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<span>Invention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthotropic_deck_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthotropic_deck_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orthotropic deck bridges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthotropic_deck_bridges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthotropic deck bridges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthotropic_deck_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bridge_deck_replacements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridge_deck_replacements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bridge deck 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<span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_language_search_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_language_search_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Foreign language search terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_language_search_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_DOT_Orthotropic_Deck_Fabrication.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_DOT_Orthotropic_Deck_Fabrication.jpg/250px-US_DOT_Orthotropic_Deck_Fabrication.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_DOT_Orthotropic_Deck_Fabrication.jpg/375px-US_DOT_Orthotropic_Deck_Fabrication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_DOT_Orthotropic_Deck_Fabrication.jpg/500px-US_DOT_Orthotropic_Deck_Fabrication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Fabricating an orthotropic deck section</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>orthotropic bridge</b> or <b>orthotropic deck</b> is typically one whose fabricated deck consists of a <a href="/wiki/Structural_steel" title="Structural steel">structural steel</a> deck plate stiffened either longitudinally with ribs or transversely, or in both directions. This allows the fabricated deck both to directly bear vehicular loads and to contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridge</a> structure's overall load-bearing behaviour. The orthotropic deck may be integral with or supported on a grid of deck framing members, such as transverse floor <a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">beams</a> and longitudinal <a href="/wiki/Girder" title="Girder">girders</a>. All these various choices for the stiffening elements, e.g., ribs, floor beams and main girders, can be interchanged, resulting in a great variety of orthotropic panels. </p><p>Decks with different stiffnesses in longitudinal and transverse directions are called 'orthotropic'. If the stiffnesses are similar in the two directions, then the deck is called 'isotropic'.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The steel deck-plate-and-ribs system may be idealized for analytical purposes as an <a href="/wiki/Orthogonality" title="Orthogonality">orthogonal</a>-<a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a> plate, hence the abbreviated designation “orthotropic.” </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discussion">Discussion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthotropic_deck&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stiffening elements can serve several functions simultaneously. They enhance the <a href="/wiki/Bending" title="Bending">bending</a> resistance of the plate to allow it to carry local wheel <a href="/wiki/Structural_load" title="Structural load">loads</a> and distribute those loads to main girders. They also increase the total cross-sectional area of steel in the plate, which can increase its contribution to the overall bending capacity of the deck (i.e. the deck plate acts as a top <a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">flange</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Box_girder" title="Box girder">box</a> or <a href="/wiki/I_beam" class="mw-redirect" title="I beam">I beam</a> girder). Finally, the stiffeners increase the resistance of the plate to <a href="/wiki/Buckling" title="Buckling">buckling</a>. </p><p>The same structural effects are also true of the <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> slab in a <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite girder</a> bridge, but the steel orthotropic deck is considerably lighter, and therefore allows longer span bridges to be more efficiently designed. </p><p>Resistance to use of an orthotropic deck relates mainly to its cost of fabrication, due to the amount of welding involved. In addition, it must be prefabricated rather than assembled on site, which offers less flexibility than in-situ concrete decks. Orthotropic decks have been prone to <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">fatigue</a> problems and to delamination of the wearing surface, which, like the deck, is also often of a very thin material to reduce weight.