family level phylogenetic overview of modern snakes. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:88.888888%;line-height:100%"> <caption style="">Note: the tree only indicates relationships, not evolutionary branching times. This is not a definitive tree. It is the best that could be done as of 2024. See original paper for a discussion of difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceArticle-23">[23]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Snakes </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Scolecophidia" title="Scolecophidia">Scolecophidia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Leptotyphlopidae" title="Leptotyphlopidae">Leptotyphlopidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Gerrhopilidae" title="Gerrhopilidae">Gerrhopilidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Typhlopidae" title="Typhlopidae">Typhlopidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Xenophidiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophidiidae">Xenophidiidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Anomalepididae" title="Anomalepididae">Anomalepididae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Alethinophidia" title="Alethinophidia">Alethinophidia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Aniliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniliidae">Aniliidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Tropidophiidae" title="Tropidophiidae">Tropidophiidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Xenopeltidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenopeltidae">Xenopeltidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Loxocemidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Loxocemidae">Loxocemidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">Pythonidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Boidae" title="Boidae">Boidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bolyeridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolyeridae">Bolyeridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Xenophidiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophidiidae">Xenophidiidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Uropeltidae" title="Uropeltidae">Uropeltidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Anomochilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomochilidae">Anomochilidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Cylindrophiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylindrophiidae">Cylindrophiidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Acrochordidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrochordidae">Acrochordidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Xenodermidae" title="Xenodermidae">Xenodermidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pareidae" title="Pareidae">Pareidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">Viperidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Homalopsidae" title="Homalopsidae">Homalopsidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Colubridae" title="Colubridae">Colubridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Lamprophiidae" title="Lamprophiidae">Lamprophiidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Elapidae" title="Elapidae">Elapidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> The fossil record of snakes is relatively poor because snake <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletons</a> are typically small and fragile making <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilization</a> uncommon. Fossils readily identifiable as snakes (though often retaining hind limbs) first appear in the fossil record during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The earliest known true snake fossils (members of the crown group Serpentes) come from the marine <a href="/wiki/Simoliophiidae" title="Simoliophiidae">simoliophiids</a>, the oldest of which is the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> age) <a href="/wiki/Haasiophis_terrasanctus" class="mw-redirect" title="Haasiophis terrasanctus">Haasiophis terrasanctus</a> from the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>,<a href="#cite_note-snake_origin_ecology-1">[1]</a> dated to between 112 and 94 million years old.<a href="#cite_note-timetree-25">[25]</a> Based on genomic analysis it is certain that snakes descend from <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceArticle-23">[23]</a> This conclusion is also supported by <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">comparative anatomy</a>, and the fossil record.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a>: 11 <a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-ScienceArticle-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">Pythons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boidae" title="Boidae">boas</a>—primitive groups among modern snakes—have vestigial hind limbs: tiny, clawed digits known as <a href="/wiki/Anal_spur" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal spur">anal spurs</a>, which are used to grasp during mating.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a>: 11 <a href="#cite_note-legs-28">[28]</a> The families <a href="/wiki/Leptotyphlopidae" title="Leptotyphlopidae">Leptotyphlopidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhlopidae" title="Typhlopidae">Typhlopidae</a> also possess remnants of the pelvic girdle, appearing as horny projections when visible. Front limbs are nonexistent in all known snakes. This is caused by the evolution of their <a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">Hox genes</a>, controlling limb <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a>. The axial skeleton of the snakes' common ancestor, like most other tetrapods, had regional specializations consisting of cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral (pelvic), and caudal (tail) vertebrae. Early in snake evolution, the Hox gene expression in the axial skeleton responsible for the development of the thorax became dominant. As a result, the vertebrae anterior to the hindlimb buds (when present) all have the same thoracic-like identity (except from the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(anatomy)" title="Atlas (anatomy)">atlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axis_(anatomy)" title="Axis (anatomy)">axis</a>, and 1–3 neck vertebrae). In other words, most of a snake's skeleton is an extremely extended thorax. Ribs are found exclusively on the thoracic vertebrae. Neck, lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are very reduced in number (only 2–10 lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are present), while only a short tail remains of the caudal vertebrae. However, the tail is still long enough to be of important use in many species, and is modified in some aquatic and tree-dwelling species.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many modern snake groups originated during the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">adaptive radiation</a> of mammals following the extinction of (non-avian) <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>. The expansion of grasslands in North America also led to an explosive radiation among snakes.<a href="#cite_note-Fossil_Snakes_of_North_America-29">[29]</a> Previously, snakes were a minor component of the North American fauna, but during the Miocene, the number of species and their prevalence increased dramatically with the first appearances of <a href="/wiki/Viper" title="Viper">vipers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elapid" class="mw-redirect" title="Elapid">elapids</a> in North America and the significant diversification of <a href="/wiki/Colubridae" title="Colubridae">Colubridae</a> (including the origin of many modern genera such as <a href="/wiki/Nerodia" title="Nerodia">Nerodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lampropeltis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampropeltis">Lampropeltis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pituophis" title="Pituophis">Pituophis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pantherophis" title="Pantherophis">Pantherophis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Fossil_Snakes_of_North_America-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossils">Fossils</h3></div> There is fossil evidence to suggest that snakes may have evolved from burrowing lizards,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous Period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-31">[31]</a> An early fossil snake relative, <a href="/wiki/Najash_rionegrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Najash rionegrina">Najash rionegrina</a>, was a two-legged burrowing animal with a <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a>, and was fully <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-najash-32">[32]</a> Najash, which lived 95 million years ago, also had a skull with several features typical for lizards, but had evolved some of the mobile skull joints that define the flexible skull in most modern snakes. The species did not show any resemblances to the modern burrowing blind snakes, which have often been seen as the most primitive group of extant forms.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> One <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> analog of these putative ancestors is the earless monitor <a href="/wiki/Lanthanotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanotidae">Lanthanotus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> (though it is also <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">semiaquatic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-M2-34">[34]</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subterranean" class="extiw" title="wikt:subterranean">Subterranean</a> species evolved bodies streamlined for burrowing, and eventually lost their limbs.<a href="#cite_note-M2-34">[34]</a> According to this hypothesis, features such as the <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent</a>, fused eyelids (<a href="/wiki/Brille" title="Brille">brille</a>) and loss of external ears evolved to cope with <a href="/wiki/Fossorial" title="Fossorial">fossorial</a> difficulties, such as scratched <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">corneas</a> and dirt in the ears.<a href="#cite_note-EB-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-M2-34">[34]</a> Some primitive snakes are known to have possessed hindlimbs, but their pelvic bones lacked a direct connection to the vertebrae. These include fossil species like <a href="/wiki/Haasiophis" title="Haasiophis">Haasiophis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pachyrhachis" title="Pachyrhachis">Pachyrhachis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eupodophis" title="Eupodophis">Eupodophis</a>, which are slightly older than <a href="/wiki/Najash" title="Najash">Najash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-legs-28">[28]</a> This hypothesis was strengthened in 2015 by the discovery of a 113-million-year-old fossil of a four-legged snake in Brazil that has been named <a href="/wiki/Tetrapodophis" title="Tetrapodophis">Tetrapodophis amplectus</a>. It has many snake-like features, is adapted for burrowing and its stomach indicates that it was preying on other animals.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> It is currently uncertain if Tetrapodophis is a snake or another species, in the <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamate</a> order, as a snake-like body has independently evolved at least 26 times. Tetrapodophis does not have distinctive snake features in its spine and skull.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> A study in 2021 places the animal in a group of extinct marine lizards from the Cretaceous period known as <a href="/wiki/Dolichosaurus" title="Dolichosaurus">dolichosaurs</a> and not directly related to snakes.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> An alternative hypothesis, based on <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>, suggests the ancestors of snakes were related to <a href="/wiki/Mosasaur" title="Mosasaur">mosasaurs</a>—extinct <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic</a> reptiles from the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>—forming the clade <a href="/wiki/Pythonomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythonomorpha">Pythonomorpha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-27">[27]</a> According to this hypothesis, the fused, transparent eyelids of snakes are thought to have evolved to combat marine conditions (corneal water loss through osmosis), and the external ears were lost through disuse in an aquatic environment. This ultimately led to an animal similar to today's <a href="/wiki/Sea_snake" title="Sea snake">sea snakes</a>. In the Late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, snakes recolonized land, and continued to diversify into today's snakes. Fossilized snake remains are known from early Late Cretaceous marine sediments, which is consistent with this hypothesis; particularly so, as they are older than the terrestrial Najash rionegrina. Similar skull structure, reduced or absent limbs, and other anatomical features found in both mosasaurs and snakes lead to a positive <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistical</a> correlation, although some of these features are shared with varanids.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Genetic studies in recent years have indicated snakes are not as closely related to monitor lizards as was once believed—and therefore not to mosasaurs, the proposed ancestor in the aquatic scenario of their evolution. However, more evidence links mosasaurs to snakes than to varanids. Fragmented remains found from the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> and Early Cretaceous indicate deeper fossil records for these groups, which may potentially refute either hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrapodophis_amplectus_3483.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tetrapodophis"><img alt="Tetrapodophis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tetrapodophis_amplectus_3483.jpg/100px-Tetrapodophis_amplectus_3483.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tetrapodophis_amplectus_3483.jpg/150px-Tetrapodophis_amplectus_3483.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tetrapodophis_amplectus_3483.jpg/200px-Tetrapodophis_amplectus_3483.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2231" data-file-height="2676" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodophis" title="Tetrapodophis">Tetrapodophis</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eupodophis_at_Royal_Belgian_Institute_of_Natural_Sciences,_Brussels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eupodophis descouensi"><img alt="Eupodophis descouensi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Eupodophis_at_Royal_Belgian_Institute_of_Natural_Sciences%2C_Brussels.jpg/119px-Eupodophis_at_Royal_Belgian_Institute_of_Natural_Sciences%2C_Brussels.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Eupodophis_at_Royal_Belgian_Institute_of_Natural_Sciences%2C_Brussels.jpg/178px-Eupodophis_at_Royal_Belgian_Institute_of_Natural_Sciences%2C_Brussels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Eupodophis_at_Royal_Belgian_Institute_of_Natural_Sciences%2C_Brussels.jpg/237px-Eupodophis_at_Royal_Belgian_Institute_of_Natural_Sciences%2C_Brussels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="1410" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eupodophis_descouensi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupodophis descouensi">Eupodophis descouensi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eupodophis descouensi"><img alt="Eupodophis descouensi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype.jpg/120px-Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype.jpg/180px-Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype.jpg/240px-Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7759" data-file-height="4751" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eupodophis_descouensi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupodophis descouensi">Eupodophis descouensi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype_hind_leg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eupodophis descouensi hind leg"><img alt="Eupodophis descouensi hind leg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype_hind_leg.jpg/120px-Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype_hind_leg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype_hind_leg.jpg/180px-Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype_hind_leg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype_hind_leg.jpg/240px-Eupodophis_descouensi_Holotype_hind_leg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6863" data-file-height="4912" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eupodophis" title="Eupodophis">Eupodophis</a> descouensi hind leg</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_basis_of_snake_evolution">Genetic basis of snake evolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Limb_development" title="Limb development">Limb development</a></div> Both fossils and <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> studies demonstrate that snakes evolved from <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, hence the question became which genetic changes led to limb loss in the snake ancestor. Limb loss is actually very common in extant reptiles and has happened dozens of times within <a href="/wiki/Skink" title="Skink">skinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anguidae" title="Anguidae">anguids</a>, and other lizards.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 2016, two studies reported that limb loss in snakes is associated with DNA mutations in the Zone of Polarizing Activity Regulatory Sequence (ZRS), a regulatory region of the <a href="/wiki/Sonic_hedgehog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic hedgehog">sonic hedgehog</a> gene which is critically required for limb development. More advanced snakes have no remnants of limbs, but basal snakes such as pythons and boas do have traces of highly reduced, vestigial hind limbs. Python embryos even have fully developed hind limb buds, but their later development is stopped by the DNA mutations in the ZRS.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_distribution_of_snakes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/World_distribution_of_snakes.svg/440px-World_distribution_of_snakes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/World_distribution_of_snakes.svg/660px-World_distribution_of_snakes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/World_distribution_of_snakes.svg/880px-World_distribution_of_snakes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Approximate world distribution of snakes</figcaption></figure> There are about 3,900 species of snakes,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> ranging as far northward as the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia and southward through Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-27">[27]</a> Snakes can be found on every continent except Antarctica, as well as in the sea, and as high as 16,000 feet (4,900 m) in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalayan Mountains">Himalayan Mountains</a> of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Con91-47">[47]</a>: 143  There are numerous islands from which snakes are absent, such as <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-Bauchot-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Con91-47">[47]</a> (although New Zealand's northern waters are infrequently visited by the <a href="/wiki/Pelamis_platura" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelamis platura">yellow-bellied sea snake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Laticauda_colubrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Laticauda colubrina">banded sea krait</a>).<a href="#cite_note-AucklandMuseum-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptotyphlops_carlae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Leptotyphlops_carlae.jpg/200px-Leptotyphlops_carlae.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Leptotyphlops_carlae.jpg/300px-Leptotyphlops_carlae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Leptotyphlops_carlae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>An adult Barbados threadsnake, <a href="/wiki/Leptotyphlops_carlae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptotyphlops carlae">Leptotyphlops carlae</a>, on an <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">American quarter dollar</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3></div> The now <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Titanoboa" title="Titanoboa">Titanoboa cerrejonensis</a> was 12.8 m (42 ft) in length.