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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Најава</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Повеќе можности" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични алатки" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични алатки</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Корисничко мени" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_mk.wikipedia.org&uselang=mk"><span>Дарување</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&returntoquery=section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Ви препорачуваме да направите сметка и да се најавите, иако тоа не е задолжително"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Направи сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&returntoquery=section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Ви препорачуваме да се најавите, иако тоа не е задолжително. 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Содржина" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Прик./скр. содржина" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Прик./скр. содржина</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Радерфордов модел на атомот</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Појдете на статија на друг јазик. Достапно на 43 јазици" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 јазици</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%B1%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="نموذج رذرفورد للذرة — арапски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نموذج رذرفورد للذرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арапски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_atomico_de_Rutherford" title="Modelo atomico de Rutherford — арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Modelo atomico de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelu_at%C3%B3micu_de_Rutherford" title="Modelu atómicu de Rutherford — астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Modelu atómicu de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruterford_atom_modeli" title="Ruterford atom modeli — азербејџански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ruterford atom modeli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербејџански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="রাদারফোর্ড পরমাণু মডেল — бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাদারফোর্ড পরমাণু মডেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планетарная мадэль атама — белоруски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Планетарная мадэль атама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белоруски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Модел на Ръдърфорд — бугарски" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Модел на Ръдърфорд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="бугарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_at%C3%B2mic_de_Rutherford" title="Model atòmic de Rutherford — каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Model atòmic de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu" title="Rutherfordův model atomu — чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rutherfordův model atomu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordsches_Atommodell" title="Rutherfordsches Atommodell — германски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rutherfordsches Atommodell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="германски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Ατομικό πρότυπο του Ράδερφορντ — грчки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατομικό πρότυπο του Ράδερφορντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грчки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_model" title="Rutherford model — англиски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rutherford model" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_at%C3%B3mico_de_Rutherford" title="Modelo atómico de Rutherford — шпански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modelo atómico de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="шпански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherforden_eredu_atomikoa" title="Rutherforden eredu atomikoa — баскиски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rutherforden eredu atomikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مدل اتمی رادرفورد — персиски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل اتمی رادرفورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_atomique_de_Rutherford" title="Modèle atomique de Rutherford — француски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modèle atomique de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EB%8D%94%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="러더퍼드 원자 모형 — корејски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러더퍼드 원자 모형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Ատոմի մոլորակային մոդել — ерменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատոմի մոլորակային մոդել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ерменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="रदरफोर्ड का परमाणु मॉडल — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रदरफोर्ड का परमाणु मॉडल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordov_model_atoma" title="Rutherfordov model atoma — хрватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rutherfordov model atoma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Rutherford" title="Model Rutherford — индонезиски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Model Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modello_atomico_di_Rutherford" title="Modello atomico di Rutherford — италијански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modello atomico di Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италијански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99" title="המודל הפלנטרי — хебрејски" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המודל הפלנטרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="хебрејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford-f%C3%A9le_atommodell" title="Rutherford-féle atommodell — унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rutherford-féle atommodell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95" title="റൂഥർഫോർഡ് മാതൃക — малајалски" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൂഥർഫോർഡ് മാതൃക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малајалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoommodel_van_Rutherford" title="Atoommodel van Rutherford — холандски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atoommodel van Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="холандски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="ラザフォードの原子模型 — јапонски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラザフォードの原子模型" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="јапонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfords_atommodell" title="Rutherfords atommodell — норвешки букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rutherfords atommodell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвешки букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84" title="ردرفورڈ ماڈل — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ردرفورڈ ماڈل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_atomu_Rutherforda" title="Model atomu Rutherforda — полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Model atomu Rutherforda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_at%C3%B4mico_de_Rutherford" title="Modelo atômico de Rutherford — португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modelo atômico de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelul_atomic_Rutherford" title="Modelul atomic Rutherford — романски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Modelul atomic Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="романски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планетарная модель атома — руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Планетарная модель атома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomi_sipas_Radh%C3%ABrfordit" title="Atomi sipas Radhërfordit — албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Atomi sipas Radhërfordit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_model" title="Rutherford model — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rutherford model" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarni_model_atoma" title="Planetarni model atoma — српскохрватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Planetarni model atoma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="српскохрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordin_atomimalli" title="Rutherfordin atomimalli — фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rutherfordin atomimalli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="ரூதர்போர்டு அணுமாதிரி — тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரூதர்போர்டு அணுமாதிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="แบบจำลองรัทเทอร์ฟอร์ด — тајландски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบบจำลองรัทเทอร์ฟอร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тајландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_atom_modeli" title="Rutherford atom modeli — турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rutherford atom modeli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планетарна модель атома — украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Планетарна модель атома" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0nh_tinh_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Hành tinh nguyên tử — виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hành tinh nguyên tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E7%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="拉塞福模型 — кинески" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉塞福模型" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кинески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q275411#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Уредување на меѓујазични врски" class="wbc-editpage">Уреди врски</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именски простори"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Преглед 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class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&action=history"><span>Историја</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Општо </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Список на сите викистраници што водат овде [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Што води овде</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%9D%D0%B0URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%26section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Дај скратена URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скриј</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Од Википедија — слободната енциклопедија</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="mk" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg/220px-Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg/330px-Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg/440px-Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Основен дијаграм на атомски планетарен модел: електроните се зелени и јадрото е црвено</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/300px--3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv/3D_anamation_of_the_Rutherford_atom.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>3Д анимација на атомот претставувајќи го радефордовиот модел</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Радерфордов модел</b> — модел на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом">атомот</a> осмислен од страна на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ернест Радерфорд">Ернест Радерфорд</a>. Радерфорд го водел познатиот <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гајгер-Марсденов експеримент (страницата не постои)">Гајгер-Марсденов експеримент</a> во 1909 кој предложил, по радерфордовите анализи во 1911, дека <a href="/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Џозеф Џон Томсон">Џ. Џ. Томсоновиот</a> таканаречен "<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Томсонов модел на атомот (страницата не постои)">Томсонов модел на атомот</a>" бил погрешен. Новиот модел на Радерфорд <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> за атомот, заснован врз основа од експериментални резултати, содржел нови одлики од релативно високи централни полнежи концентрирани во многу мал волумен во компарација со останатиот дел од атомот и со овој централен волумен кој го содржи поголемиот дел од <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Атомска маса">атомската маса</a> на атомот. Овој дел ќе биде преименуван во "<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атомско јадро">јадро</a>" на атомот во подоцнежните години. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Експериментална_основа_за_моделот_на_атомот"><span id=".D0.95.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B0_.D0.B7.D0.B0_.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.BE.D1.82_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.BE.D1.82"></span>Експериментална основа за моделот на атомот</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Уреди го одделот „Експериментална основа за моделот на атомот“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&section=1" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Експериментална основа за моделот на атомот"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Радерфорд го поништил томсоновиот модел на атомот во 1911 со неговиот добро познат експеримент со златна фолија во кој тој демонстрирал дека атомот има мало, тешко јадро. Радерфорд дизајнирал експеримент со кој ги користел <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Алфа-честичка">алфа-честичките</a> емитирани од радиоактивен елемент како сонди за невидениот свет на атомската структура. </p><p>Радерфорд претставил свој физички модел за субатомската структура, како толкување за неочекуваните експериментални резултати. Во него, атомот се состои од централен полнеж (ова е модерното <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атомско јадро">атомско јадро</a>, макар Радерфорд не го користел терминот "јадро" во неговиот труд) опкружен со облак од (веројатно) орбитирачки <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон">електрони</a>. Во овој труд од 1911, Радерфорд се обврзува само за мал централен дел со висок позитивен или негативен полнеж на атомот. </p> <blockquote><p>За конкретност, земи го предвид преминот на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Алфа-честичка">α честичка</a> со висока брзина преку атом кој има позитивен централен полнеж <i>N</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Количество елементарно електричество (страницата не постои)">e</a>, и е опкружен со компензирачки полнеж од <i>N</i> електрони.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Од чисти енергечни аспекти за тоа колку честичките со позната брзина можат да пенетрираат кон централниот полнеж од 100 e, Радерфорд пресметал дека полупречникот на неговиот <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато">златен</a> централен полнеж би требал да биде (колку помал не може да се каже) помал 3.4 x 10<sup>−14</sup> метри. Ова е за атом од злато за кој е познато дека е 10<sup>−10</sup> метри или толку во полупречник—многу изненадувачко откритие, како што е имплицирано дека силниот централен полнеж е помал од 1/3000ка од пречникот на атомот. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpg/330px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpg/440px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Расејување на α-честичка од јадро со полнеж <i>Ze</i>, според Радерфордовата формула</figcaption></figure> <p>Радерфордовиот модел на атомот служел да се концентрира голем дел од полнежот и масата на атомот на многу мало јадро, но не припишувал никакви структури на останатите електрони и останатата атомска маса. Спомнат бил и атомскиот модел на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хантаро Нагаока (страницата не постои)">Хантаро Нагаока</a>, во кој електроните се наредени во еден или повеќе прстени, со специфична метаморфична структура како кај стабилните прстени на Сатурн. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Томсонов модел на атомот (страницата не постои)">Томсоновиот модел на атомот</a> на Џ. Џ. Томсон исто така имал прстени со орбитирачки електрони. <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Жан Батист Перен">Жан Батист Перен</a> тврдел во неговото Нобелово Предавање <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> дека тој бил првиот кој го предложил моделот во неговиот труд во 1901. </p><p>Радерфордовиот труд предложил дека централниот полнеж на атомот може да биде "пропорционален" со неговата атомска маса во <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Единица за атомска маса">единицата за водородната маса</a> u (околу 1/2 од него, во Радерфордовиот модел). За злато, овој масен број е 197 (тогаш не се знаела точноста) и затоа беше моделиран од Радерфорд за да биде евентуално 196 u. Сепак, Радерфорд не пробал да направи директна врска со централниот полнеж со to make the direct connection of central charge to <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Атомски број">атомскиот број</a>, затоа што "атомскиот број" на златото (во <i>тоа</i> време едвај имал реден број во <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Периоден систем на елементите">периодениот систем на елементите</a>) бил 79, и Радерфорд го моделирал полнежот да биде околу + 100 единици (тој всушност предложил 98 единици со позитивен полнеж, да се направи половина од 196). Така, Радерфорд не ги предложил формално двата броја (местото во периоднот систем, 79, и јадрениот полнеж, 98 или 100) кои можеле да бидат исти. </p><p>Еден месец по појавувањето на Радерфордовиот труд, предлогот во однос со истиот идентитет на атомскиот број и јадрен полнеж <i>бил</i> направен од страна на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Антониус Ван ден Брук (страницата не постои)">Антониус Ван ден Брук</a>, а подоцна бил докажан експериментално во рок од две години, од <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хенри Мозли">Хенри Мозли</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Клучни_точки"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BB.D1.83.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Клучни точки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Уреди го одделот „Клучни точки“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&section=2" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Клучни точки"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Атомскиот <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Атомска орбитала">електронски облак</a> нема никакво влијание врз <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Радерфордово распрскување (страницата не постои)">распрскувањето на алфа-честичките</a>.