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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Book of commentary and translations from over 100 ancient and medieval yoga texts</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;"><i>Roots of Yoga</i> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27Roots+of+Yoga%27%27&rft.author=%5B%5BJames+Mallinson+%28author%29%7CJames+Mallinson%5D%5D%3Cbr%2F%3E%5B%5BMark+Singleton+%28yoga+scholar%29%7CMark+Singleton%5D%5D&rft.date=2017&rft.pub=%5B%5BPenguin+Books%5D%5D&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=540&rft.series=%5B%5BPenguin+Classics%5D%5D&rft_id=info:oclcnum/928480104"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Roots_of_Yoga_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Roots_of_Yoga_cover.jpg/220px-Roots_of_Yoga_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/66/Roots_of_Yoga_cover.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="389" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">On the book's cover, a yogi practises <i>tapkāra āsana</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a>'s pose.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">James Mallinson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Mark Singleton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Series</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">History of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2017</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">London, UK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">540</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/928480104">928480104</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Roots of Yoga</b></i> is a 2017 book of commentary and translations from over 100 ancient and medieval <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> texts, mainly written in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> but including several other languages, many not previously published, about the origins of yoga including practices such as <a href="/wiki/%C4%80sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Āsana">āsana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Scholar_practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar practitioner">scholar-practitioners</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">James Mallinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Mark Singleton</a>. </p><p>Critics unanimously welcomed the book, noting that it was surprising given yoga's popularity that many of its key texts had never before been translated. They described the book as scholarly, unprecedented, and admirably unbiased, making available a wealth of material in far more accessible form than ever before, and revealing yoga to consist of many strands rather than having a single definite philosophy and interpretation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book">Book</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roots_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication">Publication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roots_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Roots of Yoga</i> was published by <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a> in 2017 as a <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a> volume of 540 pages; it was not preceded by a hardback edition.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book has no illustrations other than the cover image.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, an Italian translation was published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casa_Editrice_Astrolabio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casa Editrice Astrolabio (page does not exist)">Ubaldini</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Editrice_Astrolabio" class="extiw" title="it:Casa Editrice Astrolabio">it</a>]</span> in Rome in its <i>Civiltà dell'Oriente</i> ("Civilisations of the Orient") series.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roots_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book is a collection of mostly original translations by the editors of over one hundred yoga texts, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> but also including <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, and early forms of <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its eleven themed chapters cover the nature of yoga itself<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the traditional practices, theories, and contexts of yoga. These are the <a href="/wiki/Eight_limbs_of_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight limbs of yoga">eight limbs of yoga</a> set out in <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Sutras">Yoga Sutras</a></i>, which the book calls "the best-known early expression of yoga",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and additional topics described in medieval texts, namely: </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" width="30%"> <tbody><tr> <th><small>The <a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a>, from the 4th century <i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ta%C3%B1jalayoga%C5%9B%C4%81stra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pātañjalayogaśāstra">Pātañjalayogaśāstra</a></i> 2.30</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small>   'The rules are: <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">non-violence</a>, truthfulness, not stealing, sexual continence, and non-acquisitiveness.'</small><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>Of these, non-violence is never causing harm in any way to any creature. The other rules and observances are rooted in it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright" width="30%"> <tbody><tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Siddh%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhāsana">Siddhāsana</a>, from the 15th century <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā</a></i> 1:35</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small>Press one heel against the perineum, fix the other foot above the penis and firmly place the chin on the chest. Motionless and <a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">with the senses restrained</a>, gaze unwaveringly <a href="/wiki/Ajna" title="Ajna">between the eyebrows</a>. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Siddhasana" title="Siddhasana">adept's pose</a>, this bursts open the door to <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright" width="30%"> <tbody><tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a>, from the 13th century <i><a href="/wiki/Vivekam%C4%81rta%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Vivekamārtaṇḍa">Vivekamārtaṇḍa</a></i> 151</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small>If, with the gaze between the eyebrows, the <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a> meditates on the self as the unconditioned, quiescent, resplendent <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Śiva">Śiva</a> in the skull, he becomes <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>preliminaries to yoga practice including ethical rules (<a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">yamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niyamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Niyamas">niyamas</a>) and purifications (<a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">shatkarmas</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>postures (<a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">āsana</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>breath control (<a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">prāṇāyāma</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body#Hinduism" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>yogic seals (<a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudrā</a>) to manipulate or trap the subtle body's vital energies such as <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bindu_(symbol)" title="Bindu (symbol)">bindu</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>repeated verbal formulas (<a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>withdrawal of the mind from things in the world (<a href="/wiki/Praty%C4%81h%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyāhāra">pratyāhāra</a>), fixation of the mind through concentration (<a href="/wiki/Dharana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharana">dhārāṇa</a>), and meditation to develop advanced states (<a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">dhyāna</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the highest cognitive state, the attainment of the union called "yoga" (<a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samādhi">samādhi</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>special powers (<a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">siddhi</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally</li> <li>liberation from suffering (<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">mokṣa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The editors note that there is at least an apparent paradox in describing these as yoga, as "yoga" is both the entire process and the goal or end-point, samādhi, of that process.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book has a main introduction summarizing the history of yoga and yoga scholarship,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and each chapter has its own shorter contextual introduction and notes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book provides a variety of helps for the reader such as a timeline of important events from the 1500 BCE <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> up to the 19th century;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tables of the systems of the limbs or "auxiliaries" of yoga, including fourfold, fivefold, sixfold, sevenfold and fifteen-fold systems as well as several eightfold systems including Patanjali's;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a glossary;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lists of primary and secondary literature;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an index.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roots_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg/170px-Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg/255px-Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg/340px-Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>Among the yoga texts translated in the collection are extracts from the 18th century <i><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradīpikā</a></i>, which describes poses including <a href="/wiki/Mayurasana" title="Mayurasana">Mayurasana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Roots of Yoga</i> was welcomed by its reviewers, both academics and yoga teachers. Among academics, Neil Sims, reviewing <i>Roots of Yoga</i> on the Indian Philosophy Blog, calls the book scholarly, writing that the editors (the yoga <a href="/wiki/Scholar_practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar practitioner">scholar-practitioners</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">James Mallinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Mark Singleton</a>, both of <a href="/wiki/SOAS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAS">SOAS</a>) "do an admirable job of letting the texts speak for themselves. No hint of partisanship, or even a preferred view, is given." In Sims's view, the book succeeds both on the level of increasing historical understanding among yoga students and teachers, and in contributing to yoga and South Asian scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Indologist">Indologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Sanderson" title="Alexis Sanderson">Alexis Sanderson</a> writes that the <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a>'s "unprecedented array of sources [...] will be an indispensable companion for all interested in yoga, both scholars and practitioners".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theo Wildcroft, reviewing the book for the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> blog, writes that the most usual dismissal of yoga scholars is that "as non-practitioners [they] can only have the most superficial of understandings of the practice",<sup id="cite_ref-Wildcroft_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildcroft-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noting that Singleton is a practitioner of <a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Postural yoga">postural yoga</a> and Mallinson is "much more demonstrably so",<sup id="cite_ref-Wildcroft_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildcroft-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Mahant" title="Mahant">mahant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a>) during a <a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Sanyal_2013_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Sanyal_2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among yoga teachers, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Remski" title="Matthew Remski">Matthew Remski</a>, reviewing the book in <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a>,</i> points to the book's "endlessly diverse sources",<sup id="cite_ref-YJ_Remski_2019_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YJ_Remski_2019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which include "new critical translations of over 100 little-known yoga texts dating from 1000 BCE to the 19th century, threaded together with clear and steady-as-she-goes commentary".