<sup id="cite_ref-mangus_sun_2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mangus_sun_2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invention">Invention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthotropic_deck&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Invention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A German Engineer Dr. Cornelis of <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN</a> Corporation was issued German patent No. 847014 in 1948. MAN's design manual was published in 1957 in German. In 1963 <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Steel_Construction" title="American Institute of Steel Construction">AISC</a> published their manual based on North American design practices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthotropic_deck_bridges">Orthotropic deck bridges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthotropic_deck&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Orthotropic deck bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Orthotropic_deck" title="Special:EditPage/Orthotropic deck">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Thousands of orthotropic deck bridges are in existence throughout the world. Despite the savings and advantages (up to 25% of total bridge mass can be saved by reducing deck weight, as the weight reductions extend to cables, towers, piers, anchorages, and so forth), the US has only about 60 such bridge decks in use as of late 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthotropic_deck&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. About 25% of orthotropic in the US are in California, including the <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo-Hayward_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="San Mateo-Hayward Bridge">San Mateo-Hayward Bridge</a>, which is one of the first major bridges in the US to be built using an orthotropic deck. </p><p>Some very large cable-supported bridges, plus current record span (<a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed bridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridges</a>) would not be feasible without steel orthotropic decks. The longest or record span <a href="/wiki/Box_girder" title="Box girder">box girder</a>, slant-leg bridges; <a href="/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">arch bridges</a>; <a href="/wiki/Movable_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Movable bridge">movable bridges</a> and two Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">floating bridges</a> all use orthotropic decks. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Millau_Viaduct" title="Millau Viaduct">Millau Viaduct</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed bridge</a> at Millau, France, has the largest orthotropic steel deck area of any single bridge. The lower total gross weight of the superstructure allowed <a href="/wiki/Bridge_launching" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge launching">bridge launching</a> from both ends of the Millau Viaduct. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashi Kaikyō Bridge">Akashi Kaikyō Bridge</a>'s orthotropic deck allowed the Japanese to build the longest span at about 6,000 ft (1,800 m), or 50% longer than the Golden Gate Bridge. </p><p>Orthotropic decks permit a very shallow deck depth which reduces the steepness of approach gradients and hence their costs. The form is also widely used on <a href="/wiki/Bascule_bridge" title="Bascule bridge">bascule</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Moveable_bridge" title="Moveable bridge">moveable bridges</a> where significant savings in the cost of the mechanical elements can be made where a lighter deck is used. The <a href="/wiki/El_Ferdan_Railway_Bridge" title="El Ferdan Railway Bridge">El Ferdan Railway Bridge</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> is the longest <a href="/wiki/Swing_bridge" title="Swing bridge">swing bridge</a> in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus Bridge">Erasmus Bridge</a> has an orthotropic deck for both its cable-stayed bridge and bascule span. The <a href="/wiki/Danziger_Bridge" title="Danziger Bridge">Danziger Bridge</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> is a very large <a href="/wiki/Vertical-lift_bridge" title="Vertical-lift bridge">vertical lift bridge</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Trans_Harbour_Link" title="Mumbai Trans Harbour Link">Mumbai Trans Harbour Link</a>, also called Atal Setu, is India's first orthotropic steel deck bridge. It connects <a href="/wiki/South_Mumbai" title="South Mumbai">South Mumbai</a> to Navi Mumbai's <a href="/wiki/JNPT" class="mw-redirect" title="JNPT">JNPT</a> (Nhava Sheva) and has reduced travel time between Mumbai and Pune, Navi Mumbai, Goa and other cities in the south east of Pune. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridge_deck_replacements">Bridge deck replacements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthotropic_deck&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bridge deck replacements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lions_gate_bridge_from_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lions_gate_bridge_from_bottom.jpg/220px-Lions_gate_bridge_from_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lions_gate_bridge_from_bottom.jpg/330px-Lions_gate_bridge_from_bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lions_gate_bridge_from_bottom.jpg/440px-Lions_gate_bridge_from_bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Underside of wider 2000–2001 orthotropic replacement deck of <a href="/wiki/Lions_Gate_Bridge" title="Lions Gate Bridge">Lions Gate Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It is possible to refit a bridge originally designed with a concrete or non-structural deck to use a lighter orthotropic deck, which has been done to preserve or extend the load-carrying life of key or landmark bridges around the world. </p><p>It was first utilized in North America in 1975, on the <a href="/wiki/Lions_Gate_Bridge" title="Lions Gate Bridge">Lions Gate Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, which was completed in 1938 with exceptionally light design. The original concrete deck of the 670 m (2,200 ft) North Viaduct of the Lions Gate Bridge was replaced with a lighter and wider orthotropic deck, carried out in sections using a series of short closures of the bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cantilever orthotropic decks allowed the <a href="/wiki/Tamar_Bridge" title="Tamar Bridge">Tamar Bridge</a> to remain open whilst the main deck was replaced in 1999. An ambitious orthotropic replacement of the entire original suspended structure of the main suspension portion of the Lions Gate Bridge was undertaken 2000–2001 and completed without interruption in peak-hour traffic, resulting in the 63-year old bridge, not designed for durability, getting a new lease of life.