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<li id="toc-Discovery_and_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_and_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Discovery and naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_and_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Research stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_spill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_spill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Oil spill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_spill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_and_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_and_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Threats and preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_and_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleoflora_and_paleofauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleoflora_and_paleofauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Paleoflora and paleofauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleoflora_and_paleofauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antarctic Peninsula</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktiese_Skiereiland" title="Antarktiese Skiereiland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antarktiese Skiereiland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شبه الجزيرة القطبية الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبه الجزيرة القطبية الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Península Antártica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Península Antártica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktik_yar%C4%B1madas%C4%B1" title="Antarktik yarımadası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antarktik yarımadası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA" title="অ্যান্টার্কটিক উপদ্বীপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যান্টার্কটিক উপদ্বীপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Антарктика ярымутрауы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Антарктика ярымутрауы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Антарктычны паўвостраў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антарктычны паўвостраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Антарктически полуостров – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антарктически полуостров" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkti%C4%8Dko_poluostrvo" title="Antarktičko poluostrvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antarktičko poluostrvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledenez_Antarktika" title="Ledenez Antarktika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ledenez Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ant%C3%A0rtica" title="Península Antàrtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Península Antàrtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktick%C3%BD_poloostrov" title="Antarktický poloostrov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antarktický poloostrov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktiske_halv%C3%B8" title="Antarktiske halvø – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antarktiske halvø" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktische_Halbinsel" title="Antarktische Halbinsel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antarktische Halbinsel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika_poolsaar" title="Antarktika poolsaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antarktika poolsaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A7%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ανταρκτική Χερσόνησος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανταρκτική Χερσόνησος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Península Antártica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Península Antártica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkta_duoninsulo" title="Antarkta duoninsulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antarkta duoninsulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartikako_penintsula" title="Antartikako penintsula – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antartikako penintsula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شبه‌جزیره جنوبگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبه‌جزیره جنوبگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ninsule_Antarctique" title="Péninsule Antarctique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Péninsule Antarctique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leithinis_Antartach" title="Leithinis Antartach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leithinis Antartach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Península Antártica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Península Antártica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EA%B7%B9%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84" title="남극반도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남극반도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Անտարկտիկական թերակղզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտարկտիկական թերակղզի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="अंटार्कटिक प्रायद्वीप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंटार्कटिक प्रायद्वीप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkti%C4%8Dki_poluotok" title="Antarktički poluotok – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antarktički poluotok" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Antarktika" title="Semenanjung Antarktika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Semenanjung Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisola_Antartica" title="Penisola Antartica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Penisola Antartica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99" title="חצי האי האנטארקטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חצי האי האנטארקטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ანტარქტიკის ნახევარკუნძული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტარქტიკის ნახევარკუნძული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Антарктида түбегі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антарктида түбегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasi_ya_Antaktiki" title="Rasi ya Antaktiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rasi ya Antaktiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Антарктика жарым аралы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антарктика жарым аралы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeninsula_Antarctica" title="Paeninsula Antarctica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paeninsula Antarctica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkt%C4%ABdas_pussala" title="Antarktīdas pussala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antarktīdas pussala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktidos_pusiasalis" title="Antarktidos pusiasalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antarktidos pusiasalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisola_de_Antartica" title="Penisola de Antartica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Penisola de Antartica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktiszi-f%C3%A9lsziget" title="Antarktiszi-félsziget – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antarktiszi-félsziget" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Антарктички Полуостров – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антарктички Полуостров" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Antartik" title="Semenanjung Antartik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Semenanjung Antartik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctisch_Schiereiland" title="Antarctisch Schiereiland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antarctisch Schiereiland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="南極半島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南極半島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktishalv%C3%B8ya" title="Antarktishalvøya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antarktishalvøya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_antarktiske_halv%C3%B8ya" title="Den antarktiske halvøya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den antarktiske halvøya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Antartica" title="Peninsula Antartica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Peninsula Antartica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82wysep_Antarktyczny" title="Półwysep Antarktyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Półwysep Antarktyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Península Antártica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Península Antártica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Antarctic%C4%83" title="Peninsula Antarctică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peninsula Antarctică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Антарктический полуостров – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антарктический полуостров" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antarctic Peninsula" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktick%C3%BD_polostrov" title="Antarktický polostrov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antarktický polostrov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkti%C4%8Dni_polotok" title="Antarktični polotok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antarktični polotok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Антарктичко полуострво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антарктичко полуострво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkti%C4%8Dko_poluostrvo" title="Antarktičko poluostrvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antarktičko poluostrvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktiksen_niemimaa" title="Antarktiksen niemimaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antarktiksen niemimaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktiska_halv%C3%B6n" title="Antarktiska halvön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antarktiska halvön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="அண்டார்ட்டிக்கா மூவலந்தீவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அண்டார்ட்டிக்கா மூவலந்தீவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Антарктика ярымутравы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Антарктика ярымутравы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="คาบสมุทรแอนตาร์กติก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาบสมุทรแอนตาร์กติก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika_Yar%C4%B1madas%C4%B1" title="Antarktika Yarımadası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antarktika Yarımadası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Антарктичний півострів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антарктичний півострів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_Nam_C%E1%BB%B1c" title="Bán đảo Nam Cực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bán đảo Nam Cực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawis_han_Antartika" title="Rawis han Antartika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rawis han Antartika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="南极半岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南极半岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="南極半島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南極半島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="南極半島 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南極半島" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185605#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antarctic_Peninsula&params=69_30_S_65_00_W_scale:20000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">69°30′S</span> <span class="longitude">65°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">69.500°S 65.