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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amnesty_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amnesty_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Amnesty International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amnesty_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assistance_Association_for_Political_Prisoners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistance_Association_for_Political_Prisoners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Assistance Association for Political Prisoners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistance_Association_for_Political_Prisoners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Congressional-Executive Commission on China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Academics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steinert_(2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steinert_(2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Steinert (2020)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steinert_(2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Advocacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_political_prisoners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_political_prisoners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable political prisoners</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_political_prisoners-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable political prisoners subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_political_prisoners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_political_prisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_political_prisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable political prisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_political_prisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Political prisoner</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="سجين سياسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سجين سياسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presu_pol%C3%ADticu" title="Presu políticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Presu políticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasi_m%C9%99hbus" title="Siyasi məhbus – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siyasi məhbus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="রাজনৈতিক বন্দী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাজনৈতিক বন্দী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Палітычныя зняволеныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палітычныя зняволеныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Палітычны вязень – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палітычны вязень" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pres_pol%C3%ADtic" title="Pres polític – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pres polític" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%BD_v%C4%9Bze%C5%88" title="Politický vězeň – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politický vězeň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcharor_gwleidyddol" title="Carcharor gwleidyddol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carcharor gwleidyddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_fange" title="Politisk fange – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Politisk fange" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politischer_Gefangener" title="Politischer Gefangener – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politischer Gefangener" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliitvang" title="Poliitvang – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poliitvang" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πολιτικός κρατούμενος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτικός κρατούμενος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preso_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Preso político – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Preso político" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_malliberulo" title="Politika malliberulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politika malliberulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preso_politiko" title="Preso politiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Preso politiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زندانی سیاسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زندانی سیاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisonnier_politique" title="Prisonnier politique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prisonnier politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preso_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Preso político – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Preso político" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EB%B2%94" title="정치범 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정치범" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Քաղաքական բանտարկյալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքական բանտարկյալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dki_zatvorenik" title="Politički zatvorenik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Politički zatvorenik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahanan_politik" title="Tahanan politik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tahanan politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lit%C3%ADskur_fangi" title="Pólitískur fangi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pólitískur fangi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prigioniero_politico" title="Prigioniero politico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prigioniero politico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="אסיר פוליטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסיר פוליטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahanan_pulitik" title="Tahanan pulitik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tahanan pulitik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girtiy%C3%AAn_siyas%C3%AE" title="Girtiyên siyasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Girtiyên siyasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87" title="ນັກໂທດການເມືອງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນັກໂທດການເມືອງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiskais_ieslodz%C4%ABtais" title="Politiskais ieslodzītais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Politiskais ieslodzītais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikai_fogoly" title="Politikai fogoly – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Politikai fogoly" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Политички затвореник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Политички затвореник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banduan_politik" title="Banduan politik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Banduan politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Улс төрийн хоригдол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улс төрийн хоригдол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek_gevangene" title="Politiek gevangene – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politiek gevangene" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%8A%AF" title="政治犯 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政治犯" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_fange" title="Politisk fange – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politisk fange" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_fange" title="Politisk fange – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Politisk fange" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C4%99zie%C5%84_polityczny" title="Więzień polityczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Więzień polityczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preso_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Preso político – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Preso político" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C8%9Binut_politic" title="Deținut politic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Deținut politic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Политический заключённый – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политический заключённый" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Political prisoner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%BD_v%C3%A4ze%C5%88" title="Politický väzeň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Politický väzeň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dni_zapornik" title="Politični zapornik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Politični