<a href="#cite_note-head-8">[8]</a> By comparison, the largest <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> snakes are the <a href="/wiki/Reticulated_python" title="Reticulated python">reticulated python</a>, measuring about 6.95 m (22.8 ft) long,<a href="#cite_note-SunBear-7">[7]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Green_anaconda" title="Green anaconda">green anaconda</a>, which measures about 5.21 m (17.1 ft) long and is considered the heaviest snake on Earth at 97.5 kg (215 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Riv00-49">[49]</a> At the other end of the scale, the smallest extant snake is <a href="/wiki/Barbados_threadsnake" title="Barbados threadsnake">Leptotyphlops carlae</a>, with a length of about 10.4 cm (4.1 in).<a href="#cite_note-zootaxa-6">[6]</a> Most snakes are fairly small animals, approximately 1 m (3.3 ft) in length.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perception">Perception</h3></div> Some of the most highly developed sensory systems are found in the Crotalidae, or pit vipers—the rattlesnakes and their associates. Pit vipers have all the sense organs of other snakes, as well as additional aids. Pit refers to special <a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">infrared-sensitive receptors</a> located on either side of the head, between the nostrils and the eyes. In fact the pit looks like an extra pair of nostrils. All snakes have the ability to sense warmth with touch and heat receptors like other animals ;however, the highly developed pit of the pit vipers is distinctive. Each pit is made of a pit cavity and an inner cavity, the larger one lies just behind and generally below the level of the nostril, and opens forward. Behind this larger cavity is a finer one, barely visible; the cavities are connected internally, separated only by a membrane with nerves that are extraordinarily attuned to detecting temperature changes between. As in the overlapping vision fields of human eyes, the forward-facing pit on either side of the face combined produces a field of vision: a pit viper can distinguish between objects and their environments, as well as accurately judge the distance between objects and itself. The heat sensing ability of a pit viper is so great that it can react to a difference as small as one third of a degree Fahrenheit. Other infrared-sensitive snakes have multiple, smaller labial pits lining the upper lip, just below the nostrils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992180-51">[51]</a> A snake tracks its prey using smell, collecting airborne particles with its <a href="/wiki/Forked_tongue" title="Forked tongue">forked tongue</a>, then passing them to the <a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ" title="Vomeronasal organ">vomeronasal organ</a> or Jacobson's organ in the mouth for examination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992180-51">[51]</a> The fork in the tongue provides a sort of directional sense of smell and taste simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992180-51">[51]</a> The snake's tongue is constantly in motion, sampling particles from the air, ground, and water, analyzing the chemicals found, and determining the presence of prey or predators in the local environment. In water-dwelling snakes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Anaconda" title="Anaconda">anaconda</a>, the tongue functions efficiently underwater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992180-51">[51]</a> To pick up particles in the air, the tongue is flicked out. Like a hand getting the weight of something, the fork in the tongue simultaneously provides a sort of directional sense. Snakes have a good sense of smell, but this sense is greatly enhanced in the window of a special organ, the Jacobson's organ. As the tongue is peeled back into the mouth, the forked tip is pressed into the cavities of the Jacobson's organ. Withdrawn to a point, the tongue and the Jacobson's organ work in concert for a taste-smell analysis. The organ itself gives the snake an extrasensory conduit. Quite literally, the snake gets a taste of the neighborhood, capable of slithering in rooms of information like the doors are open.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellShaw1974-52">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992180-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptyas_gab_fbi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ptyas_gab_fbi.png/220px-Ptyas_gab_fbi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ptyas_gab_fbi.png/330px-Ptyas_gab_fbi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ptyas_gab_fbi.png/440px-Ptyas_gab_fbi.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>A line diagram from <a href="/wiki/The_Fauna_of_British_India,_Including_Ceylon_and_Burma" title="The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma">The Fauna of British India</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Boulenger" title="George Albert Boulenger">G. A. Boulenger</a> (1890), illustrating the terminology of shields on the head of a snake</figcaption></figure> Up until as late as the mid 20th century it was assumed snakes could not hear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellShaw197419-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54">[54]</a> In fact snakes have two distinct and wholly independent systems. One of these systems, the somatic, involves transmission of frequencies through ventral skin receptors via the spine. The other system involves vibrations that are transmitted through the snake's attenuated lung to the brain via cranial nerve. A snake's sensitivity to vibration is extremely high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellShaw197419-53">[53]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992180-51">[51]</a> <a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54">[54]</a> In a quiet room, a snake can hear someone speaking softly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellShaw1974-52">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Snake vision varies greatly between species. Some have keen eyesight and others are only able to distinguish light from dark, but the important trend is that a snake's visual perception is adequate enough to track movements.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Generally, vision is best in tree-dwelling snakes and weakest in burrowing snakes. Some have <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a>, where both eyes are capable of focusing on the same point, an example of this being the <a href="/wiki/Ahaetulla" title="Ahaetulla">Asian vine snake</a>. Most snakes focus by moving the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lens</a> back and forth in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>. Diurnal snakes have round pupils and many nocturnal snakes have slit pupils. Most species possess three visual pigments and are probably able to see two primary colors in daylight. The <a href="/wiki/Hydrophis_cyanocinctus" title="Hydrophis cyanocinctus">annulated sea snake</a> and the genus <a href="/wiki/Helicops_(snake)" title="Helicops (snake)">Helicops</a> appears to have regained much of their color vision as an adaption to the marine environment they live in.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> It has been concluded that the last common ancestors of all snakes had <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a>-sensitive vision, but most snakes that depend on their eyesight to hunt in daylight have evolved lenses that act like sunglasses for filtering out the UV-light, which probably also sharpens their vision by improving the <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin">Skin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Snake_scale" title="Snake scale">Snake scale</a></div> The skin of a snake is covered in <a href="/wiki/Scale_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (anatomy)">scales</a>. Contrary to the popular notion of snakes being slimy (because of possible confusion of snakes with <a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worms</a>), <a href="/wiki/Snakeskin" title="Snakeskin">snakeskin</a> has a smooth, dry texture. Most snakes use specialized belly scales to travel, allowing them to grip surfaces. The body scales may be smooth, <a href="/wiki/Keeled_scales" title="Keeled scales">keeled</a>, or granular. The eyelids of a snake are transparent "spectacle" scales, also known as <a href="/wiki/Brille" title="Brille">brille</a>, which remain permanently closed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For a snake, the skin has been modified to its specialized form of locomotion. Between the inner layer and the outer layer lies the dermis, which contains all the pigments and cells that make up the snake's distinguishing pattern and color. The epidermis, or outer layer, is formed of a substance called <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, which in mammals is the same basic material that forms nails, claws, and hair. The snake's epidermis of keratin provides it with the armor it needs to protect its internal organs and reduce friction as it passes over rocks. Parts of this keratin armor are rougher than others. The less restricted portion overlaps the front of the scale beneath it. Between them lies a folded back connecting material, also of keratin, also part of the epidermis. This folded back material gives as the snake undulates or eats things bigger than the circumference of its body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellShaw1974-52">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The shedding of scales is called <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a> (or in normal usage, molting or sloughing). Snakes shed the complete outer layer of skin in one piece.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1_30-60">[60]</a> Snake scales are not discrete, but extensions of the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a>—hence they are not shed separately but as a complete outer layer during each molt, akin to a sock being turned inside out.<a href="#cite_note-RSSlimy-61">[61]</a> Snakes have a wide diversity of skin coloration patterns which are often related to behavior, such as the tendency to have to flee from predators. Snakes that are at a high risk of predation tend to be plain, or have longitudinal stripes, providing few reference points to predators, thus allowing the snake to escape without being noticed. Plain snakes usually adopt active hunting strategies, as their pattern allows them to send little information to prey about motion. Blotched snakes usually use ambush-based strategies, likely because it helps them blend into an environment with irregularly shaped objects, like sticks or rocks. Spotted patterning can similarly help snakes to blend into their environment.<a href="#cite_note-AllenBaddeley2013-62">[62]</a> The shape and number of scales on the head, back, and belly are often characteristic and used for taxonomic purposes. Scales are named mainly according to their positions on the body. In "advanced" (<a href="/wiki/Caenophidia" title="Caenophidia">Caenophidian</a>) snakes, the broad belly scales and rows of <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal scale">dorsal scales</a> correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a>, allowing these to be counted without the need for <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissection</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Molting">Molting</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG/220px-Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG/330px-Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG/440px-Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Common_watersnake" title="Common watersnake">common watersnake</a> shedding its skin</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Molting" class="mw-redirect" title="Molting">Molting</a> (or "ecdysis") serves a number of purposes - it allows old, worn skin to be replaced and can be synced to mating cycles, as with other animals. Molting occurs periodically throughout the life of a snake. Before each molt, the snake regulates its diet and seeks defensible shelter. Just before shedding, the skin becomes grey and the snake's eyes turn silvery. The inner surface of the old skin liquefies, causing it to separate from the new skin beneath it. After a few days, the eyes clear and the snake reaches out of its old skin, which splits. The snake rubs its body against rough surfaces to aid in the shedding of its old skin. In many cases, the castaway skin peels backward over the body from head to tail in one piece, like taking the dust jacket off a book, revealing a new, larger, brighter layer of skin which has formed underneath.<a href="#cite_note-RSSlimy-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-GenSnakeInfo-63">[63]</a> Renewal of the skin by molting supposedly increases the mass of some animals such as insects, but in the case of snakes this has been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-RSSlimy-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZooPax3-64">[64]</a> Shedding skin can release pheromones and revitalize color and patterns of the skin to increase attraction of mates.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Snakes may shed four of five times a year, depending on the weather conditions, food supply, age of the snake, and other factors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellShaw1974-52">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-GenSnakeInfo-63">[63]</a> It is theoretically possible to identify the snake from its cast skin if it is reasonably intact.<a href="#cite_note-RSSlimy-61">[61]</a> Mythological associations of snakes with symbols of <a href="/wiki/Healing" title="Healing">healing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, as pictured in the <a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Asclepius" title="Rod of Asclepius">Rod of Asclepius</a>, are derivative of molting.<a href="#cite_note-AIM-66">[66]</a> One can attempt to identify the sex of a snake when the species is not distinctly <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a> by counting scales. The <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a> is probed and measured against the <a href="/wiki/Subcaudal_scales" title="Subcaudal scales">subcaudal scales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld_11-67">[67]</a> Counting scales determines whether a snake is a male or female, as the <a href="/wiki/Hemipenis" title="Hemipenis">hemipenes</a> of a male being probed is usually longer.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld_11-67">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeleton">Skeleton</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Snake_skeleton" title="Snake skeleton">Snake skeleton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reticulated_python_(Python_reticulatus)_skull_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Reticulated_python_%28Python_reticulatus%29_skull_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Reticulated_python_%28Python_reticulatus%29_skull_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Reticulated_python_%28Python_reticulatus%29_skull_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Reticulated_python_%28Python_reticulatus%29_skull_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Reticulated_python_%28Python_reticulatus%29_skull_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Reticulated_python_%28Python_reticulatus%29_skull_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="2574" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_python" title="Reticulated python">Reticulated python</a> skull, showing jaw movements when swallowing</figcaption></figure> The skull of a snake differs from a lizards in several ways. Snakes have more flexible jaws, that is, instead of a juncture at the upper and lower jaw, the snake's jaws are connected by a bone hinge that is called the <a href="/wiki/Quadrate_bone" title="Quadrate bone">quadrate bone</a>. Between the two halves of the lower jaw at the chin there is an elastic ligament that allows for a separation. This allows the snake to swallow food larger in proportion to their size and go longer without it, since snakes ingest relatively more in one feeding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellShaw197411-68">[68]</a> Because the sides of the lower jaw can move independently of one another, a snake resting its jaw on a surface has stereo <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">auditory perception</a>, used for detecting the position of prey. The jaw–quadrate–<a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">stapes</a> pathway is capable of detecting vibrations on the <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstrom</a> scale, despite the absence of an outer ear and the lack of an <a href="/wiki/Impedance_matching" title="Impedance matching">impedance matching</a> mechanism—provided by the <a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">ossicles</a> in other vertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In a snake's skull the brain is well protected. As brain tissues could be damaged through the palate, this protection is especially valuable. The solid and complete <a href="/wiki/Neurocranium" title="Neurocranium">neurocranium</a> of snakes is closed at the front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellShaw1974-52">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snake_Skeletons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Snake_Skeletons.jpg/220px-Snake_Skeletons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Snake_Skeletons.jpg/330px-Snake_Skeletons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Snake_Skeletons.jpg/440px-Snake_Skeletons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The skeletons of snakes are radically different from those of most other reptiles (as compared with the <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtle</a> here, for example), consisting almost entirely of an extended ribcage.</figcaption></figure> The skeleton of most snakes consists solely of the skull, <a href="/wiki/Hyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoid">hyoid</a>, vertebral column, and ribs, though <a href="/wiki/Henophidia" title="Henophidia">henophidian</a> snakes retain vestiges of the pelvis and rear limbs. The hyoid is a small bone located posterior and ventral to the skull, in the 'neck' region, which serves as an attachment for the muscles of the snake's tongue, as it does in all other <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>. The vertebral column consists of between 200 and 400 vertebrae, or sometimes more. The body vertebrae each have two ribs articulating with them. The tail vertebrae are comparatively few in number (often less than 20% of the total) and lack ribs. The vertebrae have projections that allow for strong muscle attachment, enabling locomotion without limbs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Caudal <a href="/wiki/Autotomy" title="Autotomy">autotomy</a> (self-amputation of the tail), a feature found in some lizards, is absent in most snakes.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In the rare cases where it does exist in snakes, caudal autotomy is intervertebral (meaning the separation of adjacent vertebrae), unlike that in lizards, which is intravertebral, i.e. the break happens along a predefined fracture plane present on a vertebra.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In some snakes, most notably boas and pythons, there are vestiges of the hindlimbs in the form of a pair of <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_spur" title="Pelvic spur">pelvic spurs</a>. These small, claw-like protrusions on each side of the cloaca are the external portion of the vestigial hindlimb skeleton, which includes the remains of an ilium and femur.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Snakes are <a href="/wiki/Polyphyodont" title="Polyphyodont">polyphyodonts</a> with teeth that are continuously replaced.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_organs">Internal organs</h3></div> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Snake-anatomy.svg/200px-Snake-anatomy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Snake-anatomy.svg/300px-Snake-anatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Snake-anatomy.svg/400px-Snake-anatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="590" usemap="#ImageMap_84a5c93450f7671a" resource="/wiki/File:Snake-anatomy.svg" /><map name="ImageMap_84a5c93450f7671a"><area href="/wiki/Esophagus" shape="rect" coords="117,26,130,45" alt="1: esophagus" title="1: esophagus" /><area href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" shape="rect" coords="73,0,87,15" alt="2: trachea" title="2: trachea" /><area href="/wiki/Tracheal_lungs" shape="rect" coords="46,4,60,23" alt="3:tracheal lungs" title="3:tracheal lungs" /><area href="/wiki/Rudimentary_left_lung" shape="rect" coords="1,29,13,45" alt="4: rudimentary left lung" title="4: rudimentary left lung" /><area href="/wiki/Right_lung" shape="rect" coords="44,42,57,63" alt="4: right lung" title="4: right lung" /><area href="/wiki/Heart" shape="rect" coords="14,9,28,26" alt="6: heart" title="6: heart" /><area href="/wiki/Liver" shape="rect" coords="37,93,52,114" alt="7: liver" title="7: liver" /><area href="/wiki/Stomach" shape="rect" coords="96,64,114,82" alt="8 stomach" title="8 stomach" /><area href="/wiki/Lung#Reptiles" shape="rect" coords="93,102,111,123" alt="9: air sac" title="9: air sac" /><area href="/wiki/Gallbladder" shape="rect" coords="136,28,157,49" alt="10: gallbladder" title="10: gallbladder" /><area href="/wiki/Pancreas" shape="rect" coords="165,32,185,51" alt="11: pancreas" title="11: pancreas" /><area href="/wiki/Spleen" shape="rect" coords="113,93,134,113" alt="12: spleen" title="12: spleen" /><area href="/wiki/Intestine" shape="rect" coords="176,52,197,70" alt="13: intestine" title="13: intestine" /><area href="/wiki/Testicles" shape="rect" coords="135,93,155,111" alt="14: testicles" title="14: testicles" /><area href="/wiki/Kidney" shape="rect" coords="122,116,144,136" alt="15: kidneys" title="15: kidneys" /></map><figcaption>Anatomy of a snake.