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-69.500; -65.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Peninsula located in northern Antarctica</div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antarctic_Peninsula&params=69_30_S_65_00_W_scale:20000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">69°30′S</span> <span class="longitude">65°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">69.500°S 65.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-69.500; -65.000</span></span></span></a></span></span> The <b>Antarctic Peninsula</b>, known as <b>O'Higgins Land</b> in Chile and <b>Tierra de San Martín</b> in Argentina, and originally as <b>Graham Land</b> in the United Kingdom and the <b>Palmer Peninsula</b> in the United States, is the northernmost part of mainland <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antpen-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antpen-en.png/260px-Antpen-en.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antpen-en.png/390px-Antpen-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antpen-en.png/520px-Antpen-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Antarctic Peninsula map</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_map_indicating_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antarctica_map_indicating_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPG/220px-Antarctica_map_indicating_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antarctica_map_indicating_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPG/330px-Antarctica_map_indicating_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antarctica_map_indicating_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPG/440px-Antarctica_map_indicating_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Location of the Antarctic Peninsula within <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Antarctic Peninsula is part of the larger peninsula of <a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a>, protruding 1,300 km (810 miles) from a line between <a href="/wiki/Cape_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Adams">Cape Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a>) and a point on the mainland south of the <a href="/wiki/Eklund_Islands" title="Eklund Islands">Eklund Islands</a>. Beneath the ice sheet that covers it, the Antarctic Peninsula consists of a string of bedrock islands; these are separated by deep channels whose bottoms lie at depths considerably below current sea level. They are joined by a grounded ice sheet. <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>, the southernmost tip of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, is about 1,000 km (620 miles) away across the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2011a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2011a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Antarctic Peninsula is 522,000 square kilometres (202,000 sq mi) in area and 80% ice-covered.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marine ecosystem around the western continental shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) has been subjected to rapid <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">climate change</a>. Over the past 50 years, the warm, moist maritime climate of the northern WAP has shifted south. This climatic change increasingly displaces the once dominant cold, dry continental Antarctic climate. This regional warming has caused multi-level responses in the marine ecosystem such as increased <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transport</a>, decreased sea ice extent and duration, local declines in ice-dependent <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins" class="mw-redirect" title="Adélie penguins">Adélie penguins</a>, increase in ice-tolerant gentoo and chinstrap penguins, accelerated greening due to the spread of moss, alterations in <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> community composition as well as changes in <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a> recruitment, abundance and availability to predators.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Antarctic Peninsula is currently dotted with numerous research stations, and nations have made multiple claims of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>. The peninsula is part of disputed and overlapping claims by <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Antarctica" title="Argentine Antarctica">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Antarctic_Territory" title="Chilean Antarctic Territory">Chile</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">United Kingdom</a>. None of these claims have international recognition and, under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>, the respective countries do not attempt to enforce their claims. The British claim, however, is recognised by <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. Argentina has the most bases and personnel stationed on the peninsula. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Booth_and_Mount_Scott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Booth_and_Mount_Scott.jpg/220px-Booth_and_Mount_Scott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Booth_and_Mount_Scott.jpg/330px-Booth_and_Mount_Scott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Booth_and_Mount_Scott.jpg/440px-Booth_and_Mount_Scott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Booth_Island" title="Booth Island">Booth Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Scott_(Antarctica)" title="Mount Scott (Antarctica)">Mount Scott</a> flank the narrow <a href="/wiki/Lemaire_Channel" title="Lemaire Channel">Lemaire Channel</a> on the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula, 2001</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_(5),_Adelaide_Island,_Webb_Island.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Antarctica_%285%29%2C_Adelaide_Island%2C_Webb_Island.JPG/220px-Antarctica_%285%29%2C_Adelaide_Island%2C_Webb_Island.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Antarctica_%285%29%2C_Adelaide_Island%2C_Webb_Island.JPG/330px-Antarctica_%285%29%2C_Adelaide_Island%2C_Webb_Island.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Antarctica_%285%29%2C_Adelaide_Island%2C_Webb_Island.JPG/440px-Antarctica_%285%29%2C_Adelaide_Island%2C_Webb_Island.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Off the coast of the Peninsula are numerous islands. Here is <a href="/wiki/Webb_Island" title="Webb Island">Webb Island</a> and, behind it, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Island" title="Adelaide Island">Adelaide Island</a>. See the image description page for a detailed description of the other geographical features.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_and_naming">Discovery and naming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History of Antarctica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">Voyage of the James Caird</a></div> <p>The most likely first sighting of the Antarctic Peninsula, and therefore also of the whole Antarctic mainland, was on 27 January 1820 by an expedition of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Imperial Russian Navy</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen</a>. But the party did not recognize as the mainland what they thought was an <a href="/wiki/Icefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Icefield">icefield</a> covered by small hillocks. </p><p>Three days later, on 30 January 1820, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Edward Bransfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">William Smith</a>, with a British expedition, were the first to chart part of the Antarctic Peninsula. This area was later to be called <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Peninsula" title="Trinity Peninsula">Trinity Peninsula</a> and is the extreme northeast portion of the peninsula. The next confirmed sighting was in 1832 by <a href="/wiki/John_Biscoe" title="John Biscoe">John Biscoe</a>, a British explorer, who named the northern part of the Antarctic Peninsula as <a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2011a_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2011a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aga1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aga1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first European to land on the continent is also disputed. A 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal hunter">seal hunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">John Davis</a>, was almost certainly the first. But, sealers were secretive about their movements and their <a href="/wiki/Logbook" title="Logbook">logbooks</a> were deliberately unreliable, to protect any new sealing grounds from competition.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2011a_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2011a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1901 and 1904, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">Otto Nordenskjöld</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a>, one of the first expeditions to explore parts of Antarctica. They landed on the Antarctic Peninsula in February 1902, aboard the ship <i><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)">Antarctic</a>,</i> which sank not far from the peninsula. All crew were rescued by an Argentine ship. The <a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">British Graham Land expedition</a> between 1934 and 1937 carried out aerial surveys using a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Fox_Moth" title="De Havilland Fox Moth">de Havilland Fox Moth</a> aircraft, and concluded that Graham Land was not an archipelago but a peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2011a_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2011a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aga1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aga1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agreement on the name "Antarctic Peninsula" by the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Antarctic_Names" title="Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names">Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names</a> and <a href="/wiki/UK-APC" class="mw-redirect" title="UK-APC">UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee</a> in 1964 resolved a long-standing difference over the use of the United States' name <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer#Legacy_in_the_Antarctic_and_beyond" title="Nathaniel Palmer">"Palmer Peninsula"</a> or the British name "Graham Land" for this geographic feature. This dispute was resolved by making Graham Land the part of the Antarctic Peninsula northward of a line between <a href="/wiki/Cape_Jeremy" title="Cape Jeremy">Cape Jeremy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Agassiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Agassiz">Cape Agassiz</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Palmer_Land" title="Palmer Land">Palmer Land</a> the part southward of that line, which is roughly 69° S. Palmer Land is named for the United States seal hunter <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Nathaniel Palmer</a>. The Chilean name for the feature, O'Higgins Land, is in honor of <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_O%27Higgins" title="Bernardo O'Higgins">Bernardo O'Higgins</a>, the Chilean patriot and Antarctic visionary. Most other Spanish-speaking countries call it <i>la Península Antártica</i>, though Argentina also officially refers to this as <i>Tierra de San Martín</i>; as of 2018 Argentina has more bases and personnel in the peninsula than any other nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2011a_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2011a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other portions of the peninsula are named by and after the various expeditions