zapornik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Политички затвореник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Политички затвореник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dki_zatvorenik" title="Politički zatvorenik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Politički zatvorenik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_f%C3%A5nge" title="Politisk fånge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politisk fånge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="นักโทษการเมือง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักโทษการเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasi_mahk%C3%BBm" title="Siyasi mahkûm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyasi mahkûm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Політичний в'язень – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політичний в'язень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سیاسی قیدی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاسی قیدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B9_nh%C3%A2n_ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Tù nhân chính trị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tù nhân chính trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%8A%AF" title="政治犯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="政治犯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-18.jpg/136px-Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-18.jpg/204px-Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-18.jpg/272px-Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="4297" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg/158px-Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg/237px-Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg/316px-Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1940" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emma_Goldman_seated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Emma_Goldman_seated.jpg/139px-Emma_Goldman_seated.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Emma_Goldman_seated.jpg/209px-Emma_Goldman_seated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Emma_Goldman_seated.jpg/278px-Emma_Goldman_seated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="1236" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg/155px-Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg/233px-Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg/310px-Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>political prisoner</b> is someone <a href="/wiki/Imprisoned" class="mw-redirect" title="Imprisoned">imprisoned</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political activity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Political_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Political offense">political offense</a> is not always the official reason for the prisoner's detention. </p><p>There is no internationally recognized legal definition of the concept, although numerous similar definitions have been proposed by various organizations and scholars, and there is a general consensus among scholars that "individuals have been sanctioned by legal systems and imprisoned by political regimes not for their violation of codified laws but for their thoughts and ideas that have fundamentally challenged existing power relations".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of a political prisoner is generally awarded to individuals based on the declarations of <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> like <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, on a case-by-case basis. While such statuses are often widely recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">international public</a>, they are often rejected by individual governments accused of holding political prisoners, which tend to deny any bias in their <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A related term is <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoner of conscience</a> (POC), popularized by Amnesty International. It describes someone who was prosecuted because of their personal beliefs. </p><p>Some prisons, known as political prisons, are accustomed to or are designed solely for hosting political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <p>The concept of a political prisoner, like many concepts in social sciences, sports numerous definitions, and is undefined in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Human right">human right</a> treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helen Taylor Greene and <a href="/wiki/Shaun_L._Gabbidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaun L. Gabbidon">Shaun L. Gabbidon</a> in 2009 that "standard legal definitions have remained elusive", but at the same time, observing that there is a general consensus that "individuals have been sanctioned by legal systems and imprisoned by political regimes not for their violation of codified laws but for their thoughts and ideas that have fundamentally challenged existing power relations".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of organizations involved in human rights issues, as well as scholars studying them, have developed their own definitions,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of which are presented below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amnesty_International">Amnesty International</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> (AI) campaigns for the release of prisoners of conscience, which include both political prisoners as well as those imprisoned for their religious or philosophical beliefs. To reduce controversy, and as a matter of principle, the organization's policy applies only to prisoners who have not committed or advocated violence. Thus, there are political prisoners who do not fit the narrower criteria for POCs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organisation defines the differences as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>AI uses the term "political prisoner" broadly. It does not use it, as some others do, to imply that all such prisoners have a special status or should be released. It uses the term only to define a category of prisoners for whom AI demands a fair and prompt trial. </p><p>In AI's usage, the term includes any prisoner whose case contains a significant political element, in regard to the motivation of the prisoner's acts, the acts themselves, or the motivation of the authorities. </p><p>"Political" is used by AI to refer to aspects of human relations related to "politics": the mechanisms of society and civil order, the principles, organization, or conduct of government or public affairs, and the relation of all these to questions of language, ethnic origin, sex or religion, status, or influence (among other factors). </p><p>The category of political prisoners embraces the category of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoners of conscience</a>, the only prisoners who AI demands should be immediately and unconditionally released, as well as people who resort to criminal violence for a political motive. </p><p>In AI's use of the term, here are some examples of political prisoners: </p> <ul><li>a person accused or convicted of an ordinary crime carried out for political motives, such as murder or robbery carried out to support the objectives of an opposition group;</li> <li>a person accused or convicted of an ordinary crime committed in a political context, such as at a demonstration by a trade union or a peasants' organization;</li> <li>a member or suspected member of an armed opposition group who has been charged with treason or "subversion".</li></ul> <p>Governments often say they have no political prisoners, only prisoners held under the normal criminal law. AI however describes cases like the examples given above as "political" and uses the terms "political trial" and "political imprisonment" when referring to them. But by doing so, AI does not oppose the imprisonment, except where it further maintains that the prisoner is a prisoner of conscience, or condemn the trial, except where it concludes that it was unfair. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a> has the following definition: </p> <blockquote> <p>A person deprived of their personal liberty is to be regarded as a 'political prisoner': </p> <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>if the detention has been imposed in violation of one of the fundamental guarantees set out in the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> and its Protocols, in particular <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a>, conscience and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">association</a>;</li><li>if the detention has been imposed for purely political reasons without connection to any offence;</li><li>if, for political motives, the length of the detention or its conditions are clearly out of proportion to the offence the person has been found guilty of or is suspected of;</li><li>if, for political motives, he or she is detained in a discriminatory manner as compared to other persons; or,</li><li>if the detention is the result of proceedings which were clearly unfair and this appears to be connected with political motives of the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assistance_Association_for_Political_Prisoners">Assistance Association for Political Prisoners</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burmese</a> <a href="/wiki/Assistance_Association_for_Political_Prisoners" title="Assistance Association for Political Prisoners">Assistance Association for Political Prisoners</a> defines a political prisoner as "anyone who is arrested because of [their] perceived or real involvement in or supporting role in opposition movements with peaceful or resistance means".<sup id="cite_ref-AAAP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China">Congressional-Executive Commission on China</h4></div> <p>The US <a href="/wiki/Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China" title="Congressional-Executive Commission on China">Congressional-Executive Commission on China</a> defines a political prisoner broadly as any individual who is detained for exercising their "human rights under international law, such as peaceable assembly, freedom of religion, freedom of association, free expression, including the freedom to advocate peaceable social or political change, and to criticize government policy or government officials.”<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academics">Academics</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steinert_(2020)"><span id="Steinert_.282020.29"></span>Steinert (2020)</h4></div> <p>Christoph Valentin Steinert, who in 2020 reviewed 366 definitions of political prisoners used in (mainly English language) academic literature in 1956 and 2019, argued that any definition of political prisoner needs to avoid focusing on prisoners' individual motivations and that the term "should be exclusively reserved for victims of politically biased trials" (in other words, "victims of <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">state repression</a>"), to avoid delegitimizing the term by diluting it with applications to prisoners of any possibly politically motivated action (which on the extreme end of the spectrum would include, for example, <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klanners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadist</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorists</a>). He specifically criticizes definitions of political prisoners as "individuals imprisoned for politically motivated actions" or "committing a political offense". He proposed the following definition:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Political prisoners are defined as individuals that are convicted and incarcerated in politically biased trials (or executive decisions in the absence of any trials). Trials are deemed politically biased if they are endorsed by the government and (a) lack a domestic legal basis, (b) violate principles of procedural justice, or (c) violate universal human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Steinert noted that his definition does extend to prisoners "imprisoned for nonpolitical identities such as their religious beliefs or their sexual orientations", as well as individuals engaged in violent actions, arguing that the neutral "classification as a political prisoner neither entails an a priori judgment about the moral legitimacy of prisoners' actions nor does it imply that individuals committed politically motivated crimes".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_aspects">Other aspects</h3></div> <p>The purpose of political prisons and of imprisoning dissidents is to demonstrate the strength of the regime to the dissidents. The regime's opponents are isolated, and stigmatised, frequently abused, and tortured. The goal of such treatment is not just to punish those opposing the regime, but to frighten those who consider opposing the regime by demonstrating the power of the regime by sending a clear warning that objecting is not tolerated, and that the regime is well prepared and ready to punish the objectors through the creation of <a href="/wiki/Total_institution" title="Total institution">total institutions</a> dedicated to hosting political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of a political prisoner is conveyed to one only after their detention. Before that, potential political prisoners may be referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformism_(historical)" title="Reformism (historical)">social reformers</a>, or radical thinkers". The nature of the behavior that leads to political imprisonment is hard to define and can be roughly described as any "activity deemed questionable by ruling <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elites</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, political prisoners may be officially detained and sentenced for a multitude of different transgressions, rather than a single well-defined crime.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political prisoners are frequently arrested and tried with a veneer of <a href="/wiki/Legal_process" title="Legal process">legality</a> where false <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">charges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falsified_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Falsified evidence">manufactured evidence</a>, and unfair trials (<a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">kangaroo courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trials</a>) are used to disguise the fact that an individual is a political prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, AAPP states that "the motivation behind the arrest of every individual in AAPP's database is political, regardless of the laws they have been sentenced under".<sup id="cite_ref-AAAP_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is common in situations which may otherwise be decried nationally and internationally as a <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> violation or suppression of a <a href="/wiki/Political_dissident" class="mw-redirect" title="Political dissident">political dissident</a>. Steinert notes that "objective evidence about politically biased imprisonments is chronically sparse considering that governments face substantial incentives to hide repressive practices".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a rule, governments deny imprisoning individuals for their political activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/220px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/330px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/440px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Turkish journalists protesting imprisonment of their colleagues on <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a>, 10 December 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>A political prisoner can also be someone who has been denied <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a> unfairly, denied <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a> when it would reasonably have been given to a prisoner charged with a comparable crime, or special powers may be invoked by the judiciary. Particularly in this latter situation, whether an individual is regarded as a political prisoner may depend upon the subjective political perspective or interpretation of the evidence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Political prisoners can also be imprisoned with no legal veneer by <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">extrajudicial processes</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or even through executive decisions in the absence of any trials or <a href="/wiki/Criminal_charge" title="Criminal charge">charges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some political prisoners need not be imprisoned at all, as they can be subject to prolonged pre-trial <a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">detainment</a> instead. Steinert noted that technically, political detainees should be distinguished from political prisoners, but they are often grouped together, and in practical terms, he recommends treating them as <i>special types</i> of political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of such detainees can include individuals such as the former <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> Laureate <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, detained for many years without a trial.