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XRF?</span></div></div></header><div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content"><article class="post-1050 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-elemental-geochemical-analysis category-exploration category-portable-xrf tag-iron-ore tag-mining-2 tag-penalty-elements tag-penalty-elements-iron-ore tag-portable-xrf-2 tag-x-ray-flurorescence entry" aria-label="Can Penalty Elements in Iron Ore be Determined with XRF?"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Can Penalty Elements in Iron Ore be Determined with XRF?</h1> <span class="post-info-author"> By <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/author/alireza-somarinthermofisher-com/" title="Posts by Ali Somarin" rel="author">Ali Somarin</a> </span> <span class="post-info-date"> 08.08.2013 </span> </header><div class="entry-content"><p>Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted during the <a href="http://www.niton.com/en/mining">mining</a> process. Waste elements other than iron (Fe) in iron ore dilute the overall grade of the ore and incur a smelter penalty. Penalty elements change the physical properties of iron and can impede the proper operation of the smelting facility. The ore beneficiation process at a mine is designed to remove as much waste and penalty elements as possible prior to ore transport and smelting. <img decoding="async" style="float: right;margin: 5px" title="Iron ore penalty elements" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/1087989551.jpg" alt="penalty elements in iron ore" width="300" /></p> <p>The phosphorous (P) content of the iron is a tightly controlled variable in steel making. It can increase the hardness and strength of steel when present between 700 and 1200 ppm, yet the presence of P > 2000 ppm can make steel brittle at room temperature.</p> <p>Many iron deposits are hosted in banded iron formations (BIFs). These deposits are metamorphosed banded chert (a chemical precipitate in oceans composed mainly of SiO2) and contain large amounts of hematite (Fe2O3). Silicon (Si) is a common penalty element in these iron ores. Most Si is slagged off during smelting, but at temperatures > 1300 °C (2327 °F) it can form an alloy with Fe. Aluminum (Al) is present in clays, micas, and feldspars in some iron ore deposits and in limestone flux used in steel making. Small amounts of Al (< 1%) can increase the viscosity of the slag, which impedes the operation of the furnace. Sulfur (S) can be present as sulfides in iron ore and the coal used in the smelting process. At concentrations > 300 ppm, S causes brittleness in hot iron and iron cannot be used in steel making. Modern steelmakers add manganese (Mn) in proportion to the S to remove it from the steel as a sulfide (MnS). <em> </em></p> <p><strong>Can Fe content and the penalty elements that affect its overall grade be determined using XRF?</strong></p> <p>To determine if iron content could be analyzed using <a href="http://www.niton.com/en/portable-xrf-technology/how-xrf-works">X-ray flurorescence</a> (XRF) technology, iron ore samples were pulverized and loaded into 32 mm XRF cups fitted with a 4 micron polypropylene suspension film. For the purpose of direct comparison with laboratory data, both commercially available and 14 in-house lab-analyzed iron ore samples were analyzed with a <a href="http://www.niton.com/en/niton-analyzers-products/nitonfxl">benchtop portable XRF analyzer</a>. Though available, helium purge was not required for this analysis. The samples were analyzed for a total of 180 seconds (30 s main filter, 30 s low filter, 120 s light filter). [Analysis time and filter requirement depends on analysis goals. For rapid screening, an analysis of 30 to 60 seconds may be acceptable. All data is shown in weight percent.] Results achieved using a field x-ray lab demonstrate excellent agreement with the certified results.</p> <p>To see the results, including the correlation curves comparing lab results vs. those obtained with the XRF analyzer, download the <a href="http://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/brochures/Penalty-Elements-in-Iron-Ore-App-Summary-low-2011Jun23.pdf">Penalty Elements in Iron Ore application note</a>.</p> <aside class="mashsb-container mashsb-main "><div class="mashsb_above_buttons">Share this article </div><div class="mashsb-box"><div class="mashsb-count mash-large" style="float:left"><div class="counts mashsbcount">150</div><span class="mashsb-sharetext">SHARES</span></div><div class="mashsb-buttons"><a class="mashicon-facebook mash-large mashsb-noshadow" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fblog%2Fmining%2Fcan-penalty-elements-in-iron-ore-be-determined-with-xrf%2F" target="_top" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span><span class="text">Facebook</span></a><a class="mashicon-linkedin mash-large mashsb-noshadow" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?trk=Can+Penalty+Elements+in+Iron+Ore+be+Determined+with+XRF%3F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fblog%2Fmining%2Fcan-penalty-elements-in-iron-ore-be-determined-with-xrf%2F" target="_top" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span><span class="text">Linkedin</span></a><a class="mashicon-twitter mash-large mashsb-noshadow" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Can%20Penalty%20Elements%20in%20Iron%20Ore%20be%20Determined%20with%20XRF%3F&url=https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/?p=1050&via=thermofisher" target="_top" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span><span class="text">Twitter</span></a><a class="mashicon-mail mash-large mashsb-noshadow" href="mailto:?subject=Check%20out%20this%20article%20from%20Accelerating%20Science&body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20I%20just%20read%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fblog%2Fmining%2Fcan-penalty-elements-in-iron-ore-be-determined-with-xrf%2F" target="_top" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span><span class="text">Mail</span></a><div class="onoffswitch2 mash-large mashsb-noshadow" style="display:none"></div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div><div class="mashsb-toggle-container"></div></aside> <div class="jp-relatedposts"> <div class="related-post related-1"> <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/pgnaa-improves-process-and-quality-control-in-cement-production/"><img width="310" height="274" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2014/04/crossbeltanalyzer-310x274.jpg" class="attachment-grid size-grid wp-post-image" alt="Cross Belt Analyzer" decoding="async" /></a> <span class="grid-content"> <h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/pgnaa-improves-process-and-quality-control-in-cement-production/">PGNAA Improves Process and Quality Control in Cement Production</a></h4> <p>In the world of cement production, precision is key. 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class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Francois</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/can-penalty-elements-in-iron-ore-be-determined-with-xrf/#comment-250">April 16, 2014 at 7:26 am</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>After reading this release, I want to know if the results (using XRF) of iron content can be accurate if the sample isn’t pulverized before. What can be the difference?