<a href="/wiki/File:Snake-anatomy.svg" title="File:Snake-anatomy.svg">file info</a> <div><ol style="list-style-type:decimal"><li>esophagus</li><li>trachea</li><li>tracheal lungs</li><li>rudimentary left lung</li><li>right lung</li><li>heart</li><li>liver</li><li>stomach</li><li>air sac</li><li>gallbladder</li><li>pancreas</li><li>spleen</li><li>intestine</li><li>testicles</li><li>kidneys</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> Snakes and other non-<a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> + <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and allies) reptiles have a three-chambered heart that controls the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> via the left and right atrium, and one ventricle.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Internally, the ventricle is divided into three interconnected cavities: the cavum arteriosum, the cavum pulmonale, and the cavum venosum.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The cavum venosum receives deoxygenated <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> from the right atrium and the cavum arteriosum receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium. Located beneath the cavum venosum is the cavum pulmonale, which pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The snake's heart is encased in a sac, called the <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a>, located at the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bifurcation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:bifurcation">bifurcation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">bronchi</a>. The heart is able to move around, owing to the lack of a diaphragm; this adjustment protects the heart from potential damage when large ingested prey is passed through the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a> is attached to the <a href="/wiki/Gall_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gall bladder">gall bladder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a> and filters the blood. The <a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">thymus</a>, located in fatty tissue above the heart, is responsible for the generation of immune cells in the blood. The cardiovascular system of snakes is unique for the presence of a renal portal system in which the blood from the snake's tail passes through the kidneys before returning to the heart.<a href="#cite_note-Mader-79">[79]</a> The circulatory system of a snake is basically like those of any other vertebrae. However, snakes do not regulate internally the temperature of their blood. Called cold-blooded, snakes actually have blood that is responsive to the varying temperature of the immediate environment. Snakes can regulate blood temperature by moving. Too long in direct sunlight, the snakes' blood is heated by beyond tolerance. Left in the ice or snow, the snake may freeze. In temperate zones with pronounced seasonal changes, snakes denning together have adapted to the onslaught of winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellShaw1974-52">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Vestige" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestige">vestigial</a> left <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> is often small or sometimes even absent, as snakes' tubular bodies require all of their organs to be long and thin.<a href="#cite_note-Mader-79">[79]</a> In the majority of species, only one lung is functional. This lung contains a vascularized anterior portion and a posterior portion that does not function in gas exchange.<a href="#cite_note-Mader-79">[79]</a> This 'saccular lung' is used for <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic">hydrostatic</a> purposes to adjust buoyancy in some aquatic snakes and its function remains unknown in terrestrial species.<a href="#cite_note-Mader-79">[79]</a> Many organs that are paired, such as <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive organs">reproductive organs</a>, are staggered within the body, one located ahead of the other.<a href="#cite_note-Mader-79">[79]</a> The snake with its particular arrangement of organs may achieve a greater efficiency.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">compared to?</a>] For example, the lung encloses at the part nearest the head and throat an oxygen intake organ, while the other half is used for air reserve. The esophagus-stomach-intestine arrangement is a straight line. It ends where intestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts open, in a chamber called the cloaca.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellShaw1974-52">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Snakes have no <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mader-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venom">Venom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Snake_venom" title="Snake venom">Snake venom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">Venomous snake</a>, and <a href="#Bite">§ Bite</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_milk_snake.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Red_milk_snake.JPG/220px-Red_milk_snake.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Red_milk_snake.JPG/330px-Red_milk_snake.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Red_milk_snake.JPG 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Innocuous <a href="/wiki/Milk_snake" title="Milk snake">milk snakes</a> are often mistaken for <a href="/wiki/Coral_snake" title="Coral snake">coral snakes</a> whose venom is deadly to humans.</figcaption></figure> Cobras, vipers, and closely related species use <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venom</a> to immobilize, injure, or kill their prey. The venom is modified <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>, delivered through <a href="/wiki/Fangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fangs">fangs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-80">[80]</a>: 243  The fangs of 'advanced' venomous snakes like viperids and elapids are hollow, allowing venom to be injected more effectively, and the fangs of <a href="/wiki/Snake_skeleton#Opisthoglyph" title="Snake skeleton">rear-fanged</a> snakes such as the boomslang simply have a groove on the posterior edge to channel venom into the wound. Snake venoms are often prey-specific, and their role in self-defense is secondary.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-80">[80]</a>: 243  Venom, like all salivary secretions, is a predigestant that initiates the breakdown of food into soluble compounds, facilitating proper digestion. Even nonvenomous snakebites (like any animal bite) cause tissue damage.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-80">[80]</a>: 209  Certain birds, mammals, and other snakes (such as <a href="/wiki/Kingsnake" title="Kingsnake">kingsnakes</a>) that prey on venomous snakes have developed resistance and even immunity to certain venoms.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a>: 243  Venomous snakes include three <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a> of snakes, and do not constitute a formal <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic classification</a> group.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial</a> term "poisonous snake" is generally an incorrect label for snakes. A poison is inhaled or ingested, whereas venom produced by snakes is injected into its victim via fangs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984125-81">[81]</a> There are, however, two exceptions: <a href="/wiki/Rhabdophis" title="Rhabdophis">Rhabdophis</a> sequesters toxins from the toads it eats, then secretes them from nuchal glands to ward off predators; and a small unusual population of <a href="/wiki/Garter_snake" title="Garter snake">garter snakes</a> in the US state of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> retains enough toxins in their livers from ingested <a href="/wiki/Newt" title="Newt">newts</a> to be effectively poisonous to small local predators (such as <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984123-82">[82]</a> Snake venoms are complex mixtures of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-80">[80]</a> and are stored in <a href="/wiki/Venom_gland" title="Venom gland">venom glands</a> at the back of the head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984123-82">[82]</a> In all venomous snakes, these glands open through ducts into grooved or hollow teeth in the upper jaw.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a>: 243 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984125-81">[81]</a> The proteins can potentially be a mix of <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxins</a> (which attack the nervous system), <a href="/wiki/Hemotoxin" title="Hemotoxin">hemotoxins</a> (which attack the circulatory system), <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytotoxin">cytotoxins</a> (which attack the cells directly), <a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">bungarotoxins</a> (related to neurotoxins, but also directly affect muscle tissue), and many other toxins that affect the body in different ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984125-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-80">[80]</a> Almost all snake venom contains <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronidase" title="Hyaluronidase">hyaluronidase</a>, an enzyme that ensures rapid diffusion of the venom.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a>: 243  Venomous snakes that use hemotoxins usually have fangs in the front of their mouths, making it easier for them to inject the venom into their victims.<a href="#cite_note-:3-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984125-81">[81]</a> Some snakes that use neurotoxins (such as the <a href="/wiki/Boiga_dendrophila" title="Boiga dendrophila">mangrove snake</a>) have fangs in the back of their mouths, with the fangs curled backwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984126-83">[83]</a> This makes it difficult both for the snake to use its venom and for scientists to milk them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984125-81">[81]</a> Elapids, however, such as cobras and kraits are <a href="/wiki/Proteroglyphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteroglyphous">proteroglyphous</a>—they possess hollow fangs that cannot be erected toward the front of their mouths, and cannot "stab" like a viper. They must actually bite the victim.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a>: 242  It has been suggested that all snakes may be venomous to a certain degree, with harmless snakes having weak venom and no fangs.<a href="#cite_note-Fry_2006_earlyevolution-84">[84]</a> According to this theory, most snakes that are labelled "nonvenomous" would be considered harmless because they either lack a venom delivery method or are incapable of delivering enough to endanger a human. The theory postulates that snakes may have evolved from a common lizard ancestor that was venomous, and also that venomous lizards like the <a href="/wiki/Gila_monster" title="Gila monster">gila monster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaded_lizard" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaded lizard">beaded lizard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monitor_lizard" title="Monitor lizard">monitor lizards</a>, and the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Mosasaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosasaurs">mosasaurs</a>, may have derived from this same common ancestor. They share this "<a href="/wiki/Venom_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Venom clade">venom clade</a>" with various other <a href="/wiki/Sauria" title="Sauria">saurian</a> species.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Venomous snakes are classified in two taxonomic families: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elapidae" title="Elapidae">Elapids</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cobra" title="Cobra">cobras</a> including <a href="/wiki/King_cobra" title="King cobra">king cobras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bungarus" title="Bungarus">kraits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamba" title="Mamba">mambas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrelaps" title="Austrelaps">Australian copperheads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrophiinae" title="Hydrophiinae">sea snakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coral_snake" title="Coral snake">coral snakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984126-83">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">Viperids</a> – vipers, <a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">rattlesnakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agkistrodon_contortrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Agkistrodon contortrix">copperheads</a>/<a href="/wiki/Agkistrodon_piscivorus" title="Agkistrodon piscivorus">cottonmouths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lachesis_(genus)" title="Lachesis (genus)">bushmasters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984126-83">[83]</a></li></ul> There is a third family containing the opistoglyphous (rear-fanged) snakes (as well as the majority of other snake species): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colubridae" title="Colubridae">Colubrids</a> – <a href="/wiki/Boomslang" title="Boomslang">boomslangs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tree_snake" title="Tree snake">tree snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahaetulla" title="Ahaetulla">vine snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boiga" title="Boiga">cat snakes</a>, although not all colubrids are venomous.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a>: 209 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984126-83">[83]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_scaled_reptiles" title="Sexual selection in scaled reptiles">Sexual selection in scaled reptiles</a></div> Although a wide range of reproductive modes are used by snakes, all employ <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal fertilization</a>. This is accomplished by means of paired, forked <a href="/wiki/Hemipenis" title="Hemipenis">hemipenes</a>, which are stored, inverted, in the male's tail.<a href="#cite_note-Capula89_117-85">[85]</a> The hemipenes are often grooved, hooked, or spined—designed to grip the walls of the female's <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AldridgeSever2016-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Capula89_117-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hemipenis#Hemiclitoris" title="Hemipenis">clitoris of the female snake</a> consists of two structures located between the cloaca and the scent glands.<a href="#cite_note-hemic-87">[87]</a> Most species of snakes lay <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> which they abandon shortly after laying. However, a few species (such as the king cobra) construct nests and stay in the vicinity of the hatchlings after incubation.<a href="#cite_note-Capula89_117-85">[85]</a> Most pythons coil around their egg-clutches and remain with them until they hatch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992186-88">[88]</a> A female python will not leave the eggs, except to occasionally bask in the sun or drink water. She will even "shiver" to generate heat to incubate the eggs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992186-88">[88]</a> Some species of snake are <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparity" title="Ovoviviparity">ovoviviparous</a> and retain the eggs within their bodies until they are almost ready to hatch.<a href="#cite_note-Capula89_118-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992182-90">[90]</a> Several species of snake, such as the <a href="/wiki/Boa_constrictor" title="Boa constrictor">boa constrictor</a> and green anaconda, are fully <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">viviparous</a>, nourishing their young through a <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> as well as a <a href="/wiki/Yolk_sac" title="Yolk sac">yolk sac</a>; this is highly unusual among reptiles, and normally found in <a href="/wiki/Requiem_sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem sharks">requiem sharks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Placental_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental mammals">placental mammals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Capula89_118-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992182-90">[90]</a> Retention of eggs and live birth are most often associated with colder environments.<a href="#cite_note-Capula89_117-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992182-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg/220px-Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg/330px-Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg/440px-Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Garter_snake" title="Garter snake">garter snake</a> has been studied for sexual selection.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a> in snakes is demonstrated by the 3,000 species that each use different tactics in acquiring mates.<a href="#cite_note-two-91">[91]</a> Ritual combat between males for the females they want to <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mate</a> with includes topping, a behavior exhibited by most viperids in which one male will twist around the vertically elevated fore body of its opponent and force it downward. It is common for neck-biting to occur while the snakes are entwined.<a href="#cite_note-three-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facultative_parthenogenesis">Facultative parthenogenesis</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">Parthenogenesis</a> is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. Agkistrodon contortrix (copperhead) and Agkistrodon piscivorus (cottonmouth) can reproduce by <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis#Facultative" title="Parthenogenesis">facultative parthenogenesis</a>, meaning that they are capable of switching from a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual</a> mode of reproduction to an <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual</a> mode.<a href="#cite_note-Booth2012-93">[93]</a> The most likely type of parthenogenesis to occur is <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis#Automictic" title="Parthenogenesis">automixis</a> with terminal fusion, a process in which two terminal products from the same <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> fuse to form a diploid <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>. This process leads to genome-wide <a href="/wiki/Zygosity#Homozygous" title="Zygosity">homozygosity</a>, expression of deleterious recessive <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a>, and often to developmental abnormalities. Both captive-born and wild-born copperheads and cottonmouths appear to be capable of this form of parthenogenesis.<a href="#cite_note-Booth2012-93">[93]</a> Reproduction in <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamate</a> reptiles is almost exclusively sexual. Males ordinarily have a ZZ pair of sex-determining chromosomes, and females a ZW pair. However, the Colombian Rainbow boa (<a href="/wiki/Epicrates_maurus" title="Epicrates maurus">Epicrates maurus</a>) can also reproduce by facultative parthenogenesis, resulting in production of WW female progeny.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21868391-94">[94]</a> The WW females are likely produced by terminal automixis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embryonic_development">Embryonic development</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg/220px-Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg/330px-Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg/440px-Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">Mouse</a> embryo 12 day post <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilization</a> side by side with <a href="/wiki/Corn_snake" title="Corn snake">corn snake</a> embryo 2 days post ovo-positioning.