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, supporters of Tibetan spiritual leader <a href="/wiki/Gedhun_Choekyi_Nyima" title="Gedhun Choekyi Nyima">Gedhun Choekyi Nyima</a> in the <a href="/wiki/11th_Panchen_Lama_controversy" title="11th Panchen Lama controversy">11th Panchen Lama controversy</a> have called him a "political prisoner", despite the fact that he is not accused of a political offense. He is held under secluded <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political prisoners may become the subjects of international advocacy and receive aid from various non-governmental organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticism from the international public opinion has been shown to facilitate the release of political detainees, or reduce their sentences, but is less effective in securing the release of already-sentenced individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the status of political prisoner is well known, it can be seen as a form of <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a>. Some political prisoners purposefully frame themselves as "the imprisoned martyrs and leaders of their movement." Which can safeguard their well-being in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> has been described as perhaps the earliest known political prisoner; imprisoned for allegedly “poisoning” the minds of Grecian youth through his critique of Athenian society and its rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Christians, including <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">St. Peter</a>, have also been described as such.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another famous historical figure described as a political prisoner is the 15th century French heroine, <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>, whose final charge of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> was seen as a legal justification for her real crime of "inconveniencing the elites".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Padraic_Kenney" title="Padraic Kenney">Padraic Kenney</a> noted that "the emergence of modern political prisoners coincides with a fifty-year period (1860s–1910s) during which [modern] political movements matured around the world", also defining such movements as having "clearly articulated political and social programs" which forced the governments to develop a specific response to such movements (a response which often involved incarceration rather than dialogue, particularly under the less liberal regimes).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some places, political prisoners had their own customs, traditions, and semi-formal organizations and privileges; historically, this has been more common up to around the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, as the many political prisoners came from higher social classes (in particular, <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>), and authorities often treated them better than common criminals. This changed with the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> regimes that were intent on annihilating the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topography_of_Terror_-_Gestapo_political_prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Topography_of_Terror_-_Gestapo_political_prisoners.jpg/220px-Topography_of_Terror_-_Gestapo_political_prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Topography_of_Terror_-_Gestapo_political_prisoners.jpg/330px-Topography_of_Terror_-_Gestapo_political_prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Topography_of_Terror_-_Gestapo_political_prisoners.jpg/440px-Topography_of_Terror_-_Gestapo_political_prisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Images of political prisoners from the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> archives, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>In Poland, the concept and even traditions of political prisoners emerged around the second half of the 19th century in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian partition">Russian partition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> of 1948 is not legally binding, it is generally recognized as "a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations". Of particular relevance to political prisoners are its Articles 5, 6, 9 and 18. The UDHR and the later <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a> of 1975 have been used by a number of nongovernmental organizations as the basis for arguing that some governments are in fact holding political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_the_United_States" title="Political prisoners in the United States">In the United States</a>, the term political prisoner has been used during the mid-20th century <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights struggle">civil rights struggle</a> and has been occasionally applied to individuals like <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, and later used for individuals imprisoned for <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">objecting to US involvement in the Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political prisoners <a href="/wiki/List_of_memoirs_of_political_prisoners" title="List of memoirs of political prisoners">sometimes write memoirs</a> of their experiences and resulting insights. Some of these memoirs have become important political texts. For example, King's "<a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter From a Birmingham City Jail</a>" has been described as "one of the most important historical documents penned by a modern political prisoner".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h2></div> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Nongovernmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongovernmental organizations">nongovernmental organizations</a> focus on advocacy for political prisoners. The most prominent of those is <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, founded in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_political_prisoners">Notable political prisoners</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_prisoner&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_prisoner&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groups">Groups</h3></div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sluggishly_progressing_schizophrenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sluggishly progressing schizophrenia">dubious psychiatric diagnoses</a> were sometimes used to confine political prisoners in the so-called <i>"<a href="/wiki/Psikhushka" title="Psikhushka">psikhushkas</a>"</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a> were among the first victims of fascist repression, later groups included the <a href="/wiki/Nacht_und_Nebel" title="Nacht und Nebel">"Night and Fog" prisoners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> activists such as the <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Ten" title="Wilmington Ten">Wilmington Ten</a> (which included <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Chavis" title="Benjamin Chavis">Benjamin Chavis</a>), have been wrongfully imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Approximately 3,600 British and Irish convicts were sent to Australia in the 1700–1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to human rights groups, there are some 60,000 political prisoners in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The July 15, 2016 failed coup attempt in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> led to over 77,000 people being <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%93present_purges_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2016–present purges in Turkey">formally arrested</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many victims of the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> have been described as political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> and her staff at her home in Yangon</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the lack of a single, internationally recognized legal definition of a political prisoner, nongovernmental organizations like Amnesty International, aided by legal scholars, determine whether prisoners meet their criteria of political prisoners on a case-by-case basis.