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoldenGateBridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/GoldenGateBridge.jpg/250px-GoldenGateBridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/GoldenGateBridge.jpg/375px-GoldenGateBridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/GoldenGateBridge.jpg/500px-GoldenGateBridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>From 1982 to 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge" title="Golden Gate Bridge">Golden Gate Bridge</a> was refitted with an orthotropic deck</figcaption></figure> <p>Another notable example, San Francisco’s <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge" title="Golden Gate Bridge">Golden Gate Bridge</a>, completed in 1937, originally used a <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> <a href="/wiki/Deck_(building)" title="Deck (building)">deck</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> carried by fog or mist reached the <a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">rebar</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> and concrete <a href="/wiki/Spall" title="Spall">spalling</a>. From 1982 to 1986, the original bridge deck, in 747 sections, was replaced with lighter, stronger orthotropic steel deck panels over 401 nights without closing the roadway completely to traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project not only restored the bridge to prime condition but also reduced the deck weight by 12,300 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> (11,160 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric tons</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthotropic_deck&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_deck" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge deck">Bridge deck</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthotropic_deck&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHambly1976" class="citation book cs1">Hambly, E C (1976). <i>Bridge Deck Behaviour</i>. E & FN Spon. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridge+Deck+Behaviour&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=E+%26+FN+Spon&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hambly&rft.aufirst=E+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mangus_sun_2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mangus_sun_2000_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangusSun" class="citation web cs1">Mangus, Alfred R.; Sun, Shawn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freeit.free.fr/Bridge%20Engineering%20HandBook/ch14.pdf">"Orthotropic Deck Bridges"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bridge Engineering Handbook. Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orthotropic+Deck+Bridges&rft.pub=Bridge+Engineering+Handbook.+Ed.+Wai-Fah+Chen+and+Lian+Duan%2C+Boca+Raton%3A+CRC+Press%2C+2000&rft.aulast=Mangus&rft.aufirst=Alfred+R.&rft.au=Sun%2C+Shawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreeit.free.fr%2FBridge%2520Engineering%2520HandBook%2Fch14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckland1981" class="citation journal cs1">Buckland, Peter G. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/l81-063#.XzMQqyhKgYw">"The Lions' Gate Bridge — renovation"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering</i>. <b>8</b> (4). Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 1981, 8(4): 484-508: 484–508. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fl81-063">10.1139/l81-063</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Civil+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+Lions%27+Gate+Bridge+%E2%80%94+renovation&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=484-508&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fl81-063&rft.aulast=Buckland&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcresearchpress.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1139%2Fl81-063%23.XzMQqyhKgYw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucklandMatson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Buckland, Peter G.; Matson, Darryl (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/bren.2003.156.3.125">"The reconstructed Lions' Gate suspension bridge, Vancouver"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Bridge Engineering</i>. <b>156</b> (3). Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Bridge Engineering, ISSN 1478-4637 E-ISSN 1751-7664, Volume 156 Issue 3, September 2003, pp. 125-133: 125–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fbren.2003.156.3.125">10.1680/bren.2003.156.3.125</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers+-+Bridge+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+reconstructed+Lions%27+Gate+suspension+bridge%2C+Vancouver&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=125-133&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1680%2Fbren.2003.156.3.125&rft.aulast=Buckland&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft.au=Matson%2C+Darryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icevirtuallibrary.