Fluorescent Dyes | Fluorophores

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<div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--50-50"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:h1_2_2_text_to_media:field_indv_h1"> <div><h1>Fluorescent Dyes</h1></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:h1_2_2_text_to_media:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><p>Fluorescent dyes, or fluorophores, enable researchers to identify, probe and visualize specific biological molecules with technologies including fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.</p></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:h1_2_2_text_to_media:field_call_to_action_global"> <a href="/search?keywords=fluorescent%20dyes" class="btn btn-primary" type="link"> View Our Fluorescent Dyes </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div id="main" class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div> <div id="block-bio-techne-global-breadcrumbs" class="system_breadcrumb_block"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reagents">Bio-Techne Reagents</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reagents/fluorescent-dyes-probes">Fluorescent Dyes and Probes</a> </li> <li> Fluorescent Dyes </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <main> <section class="section"> <div> <div id="block-bio-techne-global-content" class="system_main_block"> <article> <div> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><h4><a href="#Fluorescent Dyes">Fluorescent Dyes</a> | <a href="#Fluorescent Dyes Portfolio">Fluorescent Dyes Portfolio</a> | <a href="#Common Reactive Handles">Common Reactive Handles </a>| <a href="#Fluorescent Dyes Resources">Fluorescent Dyes Resources</a></h4></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--header"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a name="Fluorescent Dyes"></a></p><h2>Fluorescent Dyes</h2><p><a>Our range of fluorescent dyes includes the </a><a href="/search?keywords=Janelia%20Fluor%C2%AE%20Dyes">Janelia Fluor<sup>® </sup>Dyes</a>, which provide scientists with an exceptional palette of bright, photostable fluorophores for a broad range of applications, including <a href="/applications/super-resolution-microscopy">super-resolution microscopy</a>. The Janelia Fluor range includes products that possess different specific and useful properties, such as: fluorogenicity; spontaneous blinking (for facile single-molecule localization microscopy, SMLM); and photoactivation. Our <a href="/search?keywords=Photoactivatable%20Janelia%20Fluor®%20Dyes">Photoactivable Janelia Fluor<sup>® </sup>Dyes</a> are particularly useful for Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM) imaging. Also included in our portfolio are novel fluorophores in the near-infrared range, for deep tissue and <em>in vivo</em> imaging work. Together with a comprehensive palette of gold-standard dyes, we have products for all your imaging requirements.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--individual-button mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default w-100"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <a href="/reagents/fluorescent-dyes-probes/fluorescent-dyes/janelia-fluor" class="btn btn-primary float-left" type="link" > Learn More About Janelia Fluor® Dyes </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p>Fluorescent dyes with a range of reactive handles are available to easily label various biomolecules. Common reactive groups include: succinimidyl esters (SE / NHS esters); maleimides; free acids; and click handle groups. Click handles include tetrazine, DBCO and azide handles to support copper-free, bioorthogonal click chemistry, and azide / alkyne handles to support copper-catalyzed click chemistry. </p><p>Protocols for fluorescent dyes conjugation are provided at <a href="/resources/protocols-troubleshooting?tid_3%5B91%5D=91">Bio-Techne</a>.</p><p>More information about <a href="#Common Reactive Handles">Common Reactive Handles</a> is provided below.</p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--_-1-text-to-media mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default p-3"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--75-25"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:3_1_text_to_media:field_header_2_global"> <div><p> <a name="Fluorescent Dyes Portfolio"></a> </p> <h2>Fluorescent Dyes Portfolio</h2></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:3_1_text_to_media:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><figure class="responsive-figure-table"><table class="table table-bordered overflow-auto"><thead><tr><th>Product Name</th><th>Reactive Group</th><th>Cat.<em> </em>No.</th><th>Excitation Wavelength (nm)</th><th>Emission Wavelength (nm)</th><th>Brightness</th><th>Emission Color</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ocean Blue</td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/ocean-blue-se_6489">6489</a></td><td>405</td><td>455</td><td>3</td><td>Blue</td></tr><tr><td>BDY FL</td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/bdy-fl-se_5465">5465</a></td><td>502</td><td>510</td><td>4</td><td>Green</td></tr><tr><td>FITC</td><td>Isothiocyanate</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/fitc_5440">5440</a></td><td>495</td><td>525</td><td>3</td><td>Green</td></tr><tr><td>Janelia Fluor<sup>®</sup> 525</td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-525-se_6296">6296</a></td><td>525</td><td>549</td><td>5</td><td>Yellow</td></tr><tr><td>HM Janelia Fluor<sup>®</sup> 526</td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/hm-janelia-fluor-526-se_7312">7312</a></td><td>526</td><td>550</td><td>-</td><td>Yellow</td></tr><tr><td>Janelia