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Cunhal" title="Álvaro Cunhal">Alváro Barreirinhas Cunhal</a>, former pro-Soviet leader of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">Portuguese Communist Party</a>, he was imprisoned thrice (first in June 1937, then in 1940 and later from 1949 to 1960) for his staunch opposition to <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Portuguese dictatorship</a> and for his political beliefs as well as his close ties to Soviet Russia. He famously escaped <a href="/wiki/Peniche_Fortress" title="Peniche Fortress">Peniche Fortress</a>, one of the regime's political prisons, with ten other men on the third of January 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> led the opposition <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a> which was victorious in the <a href="/wiki/1990_Myanmar_general_election" title="1990 Myanmar general election">1990 general election</a>. She was imprisoned or under house arrest for 15 out of the 21 years from 1990 to 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-time10_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, she was imprisoned by the <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Myanmar military</a> in a <a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. As of August 2022, she is being held in solitary confinement serving a 17-year sentence following a series of secret trials.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino" title="Ninoy Aquino">Ninoy Aquino</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> was imprisoned during the martial law in the Philippines because of his vocal opposition against then President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> was a political prisoner for four years under <a href="/wiki/General_Zia_ul_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="General Zia ul Haq">General Zia ul Haq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilya_Yashin_in_a_paddy_wagon_2021-03-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ilya_Yashin_in_a_paddy_wagon_2021-03-13.jpg/220px-Ilya_Yashin_in_a_paddy_wagon_2021-03-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ilya_Yashin_in_a_paddy_wagon_2021-03-13.jpg/330px-Ilya_Yashin_in_a_paddy_wagon_2021-03-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ilya_Yashin_in_a_paddy_wagon_2021-03-13.jpg/440px-Ilya_Yashin_in_a_paddy_wagon_2021-03-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Russian opposition politician <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Yashin" title="Ilya Yashin">Ilya Yashin</a> was sentenced to eight-and-a-half years in prison under Russia's <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">war censorship laws</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine">anti-war</a> statements in 2022.</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a> was a German pastor, theologian, anti-Nazi dissident, accused of being associated with the 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter">Rubin "Hurricane" Carter</a>, African American boxer wrongfully imprisoned for 19 years in the US due to "an appeal to racism rather than reason".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party of the United States">Socialist Party of the United States</a>, was imprisoned by the US government for his opposition to the First World War.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> was imprisoned numerous times by the British both in South Africa and India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> was imprisoned for two years and then deported by the US government for her opposition to the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Gornick2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gornick2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> was a leftist Italian writer, and political activist who was jailed and spent 8 years in prison. He was released conditionally due to his health situation and died shortly after.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palden_Gyatso" title="Palden Gyatso">Palden Gyatso</a>, a Tibetan Buddhist monk arrested during the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a> for protesting, spent 33 years in Chinese prisons and labor camps where he was extensively tortured, serving the longest term of any Tibetan political prisoner.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a>, a Malaysian opposition party leader, was imprisoned twice because of a <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim_sodomy_trials" title="Anwar Ibrahim sodomy trials">sodomy case</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> served one term (1976–1979) and in 1980 was exiled to the United States, but returned in 1985 and became President of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" title="Liliʻuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</a>, Queen of <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiʻi</a> was placed under house arrest at <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBIolani_Palace" title="ʻIolani Palace">ʻIolani Palace</a> during the United States-backed <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a>. Then, once Hawaiʻi was <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">annexed</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">territory</a>, she was moved to <a href="/wiki/Washington_Place" title="Washington Place">Washington Place</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> was imprisoned several times, most notoriously in Birmingham, Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loujain_Alhathloul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Loujain_Alhathloul.jpg/170px-Loujain_Alhathloul.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Loujain_Alhathloul.jpg/255px-Loujain_Alhathloul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Loujain_Alhathloul.jpg/340px-Loujain_Alhathloul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="2561" /></a><figcaption>Saudi <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's rights in Saudi Arabia">women's rights</a> activist and political prisoner <a href="/wiki/Loujain_al-Hathloul" title="Loujain al-Hathloul">Loujain al-Hathloul</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li>According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Leopoldo López">Leopoldo López</a>, a Venezuelan opposition leader, has been a prisoner of conscience.<sup id="cite_ref-AIlopezPRISONER_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIlopezPRISONER-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maclean_(Scottish_socialist)" title="John Maclean (Scottish socialist)">John Maclean</a> was imprisoned by the British government for his opposition to the First World War.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Maier" title="Heinrich Maier">Heinrich Maier</a> was a Roman Catholic priest and leader of one of the most important resistance groups against Nazi Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> was imprisoned from 1963 until 1990 in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> due to his anti-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> activism and organizing attacks on several government targets. He later became the <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President of South Africa</a> between 1994 and 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mapfumo" title="Thomas Mapfumo">Thomas Mapfumo</a> was imprisoned without charges in 1979 by the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesian</a> government in what is now <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> for his Shona-language music calling for revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a>, a former Argentine president who was a political prisoner under the <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Nari%C3%B1o" title="Antonio Nariño">Antonio Nariño</a> (1765–1823) was a Colombian who translated the Declaration des Droits de L'Homme et du Citoyen into Spanish and faced multiple terms in prison under charges of translating censored material.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, political activist, statesman, and first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> (1948–1963) was imprisoned several times for his nationalist activism against the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, serving a total of over 9 years in incarceration.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sakharov_Prize_daughter_of_2019_laureate_Ilham_Tohti_receives_prize_on_his_behalf_(49238839806).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sakharov_Prize_daughter_of_2019_laureate_Ilham_Tohti_receives_prize_on_his_behalf_%2849238839806%29.jpg/220px-Sakharov_Prize_daughter_of_2019_laureate_Ilham_Tohti_receives_prize_on_his_behalf_%2849238839806%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sakharov_Prize_daughter_of_2019_laureate_Ilham_Tohti_receives_prize_on_his_behalf_%2849238839806%29.jpg/330px-Sakharov_Prize_daughter_of_2019_laureate_Ilham_Tohti_receives_prize_on_his_behalf_%2849238839806%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sakharov_Prize_daughter_of_2019_laureate_Ilham_Tohti_receives_prize_on_his_behalf_%2849238839806%29.jpg/440px-Sakharov_Prize_daughter_of_2019_laureate_Ilham_Tohti_receives_prize_on_his_behalf_%2849238839806%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>The daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Tohti" title="Ilham Tohti">Ilham Tohti</a>, an advocate for China's <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur minority</a> who is currently serving a life sentence in China, accepted the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Sakharov_Prize" title="Sakharov Prize">Sakharov Prize</a> for Freedom of Thought on behalf of her imprisoned father.