that discovered them, including the <a href="/wiki/Bowman_Coast" title="Bowman Coast">Bowman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Coast" title="Black Coast">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danco_Coast" title="Danco Coast">Danco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davis_Coast" title="Davis Coast">Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Coast" title="English Coast">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallieres_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallieres Coast">Fallières</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordenskj%C3%B6ld_Coast" title="Nordenskjöld Coast">Nordenskjöld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loubet_Coast" title="Loubet Coast">Loubet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilkins_Coast" title="Wilkins Coast">Wilkins Coasts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2011a_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2011a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_stations">Research stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polarstern_rothera_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Polarstern_rothera_hg.jpg/220px-Polarstern_rothera_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Polarstern_rothera_hg.jpg/330px-Polarstern_rothera_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Polarstern_rothera_hg.jpg/440px-Polarstern_rothera_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2695" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption>German research vessel <a href="/wiki/RV_Polarstern" title="RV Polarstern">RV <i>Polarstern</i></a> at the wharf of the British <a href="/wiki/Rothera_Research_Station" title="Rothera Research Station">Rothera Research Station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first Antarctic research stations were established during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> by a British military operation, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1950s saw a marked increase in the number of research bases as Britain, Chile and Argentina competed to make claims over the same area.<sup id="cite_ref-pan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteorology and geology were the primary research subjects. </p><p>Since the peninsula has the mildest climate in Antarctica, the highest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Research_station" title="Research station">research stations</a> on the continent can be found there, or on the many nearby islands, and it is the part of Antarctica most often visited by tour vessels and yachts. Occupied bases include <a href="/wiki/Base_General_Bernardo_O%27Higgins_Riquelme" title="Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme">Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Station" title="Bellingshausen Station">Bellingshausen Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlini_Base" title="Carlini Base">Carlini Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comandante_Ferraz_Antarctic_Station" title="Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station">Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmer_Station" title="Palmer Station">Palmer Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rothera_Research_Station" title="Rothera Research Station">Rothera Research Station</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Base" title="San Martín Base">San Martín Base</a>. Today on the Antarctic Peninsula there are many abandoned scientific and military bases. Argentina's <a href="/wiki/Esperanza_Base" title="Esperanza Base">Esperanza Base</a> was the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Marcos_Palma" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Marcos Palma">Emilio Marcos Palma</a>, the first person to be born in Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_spill">Oil spill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oil spill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grounding of the Argentine ship the <a href="/wiki/ARA_Bah%C3%ADa_Para%C3%ADso" title="ARA Bahía Paraíso">ARA <i>Bahía Paraíso</i></a> and subsequent 170,000 US gal (640,000 L; 140,000 imp gal) <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spill</a> occurred near the Antarctic Peninsula in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-frozen_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frozen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula">Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula</a></div> <p>Antarctica was once part of the <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a>. <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">Outcrops</a> from this time include <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Scar_Inlet" title="Scar Inlet">Scar Inlet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joerg_Peninsula" title="Joerg Peninsula">Joerg Peninsula</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>-<a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> Trinity Peninsula Group are <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> that outcrop in <a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay" title="Hope Bay">Hope Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustav_Channel" title="Prince Gustav Channel">Prince Gustav Channel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rocks</a> erupted in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, with the breakup of Gondwana, and outcrop in eastern <a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a> as <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> deposits. Volcanism along western Graham Land dates from the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> to present times, and outcrops are found along the <a href="/wiki/Gerlache_Strait" title="Gerlache Strait">Gerlache Strait</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lemaire_Channel" title="Lemaire Channel">Lemaire Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Islands" title="Argentine Islands">Argentine Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Island" title="Adelaide Island">Adelaide Island</a>. These rocks in western Graham Land include <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a> <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lavas</a> and granite from the <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>, and indicate Graham Land was a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>. This line of volcanoes are associated with <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Plate">Phoenix Plate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">Metamorphism</a> associated with this subduction is evident in the Scotia Metamorphic Complex, which outcrops on <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a>, along with Clarence and Smith Islands of the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a> opened about 30 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> as Antarctica separated from South America. The South Shetland Island separated from Graham Land about 4 Ma as a volcanic <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rift</a> formed within the <a href="/wiki/Bransfield_Strait" title="Bransfield Strait">Bransfield Strait</a>. Three dormant submarine volcanoes along this rift include The Axe, Three Sisters, and Orca. <a href="/wiki/Deception_Island" title="Deception Island">Deception Island</a> is an active volcano at the southern end of this rift zone. Notable <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> locations include the <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> Fossil Bluff Group of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander Island</a>, Early Cretaceous sediments in Byers Peninsula on <a href="/wiki/Livingston_Island" title="Livingston Island">Livingston Island</a>, and the sediments on <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Island" title="Seymour Island">Seymour Island</a>, which include the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous_Extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretaceous Extinction">Cretaceous extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Transantarctic_Mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Map_of_Transantarctic_Mountains.jpg/220px-Map_of_Transantarctic_Mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Map_of_Transantarctic_Mountains.jpg/330px-Map_of_Transantarctic_Mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Map_of_Transantarctic_Mountains.jpg/440px-Map_of_Transantarctic_Mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Geographic map of Antarctica</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_Peninsula_satellite_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Antarctic_Peninsula_satellite_image.jpg/170px-Antarctic_Peninsula_satellite_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Antarctic_Peninsula_satellite_image.jpg/255px-Antarctic_Peninsula_satellite_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Antarctic_Peninsula_satellite_image.jpg/340px-Antarctic_Peninsula_satellite_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="1846" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Antarctic Peninsula</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_Peninsula_region_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Antarctic_Peninsula_region_relief_location_map.png/170px-Antarctic_Peninsula_region_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Antarctic_Peninsula_region_relief_location_map.png/255px-Antarctic_Peninsula_region_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Antarctic_Peninsula_region_relief_location_map.png/340px-Antarctic_Peninsula_region_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Relief map</figcaption></figure> <p>The peninsula is very mountainous, its highest peaks rising to about 2,800 m (9,200 ft). Notable peaks on the peninsula include <a href="/wiki/Deschanel_Peak" title="Deschanel Peak">Deschanel Peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Castro" title="Mount Castro">Mounts Castro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Coman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Coman">Coman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gilbert_(Antarctica)" title="Mount Gilbert (Antarctica)">Gilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Jackson_(Antarctica)" title="Mount Jackson (Antarctica)">Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_William_(Antarctica)" title="Mount William (Antarctica)">William</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Owen_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Owen (Antarctica)">Owen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Scott_(Antarctica)" title="Mount Scott (Antarctica)">Scott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_(Eternity_Range)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Hope (Eternity Range)">Hope</a>, which is the highest point at 3,239 m (10,627 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-BAT_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAT-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mount_William_(Antarctica)" title="Mount William (Antarctica)">Mount William</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Owen_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Owen (Antarctica)">Mount Owen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Scott_(Antarctica)" title="Mount Scott (Antarctica)">Mount Scott</a>. These mountains are considered to be a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, with a submarine spine or <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">ridge</a> connecting the two.