Fluor<sup>®</sup> 526</td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-526-se_7316">7316</a></td><td>526</td><td>550</td><td>5</td><td>Yellow</td></tr><tr><td>PA Janelia Fluor<sup>®</sup> 549</td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/pa-janelia-fluor-549-se_6149">6149</a></td><td>551-553</td><td>570-573</td><td>-</td><td>Yellow</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="4">Janelia Fluor<sup>®</sup> 549</td><td>Maleimide</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-549-maleimide_6500">6500</a></td><td>549</td><td>571</td><td>5</td><td>Yellow</td></tr><tr><td>Tetrazine</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-549-tetrazine_6502">6502</a></td><td>549</td><td>571</td><td>5</td><td>Yellow</td></tr><tr><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-549-se_6147">6147</a></td><td>549</td><td>571</td><td>5</td><td>Yellow</td></tr><tr><td>Free acid</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-549-free-acid_6503">6503</a></td><td>549</td><td>571</td><td>5</td><td>Yellow</td></tr><tr><td>Janelia Fluor<sup>®</sup> 585</td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-585-se_6418">6418</a></td><td>585</td><td>609</td><td>5</td><td>Orange/Red</td></tr><tr><td>Janelia Fluor<sup>®</sup> 635</td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-635-se_6419">6419</a></td><td>635</td><td>652</td><td>5</td><td>Orange/Red</td></tr><tr><td>PA Janelia Fluor<sup>®</sup> 646</td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/pa-janelia-fluor-646-se_6150">6150</a></td><td>649-651</td><td>663-665</td><td>-</td><td>Orange/Red</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="5">Janelia Fluor<sup>®</sup> 646</td><td>Maleimide</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-646-maleimide_6590">6590</a></td><td>646</td><td>664</td><td>4</td><td>Orange/Red</td></tr><tr><td>Free acid</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-646-free-acid_6993">6993</a></td><td>646</td><td>664</td><td>4</td><td>Orange/Red</td></tr><tr><td>Azide</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-646-azide_7088">7088</a></td><td>646</td><td>664</td><td>4</td><td>Orange/Red</td></tr><tr><td>Tetrazine</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-646-tetrazine_7279">7279</a></td><td>646</td><td>664</td><td>4</td><td>Orange/Red</td></tr><tr><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-646-se_6148">6148</a></td><td>646</td><td>664</td><td>4</td><td>Orange/Red</td></tr><tr><td>5-TAMRA </td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/5-tamra-nhs_7665">7665</a></td><td>546</td><td>580</td><td>3</td><td>Orange/Red</td></tr><tr><td>Cyanine 5</td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/cyanine-5-se_5436">5436</a></td><td>649</td><td>666</td><td>3</td><td>Orange/Red</td></tr><tr><td>Janelia Fluor<sup>®</sup> 669</td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/janelia-fluor-669-se_6420">6420</a></td><td>669</td><td>682</td><td>3</td><td>Far red</td></tr><tr><td>FNIR-Tag</td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/fnir-tag-nhs_7373">7373</a></td><td>765</td><td>788</td><td>4</td><td>Near-IR</td></tr><tr><td>NIR Dye s775z</td><td>NHS ester</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/nir-dye-s775z-nhs_7626">7626</a></td><td>775</td><td>795</td><td>3</td><td>Near-IR</td></tr><tr><td>Indocyanine green</td><td>-</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/indocyanine-green_7510">7510</a></td><td>787</td><td>815</td><td>3</td><td>Near-IR</td></tr><tr><td>ICG-d7</td><td>-</td><td><a href="/p/fluorescent-probes-dyes/icg-d7_7749">7749</a></td><td>794</td><td>818</td><td>3</td><td>Near-IR</td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p><em>Janelia Fluor is a registered trademark of Howard Hughes Medical Institute.</em></p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:3_1_text_to_media:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/reagents/emission-color-v5.jpg" alt="Emission Colors" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a name="Common Reactive Handles"></a></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--header"> <div> <div><h2>Common Reactive Handles</h2></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--card-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default card-para-default"> <div class="row card_row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="h-100"> <div class="bg-white border rounded flex-column d-flex h-100"> <div class="card-img-top text-center mb-3" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: ; height:200px; width: 100%;"> <div class="teaser-valign-container" style=""> <div class="valign"> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/nhs_esters_2.jpg" alt="Chemistry reaction of fluorescent dyes with common Reactive handles" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> <h3 class="card_title_htag"> <div><h4>Succinimidyl Esters (SE / NHS esters)</h4></div> </h3> <div class="card_description flex-grow-1"> <div><p>NHS ester derivatives are suitable for modifying primary amines, which are prevalent on the surface of antibodies and other proteins due to the lysine side chain. Typically, NHS ester conjugation reactions are performed at slightly alkaline pH (pH=8-8.5).