</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a>, a former Brazilian president, was imprisoned by the right-wing military government between 1970 and 1973.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> was imprisoned by the British government for six months for opposing the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacifist_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacifist-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a>, a composer and lyricist, was imprisoned several times by Greek governments during the years 1947–1970.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Christina_Ulfeldt" title="Leonora Christina Ulfeldt">Leonora Christina Ulfeldt</a> was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> in a royal dungeon for twenty-one years as the wife and later widow of Count <a href="/wiki/Corfitz_Ulfeldt" title="Corfitz Ulfeldt">Corfitz Ulfeldt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai_Weiwei" title="Ai Weiwei">Ai Weiwei</a>, is a Chinese artist and political dissident from the People's Republic of China.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a> a Chinese pro-democracy activist, was imprisoned multiple times (from the late 1980s to prior to his death in 2017) in China by the Chinese government.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Rajabian" title="Hossein Rajabian">Hossein Rajabian</a> is an Iranian filmmaker, writer and photographer who was imprisoned for 3 years as a political prisoner between 2015 and 2018 on charges related to his filmmaking in <a href="/wiki/Evin_Prison" title="Evin Prison">Evin prison</a> in Iran.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> is a Belarusian pro-democracy activist and prisoner of conscience known for his work with the <a href="/wiki/Viasna_Human_Rights_Centre" title="Viasna Human Rights Centre">Viasna Human Rights Centre</a>. Bialiatski has been imprisoned twice; firstly from 2011 to 2014, and currently since 2021, on both occasions on charges of tax evasion. Bialiatski, as well as other human rights activists, have called the charges politically motivated. In 2022, Bialiatski was awarded the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, along with the organisations <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(Ukrainian_civil_society_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Civil Liberties (Ukrainian civil society organization)">Centre for Civil Liberties</a>.</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Ivanov_in_the_court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dmitry_Ivanov_in_the_court.jpg/220px-Dmitry_Ivanov_in_the_court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dmitry_Ivanov_in_the_court.jpg/330px-Dmitry_Ivanov_in_the_court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dmitry_Ivanov_in_the_court.jpg/440px-Dmitry_Ivanov_in_the_court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Alexandrovich_Ivanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Alexandrovich Ivanov">Dmitry Ivanov</a> was sentenced to 8,5 years in prison under Russia's the <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">fake news law</a> in 2022. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> has recognized Ivanov as a "prisoner of conscience”, and the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> Society has listed him among political prisoners in Russia.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Marat_Zhylanbayev" title="Marat Zhylanbayev">Marat Zhylanbayev</a> is a Kazakhstani athlete and activist who protested <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>'s human rights violations outside the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Kazakhstan–European Union relations">European Union's delegation to Kazakhstan</a>; he was sentenced to seven years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_political_prisons">Notable political prisons</h2></div> <p>The following prisons have been recognized as incarcerating primarily political prisoners and have therefore been called "political prisons": </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bereza_Kartuska_Prison" title="Bereza Kartuska Prison">Bereza Kartuska</a>, interwar Poland<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evin_Prison" title="Evin Prison">Evin Prison</a>, Iran<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a>, Imperial Russia<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlisselburg_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlisselburg Fortress">Shlisselburg Fortress</a>, Imperial Russia<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spa%C3%A7_Prison" title="Spaç Prison">Spaç Prison</a>, Albania<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peniche_Fortress" title="Peniche Fortress">Peniche Fortress</a>, Estado Novo, Portugal<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishchalauski_Castle" title="Pishchalauski Castle">Pishchalauski Castle</a>, Belarus<sup id="cite_ref-story_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35m;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_diplomacy" title="Hostage diplomacy">Hostage diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_MPs_imprisoned_for_political_reasons" title="List of Finnish MPs imprisoned for political reasons">List of Finnish MPs imprisoned for political reasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memoirs_of_political_prisoners" title="List of memoirs of political prisoners">List of memoirs of political prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_imprisoned_for_editing_Wikipedia" title="List of people imprisoned for editing Wikipedia">List of people imprisoned for editing Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Azerbaijan">Political prisoners in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in China">Political prisoners in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Political prisoners in Imperial Japan">Political prisoners in Imperial Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Israel">Political prisoners in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Myanmar">Political prisoners in Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Poland" title="Political prisoners in Poland">Political prisoners in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Russia">Political prisoners in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Political prisoners in Saudi Arabia">Political prisoners in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Syria" title="Political prisoners in Syria">Political prisoners in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Venezuela" title="Political prisoners in Venezuela">Political prisoners in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Yugoslavia" title="Political prisoners in Yugoslavia">Political prisoners in Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Arbitrary_Detention" title="Working Group on Arbitrary Detention">Working Group on Arbitrary Detention</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2011</span>. <q>Full List FREEDOM FIGHTERS: Aung San Suu Kyi, Nelson Mandela, Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Andrei Sakharov, Vaclav Havel, Akbar Ganji, Benigno Aquino Jr., Ho Chi Minh</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Top+10+Political+Prisoners&rft.date=2010-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Fcompletelist%2F0%2C29569%2C2024558%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+prisoner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenDiamond2022" class="citation news cs1">Chen, Heather; Diamond, Cape (16 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/15/asia/myanmar-aung-san-suu-kyi-prison-junta-intl-hnk/index.html">"Former Myanmar leader Aung San Suu Kyi sentenced to 6 more years in prison"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2011</span>. <q>The former political prisoner, once sentenced to death under one of the country's early military rulers whom he relentlessly opposed, was elected South Korea's president in December 1997 on his fourth attempt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Former+South+Korean+leader+Kim+Dae-jung+dies&rft.date=2009-08-18&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE57H0LO20090818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+prisoner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIlopezPRISONER-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIlopezPRISONER_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amnistiaonline.org/Venezuela/Leopoldo_Lopez/">"Faces of Impunity: Leopoldo López"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></i> (Press release)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortalezas%3A+Fortifica%C3%A7%C3%B5es+do+Mundo&rft.atitle=Pra%C3%A7a-Forte+de+Peniche&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=da+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortalezas.org%2F%3Fct%3Dfortaleza%26id_fortaleza%3D690%26muda_idioma%3DPT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+prisoner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalhoMiranda2019" class="citation news cs1">Carvalho, Patrícia; Miranda, Adriano (6 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publico.pt/2019/01/06/politica/reportagem/cumprese-sonho-presos-libertados-terem-espera-multidao-1856565">"Cumpre-se o sonho dos presos: serem libertados e terem à sua espera uma multidão"</a>. <i>Público</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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История одной тюрьмы"</a> [Volodarka: history of a prison]. Minsk: <a href="/wiki/Tut.By" title="Tut.By">Tut.By</a>. 