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1680%2Fbren.2003.156.3.125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goldengate.org/bridge/bridge-maintenance/major-bridge-improvements/">"Bridge Deck Replacement (1982-1986)"</a>. <i>goldengate.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=goldengate.org&rft.atitle=Bridge+Deck+Replacement+%281982-1986%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldengate.org%2Fbridge%2Fbridge-maintenance%2Fmajor-bridge-improvements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolchuk1963" class="citation book cs1">Wolchuk, R. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steeltools.org/resources/viewdocument/?DocumentKey=ec6509ab-08d9-4634-ab78-9bf2d5de87bc"><i>Design Manual for Orthotropic Steel Plate Deck Bridges</i></a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Steel_Construction" title="American Institute of Steel Construction">American Institute of Steel Construction</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/601952341">601952341</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+Manual+for+Orthotropic+Steel+Plate+Deck+Bridges&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Steel+Construction&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F601952341&rft.aulast=Wolchuk&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steeltools.org%2Fresources%2Fviewdocument%2F%3FDocumentKey%3Dec6509ab-08d9-4634-ab78-9bf2d5de87bc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroitsky1987" class="citation book cs1">Troitsky, M. S. (1987). <i>Orthotropic Bridges - Theory and Design</i> (2nd ed.). Cleveland, OH: James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001KSB33O">B001KSB33O</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthotropic+Bridges+-+Theory+and+Design&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+OH&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=James+F.+Lincoln+Arc+Welding+Foundation&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001KSB33O%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Troitsky&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartledge,_P.1973" class="citation book cs1">Cartledge, P., ed. (1973). <i>Steel Box Girder Bridges: Proceedings of the International Conference</i>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a>, Thomas Telford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0901948764" title="Special:BookSources/0901948764"><bdi>0901948764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steel+Box+Girder+Bridges%3A+Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Institution+of+Civil+Engineers%2C+Thomas+Telford+Publishing&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0901948764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookstore.transportation.org/item_details.aspx?id=2211"><i>LFRD Bridge Design Specifications</i></a> (7th ed.). Washington D.C.: <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials" title="American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials">AASHTO</a>. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56051-592-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56051-592-0"><bdi>978-1-56051-592-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LFRD+Bridge+Design+Specifications&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=AASHTO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-56051-592-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookstore.transportation.org%2Fitem_details.aspx%3Fid%3D2211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedlacek1992" class="citation book cs1">Sedlacek, Gerhard (1992). "Ch. 2.10: Orthotropic Plate Bridge Decks". In Dowling, Patrick J.; Bjorhovde, Reidar; Harding, John E. (eds.). <i>Constructional Steel Design: An International Guide</i>. London: Elsevier Applied Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85166-895-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85166-895-3"><bdi>978-1-85166-895-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+2.10%3A+Orthotropic+Plate+Bridge+Decks&rft.btitle=Constructional+Steel+Design%3A+An+International+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Elsevier+Applied+Science&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85166-895-3&rft.aulast=Sedlacek&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang,_J._C._L.1961" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, J. C. L. (December 1961). "Orthotropic-Plate Construction for Short-Span Bridges". <i>Civil Engineering</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">ASCE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+Engineering&rft.atitle=Orthotropic-Plate+Construction+for+Short-Span+Bridges&rft.date=1961-12&rft.au=Chang%2C+J.+C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangus,_Alfred_R.Sun,_Shawn1999" class="citation book cs1">Mangus, Alfred R.; Sun, Shawn (1999). "Ch. 14: Orthotropic Deck Bridges". In Chen, Wai-Fah; Duan, Lian (eds.). <i>Bridge Engineering Handbook</i> (1st ed.). Boca Raton Fl: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-7434-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-7434-0"><bdi>0-8493-7434-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+14%3A+Orthotropic+Deck+Bridges&rft.btitle=Bridge+Engineering+Handbook&rft.place=Boca+Raton+Fl&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8493-7434-0&rft.au=Mangus%2C+Alfred+R.