<sup id="cite_ref-neo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the basis for the position advanced by Chile and Argentina for their territorial claims. The <a href="/wiki/Scotia_Arc" title="Scotia Arc">Scotia Arc</a> is the island arc system that links the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula to those of <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>. </p><p>There are various volcanoes in the islands around the Antarctic Peninsula. This volcanism is related to <a href="/wiki/Extensional_tectonics" title="Extensional tectonics">extensional tectonics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bransfield_Basin" title="Bransfield Basin">Bransfield Rift</a> to the west and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larsen_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larsen Basin (page does not exist)">Larsen Rift</a> to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraussetal_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraussetal-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The landscape of the peninsula is typical <a href="/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Antarctic tundra</a>. The peninsula has a sharp elevation gradient, with <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> flowing into the <a href="/wiki/Larsen_Ice_Shelf" title="Larsen Ice Shelf">Larsen Ice Shelf</a>, which experienced significant breakup in 2002. Other ice shelves on the peninsula include the <a href="/wiki/George_VI_Ice_Shelf" title="George VI Ice Shelf">George VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilkins_Ice_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilkins Ice Shelf">Wilkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wordie_Ice_Shelf" title="Wordie Ice Shelf">Wordie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bach_Ice_Shelf" title="Bach Ice Shelf">Bach Ice Shelves</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Filchner-Ronne_Ice_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf">Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf</a> lies to the east of the peninsula. </p><p>Islands along the peninsula are mostly ice-covered and connected to the land by <a href="/wiki/Pack_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack ice">pack ice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separating the peninsula from nearby islands are the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Sound" title="Antarctic Sound">Antarctic Sound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erebus_and_Terror_Gulf" title="Erebus and Terror Gulf">Erebus and Terror Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_VI_Sound" title="George VI Sound">George VI Sound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerlache_Strait" title="Gerlache Strait">Gerlache Strait</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lemaire_Channel" title="Lemaire Channel">Lemaire Channel</a>. The Lemaire Channel is a popular destination for tourist cruise ships that visit Antarctica. Further to the west lies the <a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a> and in the north is the <a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a>. The Antarctic Peninsula and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> create a funneling effect, which channels the winds into the relatively narrow <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay" title="Hope Bay">Hope Bay</a>, at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antarctic_Peninsula&params=63_23_S_057_00_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">63°23′S</span> <span class="longitude">057°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">63.383°S 57.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-63.383; -57.000</span></span></span></a></span></span>, is near the northern extremity of the peninsula, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Head" title="Prime Head">Prime Head</a>, at 63°13′S. Near the tip at Hope Bay is <a href="/wiki/Sheppard_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheppard Point">Sheppard Point</a>. The part of the peninsula extending northeastwards from a line connecting <a href="/wiki/Cape_Kater" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Kater">Cape Kater</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Longing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Longing">Cape Longing</a> is called the Trinity Peninsula. <a href="/wiki/Brown_Bluff" title="Brown Bluff">Brown Bluff</a> is a rare <a href="/wiki/Tuya" title="Tuya">tuya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheppard_Nunatak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheppard Nunatak">Sheppard Nunatak</a> is found here also. The <a href="/wiki/Airy_Glacier" title="Airy Glacier">Airy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seller_Glacier" title="Seller Glacier">Seller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleming_Glacier" title="Fleming Glacier">Fleming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Glacier" title="Prospect Glacier">Prospect Glaciers</a> form the <a href="/wiki/Forster_Ice_Piedmont" title="Forster Ice Piedmont">Forster Ice Piedmont</a> along the west coast of the peninsula. <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bay" title="Charlotte Bay">Charlotte Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Bay" title="Hughes Bay">Hughes Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Bay" title="Marguerite Bay">Marguerite Bay</a> are all on the west coast as well. </p><p>On the east coast is the <a href="/wiki/Athene_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Athene Glacier">Athene Glacier</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Arctowski_Nunatak" title="Arctowski Nunatak">Arctowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akerlundh_Nunatak" class="mw-redirect" title="Akerlundh Nunatak">Åkerlundh Nunataks</a> are both just off the east coast. A number of smaller peninsulas extend from the main Antarctic Peninsula, including <a href="/wiki/Hollick-Kenyon_Peninsula" title="Hollick-Kenyon Peninsula">Hollick-Kenyon Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehn_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehn Peninsula">Prehn Peninsula</a> at the base of the Antarctic Peninsula. Also located here are the <a href="/wiki/Scaife_Mountains" title="Scaife Mountains">Scaife Mountains</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eternity_Range" title="Eternity Range">Eternity Range</a> is found in the middle of the peninsula. Other geographical features include <a href="/wiki/Avery_Plateau" title="Avery Plateau">Avery Plateau</a>, the twin towers of <a href="/wiki/Una%27s_Peaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Una's Peaks">Una Peaks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate of Antarctica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Spring_on_the_Antarctic_Peninsula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/2010_Spring_on_the_Antarctic_Peninsula.jpg/220px-2010_Spring_on_the_Antarctic_Peninsula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/2010_Spring_on_the_Antarctic_Peninsula.jpg/330px-2010_Spring_on_the_Antarctic_Peninsula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/2010_Spring_on_the_Antarctic_Peninsula.jpg/440px-2010_Spring_on_the_Antarctic_Peninsula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Nearly cloud-free view of the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula during spring</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HopeBayGlacier.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/HopeBayGlacier.JPG/220px-HopeBayGlacier.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/HopeBayGlacier.JPG/330px-HopeBayGlacier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/HopeBayGlacier.JPG/440px-HopeBayGlacier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3519" data-file-height="2203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay" title="Hope Bay">Hope Bay</a> glacier, 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Because the Antarctic Peninsula, which reaches north of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a>, is the most northerly part of Antarctica, it has the mildest climates within this continent. Its climate is therefore classified as a <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, rather than an <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice cap</a>. Its temperatures are warmest in January, averaging 1 to 2 °C (34 to 36 °F), and coldest in June, averages from −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F). Its west coast from the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula south to <a href="/wiki/68th_parallel_south" title="68th parallel south">68° S</a>, which has a maritime Antarctic climate, is the mildest part of the Antarctic Peninsula. Within this part of the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures exceed 0 °C (32 °F) for 3 or 4 months during the summer, and rarely fall below −10 °C (14 °F) during the winter. Farther south along the west coast and the northeast coast of the peninsula, mean monthly temperatures exceed 0 °C (32 °F) for only one or two months of summer and average around −15 °C (5 °F) in winter. The east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula south of <a href="/wiki/63rd_parallel_south" title="63rd parallel south">63° S</a> is generally much colder, with mean temperatures exceeding 0 °C (32 °F) for at most one month of summer, and winter mean temperatures ranging from −5 to −25 °C (23 to −13 °F). The colder temperatures of the southeast, Weddell Sea side, of the Antarctic Peninsula are reflected in the persistence of ice shelves that cling to the eastern side.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss1998a_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss1998a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WWF2009a_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF2009a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Precipitation varies greatly within the Antarctic Peninsula. From the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula to 68° S, precipitation averages 35–50 cm (14–20 in) per year. A good portion of this precipitation falls as rain during the summer, on two-thirds of the days of the year, and with little seasonal variation in amounts. Between about 68° S and 63° S on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula and along its northeast coast, precipitation is 35 cm (14 in) or less with occasional rain. Along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula south of 63° S, precipitation ranges from 10 to 15 cm (3.9 to 5.9 in). In comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">subantarctic</a> islands have precipitation of 100–200 cm (39–79 in) per year and the dry interior of Antarctica is a virtual desert with only 10 cm (3.9 in) precipitation per year.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF2009a_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF2009a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The climate in and around the Antarctic Peninsula is changing dramatically in 2024. The most recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> temperature recorded was 10°C, which is higher than the peninsula region's average and deviates from the patterns of typical temperatures. The peninsula is getting very much affected by these sudden climate changes. In past years, researchers have seen northwesterly winds over the peninsula, and it is proven that this is one of the reasons for the peninsula constantly melting and snow sublimation in 2024. Researchers are observing similar situations in 2024. Melting events have been observed on the eastern and western sides of the Peninsula in February and March. All three are contributing to the melting of ice in several Antarctic Peninsula areas, such as Larsen C and B. Furthermore, data from NASA's research indicates that the ice sheet is melting nonstop.