30 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.tut.by/society/332586.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%22.+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8B&rft.place=Minsk&rft.pub=Tut.By&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.tut.by%2Fsociety%2F332586.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+prisoner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Whitehorn, Laura. (2003). <i>Fighting to Get Them Out</i>. Social Justice, San Francisco; 2003. Vol. 30, Iss. 2; pg. 51.</li> <li>n.a. 1973. <i>Political Prisoners in South Vietnam</i>. London: Amnesty International Publications.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luz_Arce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luz Arce (page does not exist)">Luz Arce</a>. 2003. <i>The Inferno: A Story of Terror and Survival in Chile</i>. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-19554-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-19554-6">0-299-19554-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Christie" title="Stuart Christie">Stuart Christie</a>. 2004. <i>Granny Made Me An Anarchist: General Franco, The Angry Brigade and Me</i>. London: Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5918-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5918-1">0-7432-5918-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Fink" class="mw-redirect" title="Christina Fink">Christina Fink</a>. 2001. <i>Living Silence: Burma Under Military Rule</i>. Bangkok: <a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Lotus Press (page does not exist)">White Lotus Press</a> and London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zed_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zed Press (page does not exist)">Zed Press</a>. (See in particular Chapter 8: <i>Prison: 'Life University' </i>). In Thailand <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-7534-68-1" title="Special:BookSources/974-7534-68-1">974-7534-68-1</a>, elsewhere <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85649-925-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85649-925-1">1-85649-925-1</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85649-926-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85649-926-X">1-85649-926-X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marek_M._Kaminski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marek M. Kaminski (page does not exist)">Marek M. Kaminski</a>. 2004. <i>Games Prisoners Play</i>. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11721-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11721-7">0-691-11721-7</a></li> <li>Ben Kiernan. 2002. <i>The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–1975</i>. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09649-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09649-6">0-300-09649-6</a></li> <li>Stephen M. Kohn. 1994. <i>American Political Prisoners</i>. Westport, CT: Praeger. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-94415-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-94415-8">0-275-94415-8</a></li> <li>Barbara Olshansky. 2002. <i>Secret Trials and Executions: Military Tribunals and the Threat to Democracy</i>. New York: Seven Stories Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58322-537-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58322-537-4">1-58322-537-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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prisoners in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Poland" title="Political prisoners in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Political prisoners in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Syria" title="Political prisoners in Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_the_United_States" title="Political prisoners in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Venezuela" title="Political prisoners in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Incarceration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Incarceration" title="Template:Incarceration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Incarceration" title="Template talk:Incarceration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Incarceration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Incarceration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Incarceration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">Incarceration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">Convict</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Criminal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">Detainee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political prisoner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">Prisoner of conscience</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoner of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">Prisons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">Black site</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corrective_labor_colony" title="Corrective labor colony">Corrective labor colony</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">Debtors'</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_farm" title="Prison farm">Farm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_island" title="Prison island">Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labor camp</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_battalion" title="Labour battalion">Battalion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chain_gang" title="Chain gang">Chain gang</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">Military</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">Penal colony</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">Prisoner-of-war camp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_ship" title="Prison ship">Ship</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Youth_detention_center" title="Youth detention center">Youth detention center</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Security levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">House arrest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_prison" title="Open prison">Open</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison#Security_levels" title="Prison">Maximum security</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermax_prison" title="Supermax prison">Supermax</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_cell" title="Prison cell">Cell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_cemetery" title="Prison cemetery">Cemetery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_commissary" title="Prison commissary">Commissary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_food" title="Prison food">Food</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_nursery" title="Prison nursery">Nursery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">Officer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trusty_system_(prison)" title="Trusty system (prison)">Trusty system</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_warden" title="Prison warden">Warden</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prison_escape" title="Prison escape">Escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_escapes" title="List of prison escapes">Prison escapes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_helicopter_prison_escapes" title="List of helicopter prison escapes">Helicopter</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoner-of-war_escapes" title="List of prisoner-of-war escapes">Prisoner-of-war escapes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_art" title="Prison art">Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_gang" title="Prison