<sup id="cite_ref-YJ_Remski_2019_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YJ_Remski_2019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The translations, he states, "explode the available resources for everyday practitioners" and "drown the notions that yoga is any single thing that anyone has ever agreed upon or that it brings everyone to the same place."<sup id="cite_ref-YJ_Remski_2019_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YJ_Remski_2019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remski proposes that it may "become the top book on every <a href="/wiki/Yoga_teacher_training" title="Yoga teacher training">yoga teacher training</a> reading list in the English-speaking world."<sup id="cite_ref-YJ_Remski_2019_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YJ_Remski_2019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The yoga teacher <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rosen_(yoga_teacher)" title="Richard Rosen (yoga teacher)">Richard Rosen</a> writes that <i>Roots of Yoga</i> is appropriately in <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a> as "this monumental anthology" of some 150 primary Sanskrit sources will in his view become a classic.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brian Cooper, reviewing the book for the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Alliance" title="Yoga Alliance">Yoga Alliance</a>, writes that it was astonishing given yoga's popularity that so few of its original texts had been translated. He notes that the authors had deliberately made available over 100 primary sources "of key importance" to grasping yoga's history. Cooper notes that the experience of reading such a collection of excerpts is quite unlike that of browsing a complete text, making the material far more accessible. He calls the book "an incredible resource", illustrating the "vast and complex" corpus of knowledge and practice that is yoga, and showing "that yoga is not a static historical object but a dynamic, intertwining and evolving form."<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_2019_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper_2019-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The indologist Adrián Muñoz, in a review for <i>Estudios de Asia y Africa</i>, writes that the book, based on prolonged research and knowledge of several Indian languages, is intended as a basic and enduring textbook, not limited to the physical aspects of yoga. He describes the introduction as erudite, at once presenting the book's organisation and setting its themes and the texts it uses in context. He comments that one gap is the relatively light coverage of vernacular languages like <i><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhāṣā</a></i>. In his view, the book thus gives the impression the "roots" of yoga are mainly literary and in Sanskrit. Muñoz writes that the general reader could feel a bit lost in the technical introductions to the chapters, but he finds the translations reliable and the selections ample and relevant, making the book very useful.<sup id="cite_ref-Muñoz_2018_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muñoz_2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roots_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body">Yoga Body</a></i>, Mark Singleton's 2010 book on the origins of global yoga in physical culture</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roots_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patanjali's text is structured as short pithy sutras (here, in quotes), summarising earlier wisdom, followed by his commentary on the sutras (smaller font).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>RY 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roots_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roots_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These indicate the parts of the <i>Roots of Yoga</i> text being discussed. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, p. xxv1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 3–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. xvi–xvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. xi, xvi–xvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, p. 319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 46–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 86–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 127–170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 171–227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 228–258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 259–282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 283–322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 323–358</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 359–394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 395–435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 46–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. ix–xxxviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 3, 473–476 for chapter 1, similarly for every other chapter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. xxxix–xl</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 437–441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 443–472</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 473–506</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 511–540</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roots_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>ti:Roots of Yoga au:Mallinson Singleton</i>. WorldCat. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993131293">993131293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ti%3ARoots+of+Yoga+au%3AMallinson+Singleton&rft.pub=WorldCat&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993131293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoots+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Roots of Yoga</i>. WorldCat. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1005287729">1005287729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Yoga&rft.pub=WorldCat&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1005287729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoots+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mallinson, James; Singleton, Mark (2019). <i>Le radici dello yoga</i> (in Italian). Translated by Marco Passavanti. Ubaldini. p. 477. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788834017715" title="Special:BookSources/9788834017715"><bdi>9788834017715</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+radici+dello+yoga&rft.pages=477&rft.pub=Ubaldini&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788834017715&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Singleton%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoots+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rosen_(yoga_teacher)" title="Richard Rosen (yoga teacher)">Rosen, Richard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youandthemat.com/book-review-by-richard-rosen/">"The Roots of Yoga"</a>. You and the Mat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Yoga&rft.pub=You+and+the+Mat&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youandthemat.com%2Fbook-review-by-richard-rosen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoots+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims2017" class="citation web cs1">Sims, Neil (30 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianphilosophyblog.org/2017/12/30/book-review-of-roots-of-yoga-translated-and-edited-by-james-mallinson-and-mark-singleton-reviewed-by-neil-sims/">"Book Review of Roots of Yoga, Translated and Edited by James Mallinson and Mark Singleton"</a>. The Indian Philosophy Blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Review+of+Roots+of+Yoga%2C+Translated+and+Edited+by+James+Mallinson+and+Mark+Singleton&rft.pub=The+Indian+Philosophy+Blog&rft.date=2017-12-30&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianphilosophyblog.org%2F2017%2F12%2F30%2Fbook-review-of-roots-of-yoga-translated-and-edited-by-james-mallinson-and-mark-singleton-reviewed-by-neil-sims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoots+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/537595/roots-of-yoga-by-translated-and-edited-with-an-introduction-by-james-mallinson-and-mark-singleton/9780241253045">"Roots of Yoga | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Yoga+%7C+PenguinRandomHouse.com%3A+Books&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F537595%2Froots-of-yoga-by-translated-and-edited-with-an-introduction-by-james-mallinson-and-mark-singleton%2F9780241253045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoots+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wildcroft-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wildcroft_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wildcroft_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildcroft" class="citation web cs1">Wildcroft, Theo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/religious-studies/?p=405">"The launch and reception of Roots of Yoga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+launch+and+reception+of+Roots+of+Yoga&rft.pub=Open+University&rft.aulast=Wildcroft&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.ac.uk%2Fblogs%2Freligious-studies%2F%3Fp%3D405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoots+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Sanyal_2013-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Sanyal_2013_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanyal2013" class="citation web cs1">Sanyal, Amitava (27 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-21571146">"Kumbh Mela festival | James Mallinson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kumbh+Mela+festival+%7C+James+Mallinson&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft.aulast=Sanyal&rft.aufirst=Amitava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-21571146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoots+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YJ_Remski_2019-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YJ_Remski_2019_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YJ_Remski_2019_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YJ_Remski_2019_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YJ_Remski_2019_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemski2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Remski" title="Matthew Remski">Remski, Matthew</a> (12 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yogajournal.com/yoga-101/10-things-didnt-know-yoga-history">"10 Things We Didn't Know About Yoga Until This New Must-Read Dropped"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Things+We+Didn%27t+Know+About+Yoga+Until+This+New+Must-Read+Dropped&rft.pub=Yoga+Journal&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft.aulast=Remski&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogajournal.com%2Fyoga-101%2F10-things-didnt-know-yoga-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoots+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper_2019-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_2019_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2019" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Brian (17 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.yogaallianceprofessionals.org/trainee/roots-of-yoga">"Roots of Yoga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Alliance" title="Yoga Alliance">Yoga Alliance</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Yoga&rft.pub=Yoga+Alliance&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.yogaallianceprofessionals.org%2Ftrainee%2Froots-of-yoga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoots+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muñoz_2018-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muñoz_2018_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuñoz2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muñoz, Adrián (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35423209">"James Mallinson y Mark Singleton (trad., ed. e introd.), Roots of Yoga, Londres, Penguin Books, 2017, 540 pp"</a>. <i>Estudios de Asia y Africa</i> (in Spanish). <b>53</b> (1 (165)): 225–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+de+Asia+y+Africa&rft.atitle=James+Mallinson+y+Mark+Singleton+%28trad.%2C+ed.+e+introd.%29%2C+Roots+of+Yoga%2C+Londres%2C+Penguin+Books%2C+2017%2C+540+pp.&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1+%28165%29&rft.pages=225-236&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Mu%C3%B1oz&rft.aufirst=Adri%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35423209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoots+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roots_of_Yoga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2017). <i>Roots of Yoga</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5"><bdi>978-0-241-25304-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928480104">928480104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Yoga&rft.place=London&rft.series=Penguin+Classics&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F928480104&rft.isbn=978-0-241-25304-5&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Singleton%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoots+of+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three Yogas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><i>and sometimes</i> <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">Eight limbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81da_yoga" title="Nāda yoga">Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghor_Yoga" title="Aghor Yoga">Aghor Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yoga" title="Mudra">Mudras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(yoga)" title="List of mudras (yoga)">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasa_(ritual)" title="Nyasa (ritual)">Nyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_vritti" title="Sama vritti">Sama