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antarctica_cooling_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctica cooling controversy">Antarctica cooling controversy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></div> <p>Because of issues concerning global climate change, the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent parts of the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> and its Pacific <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> have been the subject of intensive geologic, paleontologic, and paleoclimatic research by interdisciplinary and multinational groups over the last several decades. The combined study of the <a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">glaciology</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">sedimentology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">structural geology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">volcanology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial">glacial</a> and nonglacial deposits of the Antarctic Peninsula has allowed the reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">paleoclimatology</a> and prehistoric ice sheet fluctuation of it for over the last 100 million years. This research shows the dramatic changes in climate, which have occurred within this region after it reached its approximate position within the Antarctic Circle during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> Period.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1999a_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1999a-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2012a_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2012a-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Francis2008a_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2008a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HeroyOthers2005a_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeroyOthers2005a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IngolfssonOthers2003a_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IngolfssonOthers2003a-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_Bluff_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fossil Bluff Group (page does not exist)">Fossil Bluff Group</a>, which outcrops within <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander Island</a>, provides a detailed record, which includes <a href="/wiki/Paleosol" title="Paleosol">paleosols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> plants, of Middle Cretaceous (<a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a>) terrestrial climates. The <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> that form the Fossil Bluff Group accumulated within a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic island arc</a>, which now forms the <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> backbone of the Antarctic Peninsula, in prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">deltas</a> and offshore as <a href="/wiki/Submarine_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine fan">submarine fans</a> and other marine sediments. As reflected in the plant fossils, paleosols, and climate models, the climate was warm, humid, and seasonally dry. According to climate models, the summers were dry and winters were wet. The rivers were perennial and subject to intermittent flooding as the result of heavy rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2008a_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2008a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Falcon-LangOthers2001a_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falcon-LangOthers2001a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warm high-latitude climates reached a peak during the mid-Late Cretaceous <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous_Thermal_Maximum" title="Cretaceous Thermal Maximum">Cretaceous Thermal Maximum</a>. Plant fossils found within the Late Cretaceous (<a href="/wiki/Coniacian" title="Coniacian">Coniacian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santonian" title="Santonian">Santonian</a>-early <a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a>) strata of the Hidden Lake and Santa Maria formations, which outcrop within <a href="/wiki/James_Ross_Island" title="James Ross Island">James Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Island" title="Seymour Island">Seymour</a>, and adjacent islands, indicate that this emergent volcanic island arc enjoyed warm temperate or <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> climates with adequate moisture for growth and without extended periods of below freezing winter temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2008a_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2008a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HayesOthers2006a_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HayesOthers2006a-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the peak warmth of the Cretaceous thermal maximum the climate, both regionally and globally, appears to have cooled as seen in the Antarctic fossil wood record. Later, warm high-latitude climates returned to the Antarctic Peninsula region during the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> as reflected in fossil plants. Abundant plant and marine fossils from Paleogene marine sediments that outcrop on Seymour Island indicate the presence of cool and moist, high-latitudes environment during the early Eocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1999a_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1999a-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Francis2008a_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2008a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Detailed studies of the paleontology, sedimentology, and stratigraphy of glacial and nonglacial deposits within the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent parts of the Weddell Sea and its Pacific continental shelf have found that it has become progressively glaciated as the climate of Antarctica dramatically and progressively cooled during the last 37 million years. This progressive cooling was contemporaneous with a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric carbon dioxide">atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub></a> concentrations. During this climatic cooling, the Antarctic Peninsula was probably the last region of Antarctica to have been fully <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciated</a>. Within the Antarctic Peninsula, mountain glaciation was initiated during the latest Eocene, about 37–34 <abbr title="million years ago">Ma</abbr>. The transition from temperate, alpine glaciation to a dynamic ice sheet occurred about 12.8 <abbr title="million years ago">Ma</abbr>. At this time, the Antarctic Peninsula formed as the bedrock islands underlying it were overridden and joined by an ice sheet in the early <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> about 5.3–3.6 <abbr title="million years ago">Ma</abbr>. During the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> period, the size of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has fluctuated in response to glacial–interglacial cycles. During glacial epochs, this ice sheet was significantly thicker than it is currently and extended to the edge of the continental shelves. During <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> epochs, the West Antarctica Ice Sheet was thinner than during glacial epochs and its margins lay significantly inland of the continental margins.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1999a_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1999a-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2012a_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2012a-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Francis2008a_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2008a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceage_time_18kyr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Iceage_time_18kyr.png/290px-Iceage_time_18kyr.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Iceage_time_18kyr.png/435px-Iceage_time_18kyr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Iceage_time_18kyr.png/580px-Iceage_time_18kyr.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>The last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a> in thousands of years</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, about 20,000 to 18,000 years ago, the ice sheet covering the Antarctic Peninsula was significantly thicker than it is now. Except for a few isolated <a href="/wiki/Nunatak" title="Nunatak">nunataks</a>, the Antarctic Peninsula and its associated islands were completely buried by the ice sheet. In addition, the ice sheet extended past the present shoreline onto the Pacific outer continental shelf and completely filled the Weddell Sea up to the continental margin with grounded ice.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1999a_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1999a-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HeroyOthers2005a_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeroyOthers2005a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IngolfssonOthers2003a_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IngolfssonOthers2003a-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LivingstoneOthers2011a_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivingstoneOthers2011a-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contmargin-interglacial_hg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Contmargin-interglacial_hg.png/330px-Contmargin-interglacial_hg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Contmargin-interglacial_hg.png/495px-Contmargin-interglacial_hg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Contmargin-interglacial_hg.png/660px-Contmargin-interglacial_hg.png 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciomarine</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a> at the margin of an ice-covered continent during <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Deglaciation" title="Deglaciation">deglaciation</a> of the Antarctic Peninsula largely occurred between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago as an <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> climate was established in the region. It initially started about 18,000 to 14,000 years ago with retreat of the ice sheet from the Pacific outer continental shelf and the continental margin within the Weddell Sea. Within the Weddell Sea, the transition from grounded ice to a floating ice shelf occurred about 10,000 years ago. The deglaciation of some locations within the Antarctic Peninsula continued until 4,000 to 3,000 years ago. Within the Antarctic Peninsula, an interglacial climatic optimum occurred about 3,000 to 5,000 years ago. After the climate optimum, a distinct climate cooling, which lasted until historic times, occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-HeroyOthers2005a_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeroyOthers2005a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IngolfssonOthers2003a_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IngolfssonOthers2003a-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LivingstoneOthers2011a_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivingstoneOthers2011a-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonOthers2011a_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonOthers2011a-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Antarctic Peninsula is a part of the world that is experiencing extraordinary warming.