gang">Gang</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_gangs_in_the_United_States" title="Prison gangs in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_literature" title="Prison literature">Literature</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_prison_literature" title="American prison literature">American</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_ring" title="Prison ring">Ring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_slang" title="Prison slang">Slang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_tattooing" title="Prison tattooing">Tattooing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Abuse</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner abuse in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_contemplative_programs" title="Prison contemplative programs">Contemplative programs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Education</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jailhouse_informants" class="mw-redirect" title="Jailhouse informants">Informants</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison" title="LGBTQ people in prison">LGBTQ</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mentally_ill_people_in_United_States_jails_and_prisons" title="Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons">Mentally ill people in the United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pay-to-stay_(imprisonment)" title="Pay-to-stay (imprisonment)">Pay-to-stay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Prison overcrowding</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding_in_the_United_States" title="Prison overcrowding in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private prisons</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States#Privatization" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protective_custody" title="Protective custody">Protective custody</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Rape</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape_in_the_United_States" title="Prison rape in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_religion" title="Prison religion">Religion</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_United_States_prisons" title="Religion in United States prisons">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_riot" title="Prison riot">Riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_sexuality" title="Prison sexuality">Sexuality</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">Solitary confinement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Strikes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Suicide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_violence" title="Prison violence">Violence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women" title="Incarceration of women">Women in prison</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration of women in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Assistance_of_the_Convicted" title="Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted">Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted</a> (Brazil)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Pink" title="Black and Pink">Black and Pink</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Justice_Institute" title="Florida Justice Institute">Florida Justice Institute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Network_of_Prison_Ministries" title="International Network of Prison Ministries">International Network of Prison Ministries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Action" title="Justice Action">Justice Action</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Defenders" title="Justice Defenders">Justice Defenders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College" title="Mount Tamalpais College">Mount Tamalpais College</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/POA_(trade_union)" title="POA (trade union)">POA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">Prison abolition movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Advice_and_Care_Trust" title="Prison Advice and Care Trust">Prison Advice and Care Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison-Ashram_Project" title="Prison-Ashram Project">Prison-Ashram Project</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship" title="Prison Fellowship">Prison Fellowship</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship_International" title="Prison Fellowship International">Prison Fellowship International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Legal_News" title="Prison Legal News">Prison Legal News</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Officers%27_Association_(Ireland)" title="Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)">Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Prison_Phoenix_Trust" title="The Prison Phoenix Trust">The Prison Phoenix Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Radio" title="Prison Radio">Prison Radio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Reform_Trust" title="Prison Reform Trust">Prison Reform Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/WriteAPrisoner.com" title="WriteAPrisoner.com">WriteAPrisoner.com</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaving prison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Work_release" title="Work release">Work release</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate" title="List of countries by incarceration rate">Countries by incarceration rate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons" title="List of prisons">Prisons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_films" title="List of prison films">Films featuring prisons</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Penal_systems_by_country" title="Category:Penal systems by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punishment_in_Australia" title="Punishment in Australia">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Chile" title="Prisons in Chile">Chile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Estonia" title="Prisons in Estonia">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Germany" title="Prisons in Germany">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Iceland" title="List of prisons in Iceland">Iceland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prisons in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland, Republic of</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Jamaica" title="List of prisons in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_of_Japan" title="Penal system of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_New_Zealand" title="List of prisons in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_North_Korea" title="Prisons in North Korea">North Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Penitentiary_Institute_(Peru)" title="National Penitentiary Institute (Peru)">Peru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Russia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisons_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Prisons in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Turkey" title="Prisons in Turkey">Turkey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Ukraine" title="Prisons in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">United Kingdom and British overseas territories </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Department_of_Corrections" title="Bermuda Department of Corrections">Bermuda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" title="His Majesty's Prison Service">England and Wales</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service" title="Northern Ireland Prison Service">Northern Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">Scotland</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" title="Category:Imprisonment and detention">Imprisonment and detention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Imprisonment and detention">Commons</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" 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href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932636m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prisonniers politiques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932636m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570487">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="političtí vězni"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124262&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="politické vězeňkyně"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph316347&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563266505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640966">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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