&rft.au=Sun%2C+Shawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangus,_Alfred_R.2002" class="citation conference cs1">Mangus, Alfred R. (May 2002). Merrill, Kelly S. (ed.). <i>Orthotropic Deck Bridges Constructed in Cold Regions</i>. 11th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering (May 20–22, 2002; Anchorage, AK). Reston, VA: <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">ASCE</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1061%2F40621%28254%2936">10.1061/40621(254)36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-0621-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-0621-2"><bdi>978-0-7844-0621-2</bdi></a>. <q>Cold Regions Engineering: Cold Regions Impacts on Transportation and Infrastructure</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Orthotropic+Deck+Bridges+Constructed+in+Cold+Regions&rft.place=Reston%2C+VA&rft.pub=ASCE&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1061%2F40621%28254%2936&rft.isbn=978-0-7844-0621-2&rft.au=Mangus%2C+Alfred+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122080949/http://www.orthotropic-bridge.org/www/2013/Docs/2004_Proc_TOC.pdf"><i>Proceedings of the Orthotropic Bridge Conference (August 25-27, 2004)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">ASCE</a> Capital Branch of Sacramento, CA. August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthotropic-bridge.org/www/2013/Docs/2004_Proc_TOC.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Orthotropic+Bridge+Conference+%28August+25-27%2C+2004%29&rft.pub=ASCE+Capital+Branch+of+Sacramento%2C+CA&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthotropic-bridge.org%2Fwww%2F2013%2FDocs%2F2004_Proc_TOC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckland,_Peter,_G.1981" class="citation journal cs1">Buckland, Peter, G. (1981). "The Lions Gate Bridge - renovation". <i>Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering</i>. <b>8</b> (4). Ottawa, Canada: 484–508. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fl81-063">10.1139/l81-063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Civil+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+Lions+Gate+Bridge+-+renovation&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=484-508&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fl81-063&rft.au=Buckland%2C+Peter%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/pubs/if12027/if12027.pdf"><i>Manual for Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Orthotropic Steel Deck Bridges</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Federal Highway Administration, US Department of Transportation. February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2015</span>. <q>Publication No. FHWA-IF-12-027</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+for+Design%2C+Construction%2C+and+Maintenance+of+Orthotropic+Steel+Deck+Bridges&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Administration%2C+US+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fbridge%2Fpubs%2Fif12027%2Fif12027.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthotropic+deck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthotropic_deck&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060304190013/http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/05mar/06.htm">Turner-Fairbark Highway research center</a> Orthotropic deck article from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/automate.cfm">Federal Highway Administration (US Department of Transportation) report</a> on automation of bridge deck section fabrication.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423080237/http://iiw-wg5.cv.titech.ac.jp/case/Other%20cases/Severn.htm">Severn Crossing deck details</a> Illustrations include deck underside and weldpoint diagrams</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernbridge.net/2009/3D.php">Western Bridge Engineers Seminar</a>* =orthotropic bridges of California</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.wsdot.wa.gov/public/Bridge/WBES2009/D/3D2/3D2.pdf">orthotropic bridges of California</a>* Powerpoint</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/pubs/if12027/if12027.pdf">[1]</a>* (2012) Manual for Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Orthrotropic Steel Decks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_language_search_terms">Foreign language search terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthotropic_deck&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign language search terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Examples of famous bridges with orthotropic steel decks</i> </p><p>Dutch: Erasmus Orthotropic Bridge = <a href="/wiki/Erasmusbrug" title="Erasmusbrug">Erasmusbrug</a> (<i>Brug</i> = bridge in Dutch) </p><p>French: <a href="/wiki/Pont_Gustave-Flaubert" title="Pont Gustave-Flaubert">Pont Gustave-Flaubert</a> (Pont = bridge and orthotrope = orthotropic in French) </p><p>German: Erasmus-Brücke (<i>Brücke</i> = bridge and orthotrop = orthotropic in German) </p><p>Brazilian Portuguese: The <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge">Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge</a> (Portuguese: Ponte Juscelino Kubitschek) (Ponte = bridge in Portuguese) </p><p>Italian <a href="/wiki/Ponte_sullo_Stretto_di_Messina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponte sullo Stretto di Messina">Ponte sullo Stretto di Messina</a> (Ponte = Bridge in Italian) </p><p>Norwegian: <a href="/wiki/Nordhordland_Bridge" title="Nordhordland Bridge">Nordhordland Bridge</a> = Nordhordlandsbrua (<i>Brua</i> = bridge in Norwegian) </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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