<sup id="cite_ref-even_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-even-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each decade for the last five, average temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula have risen by 0.5 °C (0.90 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice mass loss on the peninsula occurred at a rate of 60 billion tons / year in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the greatest change occurring in the northern tip of the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven ice shelves along the Antarctic Peninsula have retreated or disintegrated in the last two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-even_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-even-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> has revealed that every ice front on the southern half of the peninsula experienced a retreat between 1947 and 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-FerringoOthers2009a_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FerringoOthers2009a-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study by the <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a>, glaciers on the peninsula are not only retreating but also increasing their flow rate as a result of increased <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a> in the lower parts of the glaciers.<sup id="cite_ref-hundreds_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hundreds-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor David Vaughan has described the disintegration of the Wilkins Ice Shelf as the latest evidence of rapid warming in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-esa_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> has been unable to determine the greatest potential effect on <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> that glaciers in the region may cause.<sup id="cite_ref-hundreds_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hundreds-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fur_seal_antarctic_peninsula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fur_seal_antarctic_peninsula.jpg/220px-Fur_seal_antarctic_peninsula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fur_seal_antarctic_peninsula.jpg/330px-Fur_seal_antarctic_peninsula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fur_seal_antarctic_peninsula.jpg/440px-Fur_seal_antarctic_peninsula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2034" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal</a>, once reduced to a small population on <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia</a> after being hunted towards extinction, has returned to the waters around the Antarctic Peninsula.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_in_Antarctica,_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_in_Antarctica%2C_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPEG/220px-Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_in_Antarctica%2C_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_in_Antarctica%2C_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPEG/330px-Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_in_Antarctica%2C_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_in_Antarctica%2C_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPEG/440px-Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_in_Antarctica%2C_Antarctic_Peninsula.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguin" title="Adélie penguin">Adélie penguins</a>, 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>The coasts of the peninsula have the mildest climate in Antarctica and <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a>-covered rocks are free of snow during the summer months, although the weather is still intensely cold and the growing season very short. The plant life today is mainly mosses, lichens and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> adapted to this harsh environment, with lichens preferring the wetter areas of the rocky landscape. The most common lichens are <i><a href="/wiki/Usnea" title="Usnea">Usnea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bryoria" title="Bryoria">Bryoria</a></i> species. Antarctica's two flowering plant species, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_hair_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic hair grass">Antarctic hair grass</a> (<i>Deschampsia antarctica</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_pearlwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic pearlwort">Antarctic pearlwort</a> (<i>Colobanthus quitensis</i>) are found on the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula, including offshore islands, where the climate is relatively mild. <a href="/wiki/Lagotellerie_Island" title="Lagotellerie Island">Lagotellerie Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Bay" title="Marguerite Bay">Marguerite Bay</a> is an example of this habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss1998a_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss1998a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WWF2009a_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF2009a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WWF2011a_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF2011a-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Xanthoria_elegans" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthoria elegans">Xanthoria elegans</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Caloplaca" title="Caloplaca">Caloplaca</a></i> are visible <a href="/wiki/Crustose_lichen" title="Crustose lichen">crustose lichens</a> seen on coastal rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowen_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowen-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Antarctic krill</a> are found in the seas surrounding the peninsula and the rest of the continent. The <a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">crabeater seal</a> spends most of its life in the same waters feeding on krill. <a href="/wiki/Bald_notothen" title="Bald notothen">Bald notothen</a> is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryopelagic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryopelagic (page does not exist)">cryopelagic</a> fish that lives in sub-zero water temperatures around the peninsula. Vocalizations of the <a href="/wiki/Sei_whale" title="Sei whale">sei whale</a> can be heard emanating from the waters surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss1998a_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss1998a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whales include the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_minke_whale" title="Antarctic minke whale">Antarctic minke whale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_minke_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf minke whale">dwarf minke whale</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Killer_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer whale">killer whale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowen_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowen-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The animals of Antarctica live on food they find in the sea—not on land—and include <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>. The seals include: <a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">leopard seal</a> (<i>Hydrurga leptonyx</i>), <a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal</a> (<i>Leptonychotes weddellii</i>), the huge <a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">southern elephant seal</a> (<i>Mirounga leonina</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">crabeater seal</a> (<i>Lobodon carcinophagus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Moss1998a_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss1998a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">Penguin</a> species found on the peninsula, especially near the tip and surrounding islands, include the <a href="/wiki/Chinstrap_penguin" title="Chinstrap penguin">chinstrap penguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">emperor penguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_penguin" title="Gentoo penguin">gentoo penguin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguin" title="Adélie penguin">Adélie penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Petermann_Island" title="Petermann Island">Petermann Island</a> is the world's southernmost colony of gentoo penguins. The exposed rocks on the island is one of many locations on the peninsula that provides a good habitat for <a href="/wiki/Rookery" title="Rookery">rookeries</a>. The penguins return each year and may reach populations of more than ten thousand. Of these the most common on the Antarctic Peninsula are the chinstrap and gentoo, with the only breeding colony of emperor penguins in West Antarctica an isolated population on the <a href="/wiki/Dion_Islands" title="Dion Islands">Dion Islands</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Bay" title="Marguerite Bay">Marguerite Bay</a> on the west coast of the peninsula. Most emperor penguins breed in East Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss1998a_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss1998a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WWF2009a_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF2009a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WWF2011a_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF2011a-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seabirds of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> and West Antarctica found on the peninsula include: southern fulmar (<i><a href="/wiki/Fulmarus_glacialoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulmarus glacialoides">Fulmarus glacialoides</a></i>), the scavenging southern giant petrel (<i><a href="/wiki/Macronectes_giganteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronectes giganteus">Macronectes giganteus</a></i>), Cape petrel (<i><a href="/wiki/Daption_capense" class="mw-redirect" title="Daption capense">Daption capense</a></i>), snow petrel (<i><a href="/wiki/Pagodroma_nivea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagodroma nivea">Pagodroma nivea</a></i>), the small Wilson's storm-petrel (<i><a href="/wiki/Oceanites_oceanicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanites oceanicus">Oceanites oceanicus</a></i>), imperial shag (<i><a href="/wiki/Phalacrocorax_atriceps" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalacrocorax atriceps">Phalacrocorax atriceps</a></i>), snowy sheathbill (<i><a href="/wiki/Chionis_alba" class="mw-redirect" title="Chionis alba">Chionis alba</a></i>), the large south polar skua (<i><a href="/wiki/Catharacta_maccormicki" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharacta maccormicki">Catharacta maccormicki</a></i>), brown skua (<i><a href="/wiki/Catharacta_l%C3%B6nnbergi" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharacta lönnbergi">Catharacta lönnbergi</a></i>), kelp gull (<i><a href="/wiki/Larus_dominicanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Larus dominicanus">Larus dominicanus</a></i>), and Antarctic tern (<i><a href="/wiki/Sterna_vittata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterna vittata">Sterna vittata</a></i>). The imperial shag is a <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorant</a> which is native to many sub-Antarctic islands, the Antarctic Peninsula and southern South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss1998a_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss1998a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WWF2009a_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF2009a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also present are the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_petrel" title="Antarctic petrel">Antarctic petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_shag" title="Antarctic shag">Antarctic shag</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_penguin" title="King penguin">king penguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macaroni_penguin" title="Macaroni penguin">macaroni penguin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_tern" title="Arctic tern">Arctic tern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowen_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowen-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_and_preservation">Threats and preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Threats and preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although this very remote part of the world has never been inhabited and is protected by the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>, which bans industrial development, waste disposal and nuclear testing, there is still a threat to these fragile ecosystems from increasing tourism, primarily on cruises across the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> from the port of <a href="/wiki/Ushuaia" title="Ushuaia">Ushuaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoflora_and_paleofauna">Paleoflora and paleofauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Paleoflora and paleofauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_Peninsula_Cross_Section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Antarctic_Peninsula_Cross_Section.jpg/310px-Antarctic_Peninsula_Cross_Section.