</p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="h-100"> <div class="bg-white border rounded flex-column d-flex h-100"> <div class="card-img-top text-center mb-3" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: ; height:200px; width: 100%;"> <div class="teaser-valign-container" style=""> <div class="valign"> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/maleimides_1.jpg" alt="Chemistry reaction of fluorescent dyes with common Reactive handles" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> <h3 class="card_title_htag"> <div><h4>Maleimides</h4></div> </h3> <div class="card_description flex-grow-1"> <div><p>Maleimides react with thiols (sulfhydryl groups), and so provide a convenient route to label cysteine-residues in proteins and peptides.</p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><h4><strong>Free Acids</strong></h4> <p>Free acid reactive groups are commonly used in the preparation of Halo- and SNAP-tag ligands via amide coupling reactions.</p> <h4><strong>Click Handle groups</strong></h4> <p>Click Chemistry refers to a class of chemical reactions that are modular, high yielding and simple to perform and purify. Click chemistry is therefore highly attractive as an approach for bioconjugation (attachment of a substrate of interest to a specific biomolecule), particularly site-specific bioconjugation. Highly related to the concept of click chemistry is ‘bioorthogonal chemistry’, which refers to reactions that can occur in biological environments without interfering with biochemical processes. The development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry was the subject of the <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2022/press-release/" target="_blank">2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>. The most common click chemistry reactions used for bioconjugation are summarized below:</p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph accordion mb-4 paragraph--type--extendable-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="card-header rounded-top bg-white"> <a class="collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expPara-1-cui-catalyzed-azide-alkyne-click-chemistry-reaction-cuaac3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <h5>(1) Cu(I)-catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Click Chemistry reaction (CuAAC)</h5> </a> </div> <div class="collapse" id="expPara-1-cui-catalyzed-azide-alkyne-click-chemistry-reaction-cuaac3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <div class="card-body p-4"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/cui_catalyzed_azide_structure_teaser_card_6.jpg" alt="Cu(I)-catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Click Chemistry reaction (CuAAC)" loading="lazy" > </div> <br/> <div><p>The CuAAC reaction couples an alkyne with an azide (a [3+2] alkyne-azide cycloaddition) using copper as a catalyst, forming a stable 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole-linked conjugate. Pros: the reaction is bioorthogonal, uses low molecular weight reactive handles, is highly selective, quick, quantitative and pH-insensitive. Cons: the cytotoxicity of the copper catalyst required for this reaction limits its use in living systems.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph accordion mb-4 paragraph--type--extendable-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="card-header rounded-top bg-white"> <a class="collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expPara-2-strain-promoted-azide-alkyne-click-chemistry-reaction-spaac-copper-free10" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <h5>(2) Strain-promoted Azide-Alkyne Click Chemistry reaction (SPAAC) (copper-free)</h5> </a> </div> <div class="collapse" id="expPara-2-strain-promoted-azide-alkyne-click-chemistry-reaction-spaac-copper-free10" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <div class="card-body p-4"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/strain-promoted_azide_structure_teaser_card_5.jpg" alt="Strain-promoted Azide-Alkyne Click Chemistry reaction (SPAAC) (copper-free)" loading="lazy" > </div> <br/> <div><p>The SPAAC reaction is another azide-alkyne cycloaddition that avoids the use of copper, by incorporating the triple bond into a cyclooctyne. The cyclooctyne, DBCO (dibenzocyclooctyne, also known as DIBAC) is commonly used as a reactive handle for this reaction because it provides relatively rapid reaction kinetics and good stability in aqueous buffers. Pros: this reaction is copper-free and non-cytotoxic. Cons: it requires incorporation of relatively large cyclooctyne group.  </p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph accordion mb-4 paragraph--type--extendable-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="card-header rounded-top bg-white"> <a class="collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expPara-3-tetrazine-ligation-based-on-inverse-electron-demand-diels-alder-iedda-chemistry19" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <h5>(3) Tetrazine ligation based on Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) chemistry</h5> </a> </div> <div class="collapse" id="expPara-3-tetrazine-ligation-based-on-inverse-electron-demand-diels-alder-iedda-chemistry19" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <div class="card-body p-4"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/tetrazine_ligation_structure_teaser_card-4.jpg" alt="Tetrazine ligation based on Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) chem" loading="lazy" > </div> <br/> <div><p>The IEDDA reaction is the ultrafast cycloaddition between a strained double bond (commonly <em>trans</em>-cyclooctene) and a labeled tetrazine. Pros: the reaction is bioorthogonal, compatible with living systems, very rapid reaction kinetics, no catalyst required, ‘turn-on’ fluorescence of the tetrazine-functionalized dyes upon conjugation. 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