<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[95]</a></figcaption></figure> Snake embryonic development initially follows similar steps as any vertebrate <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>. The snake embryo begins as a <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>, undergoes rapid cell division, forms a <a href="/wiki/Germinal_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinal disc">germinal disc</a>, also called a blastodisc, then undergoes <a href="/wiki/Gastrulation" title="Gastrulation">gastrulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurulation" title="Neurulation">neurulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organogenesis" title="Organogenesis">organogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-96">[96]</a> Cell division and proliferation continues until an early snake embryo develops and the typical body shape of a snake can be observed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-96">[96]</a> Multiple features differentiate the embryologic development of snakes from other vertebrates, two significant factors being the elongation of the body and the lack of limb development.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparative_somite_creation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Comparative_somite_creation.jpg/220px-Comparative_somite_creation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Comparative_somite_creation.jpg/330px-Comparative_somite_creation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Comparative_somite_creation.jpg/440px-Comparative_somite_creation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Diagram illustrating differential <a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">somite</a> size due to difference in <a href="/wiki/Somitogenesis" title="Somitogenesis">somitogenesis</a> clock oscillation<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[95]</a></figcaption></figure> The elongation in snake body is accompanied by a significant increase in <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebra</a> count (mice have 60 vertebrae, whereas snakes may have over 300).<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[95]</a> This increase in vertebrae is due to an increase in <a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">somites</a> during embryogenesis, leading to an increased number of vertebrae which develop.<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[95]</a> Somites are formed at the <a href="/wiki/Paraxial_mesoderm" title="Paraxial mesoderm">presomitic mesoderm</a> due to a set of oscillatory genes that direct the <a href="/wiki/Clock_and_wavefront_model" title="Clock and wavefront model">somitogenesis clock</a>. The snake somitogenesis clock operates at a frequency 4 times that of a mouse (after correction for developmental time), creating more somites, and therefore creating more vertebrae.<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[95]</a> This difference in clock speed is believed to be caused by differences in <a href="/wiki/LFNG" title="LFNG">Lunatic fringe gene</a> expression, a gene involved in the somitogenesis clock.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> There is ample literature focusing on the limb development/lack of development in snake embryos and the gene expression associated with the different stages. In <a href="/wiki/Henophidia" title="Henophidia">basal snakes</a>, such as the python, embryos in early development exhibit a hind <a href="/wiki/Limb_bud" title="Limb bud">limb bud</a> that develops with some cartilage and a cartilaginous pelvic element, however this degenerates before hatching.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> This presence of vestigial development suggests that some snakes are still undergoing hind limb reduction before they are eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[99]</a> There is no evidence in basal snakes of forelimb rudiments and no examples of snake forelimb bud initiation in embryo, so little is known regarding the loss of this trait.<a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[99]</a> Recent studies suggest that hind limb reduction could be due to mutations in enhancers for the <a href="/wiki/Sonic_hedgehog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic hedgehog">SSH</a> gene,<a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[99]</a> however other studies suggested that mutations within the <a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">Hox Genes</a> or their enhancers could contribute to snake limblessness.<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[95]</a> Since multiple studies have found evidence suggesting different genes played a role in the loss of limbs in snakes, it is likely that multiple gene mutations had an additive effect leading to limb loss in snakes<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior_and_life_history">Behavior and life history</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snake_found_in_wood_chips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Snake_found_in_wood_chips.jpg/197px-Snake_found_in_wood_chips.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Snake_found_in_wood_chips.jpg/296px-Snake_found_in_wood_chips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Snake_found_in_wood_chips.jpg/394px-Snake_found_in_wood_chips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Snake coiled on a stick in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. It was <a href="/wiki/Brumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Brumation">brumating</a> in a large pile of wood chips, found by this <a href="/wiki/Landscaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscaper">landscaper</a> after he bulldozed the pile in late autumn 2018.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_dormancy">Winter dormancy</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_snake_coiled_in_the_cavity_of_a_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/A_snake_coiled_in_the_cavity_of_a_tree.jpg/168px-A_snake_coiled_in_the_cavity_of_a_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/A_snake_coiled_in_the_cavity_of_a_tree.jpg/252px-A_snake_coiled_in_the_cavity_of_a_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/A_snake_coiled_in_the_cavity_of_a_tree.jpg/335px-A_snake_coiled_in_the_cavity_of_a_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A snaked coiled in the cavity of a tree</figcaption></figure> In regions where winters are too cold for snakes to tolerate while remaining active, local species will enter a period of <a href="/wiki/Dormancy#Brumation" title="Dormancy">brumation</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Dormancy#Hibernation" title="Dormancy">hibernation</a>, in which the dormant mammals are actually asleep, brumating reptiles are awake but inactive. Individual snakes may brumate in burrows, under rock piles, or inside fallen trees, or large numbers of snakes may clump together in <a href="/wiki/Hibernaculum_(zoology)" title="Hibernaculum (zoology)">hibernacula</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding_and_diet">Feeding and diet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg/170px-Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg/255px-Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg/340px-Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dasypeltis" title="Dasypeltis">African egg-eating snake</a> eating an egg</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg/170px-PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg/255px-PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg/340px-PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolichophis_jugularis" title="Dolichophis jugularis">Dolichophis jugularis</a> preying on a <a href="/wiki/Sheltopusik" title="Sheltopusik">sheltopusik</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Hognose_Defense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eastern_Hognose_Defense.jpg/220px-Eastern_Hognose_Defense.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eastern_Hognose_Defense.jpg/330px-Eastern_Hognose_Defense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eastern_Hognose_Defense.jpg/440px-Eastern_Hognose_Defense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_hognose_snake" title="Eastern hognose snake">Eastern hognose</a> hooding.</figcaption></figure> All snakes are <a href="/wiki/Hypercarnivore" title="Hypercarnivore">strictly carnivorous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">preying</a> on small animals including lizards, frogs, other snakes, small mammals, birds, eggs, fish, snails, worms, and insects.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a>: 81 <a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehlerKing1979581-101">[101]</a> Snakes cannot bite or tear their food to pieces so must swallow their prey whole. The eating habits of a snake are largely influenced by body size; smaller snakes eat smaller prey. Juvenile pythons might start out feeding on lizards or mice and graduate to small deer or antelope as an adult, for example.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The snake's <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaw</a> is a complex structure. Contrary to the popular belief that snakes can dislocate their jaws, they have an extremely flexible <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">lower jaw</a>, the two halves of which are not rigidly attached, and numerous other joints in the skull, which allow the snake to open its mouth wide enough to swallow prey whole, even if it is larger in diameter than the snake itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehlerKing1979581-101">[101]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Dasypeltis" title="Dasypeltis">African egg-eating snake</a> has flexible jaws adapted for eating eggs much larger than the diameter of its head.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a>: 81  This snake has no teeth, but does have bony protrusions on the inside edge of its <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">spine</a>, which it uses to break the shell when eating eggs.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a>: 81  The majority of snakes eat a variety of prey animals, but there is some specialization in certain species. <a href="/wiki/King_cobra" title="King cobra">King cobras</a> and the Australian <a href="/wiki/Vermicella_annulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermicella annulata">bandy-bandy</a> consume other snakes. Species of the family <a href="/wiki/Pareidae" title="Pareidae">Pareidae</a> have more teeth on the right side of their mouths than on the left, as they mostly prey on snails and the shells usually spiral clockwise.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a>: 184 <a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Some snakes have a venomous bite, which they use to kill their prey before eating it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehlerKing1979581-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984125–127-104">[104]</a> Other snakes kill their prey by <a href="/wiki/Constriction" title="Constriction">constriction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehlerKing1979581-101">[101]</a> while some swallow their prey when it is still alive.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a>: 81 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehlerKing1979581-101">[101]</a> After eating, snakes become dormant to allow the process of <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> to take place;<a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld_11-67">[67]</a> this is an intense activity, especially after consumption of large prey. In species that feed only sporadically, the entire <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a> enters a reduced state between meals to conserve energy. The digestive system is then 'up-regulated' to full capacity within 48 hours of prey consumption. Being <a href="/wiki/Ectothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectothermic">ectothermic</a> ("cold-blooded"), the surrounding temperature plays an important role in the digestion process. The ideal temperature for snakes to digest food is 30 °C (86 °F). There is a huge amount of <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> energy involved in a snake's digestion, for example the surface body temperature of the South American rattlesnake (<a href="/wiki/Crotalus_durissus" title="Crotalus durissus">Crotalus durissus</a>) increases by as much as 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) during the digestive process.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> If a snake is disturbed after having eaten recently, it will often <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">regurgitate</a> its prey to be able to escape the perceived threat. When undisturbed, the digestive process is highly efficient; the snake's digestive <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> dissolve and absorb everything but the prey's hair (or feathers) and claws, which are excreted along with <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">waste</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hooding_and_spitting">Hooding and spitting</h3></div> Hooding (expansion of the neck area) is a visual deterrent, mostly seen in cobras (elapids), and is primarily controlled by rib muscles.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Hooding can be accompanied by spitting venom towards the threatening object,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and producing a specialized sound; hissing. Studies on captive cobras showed that 13–22% of the body length is raised during hooding.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h3></div> The lack of limbs does not impede the movement of snakes. They have developed several different modes of locomotion to deal with particular environments. Unlike the gaits of limbed animals, which form a continuum, each mode of snake locomotion is discrete and distinct from the others; transitions between modes are abrupt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992175-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gray-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lateral_undulation">Lateral undulation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Undulatory_locomotion" title="Undulatory locomotion">Undulatory locomotion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foot_prints_of_Snake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Foot_prints_of_Snake.jpg/220px-Foot_prints_of_Snake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Foot_prints_of_Snake.jpg/330px-Foot_prints_of_Snake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Foot_prints_of_Snake.jpg/440px-Foot_prints_of_Snake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Crawling prints of a snake</figcaption></figure> Lateral undulation is the sole mode of aquatic locomotion, and the most common mode of terrestrial locomotion.<a href="#cite_note-Gray-110">[110]</a> In this mode, the body of the snake alternately flexes to the left and right, resulting in a series of rearward-moving "waves".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992175-109">[109]</a> While this movement appears rapid, snakes have rarely been documented moving faster than two body-lengths per second, often much less.<a href="#cite_note-Hekrotte-111">[111]</a> This mode of movement has the same net cost of transport (calories burned per meter moved) as running in lizards of the same mass.<a href="#cite_note-Walton-112">[112]</a> Terrestrial lateral undulation is the most common mode of terrestrial locomotion for most snake species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992175-109">[109]</a> In this mode, the posteriorly moving waves push against contact points in the environment, such as rocks, twigs, irregularities in the soil, etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992175-109">[109]</a> Each of these environmental objects, in turn, generates a reaction force directed forward and towards the midline of the snake, resulting in forward thrust while the lateral components cancel out.<a href="#cite_note-Gray_lissman-113">[113]</a> The speed of this movement depends upon the density of push-points in the environment, with a medium density of about 8[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] along the snake's length being ideal.<a href="#cite_note-Hekrotte-111">[111]</a> The wave speed is precisely the same as the snake speed, and as a result, every point on the snake's body follows the path of the point ahead of it, allowing snakes to move through very dense vegetation and small openings.<a href="#cite_note-Gray_lissman-113">[113]</a> When swimming, the waves become larger as they move down the snake's body, and the wave travels backwards faster than the snake moves forwards.<a href="#cite_note-Gray2-114">[114]</a> Thrust is generated by pushing their body against the water, resulting in the observed slip. In spite of overall similarities, studies show that the pattern of muscle activation is different in aquatic versus terrestrial lateral undulation, which justifies calling them separate modes.<a href="#cite_note-Jayne1-115">[115]</a> All snakes can laterally undulate forward (with backward-moving waves), but only sea snakes have been observed reversing the motion (moving backwards with forward-moving waves).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992175-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sidewinding">Sidewinding</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sidewinding" title="Sidewinding">Sidewinding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neonate_sidewinder_sidewinding_with_tracks_unlabeled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Neonate_sidewinder_sidewinding_with_tracks_unlabeled.jpg/220px-Neonate_sidewinder_sidewinding_with_tracks_unlabeled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Neonate_sidewinder_sidewinding_with_tracks_unlabeled.jpg/330px-Neonate_sidewinder_sidewinding_with_tracks_unlabeled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Neonate_sidewinder_sidewinding_with_tracks_unlabeled.jpg/440px-Neonate_sidewinder_sidewinding_with_tracks_unlabeled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2565" data-file-height="2839" /></a><figcaption>A neonate sidewinder rattlesnake (<a href="/wiki/Crotalus_cerastes" title="Crotalus cerastes">Crotalus cerastes</a>) sidewinding</figcaption></figure> Most often employed by colubroid snakes (<a href="/wiki/Colubrids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colubrids">colubrids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elapids" class="mw-redirect" title="Elapids">elapids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">vipers</a>) when the snake must move in an environment that lacks irregularities to push against (rendering lateral undulation impossible), such as a slick mud flat, or a sand dune, sidewinding is a modified form of lateral undulation in which all of the body segments oriented in one direction remain in contact with the ground, while the other segments are lifted up, resulting in a peculiar "rolling" motion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992177-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jayne2-117">[117]</a> The sidewinder moves forward by throwing a loop of itself and then pulling itself up by it. By lowering its head the snake gets leverage, straightening itself out and pressing itself against the ground, it brings itself forward and at an angle that leaves it ready for the next jump. The head and the loop are in effect the two feet upon which the snake walks. The snake's body, appearing roughly perpendicular to its direction, may bewilder the observer, since preconception may lead one to associate snake movement with a head that leads and a body that follows. It appears the sidewinder is going sideways - but precisely where the snake is going, where it wants to go, the head gives clear indication. The snake leaves behind a trail that looks like a series of hooks one after the next. Snakes can move backwards to retreat from an enemy, though they normally do not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellShaw1974-52">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This mode of locomotion overcomes the slippery nature of sand or mud by pushing off with only static portions on the body, thereby minimizing slipping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992177-116">[116]</a> The static nature of the contact points can be shown from the tracks of a sidewinding snake, which show each belly scale imprint, without any smearing. This mode of locomotion has very low caloric cost, less than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄3 of the cost for a lizard to move the same distance.