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Antarctic_Peninsula_Cross_Section.jpg/465px-Antarctic_Peninsula_Cross_Section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Antarctic_Peninsula_Cross_Section.jpg/620px-Antarctic_Peninsula_Cross_Section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption>Antarctic Peninsula's <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> movement</figcaption></figure> <p>A rich record of fossil leaves, wood, pollen, and flowers demonstrates that flowering plants thrived in subtropical climates within the volcanic island arcs that occupied the Antarctic Peninsula region during the Cretaceous and very early Paleogene periods. The analysis of fossil leaves and flowers indicates that semitropical woodlands, which were composed of ancestors of plants that live in the tropics today, thrived within this region during a global thermal maximum with summer temperatures that averaged 20 °C (68 °F). </p><p>The oldest fossil plants come from the middle Cretaceous (Albian) Fossil Bluff Group, which outcrop along the edge of Alexander Island. These fossils reveal that at this time the forests consisted of large <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>, with mosses and ferns in the undergrowth. The paleosols, in which trees are rooted, have physical characteristics indicative of modern soils that form under seasonally dry climates with periodic high rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-Falcon-LangOthers2001a_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falcon-LangOthers2001a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Younger Cretaceous strata, which outcrop within James Ross, Seymour, and adjacent islands, contain fossil plants of Late Cretaceous <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a> with leaf morphotypes that are similar to those of living families such as Sterculiaceae, Lauraceae, Winteraceae, Cunoniaceae, and Myrtaceae. They indicate that the emergent parts of the volcanic island arc, the eroded roots of which now form the central part of the Antarctic Peninsula, were covered by either warm temperate or subtropical forests.<sup id="cite_ref-HayesOthers2006a_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HayesOthers2006a-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These fossil plants are indicative of tropical and subtropical forest at high paleolatitudes during the Middle and Late Cretaceous, which grew in climates without extended periods of below freezing winter temperatures and with adequate moisture for growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2008a_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2008a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cretaceous strata of James Ross Island also yielded the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Antarctopelta" title="Antarctopelta">Antarctopelta</a></i>, which was the first dinosaur fossil to be found on Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-Pettijohn_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pettijohn-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paleogene and Early Eocene marine sediments that outcrop on Seymour Island contain plant-rich horizons. The fossil plants are dominated by permineralized branches of conifers and compressions of angiosperm leaves, and are found within carbonate concretions. These Seymour Island region fossils date to about 51.5–49.5 <abbr title="million years ago">Ma</abbr> and are dominated by leaves, cone scales, and leafy branches of Araucarian conifers, very similar in all respects to living <i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_araucana" title="Araucaria araucana">Araucaria araucana</a></i> (monkey puzzle) from Chile. They suggest that the adjacent parts of the prehistoric Antarctic Peninsula were covered by forests that grew in a cool and moist, high-latitude environment during the early Eocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2008a_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2008a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Cenozoic climatic cooling, the Antarctic Peninsula was the last region of Antarctica to have been fully glaciated according to current research. As a result, this region was probably the last refugium for plants and animals that had inhabited Antarctica after it separated from the <a href="/wiki/Gondwanaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondwanaland">Gondwanaland</a> supercontinent. </p><p>Analysis of paleontologic, stratigraphic, and sedimentologic data acquired from the study of drill core and seismic acquired during the Shallow Drilling on the Antarctic Continental Shelf (SHALDRIL) and other projects and from fossil collections from and rock outcrops within Alexander, James Ross, King George, Seymour, and <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a> has yielded a record of the changes in terrestrial vegetation that occurred within the Antarctic Peninsula over the course of the past 37 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2012a_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2012a-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Francis2008a_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2008a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This research found that vegetation within the Antarctic Peninsula changed in response to a progressive climatic cooling that started with the initiation of mountain glaciation in the latest Eocene, about 37–34 <abbr title="million years ago">Ma</abbr>. The cooling was contemporaneous with glaciation elsewhere in Antarctica and a reduction in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations. Initially, during the Eocene, this climate cooling resulted in a decrease in diversity of the angiosperm-dominated vegetation that inhabited the northern Antarctic Peninsula. During the Oligocene, about 34–23 <abbr title="million years ago">Ma</abbr>, these <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a> were replaced by a mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Southern_beech" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern beech">southern beech</a> (<i>Nothofagus</i>) and conifer-dominated woodlands and <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> as the climate continued to cool. By middle Miocene, 16–11.6 <abbr title="million years ago">Ma</abbr>, a tundra landscape completely replaced any remaining woodlands. At this time, woodlands became completely extirpated from the Antarctic Peninsula and all of Antarctica. A tundra landscape probably persisted until about 12.8 <abbr title="million years ago">Ma</abbr> when the transition from a temperate, alpine glaciation to a dynamic ice sheet occurred. Eventually, the Antarctic Peninsula was overridden by an ice sheet, which has persisted without any interruption to this day, in the early Pliocene, about 5.3–3.6 <abbr title="million years ago">Ma</abbr>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2012a_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2012a-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Francis2008a_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2008a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Chile_relations#Border_issues" title="Argentina–Chile relations">Argentina–Chile relations § Border issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brategg_Bank" title="Brategg Bank">Brategg Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula">Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay_incident" title="Hope Bay incident">Hope Bay incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Argentino" title="Instituto Antártico Argentino">Instituto Antártico Argentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_Rocks" title="Rendezvous Rocks">Rendezvous Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit Ridge">Summit Ridge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stewart2011a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2011a_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2011a_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2011a_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2011a_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2011a_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2011a_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStewart2011" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, J. (2011). <i>Antarctic: An Encyclopedia</i>. 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W.; Martinson, D. G.; Meredith, M. P.; Moline, M. A.; Fraser, W. R. (2010-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1185779">"How Do Polar Marine Ecosystems Respond to Rapid Climate Change?"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>328</b> (5985): 1520–1523. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...328.1520S">2010Sci...328.1520S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1185779">10.1126/science.1185779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20558708">20558708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43782473">43782473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=How+Do+Polar+Marine+Ecosystems+Respond+to+Rapid+Climate+Change%3F&rft.volume=328&rft.issue=5985&rft.pages=1520-1523&rft.date=2010-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43782473%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sci...328.1520S&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1185779&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20558708&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Ducklow%2C+H.+W.&rft.au=Martinson%2C+D.+G.&rft.au=Meredith%2C+M.+P.&rft.au=Moline%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Fraser%2C+W.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1185779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontes-HugoDoneyDucklowFraser2009" class="citation journal cs1">Montes-Hugo, M.; <a href="/wiki/Scott_Doney" title="Scott Doney">Doney, S. C.</a>; Ducklow, H. W.; Fraser, W.; Martinson, D.; Stammerjohn, S. E.; Schofield, O. (2009-03-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1164533">"Recent Changes in Phytoplankton Communities Associated with Rapid Regional Climate Change Along the Western Antarctic Peninsula"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>323</b> (5920): 1470–1473. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...323.1470M">2009Sci...323.1470M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1164533">10.1126/science.1164533</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19286554">19286554</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9723605">9723605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Recent+Changes+in+Phytoplankton+Communities+Associated+with+Rapid+Regional+Climate+Change+Along+the+Western+Antarctic+Peninsula&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5920&rft.pages=1470-1473&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9723605%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...323.1470M&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1164533&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19286554&rft.aulast=Montes-Hugo&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Doney%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Ducklow%2C+H.