</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='#comment-250' data-commentid="250" data-postid="1050" data-belowelement="article-comment-250" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Francois" aria-label='Reply to Francois'>Reply</a></div> </article> <ul class="children"> <li class="comment odd alt depth-2" id="comment-251"> <article id="article-comment-251"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/abea46e024ce507a3fcbc7ddbec992ee?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/abea46e024ce507a3fcbc7ddbec992ee?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">nitonxrf</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/can-penalty-elements-in-iron-ore-be-determined-with-xrf/#comment-251">April 16, 2014 at 1:46 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Hi Francois —<br /> It depends on type of the sample. On pulverized samples, accuracy can be >95% but in rough samples, the accuracy will depend on many things (concentration, matrix, heterogeneity). If it is just pure magnetite, you can adjust calibration and get high accuracy (>90%). If it is iron ore mixed with gangue minerals (less than about 20% Fe), you may use factory calibration.<br /> — Ali</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='#comment-251' data-commentid="251" data-postid="1050" data-belowelement="article-comment-251" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to nitonxrf" aria-label='Reply to nitonxrf'>Reply</a></div> </article> </li> </ul> </li> </ol></div><div class="entry-pings"><h3>Trackbacks</h3><ol class="ping-list"> <li id="comment-1175" class="pingback even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-1175" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">INFOGRAPHIC: 4 Penalty Elements in Iron Ore</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/can-penalty-elements-in-iron-ore-be-determined-with-xrf/#comment-1175"><time datetime="2016-07-12T17:48:19+00:00">July 12, 2016 at 5:48 pm</time></a> </div> </footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>[…] my last blog post, I wrote about how penalty elements can change the physical properties of metals and can impede the proper operation of a smelting facility. Here’s an infographic that […]</p> </div> <div class="reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='#comment-1175' data-commentid="1175" data-postid="1050" data-belowelement="div-comment-1175" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to INFOGRAPHIC: 4 Penalty Elements in Iron Ore" aria-label='Reply to INFOGRAPHIC: 4 Penalty Elements in Iron Ore'>Reply</a></div> </article> </li> <li id="comment-1325" class="pingback odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-1325" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Mining through the Tour de France</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/can-penalty-elements-in-iron-ore-be-determined-with-xrf/#comment-1325"><time datetime="2016-07-19T12:00:23+00:00">July 19, 2016 at 12:00 pm</time></a> </div> </footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>[…] features of iron ore is the presence of penalty elements. A few years ago we wrote about how iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted during the mining […]</p> </div> <div class="reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='#comment-1325' data-commentid="1325" data-postid="1050" data-belowelement="div-comment-1325" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Mining through the Tour de France" aria-label='Reply to Mining through the Tour de France'>Reply</a></div> </article> </li> <li id="comment-1359" class="pingback even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-1359" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Bauxite: The Difficult Source of Aluminum Ore</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/can-penalty-elements-in-iron-ore-be-determined-with-xrf/#comment-1359"><time datetime="2016-07-22T13:40:12+00:00">July 22, 2016 at 1:40 pm</time></a> </div> </footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>[…] is of paramount interest in the mining process as is the need to determine concentrations of penalty elements. The desired goal is to conduct all the analysis in a way that maximizes […]</p> </div> <div class="reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='#comment-1359' data-commentid="1359" data-postid="1050" data-belowelement="div-comment-1359" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Bauxite: The Difficult Source of Aluminum Ore" aria-label='Reply to Bauxite: The Difficult Source of Aluminum Ore'>Reply</a></div> </article> </li> </ol></div> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/mining/can-penalty-elements-in-iron-ore-be-determined-with-xrf/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment"><label for="comment">Comment <span class="required">*</span></label> <textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="65525" required></textarea></p><p class="comment-form-author"><label for="author">Name <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" maxlength="245" autocomplete="name" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-email"><label for="email">Email <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" size="30" maxlength="100" aria-describedby="email-notes" autocomplete="email" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-url"><label for="url">Website</label> <input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="" size="30" maxlength="200" autocomplete="url" /></p> <p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='1050' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> </p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="2309dc74ec" /></p><p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_2" name="ak_js" value="175"/><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p></form> </div> <div class="adjacent-entry-pagination pagination"><div class="pagination-previous alignleft"><i class="fa fa-icon fa-chevron-left"></i> <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/a-real-time-analysis-of-a-coal-stream-via-3-minute-animated-video/" rel="prev">A Real-Time Analysis of a Coal Stream via 3-Minute Animated Video</a></div><div class="pagination-next alignright"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/infographic-4-penalty-elements-in-iron-ore/" rel="next">INFOGRAPHIC: 4 Penalty Elements in Iron Ore</a> <i class="fa fa-icon fa-chevron-right"></i></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="site-footer"><div class="wrap"><div class="creds"><p class="footer-links"><a href="https://corporate.thermofisher.com/en/footer/privacy-statement.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Privacy Statement</a><a href="https://corporate.thermofisher.com/en/footer/terms-and-conditions.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Terms & Conditions</a><a href="/blog/locations/">Locations</a><a href="/blog/sitemap/">Sitemap</a></p><p>© 2024 <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a>. 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