</li> <li>Голем дел од позитивниот полнеж на атомот е концентриран во релативно мал волумен во центарот на атомот, денес познат како <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атомско јадро">јадро</a>. Големината на овој полнеж е пропорционална со (до одреден број кој може да биде половина од него) <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Атомска маса">атомската маса</a> - за преостанатата маса сега е познато дека е главно препуштена на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Неутрон">неутроните</a>. Оваа концентрирана централна маса и полнеж се одговорни за одбивањето на алфа и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бета-честица (страницата не постои)">бета</a> честичките.</li> <li>Масата на тешките атоми како што се на златото е главно концентрирана во регионот со централниот полнеж, бидејќи пресметувањата покажуваат дека не се одбива или движи од алфа-честичките со голема брзина, кои имаат многу висок <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Импулс (механика)">импулс</a> во споредба со електроните, но не во однос на тешкиот атом како целина.</li> <li>Самиот атом е 100,000 (10<sup>5</sup>) пати поголем од пречникот на јадрото.<sup id="cite_ref-Giordano2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giordano2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ова може да спореди со ставање <a href="/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Јаболко">јаболко</a> во средина на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Фудбалски терен">фудбалски терен</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Constan2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constan2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Придонес_во_модерната_наука"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.81_.D0.B2.D0.BE_.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.83.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Придонес во модерната наука</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Уреди го одделот „Придонес во модерната наука“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&section=3" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Придонес во модерната наука"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>По откритието на Радерфорд, научниците почнале да забележуваат дека атомот на крајна линија не е само една честичка, туку е составена од многу помали субатомски честички. Последователни истражувања ја детерминираат истата атомска структура која довела до радерфордовиот <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гајгер-Марсденов експеримент (страницата не постои)">експеримент со златна фолија</a>. Научниците евентуално откриле дека атомите имаат јадро со позитивен полнеж (со точен атомски број на полнежи) во центарот, со полупречник околку 1.2 x 10<sup>−15</sup> метри x [Атомскиот масен број]<sup>1/3</sup>. Електроните биле откриени дека се дури и помали. </p><p>Подоцна, научниците го откриле очекуваниот број на електрони (истиот број како атомскиот) во атом користејќи <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Рендгенски зраци">рендгенски зраци</a>. Кога рендгенски зраци поминува преку атомот, некои од зраците се <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Расејување">расејуваат</a> додека останатите поминуваат преку атомот. Бидејќи рендгенските зраци го губат својот интензитет пред сè поради расејувањето заради електроните, со забележување на намалената честота во интензитетот на рендгенските зраци, бројот на електрони содржан во атом може точно да се определи. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Симболика"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B1.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Симболика</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Уреди го одделот „Симболика“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&section=4" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Симболика"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Погледнете <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Боров модел на атом (страницата не постои)">Боров модел на атом</a>, кој се однесува за делот подолу. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Atom_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Atom_Diagram.svg/230px-Atom_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Atom_Diagram.svg/345px-Atom_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Atom_Diagram.svg/460px-Atom_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Генерички атомски планетарен модел.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:US_Atomic_Energy_Commission_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/US_Atomic_Energy_Commission_logo.jpg/230px-US_Atomic_Energy_Commission_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/US_Atomic_Energy_Commission_logo.jpg/345px-US_Atomic_Energy_Commission_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/US_Atomic_Energy_Commission_logo.jpg/460px-US_Atomic_Energy_Commission_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Емблем на комисијата за атомска енергија во САД</figcaption></figure> <p>Радерфордовиот модел на атомот се настроил кон идејата дека има многу електрони во прстени, по Нагаока. Но сепак, Нилс Бор го модифицирал овој поглед во слика со неколку планети-како електорни за лесни атоми, Радерфорд-Боровиот модел ја фатил имагинацијата на јавноста. Оттогаш постојано се користел како симбол за атоми па дури и за "атомска" енергија (иако ова е посоодветно сметано за јадрена енергија). Примери за неговата употреба во текот на минатиот век се: </p> <ul><li>Логото на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Комисија на САД за атомска енергија (страницата не постои)">комисијата на САД за атомска енергија</a>, која беше делумно одговорна за неговата подоцнежна употреба во релација со <a href="/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Јадрено цепење">јадрено цепење</a>, а особено во технологијата.</li> <li>Знамето на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Меѓународна агенција за атомска енергија">меѓународната агенција за атомска енергија</a> е радерфордов атом, затворен во <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маслинка">маслинови</a> гранки.</li> <li>Логото во САД за <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мала бејзбол лига (страницата не постои)">малата бејзбол лига</a> за тимот <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Албакеркиски Изотопи (страницата не постои)">Албакеркиски Изотопи</a> е радерфордов атом, со електрон кој орбитира околку буквата А.