<a href="#cite_note-Walton-112">[112]</a> Contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence that sidewinding is associated with the sand being hot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992177-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concertina">Concertina</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Concertina_movement" title="Concertina movement">Concertina movement</a></div> When push-points are absent, but there is not enough space to use sidewinding because of lateral constraints, such as in tunnels, snakes rely on concertina locomotion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992175-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jayne2-117">[117]</a> In this mode, the snake braces the posterior portion of its body against the tunnel wall while the front of the snake extends and straightens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992177-116">[116]</a> The front portion then flexes and forms an anchor point, and the posterior is straightened and pulled forwards. This mode of locomotion is slow and very demanding, up to seven times the cost of laterally undulating over the same distance.<a href="#cite_note-Walton-112">[112]</a> This high cost is due to the repeated stops and starts of portions of the body as well as the necessity of using active muscular effort to brace against the tunnel walls.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arboreal">Arboreal</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_tree_snake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Golden_tree_snake.jpg/220px-Golden_tree_snake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Golden_tree_snake.jpg/330px-Golden_tree_snake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Golden_tree_snake.jpg/440px-Golden_tree_snake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golden_tree_snake" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden tree snake">Golden tree snake</a> climbing a flower</figcaption></figure> The movement of snakes in arboreal habitats has only recently been studied.<a href="#cite_note-Astley-118">[118]</a> While on tree branches, snakes use several modes of locomotion depending on species and bark texture.<a href="#cite_note-Astley-118">[118]</a> In general, snakes will use a modified form of concertina locomotion on smooth branches, but will laterally undulate if contact points are available.<a href="#cite_note-Astley-118">[118]</a> Snakes move faster on small branches and when contact points are present, in contrast to limbed animals, which do better on large branches with little 'clutter'.<a href="#cite_note-Astley-118">[118]</a> Gliding snakes (<a href="/wiki/Chrysopelea" title="Chrysopelea">Chrysopelea</a>) of Southeast Asia launch themselves from branch tips, spreading their ribs and laterally undulating as they glide between trees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992177-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984135-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> These snakes can perform a controlled glide for hundreds of feet depending upon launch altitude and can even turn in midair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992177-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreibergWalls1984135-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rectilinear">Rectilinear</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rectilinear_locomotion" title="Rectilinear locomotion">Rectilinear locomotion</a></div> The slowest mode of snake locomotion is rectilinear locomotion, which is also the only one where the snake does not need to bend its body laterally, though it may do so when turning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992176-121">[121]</a> In this mode, the belly scales are lifted and pulled forward before being placed down and the body pulled over them. Waves of movement and stasis pass posteriorly, resulting in a series of ripples in the skin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992176-121">[121]</a> The ribs of the snake do not move in this mode of locomotion and this method is most often used by large <a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">pythons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boidae" title="Boidae">boas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">vipers</a> when stalking prey across open ground as the snake's movements are subtle and harder to detect by their prey in this manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoggerZweifel1992177-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions_with_humans">Interactions with humans</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snake_bite_symptoms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Snake_bite_symptoms.png/220px-Snake_bite_symptoms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Snake_bite_symptoms.png/330px-Snake_bite_symptoms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Snake_bite_symptoms.png/440px-Snake_bite_symptoms.png 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption>Most common symptoms of any kind of snake bite envenomation.<a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Furthermore, there is vast variation in symptoms between bites from different types of snakes.<a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-122">[122]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bite">Bite</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">Snakebite</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ViperaBerusFang.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ViperaBerusFang.JPG/220px-ViperaBerusFang.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ViperaBerusFang.JPG/330px-ViperaBerusFang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ViperaBerusFang.JPG/440px-ViperaBerusFang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vipera_berus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipera berus">Vipera berus</a>, one fang in glove with a small venom stain, the other still in place</figcaption></figure> Snakes do not ordinarily prey on humans. Unless startled or injured, most snakes prefer to avoid contact and will not attack humans. With the exception of large constrictors, nonvenomous snakes are not a threat to humans. The bite of a nonvenomous snake is usually harmless; their teeth are not adapted for tearing or inflicting a deep puncture wound, but rather grabbing and holding. Although the possibility of infection and tissue damage is present in the bite of a nonvenomous snake, venomous snakes present far greater hazard to humans.<a href="#cite_note-Meh87-26">[26]</a>: 209  The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) lists <a href="/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">snakebite</a> under the "other neglected conditions" category.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Documented deaths resulting from snake bites are uncommon. Nonfatal bites from venomous snakes may result in the need for amputation of a limb or part thereof. Of the roughly 725 species of venomous snakes worldwide, only 250 are able to kill a human with one bite. Australia averages only one fatal snake bite per year. In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, 250,000 snakebites are recorded in a single year, with as many as 50,000 recorded initial deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Sinha-125">[125]</a> The WHO estimates that on the order of 100,000 people die each year as a result of snake bites, and around three times as many amputations and other permanent disabilities are caused by snakebites annually.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The health of people is seriously threatened by snakebites, especially in areas where there is a great diversity of snakes and little access to medical care such as the Amazon Rainforest region in South America.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Snakebite is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "other neglected conditions".<a href="#cite_note-:02-128">[128]</a> Although there aren't many recorded snakebite deaths, the bites can cause serious complications and permanent impairments.<a href="#cite_note-:02-128">[128]</a> The most successful treatment for snakebites is still antivenom, which is made from snake venom.<a href="#cite_note-:02-128">[128]</a> However, access to antivenom differs greatly by location, with rural areas frequently experiencing difficulties with both cost and availability.<a href="#cite_note-:12-129">[129]</a> Clinical studies, serum preparation, and venom extraction are among the intricate procedures involved in the manufacturing of antivenom.<a href="#cite_note-:12-129">[129]</a> The development of alternative treatments and increased accessibility and affordability of antivenom are essential for reducing the global impact of snake bites on human populations.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snake_charmers">Snake charmers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Snake_charming" title="Snake charming">Snake charming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snake_in_basket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Snake_in_basket.jpg/170px-Snake_in_basket.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Snake_in_basket.jpg/255px-Snake_in_basket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Snake_in_basket.jpg/340px-Snake_in_basket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_cobra" title="Indian cobra">Indian cobra</a> is the most common subject of snake charmings.</figcaption></figure> In some parts of the world, especially in India, snake charming is a roadside show performed by a charmer. In such a show, the snake charmer carries a basket containing a snake that he seemingly charms by playing tunes with his flutelike musical instrument, to which the snake responds.<a href="#cite_note-Bagla-131">[131]</a> The snake is in fact responding to the movement of the flute, not the sound it makes, as snakes lack external ears (though they do have internal ears).<a href="#cite_note-Bagla-131">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act,_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Protection Act, 1972">Wildlife Protection Act of 1972</a> in India technically prohibits snake charming on the grounds of reducing animal cruelty. Other types of snake charmers use a snake and <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongoose</a> show, where the two animals have a mock fight; however, this is not very common, as the animals may be seriously injured or killed. Snake charming as a profession is dying out in India because of competition from modern forms of entertainment and environment laws proscribing the practice. Many Indians have never seen snake charming and it is becoming a folktale of the past.<a href="#cite_note-Bagla-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trapping">Trapping</h3></div> The Irulas tribe of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> in India have been hunter-gatherers in the hot, dry plains forests, and have practiced the art of snake catching for generations. They have a vast knowledge of snakes in the field. They generally catch the snakes with the help of a simple stick. Earlier, the Irulas caught thousands of snakes for the snake-skin industry. After the complete ban of the snake-skin industry in India and protection of all snakes under the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Protection Act of 1972">Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972</a>, they formed the Irula Snake Catcher's Cooperative and switched to catching snakes for removal of venom, releasing them in the wild after four extractions. The venom so collected is used for producing life-saving antivenom, biomedical research and for other medicinal products.<a href="#cite_note-Whitaker_et_al.-135">[135]</a> The Irulas are also known to eat some of the snakes they catch and are very useful in rat extermination in the villages.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Despite the existence of snake charmers, there have also been professional snake catchers or <a href="/wiki/Wrangler_(profession)" title="Wrangler (profession)">wranglers</a>. Modern-day snake trapping involves a <a href="/wiki/Herpetologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpetologist">herpetologist</a> using a long stick with a V-shaped end. Some television show hosts, like <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haast" title="Bill Haast">Bill Haast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austin_Stevens" title="Austin Stevens">Austin Stevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Corwin" title="Jeff Corwin">Jeff Corwin</a>, prefer to catch them using bare hands.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption">Consumption</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snake_meat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Snake_meat.jpg/220px-Snake_meat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Snake_meat.jpg/330px-Snake_meat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Snake_meat.jpg/440px-Snake_meat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Snake meat, in a Taipei restaurant</figcaption></figure> Consuming snake flesh and related goods is a reflection of many cultures around the world, especially in Asian nations like China, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Because of its supposed health benefits and aphrodisiac qualities, snake meat is frequently regarded as a delicacy and ingested.<a href="#cite_note-:23-136">[136]</a> It is customary to drink wine laced with snake blood in an attempt to increase virility and vigor.<a href="#cite_note-:23-136">[136]</a> Traditional Chinese medicine holds that snake wine, a traditional beverage infused with whole snakes, offers medicinal uses.<a href="#cite_note-:23-136">[136]</a> Snake wine's origins are in Chinese culture. However, using snake goods creates moral questions about conservation and animal welfare.<a href="#cite_note-:33-137">[137]</a> It is important to pay attention to and regulate the sustainable harvesting of snakes for human food, particularly in areas where snake populations are in decline as a result of habitat degradation and overexploitation.<a href="#cite_note-:33-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pets">Pets</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, some snakes are kept as pets, especially docile species such as the <a href="/wiki/Ball_python" title="Ball python">ball python</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corn_snake" title="Corn snake">corn snake</a>. To meet the demand, a <a href="/wiki/Herpetoculture" title="Herpetoculture">captive breeding</a> industry has developed. Snakes bred in captivity are considered preferable to specimens caught in the wild and tend to make better pets.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Compared with more traditional types of companion animal, snakes can be very low-maintenance pets; they require minimal space, as most common species do not exceed 5 feet (1.5 m) in length, and can be fed relatively infrequently—usually once every five to fourteen days. Certain snakes have a lifespan of more than 40 years if given proper care.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">Serpent (symbolism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Uraes_Cobra_Tutankhamun%27s_Throne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Golden_Uraes_Cobra_Tutankhamun%27s_Throne.jpg/220px-Golden_Uraes_Cobra_Tutankhamun%27s_Throne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Golden_Uraes_Cobra_Tutankhamun%27s_Throne.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>The reverse side of the throne of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> with four golden uraeus cobra figures. Gold with <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>; <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a>, Thebes (1347–37 BCE).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longane,_Sicily.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Longane%2C_Sicily.JPG/140px-Longane%2C_Sicily.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="583" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Longane%2C_Sicily.JPG/210px-Longane%2C_Sicily.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Longane%2C_Sicily.JPG/280px-Longane%2C_Sicily.JPG 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Snakes composing a bronze <a href="/wiki/Kerykeion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerykeion">kerykeion</a> from the mythical <a href="/wiki/Longanus" title="Longanus">Longanus</a> river in Sicily</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">ancient Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirah" title="Nirah">Nirah</a>, the messenger god of <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1taran" title="Ištaran">Ištaran</a>, was represented as a serpent on <a href="/wiki/Kudurru" title="Kudurru">kudurrus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Boundary_marker" title="Boundary marker">boundary stones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-139">[139]</a> Representations of two intertwined serpents are common in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian art">Sumerian art</a> and Neo-Sumerian artwork<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-139">[139]</a> and still appear sporadically on <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a> and amulets until as late as the thirteenth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-139">[139]</a> The horned viper (<a href="/wiki/Cerastes_cerastes" title="Cerastes cerastes">Cerastes cerastes</a>) appears in <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> kudurrus<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-139">[139]</a> and is invoked in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> texts as a magical protective entity.<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-139">[139]</a> A dragon-like creature with horns, the body and neck of a snake, the forelegs of a lion, and the hind-legs of a bird appears in Mesopotamian art from the Akkadian Period until the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Period">Hellenistic Period</a> (323 BC–31 BC).<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-139">[139]</a> This creature, known in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u" title="Mušḫuššu">mušḫuššu</a>, meaning "furious serpent", was used as a symbol for particular deities and also as a general protective emblem.<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-139">[139]</a> It seems to have originally been the attendant of the Underworld god <a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-139">[139]</a> but later became the attendant to the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a> storm-god <a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tishpak</a>, as well as, later, Ninazu's son <a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a>, the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national god</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, the scribal god <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>, and the Assyrian national god Ashur.<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-139">[139]</a> In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egyptian history</a>, the snake occupies a primary role with the Nile cobra adorning the crown of the pharaoh in ancient times. It was <a href="/wiki/Snake_worship" title="Snake worship">worshipped</a> as one of the gods and was also used for sinister purposes: murder of an adversary and ritual suicide (<a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII of Egypt">Cleopatra</a>).<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">ouroboros</a> was a well-known <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> symbol of a serpent swallowing its own tail.<a href="#cite_note-Hornung-141">[141]</a> The precursor to the ouroboros was the "Many-Faced",<a href="#cite_note-Hornung-141">[141]</a> a serpent with five heads, who, according to the <a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a>, the oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Afterlife</a>, was said to coil around the corpse of the sun god Ra protectively.<a href="#cite_note-Hornung-141">[141]</a> The earliest surviving depiction of a "true" ouroboros comes from the gilded shrines in <a href="/wiki/KV62" class="mw-redirect" title="KV62">the tomb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hornung-141">[141]</a> In the early centuries AD, the ouroboros was adopted as a symbol by <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> Christians<a href="#cite_note-Hornung-141">[141]</a> and chapter 136 of the <a href="/wiki/Pistis_Sophia" title="Pistis Sophia">Pistis Sophia</a>, an early Gnostic text, describes "a great dragon whose tail is in its mouth".<a href="#cite_note-Hornung-141">[141]</a> In medieval alchemy, the ouroboros became a typical western dragon with wings, legs, and a tail.<a href="#cite_note-Hornung-141">[141]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Nahash_of_Ammon" title="Nahash of Ammon">Nahash of Ammon</a>, whose name means "Snake", is depicted very negatively, as a particularly cruel and despicable enemy of the ancient Hebrews.