+W.&rft.au=Fraser%2C+W.&rft.au=Martinson%2C+D.&rft.au=Stammerjohn%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Schofield%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1164533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolandBartlettCharmanAnderson2024" class="citation journal cs1">Roland, Thomas P.; Bartlett, Oliver T.; Charman, Dan J.; Anderson, Karen; Hodgson, Dominic A.; Amesbury, Matthew J.; Maclean, Ilya; Fretwell, Peter T.; Fleming, Andrew (2024-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01564-5">"Sustained greening of the Antarctic Peninsula observed from satellites"</a>. <i>Nature Geoscience</i>: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-024-01564-5">10.1038/s41561-024-01564-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0908">1752-0908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Sustained+greening+of+the+Antarctic+Peninsula+observed+from+satellites&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2024-10-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41561-024-01564-5&rft.issn=1752-0908&rft.aulast=Roland&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft.au=Bartlett%2C+Oliver+T.&rft.au=Charman%2C+Dan+J.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Karen&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+Dominic+A.&rft.au=Amesbury%2C+Matthew+J.&rft.au=Maclean%2C+Ilya&rft.au=Fretwell%2C+Peter+T.&rft.au=Fleming%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41561-024-01564-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aga1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aga1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aga1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1993" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Keith (1993). <i>The Australian Geographic book of Antarctica</i>. 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"Reappraisal of an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island (Antarctica)". <i>Geodiversitas</i>. <b>28</b> (11): 119–135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geodiversitas&rft.atitle=Reappraisal+of+an+ankylosaurian+dinosaur+from+the+Upper+Cretaceous+of+James+Ross+Island+%28Antarctica%29&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=119-135&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Salgado&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Gasparini%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Peninsula&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula#Q185605" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antarctic_Peninsula" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travography.com/antarctica/">"Of Ice and Men"</a> Account of a tourist visit to the Antarctic Peninsula by Roderick Eime</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060208123258/http://www.planetavivo.org/english/ResearchPrograms/Antarctica/SlideShows/ArdleyIsland/ArdleyIsland1.html">Biodiversity at Ardley Island, South Shetland archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imagea.org/photos/southamerica_western_antarctica/aq/peninsula/imagepages/image1.htm">89 photos of the Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antarctica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antarctica_topics" title="Template talk:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antarctica" title="Geography of Antarctica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave" title="2024 Antarctica heat wave">Heat waves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves" title="List of Antarctic ice shelves">Ice shelves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica" title="Geology of Antarctica">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of Antarctica">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Biogeographic realm</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom" title="Antarctic Floristic Kingdom">Floristic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_CECs" title="Lake CECs">Lake CECs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Lake_(Antarctica)" title="Mercer Lake (Antarctica)">Lake Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Antarctica" title="List of rivers of Antarctica">List of rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica" title="List of mammals of Antarctica">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Krill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Antarctica" title="List of years in Antarctica">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">Military activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Program" title="National Antarctic Program">National programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Treaty System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Day" title="Antarctica Day">Antarctica Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Antarctica" title="Crime in Antarctica">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Antarctica">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">Field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_Antarctica" title="Firefighting in Antarctica">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Antarctica">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_gateway_cities" title="Antarctic gateway cities">Gateway cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Protected_Area" title="Antarctic Protected Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antarctica" title="Religion in Antarctica">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Antarctica" title="Time in Antarctica">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Antarctica" title="Women in Antarctica">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Famous explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ui-te-Rangiora" title="Ui-te-Rangiora">Ui-te-Rangiora</a> (legendary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctica" title="Category:Antarctica">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antarctica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antarctica">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles" title="Index of Antarctica-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="West_Antarctica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Antarctica" title="Template:West Antarctica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:West_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:West Antarctica (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Antarctica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Antarctica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="West_Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antarctic Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Land" title="Palmer Land">Palmer Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Land" title="Ellsworth Land">Ellsworth Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Coast" title="English Coast">English Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Coast" title="Bryan Coast">Bryan Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eights_Coast" title="Eights Coast">Eights Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Land" title="King Edward VII Land">King Edward VII Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirase_Coast" title="Shirase Coast">Shirase Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Byrd_Land" title="Marie Byrd Land">Marie Byrd Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walgreen_Coast" title="Walgreen Coast">Walgreen Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakutis_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakutis Coast">Bakutis Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbs_Coast" title="Hobbs Coast">Hobbs Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruppert_Coast" title="Ruppert Coast">Ruppert Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Coast" title="Saunders Coast">Saunders Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Land" title="Queen Elizabeth Land">Queen Elizabeth Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major ice shelves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Ice_Shelf" title="Abbot Ice Shelf">Abbot Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filchner%E2%80%93Ronne_Ice_Shelf" title="Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf">Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getz_Ice_Shelf" title="Getz Ice Shelf">Getz Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen_Ice_Shelf" title="Larsen Ice Shelf">Larsen Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulzberger_Ice_Shelf" title="Sulzberger Ice Shelf">Sulzberger Ice Shelf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seas and major islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Island_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean Island (Antarctica)">Dean Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Island" title="Grant Island">Grant Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siple_Island" title="Siple Island">Siple Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Island" title="Adelaide Island">Adelaide Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latady_Island" title="Latady Island">Latady Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_Island" title="Rothschild Island">Rothschild Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Island_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Island (Antarctica)">Sherman Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyley_Island" title="Smyley Island">Smyley Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaatz_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaatz Island">Spaatz Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurston_Island" title="Thurston Island">Thurston Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anvers_Island" title="Anvers Island">Anvers Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Island" title="Brabant Island">Brabant Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot_Island" title="Charcot Island">Charcot Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Island" title="Coronation Island">Coronation Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Island,_Antarctica" title="D'Urville Island, Antarctica">D'Urville Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinville_Island" title="Joinville Island">Joinville Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_Island_(South_Shetland_Islands)" title="King George Island (South Shetland Islands)">King George Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_Island" title="Livingston Island">Livingston Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaud_Island" title="Renaud Island">Renaud Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Ross_Island" title="James Ross Island">James Ross Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearst_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearst Island">Hearst Island</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_polar_regions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_regions" title="Template:Polar regions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_regions" title="Template talk:Polar regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar regions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_polar_regions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar regions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eklund_Islands" title="Eklund Islands">Eklund Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Ecozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_southernmost_point" title="List of countries by southernmost point">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185605#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185605#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185605#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/235089664">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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