</li> <li>Сличен симбол, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Атомски виорат (страницата не постои)">Атомскиот виорат</a>, бил избран како симбол за <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Американски атеисти (страницата не постои)">американските атеисти</a>, и станал симбол кој се користи за <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Атеизам">атеизмот</a> воопшто.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Уникод">Уникодовите</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Разновидни симболи (страницата не постои)">разновидни симболи</a> codepoint U+269B (⚛) користат радерфордов атом.</li> <li>На мапи, генерално се користи за да се означи инсталација на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Атомска централа">атомска централа</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Поврзано"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE.D0.B2.D1.80.D0.B7.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BE"></span>Поврзано</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Уреди го одделот „Поврзано“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&section=5" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Поврзано"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Наводи"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B8"></span>Наводи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Уреди го одделот „Наводи“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&section=6" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Наводи"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAkhlesh_Lakhtakia_(Ed.)Salpeter1996" class="citation journal">Akhlesh Lakhtakia (Ed.); Salpeter, Edwin E. (1996). „Models and Modelers of Hydrogen“. <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. World Scientific. <b>65</b> (9): 933. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997AmJPh..65..933L">1997AmJPh..65..933L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.18691">10.1119/1.18691</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/981-02-2302-1" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/981-02-2302-1"><bdi>981-02-2302-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Models+and+Modelers+of+Hydrogen&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=933&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.18691&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997AmJPh..65..933L&rft.isbn=981-02-2302-1&rft.au=Akhlesh+Lakhtakia+%28Ed.%29&rft.au=Salpeter%2C+Edwin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1-одржување: излишен текст: список на автори (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:CS1-%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5:_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82:_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Категорија:CS1-одржување: излишен текст: список на автори">link</a>)</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5289462">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Rutherford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawebdefisica.com/arts/structureatom.pdf"><i>The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom</i></a>, Philosophical Magazine. Series 6, vol. <b>21</b>. May 1911</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1926/perrin-lecture.html">1926 Lecture for Nobel Prize in Physics</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giordano2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Giordano2012_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Giordano2012" class="citation book">Nicholas Giordano (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=WcAKAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1051"><i>College Physics: Reasoning and Relationships</i></a>. Cengage Learning. стр. 1051–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/1-285-22534-1" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/1-285-22534-1"><bdi>1-285-22534-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=College+Physics%3A+Reasoning+and+Relationships&rft.pages=1051-&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=1-285-22534-1&rft.au=Nicholas+Giordano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWcAKAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constan2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Constan2010_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFConstan2010" class="citation journal">Constan, Zach (2010). „Learning Nuclear Science with Marbles“. <i>The Physics Teacher</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 114. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.3293660">10.1119/1.3293660</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-921X">0031-921X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Physics+Teacher&rft.atitle=Learning+Nuclear+Science+with+Marbles&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=114&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.3293660&rft.issn=0031921X&rft.aulast=Constan&rft.aufirst=Zach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Надворешни_врски"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.B2.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.88.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.B2.D1.80.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Надворешни врски</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Уреди го одделот „Надворешни врски“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&section=7" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Надворешни врски"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rwc.uc.edu/koehler/biophys/7a.html">Rutherford's Model by Raymond College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.kutl.kyushu-u.ac.jp/seminar/MicroWorld1_E/Part2_E/P25_E/Rutherford_model_E.htm">Rutherford's Model by Kyushu University</a> <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902103523/http://www2.kutl.kyushu-u.ac.jp/seminar/MicroWorld1_E/Part2_E/P25_E/Rutherford_model_E.htm">Архивирано</a> на 2 септември 2006 г.</small></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0:Atomic_models&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Предлошка:Atomic models (страницата не постои)">Предлошка:Atomic models</a> </p></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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