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg/170px-Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg/255px-Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg/340px-Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medusa_(Caravaggio)" title="Medusa (Caravaggio)">Medusa</a> (1597) by the Italian artist <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a> </figcaption></figure> The ancient Greeks used the <a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">Gorgoneion</a>, a depiction of a hideous face with serpents for hair, as an <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic symbol</a> to ward off evil.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek myth</a> described by Pseudo-Apollodorus in his <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a> with serpents for hair whose gaze turned all those who looked at her to stone and was slain by the hero <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> is said to have once been a beautiful priestess of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, whom Athena turned into a serpent-haired monster after she was raped by the god <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> in Athena's temple.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In another myth referenced by the <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> and described in detail by Pseudo-Apollodorus, the hero <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> is said to have slain the <a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-West2007-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ogden2013-148">[148]</a> a multiple-headed serpent which dwelt in the swamps of <a href="/wiki/Lerna" title="Lerna">Lerna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-West2007-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ogden2013-148">[148]</a> The legendary account of the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)">Thebes</a> mentioned a monster snake guarding the spring from which the new settlement was to draw its water. In fighting and killing the snake, the companions of the founder <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> all perished—leading to the term "<a href="/wiki/Cadmean_victory" title="Cadmean victory">Cadmean victory</a>" (i.e. a victory involving one's own ruin).<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rod_of_asclepius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Rod_of_asclepius.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Asclepius" title="Rod of Asclepius">Rod of Asclepius</a>, in which the snake, through <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a>, symbolizes healing</figcaption></figure> Three medical symbols involving snakes that are still used today are <a href="/wiki/Bowl_of_Hygieia" title="Bowl of Hygieia">Bowl of Hygieia</a>, symbolizing pharmacy, and the <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">Caduceus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Asclepius" title="Rod of Asclepius">Rod of Asclepius</a>, which are symbols denoting medicine in general.<a href="#cite_note-AIM-66">[66]</a> One of the etymologies proposed for the common female first name <a href="/wiki/Linda_(given_name)" title="Linda (given name)">Linda</a> is that it might derive from Old German Lindi or Linda, meaning a serpent.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] India is often called the land of snakes and is steeped in tradition regarding snakes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeane183361-150">[150]</a> Snakes are worshipped as gods even today with many women pouring milk on snake pits (despite snakes' aversion for milk).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeane183361-150">[150]</a> The cobra is seen on the neck of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> is depicted often as sleeping on a seven-headed snake or within the coils of a serpent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeane183362–64-151">[151]</a> There are also several temples in India solely for cobras sometimes called Nagraj (King of Snakes) and it is believed that snakes are symbols of fertility. There is a Hindu festival called <a href="/wiki/Nag_Panchami" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Panchami">Nag Panchami</a> each year on which day snakes are venerated and prayed to. See also <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">snake</a> is one of the 12 celestial animals of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Many ancient Peruvian cultures worshipped nature.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> They emphasized animals and often depicted snakes in their art.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixco_Viejo_ballcourt_marker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mixco_Viejo_ballcourt_marker.jpg/190px-Mixco_Viejo_ballcourt_marker.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mixco_Viejo_ballcourt_marker.jpg/285px-Mixco_Viejo_ballcourt_marker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mixco_Viejo_ballcourt_marker.jpg/380px-Mixco_Viejo_ballcourt_marker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballcourt" title="Mesoamerican ballcourt">Ballcourt</a> marker from the Postclassic site of <a href="/wiki/Mixco_Viejo" title="Mixco Viejo">Mixco Viejo</a> in Guatemala. This sculpture depicts <a href="/wiki/Kukulkan" title="Kukulkan">Kukulkan</a>, jaws agape, with the head of a human warrior emerging from his maw.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Snake_worship" title="Snake worship">Snake worship</a></div> Snakes are used in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> as a part of ritual worship.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In the annual <a href="/wiki/Nag_Panchami" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Panchami">Nag Panchami</a> festival, participants worship either live cobras or images of <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāgas</a>. Lord <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> is depicted in most images with a snake coiled around his neck.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranic</a> literature includes various stories associated with snakes, for example <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a> is said to hold all the planets of the Universe on his hoods and to constantly sing the glories of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> from all his mouths. Other notable snakes in Hinduism are <a href="/wiki/Vasuki" title="Vasuki">Vasuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takshaka" title="Takshaka">Takshaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karkotaka" title="Karkotaka">Karkotaka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pingala" title="Pingala">Pingala</a>. The term Nāga is used to refer to entities that take the form of large snakes in Hinduism and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Snakes have been widely revered in many cultures, such as in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> where the serpent was seen as a healer.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a> carried a serpent wound around his wand, a symbol seen today on many ambulances.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, the snake of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> is also a symbol of healing, of one's life being saved from imminent death.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In religious terms, the snake and <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a> were arguably the most important animals in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> "In states of ecstasy, lords dance a serpent dance; great descending snakes adorn and support buildings from <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> word coatl meaning serpent or twin, forms part of primary deities such as <a href="/wiki/Mixcoatl" title="Mixcoatl">Mixcoatl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coatlicue" class="mw-redirect" title="Coatlicue">Coatlicue</a>."<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec calendars</a>, the fifth day of the week was known as Snake Day.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In some parts of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the redemptive work of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> is compared to saving one's life through beholding the <a href="/wiki/Nehushtan" title="Nehushtan">Nehushtan</a> (serpent of brass).<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Snake_handling_in_Christianity" title="Snake handling in Christianity">Snake handlers</a> use snakes as an integral part of church worship, to demonstrate their faith in divine protection. However, more commonly in Christianity, the serpent has been depicted as a representative of <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> and sly plotting, as seen in the description in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> of a snake tempting <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-genesis-166">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a> is purported to have expelled all snakes from Ireland while converting the country to Christianity in the 5th century, thus explaining the absence of snakes there.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In Christianity and Judaism, the snake makes its infamous appearance in the first book of the Bible when a serpent appears before <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> and tempts them with the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">forbidden fruit</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Knowledge_of_Good_and_Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil">Tree of Knowledge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-genesis-166">[166]</a> The snake returns in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> when <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> turns his staff into a snake as a sign of God's power, and later when he makes the Nehushtan, a bronze snake on a pole that when looked at cured the people of bites from the snakes that plagued them in the desert. The serpent makes its final appearance symbolizing <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>: "And he laid hold on the dragon the old serpent, which is the devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years."<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Neo-Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Paganism">Neo-Paganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, the snake is seen as a symbol of wisdom and knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Additionally, snakes are sometimes associated with <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a>, the Greek goddess of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3></div> Several compounds from snake venoms are being researched as potential treatments or preventatives for pain, cancers, arthritis, stroke, heart disease, hemophilia, and hypertension, as well as to control bleeding (e.g., during surgery).<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbless_vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbless vertebrates">Limbless vertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serpentes_families" title="List of Serpentes families">List of Serpentes families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of snakes">List of snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiology">Ophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakebot" title="Snakebot">Snakebot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_detection_theory" title="Snake detection theory">Snake detection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_osteoarthropathy" title="Spinal osteoarthropathy">Spinal osteoarthropathy</a> (reptile disease)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Encyclopedia_of_Snakes" title="The New Encyclopedia of Snakes">The New Encyclopedia of Snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Snakes_of_Europe" title="The Snakes of Europe">The Snakes of Europe</a> and Snakes of Europe <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Snakes_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Snakes of Europe">Wikibooks:Snakes of Europe</a>, a wikibook</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 29 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.sciencemag.org&rft.atitle=Fossils+of+oldest+known+snakes+unearthed&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Sid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Ffossils-oldest-known-snakes-unearthed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellNydamPalciApesteguía2015" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell MW, Nydam RL, Palci A, Apesteguía S (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6996">"The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a>. 6 (5996): 5996. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.5996C">2015NatCo...6.5996C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6996">10.1038/ncomms6996</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F37995">11336/37995</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25625704">25625704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=The+oldest+known+snakes+from+the+Middle+Jurassic-Lower+Cretaceous+provide+insights+on+snake+evolution&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5996&rft.pages=5996&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F37995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25625704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms6996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6.5996C&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Nydam%2C+RL&rft.au=Palci%2C+A&rft.au=Apestegu%C3%ADa%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fncomms6996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Proto-IE: *(s)nēg-o-, Meaning: snake, Old Indian: nāgá- m. 'snake', Germanic: *snēk-a- m., *snak-an- m., *snak-ō f.; *snak-a- vb., Russ. meaning: жаба (змея), References: WP (<a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen</a>) II 697 f. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/snake">"snake (n.)"</a>. etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100719112253/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=snake">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=snake+%28n.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fsnake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-serpent-13"><a href="#cite_ref-serpent_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/serpent">"Definition of serpent"</a>. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017210917/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/serpent">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Definition+of+serpent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fserpent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamkrelidzeIvanov2010" class="citation book cs1">Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Ivanov, Vjaceslav V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2aqp2n2mKkC&pg=PA193">Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110815030" title="Special:BookSources/9783110815030"><bdi>9783110815030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+and+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+A+Reconstruction+and+Historical+Analysis+of+a+Proto-Language+and+Proto-Culture.&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783110815030&rft.aulast=Gamkrelidze&rft.aufirst=Thomas+V.&rft.au=Ivanov%2C+Vjaceslav+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2aqp2n2mKkC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITIS-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ITIS_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITIS_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118">"Serpentes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>. 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Pearson <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-100849-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-100849-6"><bdi>978-0-13-100849-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herpetology%3A+Third+Edition&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-13-100849-6&rft.aulast=Pough&rft.aufirst=FH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasuki-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Vasuki_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDattaBajpai2024" class="citation journal cs1">Datta, Debajit; Bajpai, Sunil (18 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11549349">"Largest known madtsoiid snake from warm Eocene period of India suggests intercontinental Gondwana dispersal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>. 14 (1): 8054. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024NatSR..14.8054D">2024NatSR..14.8054D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-024-58377-0">10.1038/s41598-024-58377-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11549349">11549349</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38637509">38637509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Largest+known+madtsoiid+snake+from+warm+Eocene+period+of+India+suggests+intercontinental+Gondwana+dispersal&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8054&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11549349%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024NatSR..14.8054D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38637509&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-024-58377-0&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Debajit&rft.au=Bajpai%2C+Sunil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11549349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeHugallLawsonScanlon2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lee MS, Hugall AF, Lawson R, Scanlon JD (2007). "Phylogeny of snakes (Serpentes): combining morphological and molecular data in likelihood, Bayesian and parsimony analyses". <a href="/wiki/Systematics_and_Biodiversity" title="Systematics and Biodiversity">Systematics and Biodiversity</a>. 5 (4): 371–389. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SyBio...5..371L">2007SyBio...5..371L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1477200007002290">10.1017/S1477200007002290</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F44258">2440/44258</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85912034">85912034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematics+and+Biodiversity&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+snakes+%28Serpentes%29%3A+combining+morphological+and+molecular+data+in+likelihood%2C+Bayesian+and+parsimony+analyses&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=371-389&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F44258&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85912034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1477200007002290&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007SyBio...5..371L&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.+Y.&rft.au=Hugall%2C+Andrew+F.&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Robin&rft.au=Scanlon%2C+John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McD99-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McD99_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McD99_19-1">b</a> McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. 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Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 102: 445–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2935950">10.2307/2935950</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935950">2935950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=Perseus%27+Battle+with+the+Gorgons&rft.volume=102&rft.pages=445-463&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2935950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2935950%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Phinney&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1989" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82oFlfs3MpwC&q=Athena+pallas+goddess&pg=PA142">The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East and West</a>. Albany, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_State_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York State University Press (page does not exist)">New York State University Press</a>. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-836-2"><bdi>978-0-88706-836-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062842/https://books.google.com/books?id=82oFlfs3MpwC&q=Athena+pallas+goddess&pg=PA142">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddesses%27+Mirror%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+from+East+and+West&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=New+York+State+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-836-2&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82oFlfs3MpwC%26q%3DAthena%2Bpallas%2Bgoddess%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeacy2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Deacy" title="Susan Deacy">Deacy, Susan</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIiCAgAAQBAJ&q=Athena+and+Ares+Darmon&pg=PA163">Athena</a>. New York City, New York and London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30066-7"><bdi>978-0-415-30066-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219205833/https://books.google.com/books?id=kIiCAgAAQBAJ&q=Athena+and+Ares+Darmon&pg=PA163#v=snippet&q=Athena%20and%20Ares%20Darmon&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athena&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30066-7&rft.aulast=Deacy&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIiCAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DAthena%2Band%2BAres%2BDarmon%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.37, 38, 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelig2002" class="citation journal cs1">Seelig, Beth J. (August 2002). "The Rape of Medusa in the Temple of Athena: Aspects of Triangulation in the Girl". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 83 (4): 895–911. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1516%2F3NLL-UG13-TP2J-927M">10.1516/3NLL-UG13-TP2J-927M</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12204171">12204171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28961886">28961886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Psychoanalysis&rft.atitle=The+Rape+of+Medusa+in+the+Temple+of+Athena%3A+Aspects+of+Triangulation+in+the+Girl&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=895-911&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28961886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12204171&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1516%2F3NLL-UG13-TP2J-927M&rft.aulast=Seelig&rft.aufirst=Beth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-West2007-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West2007_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-West2007_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin Litchfield</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanpoet00west">Indo-European Poetry and Myth</a>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanpoet00west/page/n272">258</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928075-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+Litchfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findoeuropeanpoet00west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogden2013-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ogden2013_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogden2013_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgden2013" class="citation book cs1">Ogden, Daniel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&q=ancient+Greek+dragons">Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Ancient Greek and Roman Worlds</a>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955732-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955732-5"><bdi>978-0-19-955732-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210917/https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&q=ancient+Greek+dragons#v=snippet&q=ancient%20Greek%20dragons&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drakon%3A+Dragon+Myth+and+Serpent+Cult+in+the+Ancient+Greek+and+Roman+Worlds&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955732-5&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFQ2pAK9luwkC%26q%3Dancient%2BGreek%2Bdragons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicaela_Janan2009" class="citation book cs1">Micaela Janan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gf5QEAAAQBAJ">Reflections in a Serpent's Eye Thebes in Ovid's Metamorphoses</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191572258" title="Special:BookSources/9780191572258"><bdi>9780191572258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+in+a+Serpent%27s+Eye+Thebes+in+Ovid%27s+Metamorphoses&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780191572258&rft.au=Micaela+Janan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGf5QEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeane183361-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeane183361_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeane183361_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeane1833">Deane 1833</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeane183362–64-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeane183362–64_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeane1833">Deane 1833</a>, pp. 62–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Chambers2015" class="citation book cs1">James Chambers, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AiK2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT782">Holiday Symbols & Customs, 5th Ed</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 782. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780780813656" title="Special:BookSources/9780780813656"><bdi>9780780813656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holiday+Symbols+%26+Customs%2C+5th+Ed&rft.pages=782&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780780813656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAiK2EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/about-chinese.html">"The Chinese Calendar"</a>. timeanddate.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815132857/https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/about-chinese.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timeanddate.com&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fcalendar%2Fabout-chinese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson1972" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Elizabeth (1972). The Mochica: A Culture of Peru. London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-72001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-72001-1"><bdi>978-0-500-72001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mochica%3A+A+Culture+of+Peru&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-500-72001-1&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerrinLarco_Museum1997" class="citation book cs1">Berrin K, Larco Museum (1997). <a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01802-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01802-6"><bdi>978-0-500-01802-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Ancient+Peru%3A+Treasures+from+the+Museo+Arqueol%C3%B3gico+Rafael+Larco+Herrera&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-500-01802-6&rft.aulast=Berrin&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Larco+Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharerTraxler2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sharer" title="Robert Sharer">Sharer RJ</a>, Traxler LP (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar/page/619">The Ancient Maya</a> (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar/page/619">619</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4817-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4817-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-4817-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57577446">57577446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Maya&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=619&rft.edition=6th+%28fully+revised%29&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57577446&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4817-9&rft.aulast=Sharer&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Traxler%2C+Loa+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientmaya0006shar%2Fpage%2F619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerkar2011" class="citation web cs1">Kerkar, Rajendra P. (4 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/hindus-unite-to-worship-the-snake-god-today/articleshow/9474357.cms">"Hindus unite to worship the snake god today"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507062700/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Hindus-unite-to-worship-the-snake-god-today/articleshow/9474357.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Hindus+unite+to+worship+the+snake+god+today&rft.date=2011-08-04&rft.aulast=Kerkar&rft.aufirst=Rajendra+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2Fhindus-unite-to-worship-the-snake-god-today%2Farticleshow%2F9474357.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyer2019" class="citation web cs1">Iyer, Gayathri (22 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/what-is-the-significance-of-the-snake-around-lord-shivas-neck/468331">"What is the significance of the snake around Lord Shiva's neck?"</a>. TimesNowNews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415042638/https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/what-is-the-significance-of-the-snake-around-lord-shivas-neck/468331">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TimesNowNews.com&rft.atitle=What+is+the+significance+of+the+snake+around+Lord+Shiva%27s+neck%3F&rft.date=2019-08-22&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=Gayathri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Fspiritual%2Freligion%2Farticle%2Fwhat-is-the-significance-of-the-snake-around-lord-shivas-neck%2F468331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/naga-Hindu-mythology">"naga | Hindu mythology"</a>. Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904152421/https://www.britannica.com/topic/naga-Hindu-mythology">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=naga+%7C+Hindu+mythology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fnaga-Hindu-mythology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsoucalasAndroutsos2019" class="citation book cs1">Tsoucalas, Gregory; Androutsos, George (2019). "Asclepius and the Snake as Toxicological Symbols in Ancient Greece and Rome". Toxicology in Antiquity. pp. 257–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815339-0.00017-2">10.1016/B978-0-12-815339-0.00017-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815339-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815339-0"><bdi>978-0-12-815339-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Asclepius+and+the+Snake+as+Toxicological+Symbols+in+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.btitle=Toxicology+in+Antiquity&rft.pages=257-265&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815339-0.00017-2&rft.isbn=978-0-12-815339-0&rft.aulast=Tsoucalas&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Androutsos%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediband.com/gb/blog/medical-emergency-symbol-origin/">"The Origin of the Medical Emergency Symbol"</a>. Mediband.com. 26 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034414/https://www.mediband.com/gb/blog/medical-emergency-symbol-origin/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mediband.com&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Medical+Emergency+Symbol&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediband.com%2Fgb%2Fblog%2Fmedical-emergency-symbol-origin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Numbers/21?6">Numbers 21:6–21:9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickery2019" class="citation web cs1">Vickery, Kirby (1 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manzanillosun.com/the-mesoamerican-serpent/">"The Mesoamerican Serpent"</a>. Manzanillo Sun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120152448/https://www.manzanillosun.com/the-mesoamerican-serpent/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manzanillo+Sun&rft.atitle=The+Mesoamerican+Serpent&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft.aulast=Vickery&rft.aufirst=Kirby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manzanillosun.com%2Fthe-mesoamerican-serpent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1993" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Mary (1993). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27928-1"><bdi>978-0-500-27928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mexico+and+the+Maya&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27928-1&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/John/3?14">John 3:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-genesis-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genesis_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genesis_166-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Genesis/3?1">Genesis 3:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew2019" class="citation web cs1">Drew, April (24 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/saint-patrick-banish-snakes-irleand">"Did St. Patrick really banish all the snakes from Ireland?"</a>. IrishCentral.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310204431/https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/saint-patrick-banish-snakes-irleand">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral.com&rft.atitle=Did+St.+Patrick+really+banish+all+the+snakes+from+Ireland%3F&rft.date=2019-02-24&rft.aulast=Drew&rft.aufirst=April&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Froots%2Fsaint-patrick-banish-snakes-irleand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Revelation/20?2">Revelation 20:2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.ucalgary.ca/~nurelweb/papers/hayes/witch.html">"DISCUSSION ON WITCHCRAFT, WICCA NEO-PAGANISM AND AFRICAN TRADITIONS"</a>. people.ucalgary.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609060259/https://people.ucalgary.ca/~nurelweb/papers/hayes/witch.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=people.ucalgary.ca&rft.atitle=DISCUSSION+ON+WITCHCRAFT%2C+WICCA+NEO-PAGANISM+AND+AFRICAN+TRADITIONS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.ucalgary.ca%2F~nurelweb%2Fpapers%2Fhayes%2Fwitch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyffert1901" class="citation book cs1">Seyffert, Oskar (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b3135841x/page/270/mode/2up?view=theater">A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities: Mythology, Religion, Literature and Art</a> (6 ed.). <a href="/wiki/William_Swan_Sonnenschein" title="William Swan Sonnenschein">Swan Sonnenschein and Co</a>. p. 271. Retrieved 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Classical+Antiquities%3A+Mythology%2C+Religion%2C+Literature+and+Art&rft.pages=271&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Swan+Sonnenschein+and+Co&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Seyffert&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb3135841x%2Fpage%2F270%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyasBrahmbhattBhattParmar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vyas VK, Brahmbhatt K, Bhatt H, Parmar U (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3627178">"Therapeutic potential of snake venom in cancer therapy: current perspectives"</a>. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 3 (2): 156–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2221-1691%2813%2960042-8">10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60042-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3627178">3627178</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23593597">23593597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Pacific+Journal+of+Tropical+Biomedicine&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+potential+of+snake+venom+in+cancer+therapy%3A+current+perspectives&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=156-62&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3627178%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23593597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2221-1691%2813%2960042-8&rft.aulast=Vyas&rft.aufirst=VK&rft.au=Brahmbhatt%2C+K&rft.au=Bhatt%2C+H&rft.au=Parmar%2C+U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3627178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2013" class="citation journal cs1">Holland JS (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180525062346/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2013/02/venom/">"The Bite That Heals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2013/02/venom/">the original</a> on 25 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Bite+That+Heals&rft.date=2013-02&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmagazine%2F2013%2F02%2Fvenom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox2016" class="citation book cs1">Wilcox C (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christiewilcox.com/venomous.html">Venomous</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374283377" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374283377"><bdi>978-0374283377</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180524221949/http://christiewilcox.com/venomous.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venomous&rft.pub=Scientific+American&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0374283377&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Christie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristiewilcox.com%2Fvenomous.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehlerKing1979" class="citation book cs1">Behler JL, King FW (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi00behl/page/581">The Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of North America</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. 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Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56459-898-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56459-898-1"><bdi>978-1-56459-898-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009000202/https://www.sacred-texts.com/etc/wos/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worship+of+the+Serpent&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+Montana&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=1833&rft.isbn=978-1-56459-898-1&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fetc%2Fwos%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreibergWalls1984" class="citation book cs1">Freiberg M, Walls J (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofvenomousa00marc">The World of Venomous Animals</a>. New Jersey: TFH Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87666-567-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87666-567-1"><bdi>978-0-87666-567-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Venomous+Animals&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=TFH+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-87666-567-1&rft.aulast=Freiberg&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rft.au=Walls%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofvenomousa00marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullfinch2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bullfinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bullfinch">Bullfinch T</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209004721/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/bulfinch/thomas/">Bullfinch's Complete Mythology</a>. London: Chancellor Press. p. 679. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7537-0381-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7537-0381-6"><bdi>978-0-7537-0381-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/bulfinch/thomas/">the original</a> on 9 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bullfinch%27s+Complete+Mythology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=679&rft.pub=Chancellor+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7537-0381-6&rft.aulast=Bullfinch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fb%2Fbulfinch%2Fthomas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapulaBehler1989" class="citation book cs1">Capula M, Behler JL (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simonschustersgu00capu">Simon & Schuster's Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the World</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-69098-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-69098-4"><bdi>978-0-671-69098-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simon+%26+Schuster%27s+Guide+to+Reptiles+and+Amphibians+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-671-69098-4&rft.aulast=Capula&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft.au=Behler%2C+John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsimonschustersgu00capu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoborn1991" class="citation book cs1">Coborn J (1991). The Atlas of Snakes of the World. New Jersey: TFH Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86622-749-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86622-749-0"><bdi>978-0-86622-749-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+Snakes+of+the+World&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=TFH+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-86622-749-0&rft.aulast=Coborn&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConantCollins1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Conant_(herpetologist)" title="Roger Conant (herpetologist)">Conant R</a>, Collins J (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetorept00cona">A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Company">Houghton Mifflin Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-58389-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-58389-0"><bdi>978-0-395-58389-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+Reptiles+and+Amphibians+Eastern%2FCentral+North+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-395-58389-0&rft.aulast=Conant&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Collins%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffieldguidetorept00cona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDitmars1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ditmars" title="Raymond Ditmars">Ditmars, Raymond L</a> (1906). Poisonous Snakes of the United States: How to Distinguish Them. New York: E. R. Sanborn. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poisonous+Snakes+of+the+United+States%3A+How+to+Distinguish+Them&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=E.+R.+Sanborn&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Ditmars&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDitmars1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ditmars" title="Raymond Ditmars">Ditmars, Raymond L</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/snakesofworld00ditm">Snakes of the World</a>. New York: Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/snakesofworld00ditm/page/11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-531730-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-531730-7"><bdi>978-0-02-531730-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snakes+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1931&rft.isbn=978-0-02-531730-7&rft.aulast=Ditmars&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsnakesofworld00ditm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDitmars1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ditmars" title="Raymond Ditmars">Ditmars RL</a> (1933). Reptiles of the World: The Crocodilians, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. New York: Macmillan. p. 321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reptiles+of+the+World%3A+The+Crocodilians%2C+Lizards%2C+Snakes%2C+Turtles+and+Tortoises+of+the+Eastern+and+Western+Hemispheres&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Ditmars&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDitmarsBridges1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ditmars" title="Raymond Ditmars">Ditmars RL</a>, Bridges W (1935). Snake-Hunters' Holiday. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snake-Hunters%27+Holiday&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Ditmars&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L.&rft.au=Bridges%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDitmars1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ditmars" title="Raymond Ditmars">Ditmars RL</a> (1939). A Field Book of North American Snakes. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co. p. 305.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Book+of+North+American+Snakes&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Doran+%26+Co&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Ditmars&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbonsGibbons1983" class="citation book cs1">Gibbons JW, Gibbons W (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theirbloodrunsco0000gibb">Their Blood Runs Cold: Adventures With Reptiles and Amphibians</a>. Alabama: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theirbloodrunsco0000gibb/page/164">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0135-4"><bdi>978-0-8173-0135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Their+Blood+Runs+Cold%3A+Adventures+With+Reptiles+and+Amphibians&rft.place=Alabama&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-0135-4&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=J.+Whitfield&rft.au=Gibbons%2C+Whit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheirbloodrunsco0000gibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattison2007" class="citation book cs1">Mattison C (2007). The New Encyclopedia of Snakes. New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13295-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13295-2"><bdi>978-0-691-13295-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Snakes&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13295-2&rft.aulast=Mattison&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDiarmidCampbellTouré1999" class="citation book cs1">McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. p. 511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893777-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893777-00-2"><bdi>978-1-893777-00-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snake+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.pages=511&rft.pub=Herpetologists%27+League&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-893777-00-2&rft.aulast=McDiarmid&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.au=Campbell%2C+JA&rft.au=Tour%C3%A9%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehrtens1987" class="citation book cs1">Mehrtens J (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingsnakesofwo00mehr">Living Snakes of the World in Color</a>. New York: Sterling. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-6461-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-6461-4"><bdi>978-0-8069-6461-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Snakes+of+the+World+in+Color&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8069-6461-4&rft.aulast=Mehrtens&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivingsnakesofwo00mehr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNóbrega_AlvesSilva_VieiraSantana2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nóbrega Alves RR, Silva Vieira WL, Santana GG (2008). "Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications". <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_and_Conservation" title="Biodiversity and Conservation">Biodiversity and Conservation</a>. 17 (8): 2037–2049. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008BiCon..17.2037D">2008BiCon..17.2037D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-007-9305-0">10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42500066">42500066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Reptiles+used+in+traditional+folk+medicine%3A+conservation+implications&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2037-2049&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42500066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10531-007-9305-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008BiCon..17.2037D&rft.aulast=N%C3%B3brega+Alves&rft.aufirst=R%C3%B4Mulo+Romeu&rft.au=Silva+Vieira%2C+Washington+Luiz&rft.au=Santana%2C+Gindomar+Gomes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shea2023" class="citation book cs1">O'Shea, Mark (2023). Snakes of the World: a Guide to Every Family. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24066-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24066-4"><bdi>978-0-691-24066-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snakes+of+the+World%3A+a+Guide+to+Every+Family&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-691-24066-4&rft.aulast=O%27Shea&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Whitaker" title="Romulus Whitaker">Whitaker R</a> (1996). நம்மை சுட்ரியுள்ள பாம்புகள் (Snakes around us, Tamil). National Book Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-237-1905-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-237-1905-4"><bdi>978-81-237-1905-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D+%28Snakes+around+us%2C+Tamil%29&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-237-1905-4&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Romulus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld1989" class="citation book cs1">Rosenfeld A (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exoticpets0000rose">Exotic Pets</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exoticpets0000rose/page/293">293</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-47654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-47654-0"><bdi>978-0-671-47654-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exotic+Pets&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-671-47654-0&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexoticpets0000rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpawlsBranch1995" class="citation book cs1">Spawls S, Branch B (1995). The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Publishing. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88359-029-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88359-029-4"><bdi>978-0-88359-029-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dangerous+Snakes+of+Africa&rft.place=Sanibel+Island%2C+Florida&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Ralph+Curtis+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-88359-029-4&rft.aulast=Spawls&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Branch%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/snake" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/snake">snake</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Snake" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Snake">Snake</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" class="extiw" title="commons:Serpentes">Serpentes</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Serpentes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Serpentes">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a> article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Serpents" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Serpents">Serpents</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Serpentes">"Bibliography for "Serpentes""</a>. Biodiversity Heritage Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bibliography+for+%22Serpentes%22&rft.pub=Biodiversity+Heritage+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fname%2FSerpentes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118">"Serpentes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serpentes&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D174118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315050142/http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/view_default.asp?curGroupID=7&shapeID=1060">"US Snakes"</a>. eNature. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enature.com/fieldguides/view_default.asp?curGroupID=7&shapeID=1060">the original</a> on 15 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Snakes&rft.pub=eNature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenature.com%2Ffieldguides%2Fview_default.asp%3FcurGroupID%3D7%26shapeID%3D1060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321024830/http://naturemagics.com/stock-photo/thumbnails.php?album=7">"Snakes of the Indian Subcontinent"</a>. Naturemagics Kerala Photo Gallery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturemagics.com/stock-photo/thumbnails.php?album=7">the original</a> on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Snakes+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pub=Naturemagics+Kerala+Photo+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturemagics.com%2Fstock-photo%2Fthumbnails.php%3Falbum%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artedi.nrm.se/nrmherps/qbrowse.php?FormData=scientificName">"Herpetology Database"</a>. Swedish Museum of Natural History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herpetology+Database&rft.pub=Swedish+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartedi.nrm.se%2Fnrmherps%2Fqbrowse.php%3FFormData%3DscientificName&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Snake">BBC Nature:</a> Snake news, and video clips from BBC programmes past and present.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snakesarelong.blogspot.com/2013/05/basics-of-snake-taxonomy.html">Basics of snake taxonomy</a> at Life is Short but Snakes are Long</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Squamata">Squamata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alethinophidia" title="Alethinophidia">Alethinophidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrochordidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrochordidae">Acrochordidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniliidae">Aniliidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomochilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomochilidae">Anomochilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atractaspididae" title="Atractaspididae">Atractaspididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boidae" title="Boidae">Boidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyeriidae" title="Bolyeriidae">Bolyeriidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colubridae" title="Colubridae">Colubridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclocoridae" title="Cyclocoridae">Cyclocoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylindrophis" title="Cylindrophis">Cylindrophiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elapidae" title="Elapidae">Elapidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homalopsidae" title="Homalopsidae">Homalopsidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophiidae" title="Lamprophiidae">Lamprophiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxocemidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Loxocemidae">Loxocemidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrelapidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrelapidae">Micrelapidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosymnidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosymnidae">Prosymnidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammodynastidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psammodynastidae">Psammodynastidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammophiidae" title="Psammophiidae">Psammophiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudaspididae" title="Pseudaspididae">Pseudaspididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoxyrhophiidae" title="Pseudoxyrhophiidae">Pseudoxyrhophiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">Pythonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropidophiidae" title="Tropidophiidae">Tropidophiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropeltidae" title="Uropeltidae">Uropeltidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viper" title="Viper">Viperidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenodermidae" title="Xenodermidae">Xenodermidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenopeltidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenopeltidae">Xenopeltidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophidiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophidiidae">Xenophidiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scolecophidia" title="Scolecophidia">Scolecophidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalepididae" title="Anomalepididae">Anomalepididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrhopilidae" title="Gerrhopilidae">Gerrhopilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptotyphlopidae" title="Leptotyphlopidae">Leptotyphlopidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhlopidae" title="Typhlopidae">Typhlopidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenotyphlopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenotyphlopidae">Xenotyphlopidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reptiles_in_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reptiles_in_culture" title="Template:Reptiles in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reptiles_in_culture" title="Template talk:Reptiles in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reptiles_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reptiles in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reptiles_in_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reptiles_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles in culture">Reptiles in culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_dinosaurs" title="Cultural depictions of dinosaurs">Dinosaurs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_Dinosaurs" title="Crystal Palace Dinosaurs">Crystal Palace Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park" title="Jurassic Park">Jurassic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurus_in_popular_culture" title="Stegosaurus in popular culture">Stegosaurus in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_in_popular_culture" title="Tyrannosaurus in popular culture">Tyrannosaurus in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_%282%29.JPG/70px-Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_%282%29.JPG/105px-Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_%282%29.JPG/140px-Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Snakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">Caduceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Asclepius" title="Rod of Asclepius">Rod of Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">Snakebite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_charming" title="Snake charming">Snake charming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">Serpent (symbolism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_worship" title="Snake worship">Snake worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_turtles" title="Cultural depictions of turtles">Cultural depictions of turtles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bixi_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixi (mythology)">Bixi (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Native_American_folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Island (Native American folklore)">Turtle Island (Native American folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turtle" title="World Turtle">World Turtle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_farm" title="Crocodile farm">Crocodile farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_tears" title="Crocodile tears">Crocodile tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Snake_icon.svg/21px-Snake_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Snake_icon.svg/31px-Snake_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Snake_icon.svg/41px-Snake_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="297" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Snakes" title="Portal:Snakes">Snakes</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/21px-Lizardicon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/32px-Lizardicon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/42px-Lizardicon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Reptiles" title="Portal:Reptiles">Reptiles</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Serpentes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25537662" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25537662">Q25537662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Serpentes">Serpentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Serpentes">Serpentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46559499">46559499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:15563">15563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/4cf824f4-dda8-401a-8742-389c38ecce14">4cf824f4-dda8-401a-8742-389c38ecce14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/85553">85553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118">174118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000375563">NHMSYS0000375563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8570">8570</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/202065d2-dd4b-4a3c-9743-3b59cbdfd05a">202065d2-dd4b-4a3c-9743-3b59cbdfd05a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/20327/">20327</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=164090">164090</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=196112">196112</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2102#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2102#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2102#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85123727">United States</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85120309">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119332629">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119332629">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563054">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114645&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551054405171">Israel</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533899605171">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/yilan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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