vritti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">Dhauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Trāṭaka">Trataka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)#Yoga_and_brahmacharya" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laya Yoga">Laya Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Sexual Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha_Prabodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaraugha Prabodha">Amaraugha Prabodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hayat" title="Bahr al-Hayat">Bahr al-Hayat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasapaddhati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Samadhi (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Kriyayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Kriyayoga (Buddhist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Caryayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Caryayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Anuttarayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Anuttarayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahajayana">Sahajayana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tibet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Devata yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">Yantra yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Tummo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Ösel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmamudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmamudra">Karmamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">Anuyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiyoga">Atiyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Tangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">As exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">Yoga for women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Yoga hybrids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Modern yoga gurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Nidra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Nidra">Yoga Nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li>Journals <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yoga_as_exercise" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template talk:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoga_as_exercise" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asanas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Meditation seats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_pose" title="Tree pose">Tree pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Warrior</a></li> <li>Accompaniments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_teacher_training" title="Yoga teacher training">Teacher training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Standards <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Wheel_of_Yoga" title="British Wheel of Yoga">British Wheel of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_of_Yoga" title="European Union of Yoga">European Union of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Van_Lysebeth" title="André Van Lysebeth">André Van Lysebeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Alliance" title="Yoga Alliance">Yoga Alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Yoga using props</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Accessible_yoga" title="Accessible yoga">Accessible yoga</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Trauma-sensitive_yoga" title="Trauma-sensitive yoga">Trauma-sensitive yoga</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Restorative_Yoga" title="Restorative Yoga">Restorative Yoga</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra">Yoga nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_yoga" title="Competitive yoga">Competitive yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_brick" title="Yoga brick">Yoga brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_mat" title="Yoga mat">Yoga mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Farmer" title="Angela Farmer">Angela Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugger_Mugger_Yoga_Products" title="Hugger Mugger Yoga Products">Hugger Mugger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica" title="Lululemon Athletica">Lululemon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/80px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/120px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/160px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_yoga" title="Early modern yoga">Early modern yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li>1896 <i><a href="/wiki/Raja_Yoga_(book)" title="Raja Yoga (book)">Raja Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Gymnastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic Gymnastics">Harmonial gymnastics/yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi" title="Autobiography of a Yogi">Autobiography of a Yogi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_yoga" title="Hot yoga">Hot yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_yoga" title="Science of yoga">Science of yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">Sexual abuse by yoga gurus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Remski" title="Matthew Remski">Matthew Remski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation" title="Yoga and cultural appropriation">Yoga and cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_advertising" title="Yoga in advertising">In advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_children" title="Yoga for children">For children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">For women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Iyengar" title="Geeta Iyengar">Geeta Iyengar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jude_Boccio" title="Frank Jude Boccio">Frank Jude Boccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cushman" title="Anne Cushman">Anne Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lee" title="Cyndi Lee">Cyndi Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Moffitt" title="Phillip Moffitt">Phillip Moffitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Acroyoga" title="Acroyoga">Acroyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_(yoga)" title="Doga (yoga)">Doga</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Paddleboard_Yoga" title="Paddleboard Yoga">Paddleboard Yoga</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Aerial_yoga" title="Aerial yoga">Aerial yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_yoga" title="Beer yoga">Beer yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga in America">America</a> <ul><li>1961 <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hittleman" title="Richard Hittleman">Yoga for Health</a></i></li> <li>1970 <i><a href="/wiki/Lilias,_Yoga_and_You" title="Lilias, Yoga and You">Lilias, Yoga and You</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain" title="Yoga in Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Marshall" title="Lyn Marshall">Lyn Marshall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_France" title="Yoga in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Germany" title="Yoga in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga_in_India" title="Postural yoga in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Italy" title="Yoga in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Russia" title="Yoga in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Sweden" title="Yoga in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Brathen" title="Rachel Brathen">Rachel Brathen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Selvarajan_Yesudian" title="Selvarajan Yesudian">Selvarajan Yesudian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1996 <i><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</a></i></li> <li>2004 <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alter" title="Joseph Alter">Yoga in Modern India</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Modern_Yoga" title="A History of Modern Yoga">A History of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2005 <i><a href="/wiki/Positioning_Yoga" title="Positioning Yoga">Positioning Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body">Yoga Body</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Subtle_Body" title="The Subtle Body">The Subtle Body</a></i></li> <li>2015 <i><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2016 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Path_of_Modern_Yoga" title="The Path of Modern Yoga">The Path of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2017 <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roots of Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2019 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain:_Stretching_Spirituality_and_Educating_Yogis" title="Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis">Yoga in Britain</a></i></li> <li>2020 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Yoga" title="The Story of Yoga">The Story of Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_(2006_film)" title="Guru (2006 film)">Guru</a></i></li> <li>2009 <i><a href="/wiki/Enlighten_Up!" title="Enlighten Up!">Enlighten Up!</a></i></li> <li>2012 <i><a href="/wiki/Breath_of_the_Gods" title="Breath of the Gods">Breath of the Gods</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Gurus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1918 <a href="/wiki/The_Yoga_Institute" title="The Yoga Institute">The Yoga Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_Yogendra" title="Hansa Yogendra">Hansa Yogendra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1924 <a href="/wiki/Kaivalyadhama_Health_and_Yoga_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center">Kaivalyadhama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Swami Kuvalayananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1934 <a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya">Tirumalai Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Scaravelli" title="Vanda Scaravelli">Vanda Scaravelli</a></li></ul></li> <li>c. 1948 <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga" title="Ashtanga vinyasa yoga">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_style" title="Mysore style">Mysore style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(yoga_teacher)" title="Tim Miller (yoga teacher)">Tim Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_MacGregor" title="Kino MacGregor">Kino MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schultz" title="Larry Schultz">Larry Schultz</a></li></ul></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga" title="Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga">Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Satyananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Yoga" title="Ananda Yoga">Ananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Integral_Yoga_(Satchidananda)" title="Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)">Integral Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satchidananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Center" title="Kripalu Center">Kripalu Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Desai" title="Amrit Desai">Amrit Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cope" title="Stephen Cope">Stephen Cope</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_the_Iyengar_Way" title="Yoga the Iyengar Way">Yoga the Iyengar Way</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Dharma Mittra</a></li> <li>c. 1975 <a href="/wiki/Yin_Yoga" title="Yin Yoga">Yin Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulie_Zink" title="Paulie Zink">Paulie Zink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grilley" title="Paul Grilley">Paul Grilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Powers" title="Sarah Powers">Sarah Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Yoga" title="Forrest Yoga">Forrest Yoga</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Jivamukti_Yoga" title="Jivamukti Yoga">Jivamukti Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Gannon" title="Sharon Gannon">Sharon Gannon</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Power_Yoga" title="Power Yoga">Power Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Bender_Birch" title="Beryl Bender Birch">Beryl Bender Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Kest" title="Bryan Kest">Bryan Kest</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga" title="Anusara School of Hatha Yoga">Anusara Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Friend_(yogi)" title="John Friend (yogi)">John Friend</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Core_Strength_Vinyasa_Yoga" title="Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga">Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga">Post-lineage yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas">Asanas (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yoga_teachers" title="Category:Yoga teachers">Yoga teachers (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Yoginis" title="Template:Modern Yoginis">Modern Yoginis (template)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roots_of_Yoga&oldid=1129349664">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roots_of_Yoga&oldid=1129349664</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_yoga_texts" title="Category:Ancient yoga texts">Ancient yoga texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hatha_yoga_texts" title="Category:Hatha yoga texts">Hatha yoga texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2017_non-fiction_books" title="Category:2017 non-fiction books">2017 non-fiction books</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 December 2022, at 21:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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